Related Applications

This application is a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application 08/195,461 , filed February 9, 1994.

Field Of The Invention

This invention relates to the manufacture of golf club shafts and other shafts and poles from fiber/resin composite material.

Background of the Invention A common method for forming golf shafts from fiber/resin composite materials, is to wrap fiber impregnated fiber around hard tooling in the form of a mandrel which defines the interior dimensions of the shaft. The fiber is compacted during the winding, by using, for example, rolling tables, and pressure may also be applied by a shrinkable tape wrapped around the mandrel. The advantage of these systems is that the shape and dimensions of uncured resin/fiber preform as it is wound or formed on the mandrel closely approximate the final product. There is little movement of the fiber during cure of the composite, thus the positions of the reinforcing fibers can be controlled well. However, these methods have the disadvantage that only low compaction pressures can only be applied if oven cure of the composite is used. Pressures can be applied using autoclave equipment, but this is not economically feasible for most applications. High compaction pressures are required to form high performance composites that are of light weight but have high strength. In addition, since the tooling must be removable after curing of the part, complex profiles which would trap the rigid interior mandrel pieces cannot be made with this method. Accordingly, this method is limits the shafts to lower structural performance, since the composite is made with low compaction pressure, and this method is also limited to relatively simple tapered shapes.

Another approach is disclosed in French patent applications 90 15387 and 90 15388. In

this method a bladder is formed upon a hard metal mandrel Resin impregnated fiber is formed around the bladder and the assembly placed into female tooling The bladder is inflated at the base of the mandrel to expand the impregnated fiber into the tooling This method has several disadvantages The method disclosed is limited to shapes where the rigid mandrel can be removed from the cured part, i.e , is not trapped by the profile of shape of the part Conversely, the impregnated fiber material in the preform would have to move substantially from its initial as formed or rolled shape to form a complex shape, which would likely displace the fibers and possibly compromise the properties of the final part In addition, creation of a complex shape with, for example, a bulge would have entrances precluding removal of a rigid mandrel Furthermore, the bladder used in this process is a thin walled latex rubber material formed by dipping the mandrel. Accordingly, the bladder necessarily is thin walled and has essentially the shape of the mandrel In addition, the bladder such a bladder would not be durable and be capable of repeated use. The process of the French patent application also necessarily leaves the rigid metal mandrel inside the part during cure This has the disadvantage of substantially slowing the rates of heat up and cool down during cure, because the large thermal mass of the metallic mandrel is thermally insulated by the relatively low conductivity composite material Also, a large number of rigid mandrels are needed to flow through the entire bladder fabrication, shaft fabrication process, substantially increasing capital equipment costs.

Summary of the Invention The present process is an improvement of the process disclosed in copending Umted

States Patent Serial Number 06/195,461 , filed February 9, 1994, which is hereby incorporated by reference In this method plastic laminates are laid up around an inflatable bladder and placed in a female mold The bladder inflates to compact the laminates to substantially eliminate voids and form a smooth, hollow shaft with a structurally strong and stiff skin. The outer dimensions of the shaft are defined by the dimensions of the female mold. This manufacturing process can generally be referred to as a "molding process" or the shafts can be referred to as "molded shafts" . A particular advantage of this system, is that since there is no internal mandrel that must be removed, complex

shapes can be formed. In addition, the compression from the bladder is significantly higher that in fixed mandrel processes, which significantly improves the properties of the final part. However, a problem with this process, particular in the formation of golf shafts, is that the movement of the impregnated fiber from inflation of the bladder can displace the fiber sufficiently to compromise the properties of the cured part.

In the present process, the advantages of the molding process are retained while minimizing the movement of impregnated fiber during inflation of the bladder. Thus, the advantages of the molding process are combined with the advantages of fixed internal mandrel processes. The advantages of the present invention are provided by providing an inflatable bladder that functions as a mandrel in that it is used to form a preform with the same approximate dimensions of the final pan. The bladder is dimensioned so that any expansion of the bladder and the preform is minimized when the bladder is pressurized to compress the preform against the female tooling. The preform must only be slightly smaller than the inner dimensions of the female tooling to permit insertion of the bladder and preform into the tooling.

By forming the preform around a bladder that closely defmes the shape of the final part, the advantages of the fixed mandrel process is achieved, since there is little movement of the fiber during the subsequent curing process. Since, there is no hard mandrel that has to be removed, but a flexible bladder, complex profiles of the shaft can be achieved and the shafts of the invention are not limited to simple tapers.

The invention can be viewed as the formation of a preform around a pressurizable rubber mandrel, the mandrel providing both the means to closely defined the shape of the preform to the final shape as well as provide the means for compressing the preform against female tooling that defines the outer dimensions of the part. Thus, the bladder, functioning as a mandrel, provides the advantage avoiding material fiber displacement by defining the preform shape to closely correspond to the final shape, but since the bladder

is of a flexible material it can be removed from shafts having complex profiles. The bladder also has the function of providing a compressive force to compress the preform during curing, by pressing the preform against female tooling. Since the preform need only be slightly smaller to enable placement of the preform in the female tooling, only minimum expansion of the preform results from the pressurization, with little or no displacement of fiber. In preferred practice, a rigid metal mandrel is inserted in the shaped elastomeric bladder of nonuniform wall thickness, to provide a more or less rigid substrate for preform construction. The rigid interior mandrel has conical shape with gradual, continuous, and perhaps varying rates of taper down its length, which allow it to be easily extracted after preformed construction and before cure.

The invention is basically a dual function molding tool, a shaped bladder of nonuniform wall thickness which (1) serves as a dimensional template like a mandrel in the formation of the preform, and (2) a means for compressing the preform to provide for a high-performance composite material. Furthermore, the shaped elastomeric bladder with non-uniform wall thickness can be easily removed from interior spaces which would trap a rigid mandrel. The removal of the shaped elastomeric bladder from a trapped shape is achieved by pulling on, and thereby stretching the bladder to a smaller diameter. In contrast, rigid tooling the would be removable would be of a segmented multipiece design, which would not be economical or practical. The invention allows for manufacture of shafts of varying diameter where, (1) the preform is dimensioned closely to final dimensions of the shaft, and (2) the shaft may have a "trapped shapes." A trapped shape is a waste or bulge along the length of the shaft that would render removal of a hard metal interior mandrel impossible, e.g. where a middle portion of the shaft has a diameter larger or smaller than adjacent portions above and below. Traditional hard interior hard mandrel methods cannot be used to form trapped - shape shafts. Molding methods with interior bladders can be used for trapped shapes but these methods cannot form shafts where the preform is closely dimensioned to the final the

final shape. Accordingly, there must be significant movement of the preform when the bladder is inflated. The present invention is able to combine the advantages of both systems by providing a pressurized bladder that functions as a mandrel to shape the preform, but is flexible enough to be removed from trapped-shaped shafts. In practice, the golf shafts of the invention have a will thickness of about 0.02 inches to about 0.09. The outer dimensions of the bladder are only slightly smaller than the inner dimensions of golf shaft, about 1/3 of the wall thickness of the shaft or about 10 to 20 thousandths of the an inch.

The shafts of the invention are made from conventional impregnated fibers. Such as carbon, graphite, fiberglass, KEVLAR™ polyamide, and boron fibers. The fibers are impregnated with any of various thermoplastic and thermosetting resins, and can be formed into hardened fiber reinforced shapes. Preferably, the shafts of the invention are made from carbon or graphite impregnated with epoxy resins. Fiber preimpregnated with resin, i.e., "prepreg," is commercially available, or fibers may be impregnated with suitable resins.

The process of the invention is particularly applicable to the manufacture of golf shafts, that are circular in cross-section and are essentially radially uniform with respect to flexural properties. The shafts can be of complex shape, however, along the longitudinal axis, and is adapted to for making composite shafts that are narrow waisted, or have bulges along its length, as the so-called "bubble-shafts", as disclosed, for example, in United States Patent Application 08/403,675, filed March 14, 1995, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The process of the invention is also applicable to the manufacture of composite shafts or poles, that have a straight longitudinal axis. The method of the invention is particularly advantageous in forming high-performance composite shafts made with high compaction pressures and high fiber volumes, and shafts that have a variable profile along their length.

Referring to Figure 1 , which a generalized flow sheet of the process of the

invention, the bladder is preformed, preferably by molding, with dimensions approximating the final composite part, as described elsewhere. The bladder must also be formed with an internal cavity so that it can be pressurized. Any suitable method for manufacture may be used. A preferred method is to mold the bladder around a tapered mandrel that is removed after molding to form a generally tubular form, and sealing one end to form an pressurizable bladder.

The bladder is preferably of an elastomeric, heat-resistant material, such as silicon rubber. The bladder is required to expand but very little when the bladder is pressurized to compress the impregnated fiber against the female tooling, but it must also be stretched and removed from the interior of the finished cured part. Preferably, the bladder is heat- resistant and durable to allow to be used for the manufacture of several composite shafts. Bladder pressures between 200 psi to 250 psi are commonly used, with pressures up to 350 psi easily used also.

Preimpregnated fiber is formed around the bladder to form a preform closely dimensioned to the final shaft dimensions. Accordingly, the preform is tightly wound, as much as practically possible. Since the preform must be capable of being placed in a female mold, it is made slightly smaller than the final shaft, and having the preform tightly made will decreased the amount that it will have to be displaced by pressurization of the bladder. To assist in applying or rolling the preimpregnated fiber around the bladder, a rolling mandrel is preferably inserted into the cavity of the mandrel to stiffen or rigidize the bladder. The rigid internal rolling mandrel has essentially the same dimensions as the mandrel used to form the inner surface in the bladder during injection molding of the bladder. It is slightly smaller (about 2.5%) to compensate for shrinkage of the elastomeric bladder material as it cures. Correspondingly, the entire bladder molding tool, and center mandrel are oversized, about 2.5% relative to the desired final dimensions of the bladder.

After the preform is formed around the bladder, the rolling mandrel is removed, and the assembly of the bladder and preform is placed into a female mold. The preform

is dimensioned slightly smaller to enable placement in the mold and closure of the mold without pinching of fiber between the mold parts, i.e. , to prevent the formation of fiber flash. The amount in which the preform is dimensioned smaller than the mold is preferably as small as practical. The mold is then closed, and the bladder is pressurized to compress the impregnated fiber against the interior surface of the mold. A vacuum will also typically be applied after the mold is closed and before the bladder is pressurized The mold is heated to cure or hardened the impregnating resin and to form a hard fiber-reinforced composite. After curing the moid is opened and the finished shaft is removed. Any flash from leakage of the resin between the mold parts is then scraped off. The pressurization and cure times are chosen depending upon the resin/fiber used and the properties required for the part.

Brief Description Of The Drawings

Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating the shaft manufacturing process. Figures 2A to 2D are views of the bladder injection tool.

Figures 3A to 3C are cross-sections of the bladder injection tool shown in Figures 2A to 2D.

Figure 4 is an illustration of the central mandrel of the bladder injection tool.

Figure 5 is view of the central mandrel in the bladder injection molding tool, showing particularly the ends.

Figure 6 is a schematic of the bladder injection molding system.

Figure 7 is a cross-section of the bladder along the longitudinal axis.

Figure 8A™to SB are illustration of the seal at the end of the bladder.

Figure 9 is a cross-section of the rolling mandrel, i.e. , internal rigid mandrel inserted in bladder for preform construction.

Figure 10 is an illustration of the TEFLON sleeve placed over the seal at the end

of the bladder during shaft molding.

Figure 11 is a schematic of the mandrel and mold showing the reference for the wrapping of the plies.

Figures 12 are illustration of the plies of prepreg, flat before they are rolled upon the bladder.

Figure 13 is a cross-sectional diagram showing the radial location and relative position of the plies.

Figures 14A to 14F are views of the shaft molding tool.

Figures 15A to 15B are cross-sectional views of the molding tool show in Figure 14A to 14F.

Figure 16 is an illustration showing each end of the mold with the assembly of bladder and prepreg placed in the mold.

Figure 16A is a view of the shaft molding toll shown in 14D and 14C, at the fitting end. Figure 17 is a schematic of the molding tool inside the clamping press.

Figure 18 is a cure profile diagram showing the cure variables during the curing cycle.

Figure 19 are cross-section views of the molded part shaft.

Figures 20 to 22 are the same as the cross-section views of the bladder (Figure 6), the rolling mandrel (Figure 8), and the molded part (Figure 18), respectively, except the y-dimension has been expanded by the factor of ten to better illustrate the variations in the diameter.

Detailed Description Qf Specific Embodiments Manufacture of Shaped Bladder Figures 2A to 2D illustrate an injection mold for the injection molding of the bladder. Figures 2A, and 2B illustrate the top, 2C and 2D illustrate the bottom. The

mold top 202, seen from the side, and the bottom mold-cavity side 2 A, and 2B, respectively. The top of the molding tool 201 is shown with top portion of a molding cavity 205. The molding cavity comprises a main mold cavity 207, flow conduits 209 for flow of uncured elastomeric resin into the mold, inlet conduit. The bottom 204, seen from the side, the top mold-cavity side, and the end, in

Figures 2C, and 2D, respectively, includes bottom portion of the main mold cavity 207, with appropriate flow conduits 209, an inlet conduit or injection port 211 , and outlet conduit or vacuum port 213. An O-ring groove is provided to accommodate an O-ring to provide a vacuum seal between the top and bottom of the mold during the molding process.

The cross-sectional view in Figure 3A, which is a cross-section through A-A in Figure 2C, shows the O-ring groove 215 and flow conduit 209. The cross-sectional view in Figure 3B, which is a cross-section of top mold, B-B in Figure 2C, shows the flow conduits 209 and threaded connector rod 223. The cross-sectional view in Figure 3C, which is a cross-sectional view through the bottom of the mold, C-C in Figure 2C, show the O-ring grooves, the lower half of the main mold cavity 207.

The bladder as molded is generally tubular, which is accomplished by placing a mandrel 217 that extends through the center of the main mold cavity 207 A. The mandrel is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. For the molding process, a threaded connector rod 223 is attached to the proximal end 235 of the mandrel 217. The connector rod 223, comprises an adjustment nut 225 screwed on threads 227 of the connector rod. The connector rod 223 is attached to the proximal end 235 of the mandrel 217 by a threaded end 229 screwed into a threaded hole 231.

Referring to also to Figure 5, which is a detail view of the ends of the bottom of the mold in Figure 2D, the mandrel 217 is placed in the bottom portion of the mold. The distal end of the mandrel 219 is clamped by means of screw clamps 221 and the adjustment nut 225 is placed in a nut cavity 233. The mandrel is tensioned by turning of the

adjustment nut 225, which is retained in the nut cavity 233. The tensioning of the mandrel 217 maintains the mandrel along the central axis 236 of the main mold cavity 207, so that the finished bladder will be radially symmetrical.

After the mandrel 217 is clamped and tensioned in the bottom portion 204 of the mold, and O-ring is placed in the O-ring grooves 215, the mold is closed by aligning and closing the top mold half 204 over the bottom mold half 202, using aligning pins 237 and aligning holes 239. Before closing the mandrel 217 and the mold cavities 207, 209 are preferably coated with an appropriate release agent, such as boron nitride.

Referring to Figure 6, which is a schematic of the bladder molding apparatus 251 , the mold 201 is placed vertically, with the injection port 211 down, to prevent the weight of the mandrel from displacing it from the center. The mold is clamped closed against the molding pressure by any suitable clamping means, such as a "fire-hose" clamp 253 as illustrated. The mold is degassed through the vacuum port 213, using a vacuum pump 256 applied through vacuum line 258. An injection pump 255 of conventional design is used to inject a curable liquid polymeric thermosetting resin though injection line 257, which fills the cavities of the mold. Any suitable injection pump may be used, such as, for example, FLOW ARE™ Model RTM-2100 available from Radius Engineering, Salt Lake City, Utah. A suitable injection pressure is about 120 psig.

The injection is continued until the mold is filled and the resin begins to leave the mold through vacuum port 213, which is then clamped. The mold is then heated at a sufficient temperature and period of time to cure the resin. The cured resin is elastomeric and preferably has heat resistant properties, so that when it is used in the shaft molding process it will retain its integrity and be used more than once. A suitable resin is RTV Silicon, such Rodorsil 1556, and is cured at about 200°F for about one hour. Before injection the resin is mixed with a suitable catalyst. For Rotorsil, a suitable catalyst is mixed at a ratio of resin to catalyst of 10: 1.

The mold 201 is allowed to cool, the mold undamped and removed from the

molding apparatus. The tension on the mandrel is released by unclamping the distal end of the mandrel from the clamp 221.

The mandrel 217 covered by the cured bladder 260 is then demolded from the mold 201. The bladder mandrel 217 is then removed from the bladder 260. The mandrel 217 is tapered from the proximal end to the distal end to aid in removal.

Referring to Figure 7, which is a cross-section of the bladder 260, the bladder is generally tubular with a proximate end 262, distal end 264, and bladder wall 266 surrounding an internal cavity 268. The internal dimension, the thickness of the wall and the outer dimensions of the bladder, is determined by the dimensions of the mold cavity, and the bladder mandrel vary along the length of the bladder. The dimensions of the bladder is described in greater detail below. Since bladder as molded is tubular in nature with an opening at each end, to create an inflatable bladder with only one opening for inflation the opening at the distal end 264 is sealed by seal 270. Referring to Figure 8 showing the seal 270 the bladder at the distal end 264 has distal opening 265 into the bladder cavity 268. The opening is sealed by means of a steel sleeve 272 over the distal end 264 of the bladder 260 with a tapered screw 274 the screws into the cavity opening 265. As the screw is turned into the cavity opening 265, the taper of the thread clamps the walls of the bladder against the inner surface of the sleeve 276, thereby, sealing the end of the bladder 264.

Manufacture of the Composite Shaft

Referring to Figure 9, a rolling mandrel 278, which is similar to the mandrel 217 used to form the bladder 260, the dimensions being slightly smaller to account for shrinkage, is used to roll an uncured fiber-reinforced material (prepreg) 280 over the bladder. The rolling mandrel 278 is inserted into the cavity of the bladder 268, and air trapped in the bladder gently squeezed out. Prepreg material 280 is then wrapped around the bladder 260 using a heated table to keep the prepreg flexible. Suitable prepreg

materials include any suitable thermosetting and thermoplastic materials used for forming fiber reinforced composites.

The prepreg is rolled over the mandrel/bladder 278, 280 assembly by any suitable means, such as rolling tables, or heating tables, or the like. As an example, a heating of neoprene rubber covered with silicon rubber, and is set at a temperature of 110°F may be used. The table may be contoured to match the profile of the mandrel, i.e. , padded up at the waist, to assist the rolling.

Before the plies are rolled upon the bladder, the bladder is treated with a suitable rubber shield protectant, such as McLube 1929 from McGee Industries or Zyvax Rubbashield. to prevent resin from adhering to the bladder. The first ply 101 , which is rolled first does not extend the full length of the shaft, and essentially provides tip reinforcement with plies at 0° to the axis of the shaft. Referring to Fig 11 , which shows the reference for wrapping the plies, the plies are wrapped in the positive direction, as shown by arrow. The first ply, illustrated flat as 101 in Figure 12 is placed on the table and the starting point (the 0° reference point) of the first ply is marked on the bladder for the reference. The second ply 102 extends the full length of the part, and has fiber orientation 0°. Using the marked reference the second ply is started at -45° (behind the start of the first ply).

The third ply 103 is actually a double ply. The third ply 103 is prepared by placing Ply 103 A over Ply 103B in an overlapping configuration as shown. The combined third ply 103 is then rolled over the first and second ply, starting at the 0° reference. The two components of the third ply 103 A and 103B have a fiber orientation of +45° and -

45°, respectively.

The forth ply 104 with a fiber orientation of 0° is rolled over the preceding plies staring at 135°.

The plies are shaped and dimensioned such that they will wrap around the bladder twice, although more layers can be laid by making the plies wider and wrapping more than

one circumference, or one layer or less than one layer by narrowing the plies. A wide range of shapes and rolling sequences can be used. Figure 13 shows a shaft cross-section with the plies separated to better illustrate the wrapping arrangement. Shown are plies 101 , 102. 103A, 103B, and 104. The shapes are also adjusted to allow the plies to wrap smoothly, to "tuck" at the tapers and the transitions of the part. For example, the bottom edge of ply 103B is not perfectly straight but is slightly concave. Other ply arrangements and fiber orientations are also contemplated to achieve a shaft that is essentially radially symmetric in properties.

After the plies have been wrapped, the mandrel 278 in the bladder 260 is removed and the assembly of the bladder 260 and the prepreg preform 282 is placed in mold bottom half 204. Alternately, the assembly may be stored and an inventory built up before the curing step.

Referring to Figure 10, showing the end of the bladder/mandrel assembly in cross- section, before the ply is cured, a polytetrfluroethylene (TEFLON™) sleeve 284 is placed over the steel sleeve 272 of the tip seal 270 at the distal end 264 of the bladder 260 to prevent the molded part from adhering to the steel sleeve 272.

Referring to Figures 14A to 14D, the mold 301 , which is of a suitable material, such as steel or aluminum, comprises a top mold half 303 (Figures 14A-B) and a bottom mold half 305 (Figure 14D-F). In the top section 303, is half of the main cavity 307 and connecting cavities 309 to a vacuum port 311 connected to a vacuum line 313. Referring also to the cross-sectional view in Figure 15B, the top section 303 includes, channels 315 in the outer surface to accommodate water cooling tubes 317 and heating rods 319. The cooling tubes 317 are copper tubes conveying cooling water. The heating rods 319, are conventional resistance heating rods for heating the mold. The bottom section 305 comprises bottom portion of main cavity 307, flash cavity

323, and O-ring groove 325. The bottom section also includes a bladder pressurizing port 321, bladder pressurizing line 322, and barb connector 323 for connection to a bladder.

Suitable cavities 327 are provided to accommodate the pressure port and connector 321, 323. Referring also to the cross-section in Figure 15 A, the bottom section also comprises cooling tubes 317 and heating bars 319. The bladder pressurizing line 322 is pressure sealed to the mold bottom 305 with a compression type fitting 328. Referring to Figure 16, the assembly of pre-preg and bladder is placed into the mold bottom section 305, the TEFLON sleeve is placed at the distal end of the mold, and the proximate end of the bladder is fitted over a barbed fitting 323 which communicates with the pressure port 321 by means of a conduit 322. At the proximal end of the bladder where it fits over the barbed fitting 323 is a silicon tape ring 261 that serves provide local clamping of the bladder 260 onto the barbed fitting.

The mold is placed in a molding apparatus 332. Known molding systems are suitable. Such an apparatus 332 is shown schematically in Figure 17. The apparatus 332 comprises a clamping system, to hold the mold halves together against pressurization of the bladder, a control system which provides power for the heaters, vacuum for the mold cavity, bladder pressurization lines, and water for mold cooling.

The mold apparatus 332 shown uses a pneumatically actuated clamping system comprising a "fire hose 336" which is inflated to squeeze the mold halves together. The mold water cooling lines 338, mold electrical heating rod lines 340, mold cavity vacuum line 342, bladder pressurization line 344, are connected to the control system. Referring to Figure 18, which is a profile graph of the cure conditions and is mostly self explanatory. The bladder was pressurized by first pulsing the bladder and then maintaining the pressure at a fixed pressure.

After the mold is undamped the assembly of the cured part 346 and the bladder 260 is removed, by removing the top of the mold 303 and disconnecting the bladder 260 at the barbed fitting 323. The TEFLON sleeve 284 is removed and the bladder 260 removed by pulling it out through the proximal end of the cured part 348. Figure 19 shows a cross-section of the cured part. The part is round, but varies in diameter along

its length.

Referring to Figures 20 to 22, showing the cross-sections of the rolling mandrel 278, the bladder 260 and the finished part 249, as in Figures 9, 8, and 19, respectively, but with the radial dimension expanded by a factor of 10 to more clearly show the variations in the diameter. The mandrel 278, with outer dimensions the essentially as the inner diameter of the bladder 260, maintains the shape of the bladder during the wrapping of the plies 280. The inner dimensions of the bladder 350 and taper of the mandrel are also designed to enable removal of the mandrel after wrapping, i.e., with the taper from a large diameter at the proximal end 352 to the small diameter at the distal end 354. The outer dimensions of the bladder 356 correspond generally to the final inside dimensions of the part 358. Basically, the outer dimensions of the bladder 356 are as close to the inner dimensions of the part 358 as is practical, considering that the bladder 260 is wrapped as tightly as possible before the cure, and the assembly of the bladder 260 and prepreg preform must be placed in the mold 301, allowing closure of the mold 301 without pinching any of the plies 280 between the mold halves 301. In general practice, for shafts with having a wall thickness of about 30 to 40 thousands of an inch, the outer dimensions of the bladder are about 1/ 3 or 10 to 20 thousands of an inch less than the final inner dimensions of the shaft. The finished part can then be trimmed to suitable length (between 0.25 and 1.5 inches) at the ends and fitted with suitable grips and club heads in a conventional manner to make a golf shaft. In the illustrated example in Figures 19 and 22, the shaft starts with a grip section of a constant diameter at the grip end of about 0.585 inches, tapers down in a first body section to about 0.490 inches to form a waist, tapers in a second body section to a larger diameter of 0.585, and tapers to 0.336 in a tip section. The lengths of the grip, first, second, third, and tip sections are about 10, 7.5, 7.5, and 20 inches, respectively.

While this invention has been described with reference to certain specific

embodiments and examples, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that many variations are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention, and that the invention, as described by the claims, is intended to cover all changes and modifications of the invention which do not depart from the spirit of the invention.