FOOD PRODUCTS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is related to, claims priority to, and incorporated by reference herein for all purposes U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/161,281, filed March 15, 2021

BACKGROUND

[0002] Acoustic energy is not traditionally used for heating of food products, such as meats and cheeses. Traditional heating and/or denaturing processes such as aging of meats and cheeses and/or heat treatments to kill bacteria.

[0003] A need exists in the art for new approaches for providing volumetric, non destructive heating to food products.

SUMMARY

[0004] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a target volume in a target medium. The target volume is located within a treatment volume. The treatment volume extends in a depth dimension relative to an external surface between a proximal boundary depth and a distal boundary depth. The proximal boundary depth is at least 1 mm beneath the external surface. The method includes: a) coupling a handheld ultrasound probe to the external surface above the target volume; b) continuously moving the ultrasound probe along the external surface in a movement pattern while the ultrasound probe is emitting a non-ablative ultrasound beam profile into the target volume; and c) in response to sensing movement speed of the handheld ultrasound probe being below the speed threshold, terminating energy delivery from the ultrasound probe. The non-ablative beam profile having a frequency, an unfocused, defocused, or weakly focused beam shape, and an intensity profile. The frequency is selected to provide substantially uniform heating between the proximal boundary depth and the distal boundary depth in view of selective absorption within the treatment volume and thermal diffusion properties of the treatment volume. The defocused beam shape has defocusing of between 0° and 45°. The weakly focused beam shape has an F number of 2 or greater. An average peak intensity is located between the proximal boundary depth and the distal boundary depth. The intensity profile and/or the average peak intensity is adapted to provide a non-ablative thermal profile when the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile is active and the probe is moving above a speed threshold. Continuously applying the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile to the treatment volume in the absence of movement and in the absence of a mechanism to terminate energy delivery would exceed an ablation threshold in at least a portion of the treatment volume. The continuously moving of step b) defines a lateral cross-sectional shape and size of the treatment volume. The lateral cross-sectional shape and size is substantially the same as an outline of the movement pattern. The lateral cross- sectional size is between 75% and 125% of a size of the movement pattern.

[0005] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a target volume in a target medium. The target volume is located within a treatment volume. The treatment volume extends in a depth dimension relative to an external surface between a proximal boundary depth and a distal boundary depth. The proximal boundary depth is at least 1 mm beneath the external surface. The method includes: a) coupling a handheld ultrasound probe to the external surface above the target volume; b) continuously moving the ultrasound probe along the external surface in a movement pattern while the ultrasound probe is emitting a non-ablative ultrasound beam profile into the target volume; and c) in response to sensing movement speed of the handheld ultrasound probe being below the speed threshold, terminating energy delivery from the ultrasound probe. The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile has an unfocused, defocused, or weakly focused beam shape and an intensity profile. The weakly focused beam shape has an F number of 2 or greater. An average peak intensity is located between the proximal boundary depth and the distal boundary depth. The intensity profile is adapted to deposit energy into the target medium in amounts that are balanced with frequency-dependent absorption properties, thermal equilibrating properties, and/or thermal diffusion properties of the target medium to provide substantially uniform sub-ablative heating within the target volume. The continuously moving of step b) defines a lateral cross-sectional shape and size of the treatment volume. The lateral cross-sectional shape and size is substantially the same as an outline of the movement pattern. The lateral cross-sectional size is between 75% and 125% of a size of the movement pattern.

[0006] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a target volume in a target medium. The target volume is located within a treatment volume. The treatment volume extends in a depth dimension relative to an external surface between a proximal boundary depth and a distal boundary depth. The proximal boundary depth is at least 1 mm beneath the external surface. The method includes: a) coupling a handheld ultrasound probe to the external surface above the target volume; b) continuously moving the ultrasound probe along the external surface in a movement pattern while the ultrasound probe is emitting a non-ablative ultrasound beam profile into the target volume; and c) in response to sensing movement speed of the handheld ultrasound probe being below the speed threshold, terminating energy delivery from the ultrasound probe. The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile has an unfocused, defocused, or weakly focused beam shape. The weakly focused beam shape has an F number of 2 or greater. An average peak intensity is located between the proximal boundary depth and the distal boundary depth. The intensity profile is adapted to thermally saturate the target medium within the treatment volume when the probe is moving above the speed threshold. The continuously moving of step b) defines a lateral cross-sectional shape and size of the treatment volume. The lateral cross-sectional shape and size is substantially the same as an outline of the movement pattern. The lateral cross-sectional size is between 75% and 125% of a size of the movement pattern.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an exemplary method, according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary ultrasound delivery system, according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary ultrasound energy source, according to one aspect of the disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the geometry associated with the treatment volumes, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 5 is a data plot from kinetic testing in a solidwater model system, as described in Example 1.

[0012] FIG. 6 is a data plot from kinetic testing in a pork loin model system, as described in Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] Before the present invention is described in further detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. The scope of the present invention will be limited only by the claims. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural embodiments unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0014] It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many additional modifications beside those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts. In interpreting this disclosure, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. Variations of the term "comprising" should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, so the referenced elements, components, or steps may be combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Embodiments referenced as "comprising" certain elements are also contemplated as "consisting essentially of and "consisting of' those elements. When two or more ranges for a particular value are recited, this disclosure contemplates all combinations of the upper and lower bounds of those ranges that are not explicitly recited. For example, recitation of a value of between 1 and 10 or between 2 and 9 also contemplates a value of between 1 and 9 or between 2 and 10.

[0015] The various embodiments may be described herein in terms of various functional components and processing steps. It should be appreciated that such components and steps may be realized by any number of hardware components configured to perform the specified functions. For example, various embodiments may employ various cosmetic enhancement devices, visual imaging and display devices, input terminals and the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more control systems or other control devices.

[0016] As used herein, the terms "ablation", "ablative", "ablative lesion", or variations thereof refer to thermal damage of a medium that is equivalent to or greater than the thermal damage produced by elevating the temperature of a medium to 56 °C for one second. As used herein, the term "non-ablative" or variations thereof refer to thermal effects that do not reach the level of ablative effects. Each of these concepts can be described by reference to thermal dose, which is understood to those having ordinary skill in the art. Briefly, higher intensity doses applied for shorter lengths of time can achieve the same damage as lower intensity doses applied for longer lengths of time, and the concept of thermal dose encompasses all intensity and time doses that achieve the same damage as the given thermal dose. As one example, a thermal dose of 56 °C for a length of time of one second can be roughly equivalent to a thermal dose of 43 °C for a length of time of two hours. These relationships are not linear, but are well understood to those having ordinary skill in the acoustic arts.

[0017] As used herein, "proximal" and "distal" shall refer to orientation relative to an external surface. Proximal is closer to the external surface and distal is farther from the external surface. "Above" may be used interchangeably with "proximal". "Below" may be used interchangeably with "distal". [0018] This disclosure provides systems and methods for treating target volume.

[0019] Referring to FIG. 1, a method 10 of treating a target volume in a target medium is provided. The target volume is located within a treatment volume. The treatment volume extends in a depth dimension relative to an external surface between a proximal boundary depth and a distal boundary depth. The proximal boundary depth is at least 1 mm beneath the external surface. At process block 12, the method 10 includes coupling a handheld ultrasound probe to the external surface above the target volume. The coupling can include applying a coupling gel to the external surface. At process block 14, the method 10 includes continuously moving the ultrasound probe along the external surface in a movement pattern while the ultrasound probe is emitting a non-ablative ultrasound beam profile into the target volume. The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile has one or more of the characteristics described herein. The continuously moving of process block 14 defines a lateral cross-sectional shape and size of the treatment volume. The emitting of process block 14 is contingent upon the probe moving above a threshold movement speed. At process block 16, the method 10 includes, in response to sensing movement speed of the handheld ultrasound probe being below the speed threshold, terminating energy delivery from the ultrasound probe.

[0020] Referring to FIG. 2, this disclosure provides an ultrasound delivery system 100.

The ultrasound delivery system can include an ultrasound energy source 102 and a control system 104, which can be electronically coupled to one another via one or more communication conduits 106. The one or more communication conduits 106 can be wired or wireless. The ultrasound energy source 102 can be configured to emit ultrasound energy 108. The control system 104 can be configured to direct the ultrasound energy source 102 to emit ultrasound energy 108.

[0021] Still referring to FIG. 2, this disclosure provides systems and methods where the ultrasound energy source 102 can transmit ultrasound energy 108 across an optional boundary 110, such as a surface, and into a region of interest ("ROI") 112. The ultrasound energy 108 can be delivered to a target zone 114 within the ROI 112 containing at least part of target volume 90. The ultrasound energy 108 can create an acoustic energy field 116 within the ROI 112. The ROI 112 or the target zone 114 can include a target volume 90, as described herein. The target volume 90 is located within the target medium 80.

[0022] In certain aspects, the ultrasound energy source 102 can be positioned within an ultrasound probe. The ultrasound probe can optionally be handheld. The control system 104 can be located within the ultrasound probe or remote from the ultrasound probe. The control system 104 or the system 100 can include a processor. The processor and/or control system 104 are adapted to execute the methods described herein.

[0023] Referring to FIG. 3, the ultrasound energy source 102 can include a transducer

118, which is configured to emit ultrasound energy 108. The ultrasound energy source can further include a function generator 120, which can be powered by a power supply 122. The function generator 120 can be a radiofrequency ("RF") generator, a frequency generator, a pulse generator, a waveform generator, or a combination thereof. The power supply 122 can be located within the ultrasound energy source 102 or remote from the ultrasound energy source 102. The function generator can provide a drive signal to the transducer 118 that initiates the emission of ultrasound energy 108. The drive signal can have a drive frequency and a drive amplitude. The drive signal can be an RF signal. The ultrasound energy source 102 can optionally include an amplifier 124 that is configured to receive the drive signal, controllably amplify the drive signal to produce an amplified drive signal, and transmit the amplified drive signal to the transducer 118. The ultrasound energy source 102 can further optionally include an impedance matching network 126. The impedance matching network 126 can be configured to adjust the effective impedance or the load of the transducer 118 to match the impedance of the function generator 120 or the amplifier 124. The impedance matching network 126 can be configured to receive the drive signal from the function generator 120 and transmit a matched drive signal to the transducer 118 or to receive the amplified drive signal from the amplifier 124 and transmit a matched, amplified drive signal to the transducer 118.

[0024] In certain aspects, the ultrasound energy 108 can be continuous wave or pulsed.

A person having ordinary skill in the acoustic arts will appreciate the ways in which either continuous wave or pulsed ultrasound energy can be utilized to achieve the non-ablative effects described herein.

[0025] In certain aspects, the ultrasound energy 108 can have a specific frequency. The ultrasound energy 108 can have a ultrasound frequency ranging from 2 MHz to 12 MHz including but not limited to, a ultrasound frequency ranging from 2 MHz to 5 MHz, from 2 MHz to 7 MHz, from 2 MHz to 10 MHz, from 3 MHz to 8 MHz, from 3 MHz to 11 MHz, from 4 MHz to 6 MHz, from 2 MHz to 10 MHz, from 5 MHz to 9 MHz, from 6 MHz to 12 MHz, from 7 MHz to 10 MHz, from 2 MHz to 4 MHz, from 3 MHz to 7 MHz, or combinations of the lower and upper bounds of those ranges which are not explicitly set forth.

[0026] In certain aspects, the ultrasound energy source 102 can be configured to deliver ultrasound energy 108 to the target zone 116 with an intensity loss relative to the intensity immediately after emission from the ultrasound energy source 102. The intensity loss can be in a range from 5 to 25,000, including but not limited to, a range from 1000 to 10,000. The intensity loss can be at least 500 or at least 1000.

[0027] In certain aspects, the ultrasound delivery system 100 can further include an ultrasound imager configured to image at least a portion of the ROI 112. The ultrasound imager can be located within the ultrasound probe or remote from the ultrasound probe. The ultrasound imager can be used, but is not limited to, in determining the depth or size of a target bolume 90 within the target medium 80. The ultrasound imager can be utilized as a remote temperature monitor, though a person having ordinary skill in the analytical arts would appreciate that other remote temperature monitors are possible.

[0028] In certain aspects, the ultrasound delivery system 100 can further include one or more additional ultrasound energy sources configured to deliver ultrasound energy to the ROI 112 or the target volume 90. These one or more additional ultrasound energy sources can work independently to create independent non-ablative effects or can work constructively with the ultrasound energy source and other additional ultrasound energy sources to achieve the effects described herein.

[0029] In certain aspects, the ultrasound delivery system 100 can further include a secondary energy source configured to deliver a secondary energy to at least a portion of the ROI 112. The secondary energy source can be a photon-based energy source, an RF energy source, a microwave energy source, a plasma source, a magnetic resonance source, or a mechanical device capable of generating positive or negative pressures. Examples of a photon- based energy source include, but are not limited to, a laser, an intense pulsed light source, a light emitting diode, and the like. The secondary energy source can be located within the ultrasound probe or remote from the ultrasound probe. The secondary energy source can be configured to deliver the secondary energy before, during, or after the delivery of the ultrasound energy 108. In certain aspects, the ultrasound delivery system 100 can further include an energy sink configured to remove energy from the ROI 112, for example, by providing a cooling effect the ROI 112.

[0030] Referring to Fig. 4, a schematic of an external surface 202 is illustrated. The ultrasound probe is moved on the surface 202 in a movement pattern having a movement pattern outline 204. The movement pattern outline 204 defines an internal area 206. Beneath the surface 202, the treatment volume 208 extends in a depth dimension relative to the surface 202 from a proximal boundary depth 210 to a distal boundary depth 212. The treatment volume 208 has a lateral cross-sectional shape and size. For ease of understanding only, the movement pattern outline 204 is illustrated as a circle (appears as an oval for perspective - the movement pattern 204 is in plane with the surface 202) and the treatment pattern 208 is illustrated as a cylinder - other shapes are expressly contemplated.

[0031] The lateral cross-sectional shape and size of the treatment volume is related to the movement pattern. The lateral cross-sectional shape is substantially the same as an outline of the movement pattern. As used herein, the substantial similarity of the outline of the movement pattern includes the size of the beam within the treatment volume. The lateral cross- sectional size is between 75% and 125% of a size of the movement pattern. In other words, the lateral cross-sectional size can be modestly larger or smaller than the movement pattern, depending largely on the beam shape and other beam characteristics.

[0032] The continuously moving of process block 14 can be done in a predetermined pattern, including but not limited to, a coil-shaped pattern (i.e., a pattern resembling the schematic symbol used for a spring in engineering drawings) or another pattern understood by those having ordinary skill in the art to provide useful coverage of the treatment volume. [0033] One of the characteristics of the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile is a frequency that is selected to provide substantially uniform heating between the proximal boundary depth and the distal boundary depth in view of selective absorption within the treatment volume and thermal diffusion properties of the treatment volume.

[0034] Another of the characteristics of the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile is an unfocused, defocused, or weakly focused beam shape. The degree of defocusing can be between 0° and 45 °. As used herein, the term "weakly focused" refers to ultrasound having an F number that is 2 or greater.

[0035] An additional characteristic of the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile is an intensity profile having one or more of the properties described herein.

[0036] In some cases, the intensity profile has an average peak intensity that is located between the proximal boundary depth and the distal boundary depth (i.e., within the treatment volume).

[0037] In some cases, the intensity profile and/or the average peak intensity can be tuned such that the temperature in the treatment volume approaches the ablation threshold without exceeding it. This can be achieved by tuning the intensity profile and/or the average peak intensity to slightly exceed the ablation threshold in the absence of movement. To be clear, the systems and methods described herein prevent the emission of energy from the handheld ultrasound probe in the absence of movement, so this description of the intensity profile and/or the average peak intensity is describing what impact the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile would have on the target medium if the probe were not moving. Thus, the exceeding of the ablation threshold does not occur in operation, because energy delivery from the ultrasound probe is terminated (or never initiated) in response to sensing movement speed of the probe being below a speed threshold (including no movement). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the intensities described herein are much higher than conventional unfocused ultrasound applications, and one result of these higher intensities is reduced field homogeneity within the target volume. This reduced field homogeneity can provide spikes in intensity, which if they were to remain in a single location would results in a significant localized temperature increase. The continuously moving of the present disclosure, along with a roughly order of magnitude slower thermal response, causes a smoothing effect in the thermal distribution. Were the probe to remain motionless while the energy is emitted, ablation would occur. Intensity fluctuations throughout the treatment volume can be at least an order of magnitude greater than temperature fluctuations throughout the treatment volume. [0038] In some cases, the intensity profile is adapted to deposit energy into the target medium in amounts that are balanced with frequency-dependent absorption properties, thermal equilibrating properties, and/or thermal diffusion properties of the target medium to provide substantially uniform sub-ablative heating within the target volume.

[0039] In some cases, the intensity profile is adapted to thermally saturate the target medium (i.e., energy that would typically result in a temperature increase does not increase the temperature because it is balanced by thermal equilibration and/or thermal diffusion) within the treatment volume when the probe is moving above a speed threshold.

[0040] The intensity profile can be substantially consistent over time during use.

[0041] The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile and/or the intensity profile can be adapted to denature at least a portion of proteins located in the treatment volume.

[0042] The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile and/or the intensity profile can be adapted to establish a thermal equilibrium in the treatment volume when utilized in the treatment methods described herein.

[0043] The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile can have a transition point that is adapted to be located at a depth beneath the external surface of between 4 mm and 50 mm. [0044] The transducer is adapted to produce the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile having a frequency as described above.

[0045] The ultrasound probe can be adapted to provide the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile in pulses. The pulses can have a pulse energy of between 2 J and 10 J. The pulses can have a pulse power of between 10 W and 100 W. The pulses can have a pulse duration of between 50 ms and 500 ms. The pulses can have a pulse separation of between 50 ms and 500 ms. [0046] The non-ablative ultrasound beam profile and/or the intensity profile can have an average intensity of between 5 W/cm ² and 500 W/cm ² .

[0047] In some cases, the beam profile and intensity can be adapted to allow treatment of areas that include inhomogeneities without the typical risks associated with treating such areas using traditional high-intensity focused ultrasound. The intensity profile of the ultrasound beam of the present disclosure is tailored to prevent damage to softer inhomogeneities. With respect to harder inhomogeneities, the interface is highly reflective, because of the acoustic impedance mismatch between the materials. When high-intensity focused ultrasound is used, these reflections can direct higher intensity ultrasound to unintended locations. For example, if an ultrasound beam is intended to be focused to a depth of 10 mm, but that beam is reflected at a 90 degree angle after penetrating only 5 mm, then the focal point will be located at 5 mm, thereby causing damage in an unintended location. Conventionally, achieving thermal treatments at depths beneath the external surface has required careful tracking and avoidance of inhomogeneities, but the inventors surprisingly discovered how to achieve thermal treatments at depth and without requiring the expense and complexity associate with tracking inhomogeneities. As a result, the methods described herein can expressly exclude any steps of locating and/or monitoring inhomogeneities.

[0048] Applicant appreciates that this mode of operation provides conditions where proper treatment may not be achieved. One example of this would be a user attempting to treat too large of an area/volume and/or moves the probe too fast. In this case, the thermal buildup of the ultrasound treatment may not high enough to achieve an effect, but failing to achieve the desired effect is not itself damaging to the target medium, so this risk is the kind of risk that is best mitigated by an end user. In other words, the device will operate without damaging the target medium regardless of how the end user applies the ultrasound, but improper application may be ineffective, but will remain non-damaging.

[0049] In some aspects, the systems and methods described herein do not include features related to preventing undertreatment. In these cases, the prevention of undertreatment lies in the hands of the end user.

[0050] In some aspects, the systems and methods described herein do include features related to preventing undertreatment. Utilizing the motion sensors, the controller and/or processor can determine if the system is moving too fast and/or moving outside of a predetermined area (i.e., treating an area that is too large) and send a signal to an indicator, such as a light, a display, a haptic indicator, or the like. The indicator will provide to the user an indication that the user is operating the system in a fashion that is likely to result in undertreatment.

[0051] Broadly, it should be appreciated that the systems described therein are simpler than one could imagine for achieving the same or similar results. For instance, with the use of motion sensors, one could imagine increasing the intensity when the probe is moving faster and decreasing the intensity when the probe is moving slower, such that the average intensity per area remains relatively constant. Similarly, one can imagine real-time temperature monitoring to observe the temperature of the region of interest and using feedback to tailor ultrasound beam profile and intensity to provide a desired temperature increase. Applicant understands that more complicated systems could achieve the same outcomes as the systems and methods described herein. However, Applicant submits that at least some portion of the inventiveness in the present case results from the simplicity of the design and the ability to achieve this well-controlled mid-intensity thermal treatment with relatively inexpensive computational requirements.

[0052] In some cases, the method 10 optionally includes: in response to a second predetermined length of time having lapsed following the terminating of process block 16 and/or in response to sensing movement speed of the handheld ultrasound probe being above the speed threshold, re-initiating the emitting of the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile from the ultrasound probe. The second predetermined length of time can be at least 2 seconds, at least 3 seconds, at least 4 second, or at least 5 second, or at most 30 seconds, at most 20 seconds, at most 15 seconds, at most 10 seconds, or at most 7 seconds.

[0053] In some cases, the emitting the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile of process block 14 can be programmed to occur for a predetermined length of time, such as between 10 seconds and 20 seconds. After that predetermined length of time, the method 10 can include terminating energy delivery from the handheld ultrasound probe.

[0054] As one practical consideration, the intensities of the non-ablative ultrasound beam profile are higher than conventional non-ablative acoustic treatments, and the lifetime of the coupling medium is significantly shortened by these higher intensities. As a result, the method 10 can require re-applying the coupling medium to the external surface between emissions. After re-applying the coupling medium, the delivery of the non-ablative ultrasound can continue.

[0055] The method 10 can optionally include repeating the steps of process block 12 and 14 daily over the course of between 2 days and 28 days. This repeat treatment may be necessary to achieve a effect.

[0056] The handheld ultrasound probe can include a transmission window that is adapted to defocus the ultrasound energy.

[0057] The handheld ultrasound probe can include a temperature sensor adapted to sense temperature within the handheld ultrasound probe.

[0058] The handheld ultrasound probe can include a flat transducer.

[0059] The desired time-temperature profile includes maintaining a temperature within a pre-defmed temperature range for a pre-defmed length of time. The pre-defmed temperature range and the pre-defmed length of time are selected to provide the desired non-ablative effect. [0060] The pre-defmed temperature range can include a minimum temperature of at least 0.5 °C, at least 1.0 °C, at least 1.5 °C, at least 2.0 °C, at least 2.5 °C, at least 3.0 °C, at least 3.5 °C, at least 4.0 °C, at least 4.5 °C, at least 5.0 °C, at least 5.5 °C, at least 6.0 °C, at least 6.5 °C, at least 7.0 °C, at least 7.5 °C, at least 8.0 °C, at least 8.5 °C, at least 9.0 °C, at least 9.5 °C, at least 10.0 °C, at least 10.5 °C, at least 11.0 °C, at least 11.5 °C, at least 12.0 °C, at least 12.5 °C, at least 13.0 °C, at least 13.5 °C, at least 14.0 °C, at least 14.5 °C, or at least 15.0 °C above body temperature. The pre-defmed temperature range can have a maximum temperature of at most 16.0 °C, at most 15.5 °C, at most 15.0 °C, at most 14.5 °C, at most 14.0 °C, at most 13.5 °C, at most 13.0 °C, at most 12.5 °C, at most 12.0 °C, at most 11.5 °C, at most 11.0 °C, at most 10.5 °C, at most 10.0 °C, at most 9.5 °C, at most 9.0 °C, at most 8.5 °C, at most 8.0 °C, at most 7.5 °C, at most 7.0 °C, at most 6.5 °C, at most 6.0 °C, at most 5.5 °C, at most 5.0 °C, at most 4.5 °C, at most 4.0 °C, at most 3.5 °C, at most 3.0 °C, at most 2.5 °C, at most 2.0 °C, at most 1.5 °C, or at most 1.0 °C above body temperature.

[0061] The pre-defmed length of time can be at least at least 2 seconds, at least 3 seconds, at least 4 second, or at least 5 second, and the pre-defmed length of time is at most 30 seconds, at most 20 seconds, at most 15 seconds, at most 10 seconds, or at most 7 seconds. [0062] In some cases, the method 10 involves elevating the temperature to a first temperature value, followed by a break in the treatment (optionally including re-applying the coupling gel), then elevating the temperature to a second temperature value, followed by a break in the treatment, then elevating the temperature to a third temperature value, followed by a break in the treatment, and repeating that process until the desired temperature is reached. [0063] The method 10 can involve applying ultrasound in a burst of pulses, separated by a cooling period where coupling gel can be re-applied. The burst of pulses can include between 50 and 200 pulses. The pulses can have a repetition rate of between 3 Hz and 6 Hz. An individual treatment session can include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more bursts of pulses. [0064] The time-temperature profile for method 10 can be modeled and optimized with the aid of the thermal dose concept. The thermal dose, or i43, is the exposure time at 43 °C which causes an equivalent biological effect due to an arbitrary time-temperature heating profile. Typically an ablative lesion forms on the order of one second at 56° C, which corresponds to a thermal dose of one hundred and twenty minutes at 43° C. The same thermal dose corresponds to 50° C for approximately one minute. Thus, a non-ablative profile can contain high temperatures for very short times and/or lower temperatures for longer times or a combination of various time-temperature profiles. For example, temperatures as high as 56 °C for under one second or 46 °C for under fifteen minutes can be utilized. Such processes can be implemented in various exemplary embodiments, whereby one or more profiles may be combined into a single treatment.

[0065] The desired time-temperature profile can be adapted to provide an effective thermal dose that does not exceed an ablative thermal dose or 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, or 50% of the ablative thermal dose at any time during the pre-defmed length of time. The desired- time-temperature profile can be adapted to provide an effective thermal dose that does not exceed an equivalent of 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, or 60 minutes at 43 °C at any point during the pre-defmed length of time. In other words, the desired time-temperature profile can be adapted to ensure that ablation does not occur during the pre-defmed length of time. In some cases, this is achieved by preventing effective thermal doses that are within a given percentage of an ablative thermal dose.

[0066] The ultrasound treatment plan that is optionally identified in process block 14 and that is used in process block 18 can include spatial and temporal parameters. With the desired time-temperature profile as a starting point, a person having ordinary skill in the acoustic arts would appreciate how to determine the necessary spatial and temporal parameters to achieve the desired time-temperature profile in target volume of interest. It should be appreciated that there is not expected to be a single set of parameters to achieve a given time- temperature profile, but multiple different sets of spatial and temporal parameters can be utilized to achieve identical time-temperature profile.

[0067] The method 10 can include cooling the extracorporeal surface, such as, for example, by use of an energy sink or a thermal sink, as would be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the acoustic arts.

[0068] In some cases, the target volume is a portion of a food product, such as a portion of a meat product or a portion of a dairy product. The target volume is located in the target medium. The target medium can be a food product, a dairy products, a meat product, or a combination thereof. The meat product can be beef, pork, chicken, lamb, turkey, or other meats known to those in the culinary arts. The dairy product can be a solid dairy product. The solid dairy product can be cheese.

[0069] As used herein, an effect refers to a desired effect within the food product. In some cases, the effect can refer to a reduction in bacteria concentration or increase in denaturation by at least 50%. In some cases, the effect can refer to elimination of the bacteria or complete protein denaturation. In some cases, the effect is compared with the outcomes that occur naturally in the absence of the inventive methods disclosed herein.

EXAMPLES

[0070] Example 1

[0071] 2 MHz, 3 MHz, and 4 MHz probes were utilized to prove the concept of the systems and methods described herein.

[0072] For the 2 MHz and 3 MHz probes, the transducers were configured to produce pulses of ultrasound having a pulse power of 30 W, a pulse duration of 125 or 150 ms, a pulse repetition rate of 4 Hz. For the 4 MHz probe, the transducer was configured to produce pulses of ultrasound having a pulse power of 30 W, a pulse duration of 50 ms, and a pulse repetition rate of 4 Hz.

[0073] Treatment protocols involve the use of 400-500 overall pulses of ultrasound applied in batches with a cooling period in between the applications for the purpose of applying additional acoustic coupling gel to the surface. The batches of pulses can include 50-100 pulses. [0074] A solidwater material was used to mimic the treatment volume. Thermal couples were placed at various depths in the material for measuring depth-dependent temperatures. Acoustic coupling gel was generously applied to the solidwater material and the handpiece was used to eliminate any air bubbles. Pulses of ultrasound were delivered normal to the surface and centered above the thermocouples. For the static experiments, the handpiece remained centered above the thermocouples. For the kinetic experiments, the handpiece was moved back and forth in a line above the thermocouples.

[0075] Tables 1, 2, and 3 show static depth-dependent temperature results for a 2 MHz,

3 MHz, and 4 MHz probe, respectively. All values have units of °C per second. Table 1

2 MHz: Temperature Gradients

Table 2

3 MHz: Temperature Gradients

Power 30 W

Pulse Length 150ms 125ms Frequency 4 Hz 4 Hz lmm 2.58 2.7 5mm 2.46 2.06 10mm 1.79 1.25 15mm 0.64 0.54

Table 3

4 MHz: Temperature Gradients

[0076] Kinetic tests were performed with the same conditions as the static test and representative results are presented here. In one example of kinetic testing, with a 30 W power level and pulse length of 150 ms, about 25 pulses were needed to achieve a temperature increase of 15 °C. Referring to Fig. 5, the time-variable temperature is plotted. Lines representing a 2 mm depth, a 4 mm depth, a 6 mm depth, and an 8 mm depth are labeled. The increases in temperature correspond to times when the ultrasound pulses are being transmitted and the decreases correspond to breaks in that transmission for the re-application of acoustic coupling gel. After the peak temperature is achieved, the treatment protocol continues to hit that temperature after applying each set of pulses. [0077] Kinetic tests were also performed with the same conditions as the kinetic test of

Fig. 5, but with a pork loin in place of the solidwater and with 100-150 pulses per interval with a 30 second break in between to re-apply coupling gel. Referring to Fig. 6, the time-variable temperature is plotted. Lines representing a 1 mm depth, a 5 mm depth, a 10 mm depth, and a 15 mm depth are labeled. The increases in temperature correspond to times when the ultrasound pulses are being transmitted and the decreases or plateaus correspond to breaks in that transmission for the re-application of acoustic coupling gel. It took roughly 400-500 pulses to achieve a 10 °C increase in the pork loin.

[0078] The present invention has been described above with reference to various exemplary configurations. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes and modifications may be made to the exemplary configurations without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the various operational steps, as well as the components for carrying out the operational steps, may be implemented in alternate ways depending upon the particular application or in consideration of any number of cost functions associated with the operation of the system, e.g., various of the steps may be deleted, modified, or combined with other steps. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims.