CLOUD ARCHITECTURE

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION:

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/718,648, filed August 14, 2018. The entire content of the above-referenced application is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND:

Field:

[0002] Certain embodiments may relate to wireless communication systems. For example, some embodiments may relate to multicasting.

Description of the Related Art:

[0003] In an architecture illustrated in FIG. 1 for enabling multicasting, a user plane function (UPF) receives multicast data over an N6 reference point. The multicast data is transported to RAN nodes over core network tunnels at various reference points. The resources in the network are allocated based on user equipment attempting to receive multicast, such as Internet Group Message Protocol/Multicast Listener Discovery (IGMP/MLD). The outcome of core network procedures, such as PDU session modification for each UE, is that the RAN is aware of the list of user equipment requesting multicast data via the core network tunnel. The RAN is also aware of the location of user equipment by a single cell or by cell group defined, for example, as RAN multicast area (RMA) in RRC_CONNECTED and RRC_IN ACTIVE states, respectively.

[0004] However, one of the challenges with current multicasting techniques is that they are incapable of seamless selection of unicast/multicast transport channels, and thus, the MCS selection is driven by the cell area and service level of user equipment in unfavorable radio conditions, limiting the capacity of the multicasting system. It is desirable to provide a cloud-compatible NG-RAN architecture so that the NG-RAN may perform the dynamic selection of unicast and multicast transport channels, including radio bearers, for efficient transmission of multicast data to user equipment.

SUMMARY:

[0005] In accordance with some embodiments, a method may include receiving, by a first network entity, at least one user equipment context modification request from a second network entity. The method may further include configuring, by the first network entity, at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. The method may further include receiving, by the first network entity, multicast data. The method may further include selecting, by the first network entity, at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0006] In accordance with some embodiments, an apparatus may include means for receiving at least one user equipment context modification request from a network entity. The apparatus may further include means for configuring at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. The apparatus may further include means for receiving multicast data. The apparatus may further include means for selecting at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0007] In accordance with some embodiments, an apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive at least one user equipment context modification request from a network entity. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least configure at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive multicast data. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least select at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0008] In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium can be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving at least one user equipment context modification request from a network entity. The method may further include configuring at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. The method may further include receiving multicast data. The method may further include selecting at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0009] In accordance with some embodiments, an apparatus may include circuitry configured to receive at least one user equipment context modification request from a network entity. The circuitry may further be configured to configure at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. The circuitry may further be configured to receive multicast data. The circuitry may further be configured to select at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0010] In accordance with some embodiments, a computer program product may perform a method. The method may include receiving at least one user equipment context modification request from a network entity. The method may further include configuring at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. The method may further include receiving multicast data. The method may further include selecting at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0011] In accordance with some embodiments, a method may include receiving, by a first network entity, at least one session resource modify request from a second network entity. The method may further include transmitting, by the first network entity, at least one user equipment context modification request to a third network entity. The method may further include receiving, by the first network entity, at least one user equipment context modification response from the third network entity.

[0012] In accordance with some embodiments, an apparatus may include means for receiving at least one session resource modify request from a first network entity. The apparatus may further include means for transmitting at least one user equipment context modification request to a second network entity. The apparatus may further include means for receiving at least one user equipment context modification response from the second network entity.

[0013] In accordance with some embodiments, an apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive at least one session resource modify request from a first network entity. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least transmit at least one user equipment context modification request to a second network entity. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive at least one user equipment context modification response from the second network entity.

[0014] In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium can be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving at least one session resource modify request from a first network entity. The method may further include transmitting at least one user equipment context modification request to a second network entity. The method may further include receiving at least one user equipment context modification response from the second network entity.

[0015] In accordance with some embodiments, an apparatus may include circuitry configured to receive at least one session resource modify request from a first network entity. The circuitry may further be configured to transmit at least one user equipment context modification request to a second network entity. The circuitry may further be configured to receive at least one user equipment context modification response from the second network entity.

[0016] In accordance with some embodiments, a computer program product may perform a method. The method may include receiving at least one session resource modify request from a first network entity. The method may further include transmitting at least one user equipment context modification request to a second network entity. The method may further include receiving at least one user equipment context modification response from the second network entity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

[0017] For proper understanding of this disclosure, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a high level system architecture for enabling multicast in a 5G network.

[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a Fayer 2 downlink structure with x-cast bearer according to certain embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates a signaling diagram according to certain embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method according to certain embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a system according to certain embodiments.

DETAIFED DESCRIPTION:

[0023] Certain embodiments described herein may help to manage multicasting. The example embodiments described herein may have various benefits and/or advantages. For example, some embodiments may save fronthaul resources by only requiring one copy of multicast data to be sent from a central unit to a distributed unit. Furthermore, a switching function may be part of a link adaptation, which may jointly consider the feedback from one or more user equipment receiving the multicast, while also optimizing the radio resource management. In addition, switching selection allows adaptation of multicast data delivery to certain user equipment when the reported quantities indicate poor radio conditions when compared to others, allowing seamless selection of unicast transport channels for user equipment, thus improving the system capacity of multicast transport channels with higher order MCS. Certain embodiments are, therefore, directed to improvements in computer-related technology, specifically, by conserving network resources and reducing power consumption of network entities and/or user equipment located within the network.

[0024] The proposed solution allows NG-RAN to decide whether multicast data of a radio bearer should be sent over unicast and/or multicast transport channels. The NG- RAN may receive information about user equipment desiring to receive multicast data as part of PDU session procedures. Thus, multicast data, such as data sent to an internet protocol multicast group, may be delivered to NG-RAN over an N3 tunnel, which may be GTP-U over unicast or multicast IP. The NG-RAN may know the identity of user equipment for each N3 tunnel that desires to receive the multicast data. For example, this could include user equipment which had a successful PDU session modification/creation procedure for multicasting. This solution is based on transport channel selection below PDCP layers, which map traffic either to unicast or multicast transport channels, depending on the content type and other criteria.

[0025] FIG. 2 illustrates a Layer 2 (L2) radio protocol architecture according to certain embodiments. Using the depicted“X-cast tunnel,” multicast data may be delivered to the NG-RAN over a data tunnel. The“X-cast tunnel” uses a dynamic selection process of RLC entities and transport channels for the transmission. The L2 architecture for multicast may augment the unicast L2 architecture to provide a more efficient implementation and performance enhancements. Multicast traffic may comprise multiple QoS flows, which may allow SDAP to map QoS flows to a set of X-cast radio bearers to allow different treatment at lower layers, such as due to different QoS requirements of the flows.

[0026] PDCP may provide sequence numbering and duplication detection. In some embodiments, duplication detection may be beneficial by allowing UE to receive the same PDCP PDU over DTCH and XTCH, such as during bearer switching or as a means for improving packet reliability.

[0027] A switching function may be utilized that locates the switching below PDCP but above an RLC layer, or logically placed as part of RLC. In the event of CU/DU split architecture with Fl fronthaul interface, the functionality may be placed in the DU. For one or more UE receiving multicast data, such as where UE desiring to receive multicast and/or PDU session modification procedures have been completed, a pair of RLC entities and logical channels, such as DTCH and XTCH channels, may be set up to transmit the multicast data over the air. In some embodiments, the multicast logical channels may be shared between all or some multicast UE. Furthermore, several multicast channels, including logical and physical, may be configured for each cell, cell group, or RMA, such as for beamforming configurations. Where PDCP is utilized, a single RLC channel may be used.

[0028] In some embodiments, switching may be based upon the availability of UE measurements and/or the reported quantities in the measurements, such as SS-RSSP, CSI-RSRP, SS-RSRQ, and/or CSI-RSRQ. Additionally other quantities may be used, such as BLER and/or RSSI. As an example, if measurements are not available, a switching function may route traffic through multicast transport channels, while in another example, measurement reports may indicate poor radio conditions for some user equipment, which may cause the switching function to use unicast transport channels for those user equipment, and multicast transport channels for other user equipment. When creating an XRB, the RRC may configure thresholds in the switching function, which may indicate when to use unicast. Alternatively, thresholds may indicate multicast logical channels, such as thresholds for measurements, or other thresholds like the minimum number of user equipment required for switching to multicast transport.

[0029] For links which use beam forming, the measurement reports may be received on a beam level, where RAN may also utilize reported beam information in the selection process. The measurement reports may contain location and time information associated with the radio measurements, which may be used in the switching decision. The switching decision may take into account the QoS profile of the traffic, and the network may schedule traffic over multicast or broadcast for traditional broadcast services. The network may prioritize unicast over multicast for high-quality immersive content type of traffic if there are available radio resources and/or sufficient quality links to each UE subscribing to the traffic.

[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a signalling diagram according to some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 3 illustrates a call flow for a first UE joining an IP multicast group. The PDU session modification procedure may be performed for all UE, but some messages may be optional for subsequent UE joining the group. gNB distributed unit (gNB-DU) 340, gNG-central unit (gNB-CU) 350, and/or AMF 360 may be similar to network entity 520 in FIG. 5. In addition, user equipment 330 may be similar to user equipment 510 in FIG. 5. Although only a single UE, gNB-DU, gNB- CU, and AMF are illustrated, a communications network may contain one or more of each of these entities.

[0031] In step 301, AMF 360 may transmit at least one PDU session resource modify request (NAS-PDU) to gNB-CU 350. In some embodiments, this message may include multicast context-related configuration information. For example, the multicast context-related configuration information may include at least one of UP transport layer information for multicast traffic, multicast address information and/or an alias identifier (such as a multicast context ID) identifying one or more multicast groups from which the UE wants to receive traffic, and quality of service (QoS) flow information, such as indicators and QoS parameters. In certain embodiments where the user plane transport layer information and/or QoS flow information are unchanged, this information may be omitted in subsequent PDU session resource modify requests for additional UE. In some embodiments, for the first UE context modification request transmitted, the network entity may allocate at least one PDCP entity associated with a new XRB with an identity, such as an XRB identity, and/or an downlink tunnel information for the XRB, such as an IP multicast address, an IP source address and a tunnel end-point identifier. In certain embodiments, the call flow for subsequent UE may include only XRB identity.

[0032] In step 303, in response to receiving the at least one NAS -PDU, gNB-CU 350 may transmit at least one UE context modification request to gNB-DU 340. The at least one UE context modification request may include at least one of DL tunnel information, XRB identity, QoS information selected by gNB-CU 350 based on the mapping of QoS flows to a radio bearer at SDAP, and switching configuration. In some embodiments, gNB-CU 350 may decide to map one or more QoS flows to at least one radio bearer, such as XRB.

[0033] In some embodiments, the XRB Identity may be a unique identification of the bearer, similar to the unicast bearer (DRB Identity). The description of the PDU session modification may be associated with a XRB Identity that is unique at least per gNB- DU and/or per gNB. In addition, the range of DRB Identity may be 32 values, or any other value. If the same range is used for XRB Identity, then the number of concurrently active Xcast configurations may not be sufficient, and the range of XRB Identity may be larger.

[0034] In some embodiments, the gNB-CU may include a multicast context identity in the UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST message as a reference to a multicast flow, and/or the XRB Identity may be unique per UE with the same semantics as the DRB Identity. The gNB-CU may map XRB Identities to a multicast content identity, and/or gNB-DU 340 may use the multicast content identity to determine whether the multicast transport for a multicast flow is or is not configured.

[0035] If gNB-CU 330 needs to modify any configuration related to XBR, such as the DL tunnel information or QoS, then it could initiate the UE context modification procedure for one of the UEs currently configured with the XRB, such as those associated with the IP multicast group. Alternatively, a new set of procedures for multicast context management, which may not include UE identities, may be introduced in F1AP.

[0036] In some embodiments, where gNB-DU 340 needs to modify at least one configuration related to XTCH, UE may also need to be reconfigured. The UE reconfiguration may include one or more of a dedicated signaling, such as where gNB- CU 330 initiates RRCConnectionReconfiguration procedure for all user equipment and/or XRB configuration may be broadcast in system information messages always or on-demand.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST MESSAGE used to request XRB addition and/or modifications may be extended with one or more information elements, such as:

[0038] In some embodiments, the RFC-Bearer-Config IE may be modified by adding xrb-Identity to the message. For example, the RLC-Bearer-Config IE could include:

servedRadioBearer Choice {

srb-Identity SRB -Identity

drb-Identity DRB-Identity

xrb-Identity XRB -Identity

}

[0039] In certain embodiments, the switching function may be located in a gNB-CU or gNB-DU, depending on the logical architecture and the network node where the necessary measurements are available. Additionally or alternatively, the measurements used for switching may be based on any 5G/NR measurement capabilities. For example, if the switching function is located at the gNB-CU, a separate Fl tunnel for each RFC entity (RFC channel) needs to be setup to carry the XRB data. Alternatively, one Fl tunnel may be setup to carry the XRB data and the outcome of switching function needs to be provided to gNB-DU, e.g. within the header of Fl tunneling protocol. The outcome of switching function may be a set of UEs to which the XRB data should be transmitted using DTCH, and may be signaled using one or more UE identities and/or UE associated Fl connections.

[0040] In step 305, in response to receiving the at least one UE context modification request, gNB-DU 340 may configure a switching function, RLC channels, and/or one or more logical channels for XRB bearer and/or DL tunnel information. In some embodiments, gNB-DU 340 may configure unicast transport information by creating an RLC entity mapped to a single RLC channel towards PDCP, and/or may be mapped to a corresponding logical channel in MAC, according to DRB setup procedures.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the switching function may be configured according to at least one switching configuration, such as thresholds for measurements and/or a minimum number of multicast UE. In some embodiments, if there is no multicast transport configured, such as where the same value of XRB Identity is not using part of any active UE context at the gNB-DU, a new RLC entity and/or corresponding mapping to a multicast logical channel (XTCH) may be created. The RLC entity may be mapped to the same RLC channel when gNB-DU 340 configures the unicast transport. Additionally or alternatively, the configuration may include at least one of logical channel identities, RLC configuration, such as mode, sequence number field length, and/or timer values, MAC configuration, such as XRB-specific DRX, and PHY configuration, such as at least one RNTI value for the reception of XTCH scheduled on DL-SCH. When gNB-DU 340 receives the message in step 303 which indicates, e.g. by means of an XRB Identity or a multicast context identity, that XRB is already being associated with another UE, there may be an indication of a multicast transport already configured and/or gNB-DU 340 may use existing configuration rather than creating a new RLC entity and/or corresponding mapping to a XTCH.

[0042] In step 307, gNB-DU 340 may transmit at least one UE context modification response to gNB-CU 350. In some embodiments, the at least one UE context modification response may report the successful operation to gNB-CU 350 and/or may include the configuration information generated in step 305, including XTCH logical channel identity.

[0043] In step 309, in response to receiving the at least one UE context modification response, gNB-CU 350 may transmit at least one DL RRC message transfer to gNB- DU 340. For example, the at least one DL RRC message transfer may be an RRCConnectionReconfiguration (may also carry a NAS-PDU). RRC takes into account the response from gNB-DU on logical channel configuration. In some embodiments, the logical channel configuration using RRCConnectionReconfiguration may include information on logical channel mapping by adding the configuration of multicast transport. For example, RLC-Bearer-Config IE: logicalChannelldenity may be set to the XTCH channel identity, and/or servedRadioBearer may be set to XRB identity, as configured in step 305. In embodiments associated with the configuration of unicast transport, the RLC-Bearer- Config IE: logicalChannelldentity may be set to DTCH channel identity, and/or servedRadioBearer may be set to the same value of XRB identity.

[0044] In step 311, in response to receiving the at least one DL RRC message transfer, gNB-DU 340 may transmit at least one RRCConnectionReconfiguration (NAS-PDU) to UE 330. Upon receiving the at least one RRCConnectionReconfiguration, UE 330 may perform DRB Reconfiguration. For example, two RLC-bearer-config IEs may be present with the same servedRadioBearer identity. Where an XRB Identity is present, UE 330 may configure at least one bearer to deliver at least one PDU from both logical channels in RLC to one PDCP entity, which may be transparent to PDCP.

[0045] In response to receiving the at least one RRCConnectionReconfiguration (NAS-PDU), in step 313, UE 330 may transmit at least one RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete to gNB-DU 340. In step 315, in response to receiving the at least one RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete, gNB-DU 340 may transmit at least one UL RRC message transfer to gNB-CU 350, such as an RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete. In response to receiving the at least one UL RRC message transfer, in step 317, gNB-CU 350 may transmit at least one PDU session resource modify response to AMF 360.

[0046] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method performed by a network entity, for example, network entity 520 in FIG. 5. In step 401, the network entity may receive at least one UE context modification request. The at least one UE context modification request may include at least one of DL tunnel information, XRB identity, QoS information, and switching configuration.

[0047] In step 403, the network entity may configure at least one of one or more unicast channels and one or more multicast channels. In some embodiments, the network entity may configure unicast transport information by creating an RLC entity mapped to a single RLC channel towards PDCP, and/or may be mapped to a corresponding logical channel in MAC, according to DRB setup procedures.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the switching function may be configured according to at least one switching configuration, such as thresholds for measurements and/or a minimum number of multicast UE. In some embodiments, if there is no multicast transport configured, such as where the same value of XRB Identity is not part of any active UE context at the network entity, a new RLC entity and/or corresponding mapping to a multicast logical channel (XTCH) may be created. The RLC entity may be mapped to the same RLC channel when the network entity configures the unicast transport. Additionally or alternatively, the configuration may include at least one of logical channel identities, RLC configuration, such as mode, sequence number field length, and/or timer values, MAC configuration, such as XRB-specific DRX, and PHY configuration, such as at least one RNTI value for the reception of XTCH scheduled on DL-SCH. When the network entity receives the message in step 401 which indicates, e.g. by means of an XRB Identity or a multicast context identity, that XRB is already being associated with another UE, there may be an indication of a multicast transport already configured and/or the network entity may use existing configuration rather than creating a new RLC entity and/or corresponding mapping to a XTCH.

[0049] In step 405, the network entity may receive multicast data. In step 407, the network entity may select at least one of one or more multicast channels and one or more unicast channels to transmit multicast data.

[0050] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a system according to certain embodiments. In one embodiment, a system may include multiple devices, such as, for example, network entity 520 and user equipment 510. Network entity 520 may be one or more of a base station, such as an evolved node B (eNB) or next generation node B (gNB), a next generation radio access network (NG RAN), a serving gateway, a server, and/or any other access node or combination thereof.

[0051] UE 510 may include one or more of a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, smart phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet, or portable media player, digital camera, pocket video camera, video game console, navigation unit, such as a global positioning system (GPS) device, desktop or laptop computer, single-location device, such as a sensor or smart meter, or any combination thereof.

[0052] One or more of these devices may include at least one processor, respectively indicated as 511 and 521. At least one memory may be provided in one or more of devices indicated at 512 and 522. The memory may be fixed or removable. The memory may include computer program instmctions or computer code contained therein. Processors 511 and 521 and memory 512 and 522 or a subset thereof, may be configured to provide means corresponding to the various blocks of FIGS. 1-4. Although not shown, the devices may also include positioning hardware, such as global positioning system (GPS) or micro electrical mechanical system (MEMS) hardware, which may be used to determine a location of the device. Other sensors are also permitted and may be included to determine location, elevation, orientation, and so forth, such as barometers, compasses, and the like.

[0053] As shown in FIG. 5, transceivers 513 and 523 may be provided, and one or more devices may also include at least one antenna, respectively illustrated as 514 and 524. The device may have many antennas, such as an array of antennas configured for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communications, or multiple antennas for multiple radio access technologies. Other configurations of these devices, for example, may be provided.

[0054] Transceivers 513 and 523 may be a transmitter, a receiver, or both a transmitter and a receiver, or a unit or device that may be configured both for transmission and reception.

[0055] Processors 511 and 521 may be embodied by any computational or data processing device, such as a central processing unit (CPU), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or comparable device. The processors may be implemented as a single controller, or a plurality of controllers or processors.

[0056] Memory 512 and 522 may independently be any suitable storage device, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A hard disk drive (HDD), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other suitable memory may be used. The memories may be combined on a single integrated circuit as the processor, or may be separate from the one or more processors. Furthermore, the computer program instructions stored in the memory and which may be processed by the processors may be any suitable form of computer program code, for example, a compiled or interpreted computer program written in any suitable programming language. Memory may be removable or non-removable.

[0057] The memory and the computer program instructions may be configured, with the processor for the particular device, to cause a hardware apparatus such as user equipment to perform any of the processes described below (see, for example, FIGS. 1-4). Therefore, in certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with computer instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform a process such as one of the processes described herein. Alternatively, certain embodiments may be performed entirely in hardware.

[0058] In certain embodiments, an apparatus may include circuitry configured to perform any of the processes or functions illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. For example, circuitry may be hardware-only circuit implementations, such as analog and/or digital circuitry. In another example, circuitry may be a combination of hardware circuits and software, such as a combination of analog and/or digital hardware circuit(s) with software or firmware, and/or any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and at least one memory that work together to cause an apparatus to perform various processes or functions. In yet another example, circuitry may be hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that include software, such as firmware for operation. Software in circuitry may not be present when it is not needed for the operation of the hardware.

[0059] The features, structures, or characteristics of certain embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases“certain embodiments,”“some embodiments,” “other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearance of the phrases“in certain embodiments,”“in some embodiments,”“in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification does not necessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, stmctures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. [0060] One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that certain embodiments discussed above may be practiced with steps in a different order, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. In order to determine the metes and bounds of the invention, therefore, reference should be made to the appended claims.

[0061] Partial Glossary

[0062] 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

[0063] 4G 4th Generation Mobile Network

[0064] 5G 5th Generation Mobile Network

[0065] CSI-RSRP CSI Reference Signal Received Power

[0066] CSI-RSRQ CSI Reference Signal Received Quality

[0067] CU Centralized Unit

[0068] DL Downlink

[0069] DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel

[0070] DRB Data Radio Bearer

[0071] DU Distributed Unit

[0072] eMBMS Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services

[0073] Ll Logical Interface between gNB-CU and gNB-DU

[0074] IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol

[0075] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0076] MLD Multicast Listener Discovery

[0077] NG-RAN NG Radio Access Network

[0078] PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

[0079] PDU Packet Data Unit

[0080] QoS Quality of Service

[0081] RAN Radio Access Network

[0082] RLC Radio Link Control

[0083] RMA RAN Multicast Area

[0084] RRC Radio Resource Control [0085] SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol

[0086] SS-RSRP Synchronization Signal Reference Signal Received Power [0087] SS-RSRQ Synchronization Signal Reference Signal Received Quality [0088] UE User Equipment

[0089] UPF User Plane Function

[0090] XRB X-cast Radio Bearer

[0091] XTCH X-cast Traffic Channel