Method for Manufacturing Security Elements and Holograms Description The present invention relates to a method for forming a surface relief microstructure, especially an optically variable image (an optically variable device) on a substrate, in particular on a transparent or translucent substrate and a product obtainable using the method. A further aspect of the invention is the use for the prevention of counterfeit or reproduction of a document of value and a method of forming a coating showing an angle dependent color change.

There have been many attempts in the past to improve the manufacture of security elements by forming optically variable images (optically variable devices, OVD) on a substrate. WO2005051675 is directed to a method for forming a holographic diffraction grating on a substrate comprising the steps of: a) applying a curable compound to at least a portion of the substrate; b) contacting at least a portion of the curable compound with diffraction grating forming means; c) curing the curable compound and d) depositing a metallic ink on at least a portion of the cured compound.

WO 2011/064162 discloses the use of coating compositions, comprising shaped transition metal, especially silver, particles and a binder, wherein the ratio of pigment to binder is preferably such that the resulting coating shows an angle dependent color change, for the production of security elements and holograms. When the coating compositions of the in- vention are used in coating a hologram the obtained products show an angle dependent color change (flip/flop effect), different colors in reflection and transmission. The method of preparation comprises two steps. Firstly a typically transparent binder is applied into which an OVD image is embossed and afterwards cured. In a second step a coating is applied onto the OVD image containing nano-shaped particles of a specific geometry.

It has now been found, that the process can be significantly simplified without sacrificing the optical properties, such as high contrast, strong viewing angle dependency and high throughput by using a one step process, which means only one embossing and one curing step. The coating is a UV curable composition which contains additionally specifically shaped metal particles. The term coating is used in this context as synonym for ink or varnish.

In one embodiment it is a specific feature of the process that the curing step is carried out through the backside of the substrate which, therefore, has to be transparent or translucent. This is of advantage since a conventional rotating metallic printing press can be used for embossing with the respective embossing means mounted at the surface.

The alternatives for curing from the front side are the so-called transparent shims which possess several disadvantages. Quartz is not robust enough and leads to a slow process. In addition, transparent shims (belts, or sleeves) can be only used a few times due to ageing under UV-light (polymer shims) and printing in register is very difficult.

There exists a need for efficient systems and methods for printing microstructures (surface relief structures) on a substrate, in particular on a transparent or translucent substrate that fully incorporates surface relief technologies into mainstream printing applications such as secure documents, flexible and rigid packaging, labels, and printed forms.

The instant invention allows printing microstructures on a substrate, in particular on a transparent or translucent substrate embossing and metallizing of the surface relief in one process step using a conventional printing system such as flexography, rotogravure, offset printing, silkscreen printing, digital printing, and ink jet printing.

One aspect of the invention is a method for forming a surface relief microstructure, espe- cially an optically variable image (an optically variable device, OVD) on a substrate comprising the steps of:

A) applying a curable composition to at least a portion of the substrate wherein the curable composition comprises

a1 ) at least one ethylenically unsaturated resin, a monomer or a mixture thereof;

a2) at least one photoinitiator; and

a3) a metal pigment which is in the form of platelet shaped transition metal particles having a longest dimension of edge length of from 5 nm to 1000 nm, preferably from 7 nm to 600 nm and particularly from 10 nm to 500 nm, and a thickness of from 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably from 2 to 40 nm and particularly from 3 to 30 nm;

B) contacting at least a portion of the curable composition with a surface relief microstructure, especially optically variable image forming means;

C) curing the composition by using at least one UV lamp.

In a specific embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for forming a surface relief microstructure, especially an optically variable image (an optically variable device, OVD) on a transparent or translucent substrate comprising the steps of:

A) applying a curable composition to at least a portion of the frontside of the substrate wherein the curable composition comprises

a1 ) at least one ethylenically unsaturated resin, monomer or mixture thereof;

a2) at least one photoinitiator; and

a3) a metal pigment which is in the form of platelet shaped transition metal particles having a longest dimension of edge length of from 5 nm to 1000 nm, preferably from 7 nm to 600 nm and particularly from 10 nm to 500 nm, and a thickness of from 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably from 2 to 40 nm and particularly from 3 to 30 nm;

B) contacting at least a portion of the curable composition with a surface relief microstructure, especially optically variable image forming means;

C) curing the composition by using at least one UV lamp which is arranged on the backside of the transparent or translucent substrate. The invention is typically carried out on an apparatus for forming a surface relief microstructure on a substrate, which is coated with a curable composition (varnish) on at least part of its frontside comprising a printing press and surface relief microstructure forming means, wherein the microstructure forming means comprise

a) surface relief microstructure forming means, especially a shim which carries the micostructure to be casted into the curable composition, and

b) a lamp having emission peak(s) in the UV-A range and preferably near VIS range for curing the curable composition when the coated subtrate is pressed against the shim. In a preferred embodiment a (printing) apparatus comprises

a) mechanism for feeding a substrate through the apparatus,

b) a coating station comprising a source of a liquid UV curable composition and means for applying a liquid composition from the source to a surface of the substrate,

c) an embossing/curing station comprising means for imprinting a (surface relief) micro- structure into the surface of the applied composition on the substrate, and means for curing the resin having (surface relief) microstructures imprinted therein such that these micro- structures are retained in the cured resin, wherein the apparatus is arranged such that the composition is applied to the top surface of the substrate; that the means for imprinting the (surface relief) microstructure comprises is a nickel plate mounted on an opaque cylinder or metal cylinder having a (surface relief) microstructure and two nip rollers which contact the back surface of the substrate and which have an axis of rotation that is along the same axis as the axis of rotation of the cylinder and the means for curing the resin is a UV source located at the back surface of the substrate. In one embodiment the apparatus may be an off-line or stand-alone unit or in an alternative, preferred embodiment this may be an in-line or integrated system with other further conventional printing, laminating, cutting, slitting and other converting stations as part of an integrated manufacturing process. In one embodiment the apparatus and processes may be configured and used to provide partial holographic printing of a web based substrate. This may be achieved by partially printing the radiation curable lacquer as for example graphic elements onto the web based substrate and replicating the surface relief micro- structure only in that areas where the radiation curable lacquer has been printed.

In a further embodiment the apparatus may further comprise a UV-post-curing unit with or without a heating unit, or just an IR-heating unit, or combined UV/IR, which may be especially recommended in order to support and speed up the curing of varnish systems. This post curing unit may be used when the coated substrate leaving the printing/curing unit although successfully imprinted is not fully cured. The post-curing unit ensures that the coating is fully cured.

According to the present invention curing is preferably done through the substrate and not through the shim (UV source located within the bore of a hollow quartz cylinder etc.). The surface relief microstructure forming means is preferably a shim, which is selected from the group consisting of a nickel sleeve; a nickel plate; an etched, or laser imaged metallic drum, or other materials mounted on an opaque cylinder or metal cylinder containing the OVD image on the surface. The surface relief microstructure forming means may com- prise means for cooling.

A UV-pre-curing unit may be located after the UV lacquer coating unit and before the embossing/curing unit. The pre-curing unit irradiates the radiation curable composition coated on the web substrate so that it is at least partially cured before it enters the emboss- ing/curing station.

Surface relief microstructures, such as holograms may be replicated rapidly and with accuracy on a substrate by using the method of the present invention and the above described apparatus. Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a suitable configuration as de- scribed above.

Preferably the lamp used for curing the composition is a gallium, or iron doped medium pressure mercury lamp. Typically the photoinitiator is selected from benzophenone, alpha-hydroxy ketone type compounds, alpha-alkoxy ketone type compounds, alpha-amino ketone type compounds, mono and bisacylphosphine oxide compounds, phenylglyoxylate compounds, oxim ester compounds and onium salt compounds (sulfonium salt compounds and iodoinium salt compounds) and mixtures thereof.

For example the photoinitiator is selected from mono and bisacylphosphine oxide compounds, alpha-amino ketone type compounds, oxim ester compounds or mixtures thereof.

In a preferred embodiment the photoinitiator is selected from mono and bisacylphosphine oxide compounds and mixtures thereof.

Alternatively the curable composition comprises a mixture of a mono, or a bisacylphosphine oxide compound with a benzophenone compound, an alpha-hydroxy ketone, alpha- alkoxyketone, or alpha-aminoketone compound.

The, at present most preferred photinitiators are mono and bisacylphosphine oxide compounds. Mono and bisacylphosphine oxide compounds can be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of a mono and a bisacylphosphine oxide compound can be used, or the mono and bisacylphosphine oxide compounds can be used in admixture with other photoinitiators, such as, for example, the benzophenone type, alpha-amino ketone type, alpha-hydroxy ketone type, ketal compounds, phenylglyoxylate compounds, oxime ester compounds or onium salt compounds, especially a benzophenone compound, an alpha-hydroxy ketone, alpha-alkoxyketone, or alpha-aminoketone compound, very especially a benzophenone compound, an alpha-hydroxy ketone, or alpha-alkoxyketone compound. An alpha- aminoketone compound can be used, alone or in mixtures with other photoinitiators, if yellowing is not an issue.

Examples of photoinitiators are known to the person skilled in the art and for example pub- lished by Kurt Dietliker in "A compilation of photoinitiators commercially available for UV today", Sita Technology Textbook, Edinburgh, London, 2002.

Examples of suitable acylphosphine oxide compounds are of the formula XII

R _5I J _J _ R ₅₂ (XII), wherein R50 is unsubstituted cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl; or is cyclo- hexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl substituted by one or more halogen, Ci- Ci2alkyl, Ci-Ci2alkoxy, Ci-Ci2alkylthio or by NR53R54;

or R50 is unsubstituted Ci-C2oalkyl or is Ci-C2oalkyl which is substituted by one or more halogen, Ci-Ci2alkoxy, Ci-Ci2alkylthio, NR53R54 or by -(CO)-0-Ci-C24alkyl;

R51 is unsubstituted cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl; or is cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl substituted by one or more halogen, Ci- Ci2alkyl, Ci-Ci2alkoxy, Ci-Ci2alkylthio or by NR53R54; or R51 is -(CO)R's2; or R51 is Ci- Ci2alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen, Ci-Ci2alkoxy, Ci- Ci2alkylthio, or by N R53R54;

R52 and R'52 independently of each other are unsubstituted cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl, or are cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl substituted by one or more halogen, Ci-C4alkyl or Ci-C4alkoxy; or R52 is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring comprising an S atom or N atom;

R53 and R54 independently of one another are hydrogen, unsubstituted Ci-Ci2alkyl or Ci- Ci2alkyl substituted by one or more OH or SH wherein the alkyl chain optionally is interrupted by one to four oxygen atoms; or R53 and R54 independently of one another are C2- Ci2-alkenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl or phenyl;

Specific examples are bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (lrgacure ^® 819); 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide (Darocur ^® TPO); ethyl (2,4,6 trimethylben- zoyl phenyl) phosphinic acid ester; (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-2,4-dipentoxyphenylphosphine oxide, bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide.

Interesting further are mixtures of the compounds of the formula XII with compounds of the formula XI as well as mixtures of different compounds of the formula XII.

Examples are mixtures of bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide with 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide with 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one, of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)- phenylphosphine oxide with ethyl (2,4,6 trimethylbenzoyl phenyl) phosphinic acid ester, etc.

Examples of suitable benzophenone compounds are compounds of the formula X: (X), wherein

F¾5, 66 and R67 independently of one another are hydrogen, Ci-C4alkyl, C1-C4- halogenalkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, CI or N(Ci-C4alkyl)2;

R68 is hydrogen, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C4halogenalkyl, phenyl, N(Ci-C4alkyl)2, COOCH3,

Q is a residue of a polyhydroxy compound having 2 to 6 hydroxy groups;

x is a number greater than 1 but no greater than the number of available hydroxyl groups in Q;

A is -[0(CH ₂ )bCO] _y - or -[0(CH ₂ )bCO](y-i)-[0(CH R7iCH R ₇ o)a]y- ;

R69 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; and if N is greater than 1 the radicals R69 may be the same as or different from each other;

a is a number from 1 to 2;

b is a number from 4 to 5;

y is a number from 1 to 10;

n is ; and

m is an integer 2-10.

Specific examples are Darocur ^® BP (= benzophenone), Esacure TZT ^® available from Lam- berti, (a mixture of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone and 4-methylbenzophenone), 4- phenylbenzophenone, 4-methoxybenzophenone, 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone, 4,4'- dimethylbenzophenone, 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone, 4,4'-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4,4'-diethylaminobenzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone, 4- (4-methylthiophenyl)benzophenone, 3,3'-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzophenone, methyl-2- benzoylbenzoate, 4-(2-hydroxyethylthio)benzophenone, 4-(4-tolylthio)benzophenone, 4- benzoyl-N,N,N-trimethylbenzenemethanaminium chloride, 2-hydroxy-3-(4- benzoylphenoxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium chloride monohydrate, 4-(13-acryloyl- 1 ,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecyl)benzophenone, 4-benzoyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-(1-oxo-2- propenyl)oxy]ethylbenzenemethanaminium chloride; [4-(2-hydroxy-ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]- (4-isopropylphenyl)-methanone; biphenyl-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-methanone; biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-methanone; biphenyl-4-yl-p-tolyl-methanone; biphenyl-4-yl-m-tolyl- methanone; [4-(2-hydroxy-ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-p-tolyl-methanone; [4-(2-hydroxy- ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-methanone; [4-(2-hydroxy-ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]- (4-methoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 1-(4-benzoyl-phenoxy)-propan-2-one; [4-(2-hydroxy- ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 3-(4-benzoyl-phenyl)-2- dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one; (4-chloro-phenyl)-(4-octylsulfanyl-phenyl)- methanone; (4-chloro-phenyl)-(4-dodecylsulfanyl-phenyl)-methanone; (4-bromo-phenyl)-(4- octylsulfanyl-phenyl)-methanone; (4-dodecylsulfanyl-phenyl)-(4-methoxy-phenyl)- methanone; (4-benzoyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester; biphenyl-[4-(2-hydroxy- ethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-methanone; 1-[4-(4-benzoylphenylsulfanyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-2-(4- methylphenylsulfonyl)propan-1-one (Esacure®1001 available from Lamberti).

Examples of suitable alpha-hydroxy ketone, alpha-alkoxyketone or alpha-aminoketone compounds are of the formula (XI)

³² (XI), wherein

R29 is hydrogen or Ci-Cisalkoxy;

R30 is hydrogen, Ci-Cisalkyl, Ci-Ci2hydroxyalkyl ,Ci-Cisalkoxy, OCH2CH2-OR34, morpho-

CH„

lino, S-Ci-Ci ₈ alkyl, a group -HC=CH ₂ , -C(CH ₃ )=CH ₂ , G, -L CH ₂ - C

d, e and f are 1-3;

c is 2-10;

Gi and G2 independently of one another are end groups of the polymeric structure, preferably hydrogen or methyl;

O o CH,

II I

R34 is hydrogen, _ _C -CH =CH ₂ or _- _C -C =CH ₂ ;

R31 is hydroxy, Ci-Ci6alkoxy, morpholino, dimethylamino or -0(CH2CH20) _g -Ci-Ci6alkyl; g is 1-20;

R32 and R33 independently of one another are hydrogen, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-Ci6alkoxy or

-0(CH2CH20)g-Ci-Ci6alkyl; or are unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl; or phenyl or benzyl substituted by Ci-Ci2-alkyl; or R32 and R33 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cyclohexyl ring;

R35 is hydrogen, OR36 or N R37R38; F¾6 is hydrogen, Ci-Ci2alkyl which optionally is interrupted by one or more non- consecutive O-atoms and which uninterrupted or interrupted Ci-Ci2alkyl optionally is substi

R37 and R38 independently of each other are hydrogen or Ci-Ci2alkyl which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more OH;

R39 is Ci-Ci2alkylene which optionally is interrupted by one or more non-consecutive O, -

(CO)-NH-Ci-Ci ₂ alkylene-NH-(CO)- or ;

with the proviso that R31 , R32 and R33 not all together are Ci-Ci6alkoxy or

-0(CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) _g -Ci-Ci6alkyl.

Specific examples are 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (lrgacure ^® 184) or Irgacur ^® 500 (a mixture of lrgacure ^® 184 with benzophenone), 2-methyl-1 [4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2- morpholinopropan-1-one (lrgacure ^® 907), 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholino- phenyl)-butan-1-one (lrgacure ^® 369), 2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin- 4-yl-phenyl)-butan-1-one (lrgacure ^® 379), (3,4-dimethoxy-benzoyl)-1-benzyl-1-di- methylamino propane, 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1 - one (lrgacure ^® 2959), 2,2-dimethoxy-1 ,2-diphenylethan-1-one (lrgacure ^® 651), 2-hydroxy-2- methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one (Darocur ^® 1173), 2-hydroxy-1-{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl- propionyl)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-methyl-propan-1-one (lrgacure ^® 127), 2- hydroxy- 1 -{4- [4- (2- hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl}-2-methyl-propan -1-one, Esacure KIP provided by Lamberti, 2-hydroxy-1-{1-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-phenyl]-1 ,3,3- trimethyl-indan-5-yl}-2-methyl-propan-1-one.

Irgacure ^® and Darocur ^® products are available from BASF SE.

Examples of suitable phenylglyoxylate compounds are of the formula XIII

R55, R56, R57, R58 and R59 independently of one another are hydrogen, unsubstituted Ci- Ci2alkyl or Ci-Ci2alkyl substituted by one or more OH, Ci-C4alkoxy, phenyl, naphthyl, halo- gen or by CN; wherein the alkyl chain optionally is interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms; or R55, 56, R57, R58 and R59 independently of one another are Ci-C ₄ alkoxy, Ci- C ₄ alkythio or N R52R53;

R52 and R53 independently of one another are hydrogen, unsubstituted Ci-Ci2alkyl or Ci- Ci2alkyl substituted by one or more OH or SH wherein the alkyl chain optionally is interrupted by one to four oxygen atoms; or R52 and R53 independently of one another are C2- Ci2-alkenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl or phenyl; and

Yi is Ci-Ci2alkylene optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms. Specific examples of the compounds of the formula XIII are oxo-phenyl-acetic acid 2-[2-(2- oxo-2-phenyl-acetoxy)-ethoxy]-ethyl ester (lrgacure®754), methyl a-oxo benzeneacetate.

Examples of suitable oxime ester compounds are of the formula XIV (XIV), wherein

R70 is hydrogen, Cs-Cscycloalkyl; Ci-Ci2alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen, phenyl or by CN; or R70 is C2-Csalkenyl; phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C6alkyl, halogen, CN, OR73, SR74 or by N R75R76; or R70 is d-Cealkoxy, benzyloxy; or phenoxy which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C6alkyl or by halogen;

R71 is phenyl, naphthyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl, each of which is substituted by one or more halogen, Ci-Ci2alkyl, Cs-Cscycloalkyl, benzyl, phenoxycarbonyl, C2-Ci2alkoxycar- bonyl, OR73, SR74, SOR74, SO2R74 or by N R75R76, wherein the substituents OR73, SR74 and N R75R76 optionally form 5- or 6-membered rings via the radicals R73, R74, R75 and/or R76 with further substituents on the phenyl or naphthyl ring; or each of which is substituted by phenyl or by phenyl e or more OR73, SR74 or by N R75R66; or R71 is thioxanthyl,

R72 is hydrogen; u r Ci-C2oalkyl which is substituted by one or more halogen, OR73, SR74, Cs-Cscycloalkyl or by phenyl; or is Cs-Cscycloalkyl; or is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C6alkyl, phenyl, halogen, OR73,

SR74 or by N R75R76; or is C2-C2oalkanoyl or benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C6alkyl, phenyl, OR73, SR74 or by N R75R76; or is C2-Ci2alkoxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, CN, CON R75R76, N0 ₂ , Ci-C ₄ haloalkyl, S(0) _y -Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or S(0) _y -phenyl, y is 1 or 2;

Y2 is a direct bondor no bond;

R77 R73 and R74 independently of one another are hydrogen, Ci-C2oalkyl, C2-Ci2alkenyl, C3- Cecycloalkyl, Cs-Cscycloalkyl which is interrupted by one or more, preferably 2, O, phenyl- Ci-C ₃ alkyl; or are Ci-C ₈ alkyl which is substituted by OH, SH, CN, Ci-C ₈ alkoxy, Ci- Cealkanoyl, Cs-Cscycloalkyl, by Cs-Cscycloalkyl which is interrupted by one or more O, or which Ci-CealkyI is substituted by benzoyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Ci-C6alkyl, halogen, OH, Ci-C4alkoxy or by Ci-C4alkylsulfanyl; or are phenyl or naph- thyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, Ci-CealkyI, Ci-Ci2alkoxy, phenyl-Ci-C3alkyloxy, phenoxy, Ci-Ci2alkylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, N(Ci-Ci2alkyl)2, diphe- o o

nylamino or by -C=N-0-C-R

R ₇₂

R75 and R76 independently of each other are hydrogen, Ci-C2oalkyl, C2-C4hydroxyalkyl, C2- Cioalkoxyalkyl, C2-Csalkenyl, Cs-Cscycloalkyl, phenyl-Ci-C3alkyl, d-Csalkanoyl, C3- Ci2alkenoyl, benzoyl; or are phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by Ci-CealkyI, benzoyl or by Ci-Ci2alkoxy; or R75 and R76 together are C2-C6alkylene optionally interrupted by O or N R73 and optionally are substituted by hydroxyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, C2-C4alkanoyloxy or by benzoyloxy;

R77 is Ci-CealkyI, thienyl or phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by Ci-CealkyI, OR73, morpholino or by N-carbazolyl.

Specific examples are 1 ,2-octanedione 1-[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]-2-(0-benzoyloxime) (Irgacure® OXE01), ethanone 1-[9-ethyl-6-(2-methylbenzoyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-1-(0- acetyloxime) (Irgacure® OXE02), 9H-thioxanthene-2-carboxaldehyde 9-oxo-2-(0- acetyloxime), ethanone 1-[9-ethyl-6-(4morpholinobenzoyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-1-(0- acetyloxime), ethanone 1-[9-ethyl-6-(2-methyl-4-(2-(1 ,3-dioxo-2-dimethyl-cyclopent-5- yl)ethoxy)-benzoyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-1-(0-acetyloxime) (Adeka N-1919), ethanone 1-[9- ethyl-6-nitro-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-1-[2-methyl-4-(1-methyl-2-me thoxy)ethoxy)phenyl]-1-(0- acetyloxime) (Adeka NCI831), etc.

It is also possible to add cationic photoinitiators, such as benzoyl peroxide (other suitable peroxides are described in US 4 950 581 , column 19, lines 17-25), or aromatic sulfonium, phosphonium or iodonium salts, such as are described, for example, in US 4 950 581 , column 18, line 60 to column 19, line 10.

Suitable sulfonium salt compounds are of formula XVa, XVb, XVc, XVd or XVe

XVa XVb

XVc XVd XVe

wherein

Rso, Rei and Rs2 are each independently of the others unsubstituted phenyl, or phenyl substituted by -S-phenyl, or by

-s C-CH

R ₈ 3 is a direct bond, S, O, CH ₂ , (CH ₂ )2, CO or NR ₈₉ ;

Rs4, Res, R86 and Rs7 independently of one another are hydrogen, Ci-C2oalkyl, C3- Cecycloalkyl, Ci-C2oalkoxy, C2-C2oalkenyl, CN, OH, halogen, Ci-C6alkylthio, phenyl, naph- thyl, phenyl-Ci-C7alkyl, naphtyl-Ci-C3alkyl, phenoxy, naphthyloxy, phenyl-Ci-Czalkyloxy, naphtyl-Ci-C3alkyloxy, phenyl-C2-C6alkenyl, naphthyl-C2-C4alkenyl, S-phenyl, (CO)Rs9, 0(CO)R ₈ 9, (CO)OR ₈ 9, SO2R89 or OSO2R89;

R89 is hydrogen, Ci-Ci2alkyl, Ci-Ci2hydroxyalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl or biphenylyl;

R90, R91 , R92 and R93 independently of one another have one of the meanings as given for R8 ₄ ; or R90 and R91 are joined to form a fused ring system with the benzene rings to which they are attached;

R95 is a direct bond, S, O or CH2;

R96 is hydrogen, Ci-C2oalkyl; C2-C2oalkyl interrupted by one or more O; or is -L-M-R98 or -L-R98;

R98 is a monovalent sensitizer or photoinitiator moiety;

An and A¾ independently of one another are phenyl unsubstituted or substituted by Ci- C2oalkyl, halogen or OR99;

or are unsubstituted naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or biphenylyl;

or are naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or biphenylyl substituted by Ci-C2oalkyl, OH or OR99;

Ar3 is unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or biphenylyl;

or is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or biphenylyl substituted by Ci-C2oalkyl, OR99 or benzoyl;

Ar ₄ is phenylene, naphthylene, anthrylene or phenanthrylene;

Ai is a direct bond, S, O or Ci-C2oalkylene;

X is CO, C(0)0, OC(O), O, S or N R99 ;

L is a direct bond, S, O, Ci-C2oalkylene or C2-C2oalkylene interrupted by one or more non-consecutive O;

R99 is Ci-C2oalkyl or Ci-C2ohydroxyalkyl; or is Ci-C2oalkyl substituted by 0(CO)Rio2; Mi is S, CO or NR-ioo;

M2 is a direct bond, CH2, O or S;

R100 and R101 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, d-Csalkyl, Ci- Cealkoxy or phenyl;

E is an anion, especially PF ₆ , SbF ₆ , AsF ₆ , BF ₄ , (C ₆ F ₅ ) ₄ B, CI, Br, HS0 ₄ , CF3-SO3, F-

S0 ₃ , CHs-SOs, CIO4, P0 ₄ , NOs, S0 ₄ , CH3-SO4, or H ₃ c- so ₄ - Specific examples of sulfonium salt compounds are for example lrgacure®270 (BASF SE); Cyracure® UVI-6990, Cyracure®UVI-6974 (Union Carbide), Degacure®KI 85 (Degussa), SP-55, SP-150, SP-170 (Asahi Denka), GE UVE 1014 (General Electric), SarCat® KI-85 (= triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate; Sartomer), SarCat® CD 1010 (= mixed triaryl- sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate; Sartomer); SarCat® CD 1011 (= mixed triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate; Sartomer),

Suitable iodonium salt compounds are of formula XVI i— E ^" (XVI), wherein

R110 and R111 are each independently of the other hydrogen, Ci-C2oalkyl, Ci-C2oalkoxy, OH- substituted Ci-C2oalkoxy, halogen, C2-Ci2alkenyl, Cs-Cscycloalkyl, especially methyl, iso- propyl or isobutyl; and

E is an anion, especially PF ₆ , SbF ₆ , AsF ₆ , BF ₄ , (C ₆ F ₅ ) ₄ B, CI, Br, HS0 ₄ , CF3-SO3, F-

S0 ₃ , , CH3-SO3, CIO4, P0 ₄ , N0 ₃ , S0 ₄ , CH3-SO4 or H ₃ C— so. Specific examples of iodonium salt compounds are e.g. tolylcumyliodonium

tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-[(2-hydroxy-tetradecyloxy)phenyl]phenyliodonium hex- afluoroantimonate or hexafluorophosphate, tolylcumyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4- isopropylphenyl-4'-methylphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-isobutylphenyl-4'- methylphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (lrgacure ^® 250, BASF SE), 4-octyloxyphenyl- phenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate or hexafluoroantimonate, bis(dodecylphen- yl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate or hexafluorophosphate, bis(4-methylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-methyl- phenyl-4'-ethoxyphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-methylphenyl-4'-dodecyl- phenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 4-methylphenyl-4'-phenoxyphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate.

Of all the iodonium salts mentioned, compounds with other anions are, of course, also suitable. The preparation of iodonium salts is known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, for example US 4151 175, US 3862333, US 4694029, EP 562897, US 4399071 , US 6306555, WO 98/46647 J. V. Crivello, "Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization" in: UV Curing: Science and Technology, Editor S. P. Pappas, pages 24-77, Tech- nology Marketing Corporation, Norwalk, Conn. 1980, ISBN No. 0-686-23773-0; J. V.

Crivello, J. H. W. Lam, Macromolecules, 10, 1307 (1977) and J. V. Crivello, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1983, 13, pages 173-190 and J. V. Crivello, Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 37, 4241-4254 (1999). Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Ci-C2 ₄ alkyl (Ci-C2oalkyl, especially Ci-Ci2alkyl) is typically linear or branched, where possible. Examples are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, n-hexyl, 1- methylhexyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3,5,5-hexamethylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1- methylheptyl, 3-methylheptyl, n-octyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, or octade- cyl. C-i-Cealkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl. Ci-C ₄ alkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl.

C2-Ci2alkenyl (C2-Csalkenyl) groups are straight-chain or branched alkenyl groups, such as e.g. vinyl, allyl, methallyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl, 3-methyl-but-2-enyl, n-oct-2-enyl, or n-dodec-2-enyl.

Ci-Ci2alkoxy groups (d-Csalkoxy groups) are straight-chain or branched alkoxy groups, e.g. methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy or tert-amyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, isooctyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, un- decyloxy and dodecyloxy.

Ci-Ci2alkylthio groups (Ci-Cs alkylthio groups) are straight-chain or branched alkylthio groups and have the same preferences as the akoxy groups, except that oxygen is exchanged against sulfur. Ci-Ci2alkylene is bivalent Ci-Ci2alkyl, i.e. alkyl having two (instead of one) free valencies, e.g. trimethylene or tetramethylene.

A cycloalkyi group is typically Cs-Cscycloalkyl, such as, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohex- yl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

In several cases it is advantageous in addition to the photoinitiator to employ a sensitizer compound. Examples of suitable sensitizer compounds are disclosed in WO 06/008251 , page 36, line 30 to page 38, line 8, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by refer- ence. As sensitizer inter alia benzophenone compounds as described above can be employed.

The lamp used in the method and apparatus of the present invention has emission peak(s) in the UV-A range (400 nm to 320 nm) and short wavelength visible spectrum (400-450 nm). That is, the lamp has emission peak(s) in the range of from 320 to 450 nm.

UV radiation is generally classed as UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C as follows: UV-A: 400 nm to 320 nm UV-B: 320 nm to 290 nm UV-C: 290 nm to 100 nm. When a transparent substrate is used, the type of lamp is generally not critical. For example high or medium pressure mercury lamps are sufficient.

Any ultraviolet light source may be employed as a radiation source, such as, a high or low pressure mercury lamp, a cold cathode tube, a black light, an ultraviolet LED, an ultraviolet laser, and a flash light.

Examples of lamps, which can be used in the process of the present invention are shown below:

- Medium pressure mercury arcs are modified by the inclusion of metal halides in small proportions to vary the spectral output:

- iron doped - spectral output shifted to 350-450nm;

- gallium doped - emits very little UV; emission in the violet and blue spectral regions (expected additional UV lines by doping a mercury arc with metal iodides at wave- length/nm: Gallium (Ga) 403, 417 and Iron (Fe) 358, 372, 374/5, 382, 386, 388); and - Focussed Reflected Diode Array (FRDA) systems (igb-tech GmbH), such as for example FRDA 202 having an emission peak around 400 nm. Multi-spectrum lamps can also be used.

Advantageously, a gallium, or iron doped medium pressure mercury arc is used in the method and apparatus of the present invention to produce more efficiently UV-A ( 315 -

400 nm) or UV-B (280 - 315 nm) and to provide better radiant efficiency ranges and higher curing. Each irradiator consists of an aluminum housing containing a linear reflector with an elliptical (or, depending on application, parabolic) cross section. The reflector attached to the irradiator housing is made from a special aluminum which has a high degree of UV reflectivity and a resistance to tarnishing and corrosion.

The photoinitiator(s), or photoinitiator mixture and the lamp used should be optimised in dependence of the particular substrate type in order to achieve optimal printing speed.

The forming of an optically variable image on the substrate comprises depositing a curable composition on at least a portion of the substrate. The composition, generally a coating an ink or lacquer may be deposited by means of gravure, flexographic, ink jet, offset and screen process printing as well as by coating processes. In lab scale experiments drawdowns with a wire bar or with a doctor blade are convenient. Depending on the amount of solvent in the lacquer and depending on the printing process different dry coating thicknesses result. The weight ratio of silver nano pigment to binder influences the resulting colors in transmittance and reflectance. Theoretically a pigment binder ratio as given below leads to the outlined dry coating thickness.

A coating thickness of between 0.2 and 4 micron is typical for the instant method. Typically the silver nano pigment to binder weight ratio is from 5: 1 to 1 : 1000. The curable lacquer is cured by ultraviolet (U.V.) light. UV curing lacquers are commercial products and can be obtained, for example, from BASF SE. The lacquers exposed to actinic radiations used in the present invention are required to reach a solidified stage when they separate again from the imaging shim in order to keep the record in their upper layer of the sub-microscopic, holographic diffraction grating image or pattern (OVI). Particularly suitable for the lacquers compositions are chemistries used in the radiation curable industries in industrial coatings and graphic arts. Particularly suitable are compositions containing one or several photo-latent catalysts that will initiate polymerization of the exposed lacquer layer to UV radiation. Particularly suitable for fast curing and conversion to a solid state are compositions comprising one or several monomers and oligomers sensitive to free-radical polymerization, such as acrylates, methacrylates or monomers or/and oligomers, containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated group.

The unsaturated compounds may include one or more olefinic double bonds. They may be of low (monomeric) or high (oligomeric) molecular mass. Examples of monomers containing a double bond are alkyi, hydroxyalkyi or amino acrylates, or alkyi, hydroxyalkyi or amino methacrylates, for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate. Silicone acrylates are also advantageous. Other examples are acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N- substituted (meth)acrylamides, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl ethers such as iso- butyl vinyl ether, styrene, alkyl- and halostyrenes, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl chloride or vinyl- idene chloride.

Examples of monomers containing two or more double bonds are the diacrylates of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, hexamethylene glycol or of bisphenol A, and 4,4'-bis(2-acryl-oyloxyethoxy)diphenylpropane, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentae- rythritol triacrylate or tetraacrylate, vinyl acrylate, divinylbenzene, divinyl succinate, diallyl phthalate, triallyl phosphate, triallyl isocyanurate or tris(2-acryloylethyl) isocyanurate.

Examples of polyunsaturated compounds of relatively high molecular mass (oligomers) are acrylated epoxy resins, polyesters containing acrylate-, vinyl ether- or epoxy-groups, and also polyurethanes and polyethers. Further examples of unsaturated oligomers are unsaturated polyester resins, which are usually prepared from maleic acid, phthalic acid and one or more diols and have molecular weights of from about 500 to 3000. In addition it is also possible to employ vinyl ether monomers and oligomers, and also maleate-terminated oligomers with polyester, polyurethane, polyether, polyvinyl ether and epoxy main chains. Of particular suitability are combinations of oligomers which carry vinyl ether groups and of polymers as described in WO90/01512. However, copolymers of vinyl ether and maleic acid-functionalized monomers are also suitable. Unsaturated oligomers of this kind can also be referred to as prepolymers. Particularly suitable examples are esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and polyols or polyepoxides, and polymers having ethylenically unsaturated groups in the chain or in side groups, for example unsaturated polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes and copolymers thereof, polymers and copolymers containing (meth)acrylic groups in side chains, and also mixtures of one or more such polymers.

Examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid or oleic acid. Acrylic and methacrylic acid are preferred.

Suitable polyols are aromatic and, in particular, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols. Examples of aromatic polyols are hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-di(4-hydroxyphe- nyl)propane, and also novolaks and resols. Examples of polyepoxides are those based on the abovementioned polyols, especially the aromatic polyols, and epichlorohydrin. Other suitable polyols are polymers and copolymers containing hydroxyl groups in the polymer chain or in side groups, examples being polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers thereof or poly- hydroxyalkyl methacrylates or copolymers thereof. Further polyols which are suitable are oligoesters having hydroxyl end groups.

Examples of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols are alkylenediols having preferably 2 to 12 C atoms, such as ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-butanediol, pen- tanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, dodecanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glcyol, polyethylene glycols having molecular weights of preferably from 200 to 1500, 1 ,3-cyclopen- tanediol, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol, 1 ,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, glycerol, tris^-hydroxyethyl)amine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentae- rythritol and sorbitol. The polyols may be partially or completely esterified with one carboxylic acid or with different unsaturated carboxylic acids, and in partial esters the free hydroxyl groups may be modified, for example etherified or esterified with other carboxylic acids.

Examples of esters are: trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, trime- thylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, tetramethylene glycol di- methacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythri- tol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pen- taacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, tripentaerythritol octaacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, tripentaerythritol octamethacrylate, pentaerythritol diitaconate, dipentaerythritol tris-itaconate, dipentaerythritol pentaitaconate, dipentaerythritol hex- aitaconate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1 ,3-butanediol diacrylate, 1 ,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1 ,4-butanediol diitaconate, sorbitol triacrylate, sorbitol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol- modified triacrylate, sorbitol tetra methacrylate, sorbitol pentaacrylate, sorbitol hexaacrylate, oligoester acrylates and methacrylates, glycerol diacrylate and triacrylate, 1 ,4- cyclohexane diacrylate, bisacrylates and bismethacrylates of polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of from 200 to 1500, or mixtures thereof. Also suitable as polymerizable components are the amides of identical or different, unsaturated carboxylic acids with aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic polyamines having preferably 2 to 6, especially 2 to 4, amino groups. Examples of such polyamines are ethylenedi- amine, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propylenediamine, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-butylenediamine, 1 ,5- pentylenediamine, 1 ,6-hexylenediamine, octylenediamine, dodecylenediamine, 1 ,4- diaminocyclohexane, isophoronediamine, phenylenediamine, bisphenylenediamine, di-β- aminoethyl ether, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, di(B-aminoethoxy)- or ϊ(β- aminopropoxy)ethane. Other suitable polyamines are polymers and copolymers, preferably with additional amino groups in the side chain, and oligoamides having amino end groups. Examples of such unsaturated amides are methylenebisacrylamide, 1 ,6- hexamethylenebisacrylamide, diethylenetriaminetrismethacrylamide, bis(methacrylamido- propoxy)ethane, β-methacrylamidoethyl methacrylate and N[(B-hydroxy- ethoxy)ethyl]acrylamide.

Suitable unsaturated polyesters and polyamides are derived, for example, from maleic acid and from diols or diamines. Some of the maleic acid can be replaced by other dicarboxylic acids. They can be used together with ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, for example styrene. The polyesters and polyamides may also be derived from dicarboxylic acids and from ethylenically unsaturated diols or diamines, especially from those with relatively long chains of, for example 6 to 20 C atoms. Examples of polyurethanes are those composed of saturated or unsaturated diisocyanates and of unsaturated or, respectively, saturated diols.

Polymers with (meth)acrylate groups in the side chain are likewise known. They may, for example, be reaction products of epoxy resins based on novolaks with (meth)acrylic acid, or may be homo- or copolymers of vinyl alcohol or hydroxyalkyl derivatives thereof which are esterified with (meth)acrylic acid, or may be homo- and copolymers of (meth)acrylates which are esterified with hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates.

Other suitable polymers with acrylate or methacrylate groups in the side chains are, for example, solvent soluble or alkaline soluble polyimide precursors, for example poly(amic acid ester) compounds, having the photopolymerizable side groups either attached to the backbone or to the ester groups in the molecule, i.e. according to EP624826. Such oligomers or polymers can be formulated with optionally reactive diluents, like polyfunctional (meth)acrylates in order to prepare highly sensitive polyimide precursors. Examples of polymerizable components are also polymers or oligomers having at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and at least one carboxyl function within the molecule structure, such as a resin obtained by the reaction of a saturated or unsaturated polybasic acid anhy-dride with a product of the reaction of an epoxy compound and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, for example, photosensitive compounds as described in JP 10- 301276 and commercial products such as for example EB9696, UCB Chemicals; KAYAR- AD TCR1025, Nippon Kayaku Co., LTD., NK OLIGO EA-6340, EA-7440 from Shin- Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd., or an addition product formed between a carboxyl group- containing resin and an unsaturated compound having an α,β-unsaturated double bond and an epoxy group (for example, ACA200M, Daicel Industries, Ltd.). Additional commer- cial products as examples of polymerizable component are ACA200, ACA210P,

ACA230AA, ACA250, ACA300, ACA320 from Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.

The photopolymerizable compounds are used alone or in any desired mixtures. It is preferred to use mixtures of polyol (meth)acrylates. A preferred composition comprises at least one compound having at least one free carboxylic group.

As diluent, a mono- or multi-functional ethylenically unsaturated compound, or mixtures of several of said compounds, can be included in the above composition up to 70 % by weight based on the solid portion of the composition.

The invention also provides compositions comprising as polymerizable component at least one ethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound which is emulsified or dissolved in water, or organic solvents.

The unsaturated polymerizable components can also be used in admixture with non- photopolymerizable, film-forming components. These may, for example, be physically dry- ing polymers or solutions thereof in organic solvents, for instance nitrocellulose or cellulose acetobutyrate. They may also, however, be chemically and/or thermally curable (heat- curable) resins, examples being polyisocyanates, polyepoxides and melamine resins, as well as polyimide precursors. The use of heat-curable resins at the same time is important for use in systems known as hybrid systems, which in a first stage are photopolymerized and in a second stage are crosslinked by means of thermal aftertreatment.

The polymerizable compositions may additionally comprise a solvent. The solvent may be ester/alcohol blends and preferably normal propyl acetate and ethanol. More preferably, the ester/alcohol blend is in a ratio of between 10: 1 and 40: 1 , even more preferably 20: 1 to 30: 1. The solvent used may comprise any one or more of an ester, such as n-propyl acetate, iso-propyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate; an alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol, industrial methylated spirits, isopropyl alcohol or normal propyl alcohol; a ketone, such as methyl ethyl ketone or acetone; an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as toluene, and water.

Although water may be used as a diluent alone, it is used in most cases together with an organic solvent such as an alcohol.

A photoinitiator, or a mixture of photoinitiators is incorporated into the formulation / compo- sition to initiate the UV-curing process.

In a specific embodiment the curable composition comprises

(a) 5.0 to 0.6, especially 5.0 to 1.0, very especially 4.0 to 2.5 % by weight of photoinitiator,

(b) 94.9 to 11.9, especially 94.1 to 19.0, very especially 76.0 to 47.5 % by weight of one or more ethylenically unsaturated resins, monomers or mixtures thereof,

(c) 0.1 to 87.5, especially 1.0 to 80.0, very especially 20.0 to 50.0% by weight of the metal pigment which is in the form of platelet shaped transition metal particles as defined above wherein the sum of components a) to c) adds up to 100%. In general the photoinitiator is typically added in an amount of 1 % to 20%, preferably 3% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the total curable composition.

The curable composition may comprise various additives. Examples thereof include thermal inhibitors, light stabilisers, optical brighteners, fillers and pigments, as well as white and coloured pigments, dyes, antistatics, adhesion promoters, wetting agents, flow auxiliaries, lubricants, waxes, anti-adhesive agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, anti-oxidants; fillers, e.g. talcum, gypsum, silicic acid, rutile, carbon black, zinc oxide, iron oxides; reaction accelerators, thickeners, matting agents, antifoams, leveling agents and other adjuvants customary, for example, in lacquer, ink and coating technology.

The UV lacquer may comprise an epoxy-acrylate from the CRAYNOR® Sartomer Europe range, or the LAROMER® range available from BASF SE (10 to 60%) and one or several acrylates (monofunctional and multifunctional), monomers which are available from Sartomer Europe, or BASF SE (20 to 90%) and one, or several photoinitiators (1 to 15%) such as Irgacure® 819 (BASF SE) and a levelling agent such as BYK®361 (0.01 to 1 %) from BYK Chemie.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the ultraviolet coating can be coloured. That is the curable composition may comprise pigments and/or dyes. The pigments can be transparent organic color pigments or inorganic pigments.

Suitable colored pigments especially include organic pigments selected from the group consisting of azo, azomethine, methine, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, perinone, perylene, diketopyrrolopyrrole, thioindigo, dioxazine iminoisoindoline, dioxazine, iminoiso- indolinone, quinacridone, flavanthrone, indanthrone, anthrapyrimidine and quinophthalone pigments, or a mixture or solid solution thereof; especially a dioxazine, diketopyrrolopyrrole, quinacridone, phthalocyanine, indanthrone or iminoisoindolinone pigment, or a mixture or solid solution thereof.

Colored organic pigments of particular interest include C.I. Pigment Red 202, C.I. Pigment Red 122, C.I. Pigment Red 179, C.I. Pigment Red 170, C.I. Pigment Red 144, C.I. Pigment Red 177, C.I. Pigment Red 254, C.I. Pigment Red 255, C.I. Pigment Red 264, C.I. Pigment Brown 23, C.I. Pigment Yellow 109, C.I. Pigment Yellow 110, C.I. Pigment Yellow 147, C.I. Pigment Orange 61 , C.I. Pigment Orange 71 , C.I. Pigment Orange 73, C.I. Pigment Orange 48, C.I. Pigment Orange 49, C.I. Pigment Blue 15, C.I. Pigment Blue 60, C.I. Pigment Violet 23, C.I. Pigment Violet 37, C.I. Pigment Violet 19, C.I. Pigment Green 7, C.I. Pigment Green 36, the 2,9-dichloro-quinacridone in platelet form described in WO08/055807, or a mixture or solid solution thereof.

Platelet like organic pigments, such as platelet like quinacridones, phthalocyanine, fluo- rorubine, dioxazines, red perylenes or diketopyrrolopyrroles can advantageously be used as further component. Suitable colored pigments also include conventional inorganic pigments; especially those selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, antimony yellow, lead chromate, lead chromate sulfate, lead molybdate, ultramarine blue, cobalt blue, manganese blue, chrome oxide green, hydrated chrome oxide green, cobalt green and metal sulfides, such as cerium or cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfoselenides, zinc ferrite, bismuth vanadate, Prussian blue, Fe30 ₄ , carbon black and mixed metal oxides. Examples of commercially available inorganic pigments are BAYFERROX® 3920, BAYFERROX® 920, BAYFERROX® 645T, BAYFER- ROX® 303T, BAYFERROX® 110, BAYFERROX® 1 10 M, CHROMOXIDGRUEN GN, and CHROMOXIDGRUEN GN-M. Examples of dyes, which can be used to color the curable composition, are selected from the group consisting of azo, azomethine, methine, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, dioxazine, flavanthrone, indanthrone, anthrapyrimidine and metal complex dyes. Monoazo dyes, cobalt complex dyes, chrome complex dyes, anthraquinone dyes and copper phthalocyanine dyes are preferred.

According to an additional aspect of the invention nano- and micro-structures are capable of being printed using conventional printing methods, thus enabling printing at high speeds, at required widths, and in register with any conventional printing on the document or label being printed.

Optical microstructured images are composed of a series of structured surfaces (surface relief microstructures). These surfaces may have straight or curved profiles, with constant or random spacing, and may even vary from nanometers to millimetres in dimension. Patterns may be circular, linear, or have no uniform pattern. Embossed patterns may comprise microstructures having dimensions in the range from about 0.01 microns to about 100 microns. Light interference patterns based on microstructures having dimensions in the range from about 0.1 microns to about 10 microns, preferably about 0.1 microns to about 1 microns. For example a Fresnel lens has a microstructured surface on one side and a planar surface on the other. The microstructured surface consists of a series of grooves with changing slope angles as the distance from the optical axis increases. The draft facets located between the slope facets usually do not affect the optical performance of the Fresnel lens. The optical interference pattern can take various conventional forms including diffraction patterns such as diffraction gratings, refraction patterns, holographic patterns such as two- dimensional and three-dimensional holographic images, corner cube reflectors, Kinegram® devices (i.e., holograms with changing imagery as the angel of view is changed), Pixel- gram® devices (i.e., a hologram with multiple holographic pixels arranged in a spatial orien- tation that generates one holographic image), zero order diffraction patterns, moire patterns, or other light interference patterns based on microstructures having dimensions in the range from about 0.1 microns to about 10 microns, preferably about 0.1 microns to about 1 microns, and various combinations of the above such as hologram/grating images, or other like interference patterns.

Such structures include, but are not limited to: (1) electron beam generated holograms; (2) dot matrix holograms; (3) computer generated holograms; (4) optically variable devices (OVDs); (5) diffractive optical variable devices (DOVIDs); (6) lenses, in particular micro lenses; (7) lenticular lenses; (8) non-reflective structures; (9) light management structures; (10) deep structures (e.g., structures that diffract only one wavelength at a very wide viewing angle, such as found in some butterflies and other insects); (1 1) radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas; (12) embossable computer chips; (13) retroreflective structures; (14) metallic-looking structures; ROVIDs (reflective optical variable devices). The optically variable device (OVD) is, for example, a diffractive optical variable image (DOVI). The term "diffractive optical variable image" as used herein may refer to any type of holograms including, for example, but not limited to a multiple plane hologram (e.g., 2- dimensional hologram, 3-dimensional hologram, etc.), a stereogram, and a grating image (e.g., dot-matrix, pixelgram, exelgram, kinegram, etc.).

Typically the metal in the curable composition is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt, preferably Ag and Cu.

Preferably, the particles comprise, silver and/or copper flakes.

Especially preferred is Ag.

The shaped transition metal particles have, for example, a longest dimension of edge length of from 5 to 1000 nm and a thickness of 1 to 100 nm and comprise hexagonal and/or triangular and/or truncated triangular prisms, which prisms make up more than 20% of the total number of shaped transition metal particles.

In a specific embodiment of the present invention, platelet shaped transition metal particles having a longest dimension of edge length of from 15 nm to 1000 nm, preferably from 15 nm to 600 nm and particularly from 20 nm to 500 nm, and a thickness of from 2 nm to 100 nm, preferably from 2 to 40 nm and particularly from 4 to 30 nm are used. The production of the shaped transition metal particles is, for example, described in US2008/0295646, WO2004/089813, WO2006/099312, C. Xue et al., Adv. Mater. 19, 2007, 4071 ,

WO2009056401 and WO2010/108837. The use of the platelet shaped transition metal particles for producing holograms is described in WO 201 1/064162.

The curable compositions comprise a total content of shaped transition metal particles of from 0.1 to 90 % by weight, preferably 1-20% by weight based on the total weight of the ink. The curable composition may additionally comprise a solvent. Typical solvents have already been mentioned. For example, the solvents may be ester/alcohol blends and preferably normal propyl acetate and ethanol. More preferably, the ester/alcohol blend is in a ratio of between 10: 1 and 40: 1 , even more preferably 20: 1 to 30: 1. The solvent used in the curable composition may comprise any one or more of an ester, such as n-propyl ace- tate, iso-propyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate; an alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol, methanol, methoxypropanol, industrial methylated spirits, isopropyl alcohol or normal propyl alcohol; a ketone, such as cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone or acetone; an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as toluene, and water. The platelet shaped (transition) metal particles may be used in combination with spherical (transition) metal particles, such as spherical (transition) metal particles having a diameter of < 40 nm, especially < 20 nm.

In another embodiment of the invention another metal pigment may be added. The metal pigment is a metal pigment produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD metal pigment). The operating range of vacuum deposition may be in the range of 5 to 50 nm, the preferred thickness of the metal particles is in the range of 8 to 21 nm. Preferably, the thickness of the metal pigment particles is less than 50 nm. More preferably, the thickness of metal pigment particle is less than 35 nm. More preferably still, the thickness of pigment particle is less than 20 nm. Even more preferably still, the thickness of pigment particle is in the range 5-18 nm.

If such metallic pigment mixtures are used the ratio between the metallic platelet pigment and the binder system is from 10:1 to 1 :1000.

The transparent or translucent substrate is selected from paper or from a thermoplastic or crosslinked polymer. With respect to the thermoplastic or crosslinked polymer, a thermoplastic resin may be used, examples of which include, polyethylene based polymers [polyethylene (PE), eth- ylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl alcohol- vinyl acetate copolymer, polypropylene (PP), vinyl based polymers [polyvinyl chloride) (PVC), polyvinyl butyral) (PVB), polyvinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinylidene chloride)

(PVdC), polyvinyl acetate) (PVAc), polyvinyl formal) (PVF)], polystyrene based polymers [polystyrene (PS), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (AS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)], acrylic based polymers [poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), MMA-styrene copolymer], polycarbonate (PC), celluloses [ethyl cellulose (EC), cellulose acetate (CA), propyl cellulose (CP), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose nitrate (CN)], fluorin based polymers [polychlorofluoroethylene (PCTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetra- fluoroethylene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer (FEP), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)], ure- thane based polymers (PU), nylons [type 6, type 66, type 610, type 11], polyesters (alkyl) [polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycyclohexane ter- ephthalate (PCT)], novolac type phenolic resins, or the like. In addition, thermosetting resins (crosslinked resins) such as resol type phenolic resin, a urea resin, a melamine resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin, an unsaturated polyester and the like.

The paper substrate may be a banknote, an identification document like a passport, an identification card, a driver's license, a packaging material, e.g. a label, folding carton, paper bag for pharmaceuticals, apparel, software, cosmetic, tobacco or any other product to be decorated or prone to counterfeiting or forgery.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the paper or board has been treated with a cati- onic polymer on the frontside before applying a curable composition (varnish) to at least a portion of the frontside of the paper substrate.

Treating in the context of the instant invention comprises all suitable means for applying the polymer solution to the surface of the paper substrate; in particular printing or coating.

The cationic polymers utilized in the present invention for treating the paper include repeating amine units that are capable of forming cationic amine salts. The amine group- containing cationic polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer. The homopolymer or copolymer may be either in the base form, or partially, or wholly, in the cationic amine salt form. Such cationic polymers are, for example, described in US 2008/0318150 on page 3 to 4.

Preferably the cationic polymer is a polyvinylamine, which is preferably hydrolysed to at least 90 %.

Polyvinylamine or partally or fully hydrolysed polyvinylformamide are obtainable by polymerisation of N-vinylformamide and subsequent hydrolysis and elimination of the formyl groups to obtain amine groups. The degree of hydrolysis may range from 1 % to 100%, preferably≥ 50% and more preferably≥ 90%. Particularly preferred is a fully hydro- lysed poylvinylformamide.

The preparation of N-vinylformamide polymers and the subsequent hydrolysis is, for example, extensively described in US 6,132,558, col. 2, line 36 to col. 5, line 25. Polyvinylamine and partially or fully hydrolysed polyvinylformamide are commercially available under the trade names Catiofast® und Polymin® from BASF SE.

For example the average molecular weight of these polymers M _w is from 20 000 to 2 000 000 g/mol, for instance from 50 000 to 1 000 000, in particular from 100 000 to 500 000 g/mol.

For example the polyvinylamine contains 0.1 to 22 milliequivalent (meq), for instance 5 bis 18 meq cationic groups per gramm polyvinylamine. The polyvinylamine polymers are typically in the form of a dispersion or solution, for example with a solid content from 10% to 40%, for instance from 15% to 30% and preferably from 20% to 25%. They are usually applied to the paper or board from such solutions or dispersions.

The amount applied of the above mentioned polymer solution is, for example 2 to 20 g, for instance 2 to 15 g and preferably 4 to 12 g per m ² paper substrate. The polymer solution is subsequently dried by means of an infra-red dryer and/or a hot air dryer.

It is also possible to apply together with the cationic polymer further natural polymers such as starch, in particular amylopectine. The amount admixed to the cationic polymer is typically from 5% to 50% based on the weight of the cationic polymer. Preferably the transparent or translucent substrate is selected from polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, polycarbonate, polypropylene or polystyrene.

For example the surface relief microstructure forming means is a shim which is selected from the group consisting of a nickel sleeve; a nickel plate; an etched, or laser imaged me- tallic drum, or other materials mounted on an opaque cylinder or metal cylinder containing the optical variable device (OVD image) on the surface.

In many cases it is also possible to use a shim which is made from a thermoplastic or du- roplastic polymer.

Preferably the shim is a nickel plate mounted on an opaque cylinder or metal cylinder and containing the OVD image on the surface.

The method outlined above can also be applied over already existing security elements, such as holograms. For example when a transparent or translucent substrate already contains a security element, this security element may be overprinted using the method of the instant invention. The result is, that depending from which side the security elements are looked at, the one or the other is visible which provides an additional step for the prevention of counterfeit or reproduction. This embodiment of the invention is illustrated in example 4. Another aspect of the invention is a security product obtainable by using the method as defined above.

The resulting security product containing the surface relief microstructure may for example be overprinted by a clear or slightly colored coating. The surface relief microstructure remains still visible. The coating may be a conventional solvent borne coating or a UV curable coating. Examples for the components of a UV curable coating have already been given above. Examples for binders of solvent borne coatings are nitrocellulose, alkyd resins or polyacrylate resins. In the case of solvent borne coatings an additional heat drying step becomes necessary to evaporate the solvent.

Preferably the security product includes banknotes, credit cards, identification documents like passports, identification cards, driver's licenses, or other verification documents, pharmaceutical apparel, software, compact discs, tobacco packaging and other products or packaging prone to counterfeiting or forgery.

Also an aspect of the invention is the use of the security product as defined above for the prevention of counterfeit or reproduction, on a document of value, right, identity, a security label or a branded good.

Yet a further aspect is a method for forming a coating showing an angle dependent color change on a transparent or translucent substrate comprising the steps as defined above.

The coating shows an angle dependent color change, i.e. a variation of color as a function of the viewing angle. An angle dependent color change can be obtained at a pigment/binder ratio of about 10:1 to about 1 : 100. The colors produced depend on the pigment/binder ratio. The colors vary from violet to blue in transmission to silver to gold in reflection. Other colors can be observed under angles between. Preferably the coating is deposited by gravure printing.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

Preparation of silver platelets

The preparation is carried out according to example 1 of WO 201 1/064162. The precipitate is dispersed in any solvent of choice, and includes water, methanol, ethylacetate, cyclo- hexanone, methoxypropanol to obtain a dispersion containing 20% of silver platelets.

The thus obtained platelets are used in the following application examples.

Application Examples

Photopolymer materials:

Lumogen® OVD Primer 301 is a commercial UV curable product of BASF SE. Irgacure® 2100 is a commercial photoinitiator of BASF SE.

Manufacture of a volume hologram, (reflexion hologram) is carried out according to WO2005/124456 Example 1 , page 22 or on a film from Bayer, Bayfol HX® or Dupont, Omnidex®, Toppan, DNP

The composition of the UV lacquer is shown below:

Photoinitiator blend

Bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)- 2, 4, 6-Trimethyl benzoyl-phenyl

phenylphosphine oxide phosphinic acid ethyl ester

9 parts 91 parts

Example 1 in UV inks

UV ink preparation: 1g UV varnish (Lumogen® OVD Primer 301 +5% Irgacure® 2100) are added to 20g silver platelets dispersion (20% pigment in methanol) in a 50ml_ glass bottle and gently stirred at room temperature. The obtained ink is coated by the means of a wire bar 0 (4 micron wet ink thickness) on PET film and air dried. The coated film is pressed against a shim containing the holographic structure and is cured under UV light (Aktiprint® 18/2, 80W/cm, 10 m/min) through the film. The PET film is peeled off the shim. The pigment to binder ratio of the ink corresponds to 4: 1.

The color coordinates of the film are measured on the embossed surface in reflexion and in transmission using a Colorimeter Konica Minolta CM3610-d-(Measurement-d8° geometry)

CIELab L ^* C ^* h°

Reflexion over white 57.9 10.7 91.7

Reflexion over black 55.9 4.0 121.2

Transmission 40.3 5.6 276.2 Effect obtained: Metallic hologram visible on the embossed side of the PET film.

Example 2 in UV inks

UV ink preparation: 6g UV varnish (Lumogen® OVD Primer 301 +5% Irgacure® 2100) are added to 10g silver platelets dispersion (20% pigment in methanol) in a 20ml_ glass bottle and gently stirred at room temperature. The obtained ink is coated by the means of a wire bar 0 (4 micron wet ink thickness) on PET film and air dried. The coated film is pressed against a shim containing the holographic structure and cured under UV light (Aktiprint® 18/2, 80W/cm, 10 m/min) through the film. The PET film is peeled off the shim. The pigment to binder ratio of the ink corresponds to 1 :3.

The color coordinates of the film are measured on the embossed surface in reflexion and in transmission using a Colorimeter Konica Minolta CM3610-d-(Measurement-d8° geometry)

Effect obtained: Metallic hologram visible on the embossed side of the PET film. Example 3 in UV inks

UV ink preparation: 20g UV varnish (Lumogen OVD Primer 301 +5% Irgacure 2100) are added to 1g silver platelets dispersion (20% pigment in methanol) in a 50ml_ glass bottle and gently stirred at room temperature. The obtained ink is coated by the means of a wire bar 0 (4 micron wet ink thickness) on PET film and air dried. The coated film is pressed against a shim containing the holographic structure and cured under UV light (Aktiprint

18/2, 80W/cm, 10 m/min) through the film. The PET film is peeled off the shim. The pigment to binder ratio of the ink corresponds to 1 : 100 The color coordinates of the PET film are measured on the embossed surface in reflexion and in transmission using a Colorimeter Konica Minolta CM3610-d- (Measurement-d8° geometry)

Effect obtained: Metallic hologram visible on two sides of the PET film.

Example 4 in UV inks

UV ink in example 2 is coated by the means of a wire bar 0 (4 micron coating) on a UV casted hologram image A on PET , it is air dried and is subsequently pressed against a shim containing a holographic image B. It is cured under UV light (Aktiprint® 18/2, 80W/cm, 10 m/min) through the film. The PET film is peeled off the shim. The color coordinates of the film are measured on the embossed surface in reflexion and in transmission using a Colorimeter Konica Minolta CM3610-d-(Measurement-d8° geometry)

Effect obtained:

Metallic hologram image A and image B visible on each side of the PET film, blue color in transmission.

Example 5 in waterborne UV inks UV ink preparation: 5g UV varnish (Lumogen® OVD Primer 301 +5% Irgacure® 2100) mixed with 2g distilled water are added to 20g silver platelets (25% pigment in water) in a 50ml_ glass bottle and gently stirred at room temperature.

The obtained ink is coated by the means of a wire bar 0 (4 micron wet ink thickness) on PET film and air dried. The coated film is pressed against a shim containing the holographic structure and cured under UV light (Aktiprint® 18/2, 80W/cm,10 m/min) through the film. The PET film is peeled off the shim. The pigment to binder ratio of the ink corresponds to 1 :1.

The color coordinates of the film are measured on the embossed surface in reflexion and in transmission using a Colorimeter Konica Minolta CM3610-d-(Measurement-d8° geometry)

Effect obtained: Metallic hologram visible on the embossed side of the PET film.

Conclusion: The UV curable compositions of the instant invention provide none-leafing properties which are particularly suitable for coating on holograms or embossing holograms. The extremely small particles are filling the grating of the OVD and give rise to the same reflection (Optical Density 2 or higher) as a vapour metal deposited pigment.