LINDBERG, Rune (Eriksvägen 5, Saltsjö-Boo, S-13236, SE)
| CLAIMS
1. A method in the construction of a multistory building (1) of, according to a plumb line extending in the vertical extent, aligning construction elements (16) which are stackable one upon the other, each comprising an upper (12) and a lower (14) fixing arrangement, the positioning of the upper fixing arrangement (14) is related to an upper reference point (OR) of the construction element (16), the plumb line is generated as an electromagnetic beam (5), for example a light beam, from a fixed point (FP) in the multistory building (1) by means of a plumb-line-generating member (7), the method comprising the steps:
- placement of a first construction element (16) with its lower fixing arrangement (14) in a predetermined position relative to said fixed point (FP),
- locking in position of the first construction element (16) when its upper reference point (OR) is irradiated by the beam (5),
- stacking of the second construction element (16) on the first construction element, wherein the lower fixing arrangement (14) of the second construction element (16) is fitted into the upper fixing arrangement (12) of the first construction element,
- locking in position of the second construction element (16) when its upper reference point (OR) is irradiated by the beam (5),
- repetition of the steps comprising stacking and alignment of the following stackable construction elements (16) until the desired number of stories has been erected.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fixed point (FP) is predetermined in a horizontal plane relative to the upper fixing arrangement (12).
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the step after the locking in place is followed by the step of fitting the floor structure (37) of the next story such that it rests against an upper edge region of the construction element (16).
4. The method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the upper reference point (OR) is arranged at a distance in the X and Y plane from the upper fixing arrangement (12).
5. The method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the upper reference point (OR) coincides with the upper fixing arrangement (12).
6. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the construction element is a load-bearing internal wall (15).
7. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the beam (5) generated as a plumb line is allowed to radiate through a space (U) arranged in the vertical extent in the construction element (16).
8. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of plumb-line-generating members (7) are provided for a plurality of construction elements (16) situated centrally within the multistory building (1).
9. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plumb-line-generating member (7) is a laser apparatus.
10. A construction element arranged with a supporting element (21) for supporting a construction element (16) stacked on top of this, which supporting element (21) extends from the lower portion (43) of the construction element (16) to its upper portion (45), the supporting element (21) having an upper (12) and a lower (14) fixing arrangement, characterized in that the construction element (16) comprises an upper reference point (OR) arranged to be able to be irradiated by a beam (5), which, extending vertically, is allowed to pass through the construction element (16) to a construction element stacked on top of this, wherein the positioning of the upper fixing arrangement (12) is related to said upper reference point (OR) of the construction element (16).
11. The construction element as claimed in claim 10, wherein the construction element (16) comprises a space (U) extending from the lower portion (43) to the upper portion (45), which space is arranged to be able to accommodate said beam (5).
12. The construction element as claimed in claim 10 or 11, wherein the upper reference point is arranged at a distance from the upper fixing arrangement.
13. The construction element as claimed in any of claims 10 to 12, wherein the construction element is a load-bearing internal wall. |
Method for plumbing of construction elements
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method of vertically aligning construction elements which are stackable one upon the other and to a device for this method, according to the preamble to patent claim 1 and patent claim 10 respectively.
BACKGROUND ART
It is currently known to use a variety of methods for the alignment of construction elements in the construction of multistory buildings, and a variety of methods are known for marking out reference points on each story in said construction. It is important in the construction of modular houses having a plurality of stories that on each story reference points are realized for the fitting of construction elements for the story, which reference points for each story conform to a fixed point established in the foundation plate of the building. To prevent the reference points from "wandering" when a new story is erected, a reference point must be surveyed for the story in question, which reference point must conform to the fixed point in the horizontal plane (X, Y coordinates). This is currently done by means of separate surveying of each reference point on each story with the aid of, for example, theodolite surveying (geometric surveying). Such a method is time-consuming and adds to the costs of construction of the multistory building.
There is a need to be able to vertically survey load-bearing construction
elements in a multistory building under construction in terms of their inclination throughout the multistory building, so that various construction parts can be fitted together without unreasonable tolerances. The preexisting systems using guide dowels cope well with the coordinates in the X, Y and Z directions, but not the angles in space. In the case of an industrial building having a number of larger prefabricated construction elements which do not have to be adjusted at the construction site, tight fits are required in order to improve the construction efficiency of the multistory building.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
One object of the present invention is to produce a method which overcomes the known drawbacks in connection with the vertical surveying and alignment of construction elements in the construction of multistory buildings.
The above-stated problems have been solved with the aid of the method steps defined in patent claim 1. Other aims and advantages of the invention can be read from the accompanying independent claims.
In this way, a method is produced which results in a highly accurate marking of reference points on each story, without the need to carry out a new marking for each story, with the aid of a theodolite, for example, in the construction of a multistory building. The tolerance chains for the building as a whole are also thereby minimized, since the construction elements are incorporated within a modular system and are factory-produced with the same accuracy. By correcting the inclination of the construction element in the stacking operation, the fits can be made less and the construction work made more efficient. By using construction elements stacked one upon the other as reference, which
construction elements are orientated according to the attained plumb line story after story, possible errors accumulated between the stories can be eliminated. A greater production tolerance can thus be achieved and/or gaps between joints can be made smaller, which is cost-effective. Each reference point which is realized according to the method for each story has a predetermined position relative to a position of the fixing arrangement of the construction element, which fixing arrangement is used to fasten, for example, the floor structure elements of a story. That the upper reference point is realized correctly is therefore important for fitting the construction parts of the whole of the multistory building into a modular system.
Expediently, the fixed point is predetermined in a horizontal plane relative to the upper fixing arrangement.
In this way, a fixed point can be determined, relative to the fixing arrangement (such as the fixing apparatus), of the stacking point of the construction element, which stacking point coincides with a substantially vertical supporting element extending through the construction element. This fixed point or a plurality of fixed points is/are predetermined either in accordance with the upper fixing arrangement or at a predetermined distance and at a predetermined angle from the upper fixing arrangement in the X and Y plane (the horizontal plane).
Preferably, the step after the locking in place is followed by the step of fitting the floor structure of the next story such that it rests against an upper edge region of the construction element.
In this way, once the construction element (such as a load-bearing internal
wall) has been braced (tamped) in the locked position when the light beam radiates through the upper reference point, the assembly of the floor structure can take place. The fixing arrangement expediently comprises a snap-in device (for example in a click system with stud shear connector comprising beveled head of each floor structure element fittable into corresponding cradles of the fixing arrangement of the construction element). This assembly contributes to the realization of the floors of the next stories, at the same time as, by means of the floor structure elements in the modular system, these "draw in" and/or "push away" other construction elements in the multistory building under construction, which construction elements do not utilize the positioning of the upper fixing arrangement in relation to an upper reference point, and in which no plumb line is generated. In this way, only a small number of plumb lines need to be used for a small number of construction elements in the multistory building under construction, which is cost-effective.
It may thus be expedient, from a cost-effectiveness aspect, to use more than one generated plumb line in respect of a construction element in the construction of a multistory building, for example 4-7 generated plumb lines could be realized, 2 of these preferably at the corners of the building for the alignment thereof.
Expediently, the upper reference point is arranged at a distance in the X and Y plane from the upper fixing arrangement.
The plumb line can thus be realized outside a construction element, which is of advantage during the construction of the multistory building from an assembly viewpoint. For example, if corners are vertically aligned in this way, the operator can be outside the body of the house. Alternatively, the operator can
make use of a plumb-line-generating instrument (such as a laser-beam- generating laser instrument) applicable close to the lower fixing arrangement of the construction element, which instrument can thus be reused in respect of another construction element. The upper reference point can constitute a plate comprising a hole furnished with a reticule. The hole can be situated outside the body of the construction element or can be placed within the compass of the construction element. The principal distinctive feature herein is that the light beam can pass through the construction element in the vertical direction, so that the same generated plumb line can be used for the next construction element stacked on this construction element, and so on.
Preferably, the upper reference point coincides with the upper fixing arrangement.
In this way, for example, a guide dowel can be used which is hollow, at the same time as the supporting element of the construction element, for supporting construction elements stacked one upon the other, is likewise hollow. Expediently, a sensor is arranged in the hollow guide dowel, which sensor transmits a signal to the operator when the light beam vertically marks the aligned construction element.
Expediently, the construction element is a load-bearing internal wall.
A load-bearing internal wall, comprising two supporting elements extending in the vertical direction through the load-bearing internal wall, can be aligned into the correct vertical inclination, that is to say when the (in the upper fixing arrangement of one supporting element) upper reference point (configured, for example, as a reticule) coincides with the generated plumb line. The next load-
bearing internal wall is stacked on the mounted load-bearing internal wall, and its fixing arrangement in respect of both supporting elements is coupled together with the two below-situated fixing arrangements of the load-bearing internal wall already fitted. Expediently, only the fixing arrangement of one supporting element is used also as reference for a plumb line in the multistory building under construction. The fixing arrangement of the other supporting element is used only for coupling purposes. The factory-produced load-bearing internal walls have narrow tolerances. However, in the horizontal plane and in the longitudinal direction of the load-bearing internal wall, the fixing arrangement of the second supporting element is allowed to be displaced in the longitudinal direction.
Preferably, the light beam generated as a plumb line is allowed to radiate through a space arranged in the vertical extent in the construction element.
Thus, for example with the aid of a vertically set laser light beam generated from the "zero" (the first floor) and projecting through a vertical hole (or recess) in the structural internal wall element, one and the same plumb line can be realized through all stories and can thus be used for reference points for the respective story.
Expediently, a plurality of plumb-line-generating members are provided for a plurality of construction elements stacked one upon the other and situated centrally within the building.
In this way, in the construction of the multistory building, a plurality of vertically aligned supporting elements, of construction elements stacked one upon the other, can be used to establish reference points for each story, which
reference points are realized centrally within the building and are situated in accordance with said plumb lines. Possible errors thus "build" in the direction outwards in the body of the building, which is advantageous since the edge region of the building borders on the open air.
Preferably, the plumb-line-generating member is a laser apparatus.
Existing commercially available light-beam generating apparatus can thus be used to generate a plumb line. Likewise, a maser (acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) can be used. This operates within the microwave range of about 500 MHz and upwards.
For example, the laser apparatus can be installed on a doweled plate having two fine-threaded set screws. The laser is directed with the aid of a mechanical spirit level at an accuracy of about 1.6 mm/24 m. The laser is placed in a recess in the structural wall element outside the fixing apparatus in the foundation plate. Embedded in the internal wall element is a tube, through which the laser light beam can pass. The tube emerges in the direction of the next stacked internal wall element, this too comprising an open tube arranged in arranged line with the former.
The above-stated problems have been solved with the aid of the construction element defined in the introduction, by means of the distinctive features which characterize claim 10. Other aims and advantages of the invention can be read from the accompanying independent claims.
In this way, a construction element designed for vertical alignment has been realized, which construction element allows a light beam (such as a laser light
beam) to be able to pass vertically through the construction element to construction elements stacked on top of this construction element. The lower fixing arrangement is expediently related to the upper reference point with the same ratio in the X and Y plane (the horizontal plane) as the ratio between the upper fixing arrangement and the upper reference point. The construction element can thus be aligned to a plumb line, realized as a laser light beam, whereby the upper fixing arrangement of the topmost construction element fitted in the multistory building always ends up plumb with the fixed point in the foundation plate of the multistory building. The construction element is designed to be stackable on another construction element, whereby this stacked construction element is allowed to be vertically alignable to the same laser light beam.
Expediently, the construction element comprises a space extending from the lower portion to the upper portion, which space is arranged to be able to accommodate a beam.
In this way, the edge regions of a floor structure element can rest against the upper edge side of the construction element at a distance apart, with the formation of a gap. The beam, such as a laser light beam, can thus pass through the space and onward through the gap between the floor structure elements and on up to upper reference point of the next construction element stacked on this construction element. The operator/fitter can thus be sure that the upper fixing arrangement of this stacked construction element ends up plumb with (or parallelly plumb with) the fixed point in the foundation plate. Note that the fixed point can be defined at a floor level other than the horizontal plane of the foundation plate.
E2008/050756
Preferably, the upper reference point is arranged at a distance from the upper fixing arrangement.
The plumb line can thus be generated outside the construction element or in the body of the house .
Expediently, the construction element is a load-bearing internal wall.
Since a plurality of load-bearing internal walls are found stacked one upon the other in a multistory building, these are used as reference internal walls in any chosen number based on the prevailing need for a number of reference points in the respective story as well as on accuracy criteria. The construction element can likewise be constituted by a bathroom module or modules for shafts.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The present invention will be explained in greater detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which, in schematic representation:
fig. 1 shows from the side a three-story building comprising three pillars stacked one upon the other, each comprising an upper reference point designed for irradiation by a laser light beam;
fig. 2a shows from the side exaggeratedly illustrated inclinations of structural internal wall elements stacked one upon the other, in which the upper reference point of the topmost story coincides in the X and Y plane with the fixed point on the ground floor;
fig. 2b shows the alignment of the fixing arrangement of the structural internal wall elements to the laser line, irrespective of the shape of the wall surface of the wall element, illustrated exaggeratedly;
fig. 3 shows from the side two structural internal wall elements stacked one upon the other, according to another embodiment;
fig. 4 shows from above the structural internal wall element in fig. 3;
fig. 5 shows from the side a supporting element of a load-bearing internal wall, in which the upper reference point coincides with the upper fixing arrangement according to a further embodiment;
fig. 6 shows a fixing arrangement designed for fitting in the foundation plate of the multistory building;
fig. 7a shows an upper and a lower fixing arrangement comprising a template plate containing an upper reference point;
fig. 7b shows the template plate in fig. 7a from above;
fig. 8 shows from above how a lower fixing arrangement of the first-fitted construction elements obtains a predetermined position in the foundation plate of the multistory building, in relation to the respective fixed point;
fig. 9a and 9b show a construction element according to a further embodiment; and
fig. 10a and 10b show in perspective the principle for the realization of reference points in the X and Y plane for each story, as the stories are erected.
MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention will now be described by way of illustrative embodiments. For the sake of clarity, components of no importance to the invention have been omitted from the drawing. The same details shown in a number of figures may in certain cases have no reference symbol, yet can correspond to those which do have a reference symbol.
Fig. 1 shows schematically from the side a three-story building 1 comprising three load-bearing pillars 3', 3", 3'" stacked one upon the other, each comprising an upper reference point OR', OR", OR'" for irradiation by a laser beam 5. The laser beam 5 is generated by a laser apparatus 7, which is adjusted along a horizontal plane, producing the vertical laser beam 5, by means of set screws (not shown). The laser apparatus 7 is aligned with the aid of a mechanical spirit level to an accuracy of about 1.6 mm/24 m. The laser is placed outside the load-bearing pillar 3'.
Following laying of a foundation plate 9 comprising fixing apparatuses 11 (fixing arrangement) embedded in the foundation plate 9, the first pillar 3' is mounted and is vertically aligned by means of the laser beam 5.
This is achieved by the laser apparatus 7 being fitted on the foundation plate 9 in such a way that the laser beam 5 is generated from a predetermined position (a fixed point FP) in relation to the fixing apparatus 11, which predetermined position corresponds in the X and Y plane (horizontal plane) to the position for
the respective upper reference point OR', OR", OR'" in relation to the respective upper fixing arrangement 12', 12", 12'". These upper reference points OR', OR", OR'" are realized by means of a template plate 13 (distancer) arranged on the upper fixing arrangement 12', 12", 12'" and comprising a reticule. Such a distancer with reticule is shown more clearly in fig. 7b.
The alignment of the first load-bearing pillar 3 ' for mounting is realized by inclining this such that the vertical laser light beam 5 (the plumb line) radiates through the reticule (upper reference point OR'). Other prefabricated construction parts (not shown) are fitted in a first story A, as well as the first set of floor structure elements 37. The floor level GP for the second story B thus automatically comprises an attained reference (upper reference point OR'). On this floor level GP, no marking by means of, for example, a theodolite therefore needs to be carried out. After this, the second load-bearing pillar is 3" is stacked onto the first load-bearing pillar 3' and is vertically aligned by means of its upper reference point OR" irradiated by the laser light beam 5 in the same way as the first load-bearing pillar 3'. That is to say, the laser beam 5 radiates through the reticule of the upper reference point OR' of the first load-bearing pillar 3' and the second load-bearing pillar 3" is inclined such that its upper reference point OR" is irradiated by the laser beam 5. The procedure is repeated for the second story B, whereafter the load-bearing pillar 3'" of the first story C is mounted. Care is taken to ensure that the upper reference point OR'" of this load-bearing pillar 3'" ends up in the laser beam 5, whereby an upper fixing arrangement 12'" ends up with great accuracy in a position corresponding to the position for the fixing apparatus 11 in the foundation plate 9 in the X and Y plane. The fixed point FP is predetermined in a horizontal plane relative to the upper fixing arrangement OR.
Fig. 2a shows from the side exaggeratedly illustrated inclinations (for greater clarity) of internal wall elements 15', 15", 15'", 15"", in which the upper reference point OR"" of the topmost story D coincides in the X and Y plane (horizontal plane) with the fixed point FP on the ground floor 0. The method used in the construction of the multistory building 1 involves the alignment, along a plumb line 5 generated by the laser beam and extending in the vertical extent, of structural internal wall elements 15', 15", 15'", 15"" stackable one upon the other, each comprising an upper fixing arrangement 12 (fixing arrangement - conical hollow dowel - which in the factory is ready-fitted to the construction element 15', 15", 15'", 15"" and ready-adjusted - see fig. 7a) and a lower fixing arrangement 14 (sleeve 20 which can be fitted in place over the dowel, see likewise fig. 7a).
The positioning of the upper fixing arrangement 12 is related to an upper reference point OR of the structural internal wall elements 15', 15", 15'", 15" " and the plumb line is generated as said laser beam 5 from the fixed point FP in the building by means of the plumb-line-generating member (laser apparatus 7). The method comprises the steps: placement of the first structural internal wall element 15' with its lower fixing arrangement 14 in a predetermined position relative to said fixed point FP; locking in position of the first structural internal wall element 15' when its upper reference point OR is irradiated by the light beam; stacking of the second structural internal wall element 15" on the first structural internal wall element 15', wherein the lower fixing arrangement 14 of the second structural internal wall element 15" is fitted into the upper fixing arrangement 12 of the first-mounted structural wall element 15'; locking in position of the second structural internal wall element 15" when its upper reference point OR is irradiated by the laser beam 5; and
repetition of the steps comprising stacking and alignment of the following stackable structural internal wall elements until the desired number of stories A, B, C, D has been erected.
That is to say, the structural internal wall element, for vertical alignment, is adjusted on each floor structure element such that it stands plumb, but the next stacked internal wall element will always be adjusted against the plumb line.
Fig. 2b shows the alignment of the fixing arrangements 12 of the structural internal wall elements 15 to the laser light beam 5, irrespective of the shape of the wall surface of the load-bearing wall element 15. In fig. 2b, the structural internal wall elements 15 bow (is likewise shown exaggeratedly, is not in reality visible to the eye) in the direction inward into the building (but not their accommodated supporting elements 21, which run straight through the wall slab, this being bowed in a manner not visible to the eye). A fitter does not therefore need to measure with a spirit level along the surface of the slab for rough vertical alignment so as then, in the story above, to use a theodolite, for example, to mark out reference points in the X and Y directions (horizontal plane) as precision marking. By utilizing the extent of the supporting element 21 through the structural internal wall element 15 with its two ends provided with fixing arrangement (such as a guide dowel or suitable female connector and, connected thereto, cradles for fitting-in of hooks/headed stud shear connectors of other construction parts, such as floor structure elements, all factory-prepared with accurate measurements between cradles and stud shear connectors, etc., then the upper fixing arrangement 12 can be aligned to the laser light beam 5 and locked in position. The fitter then knows that this upper fixing arrangement 12 enters into the correct position for the X and Y coordinates for the next above-situated story, whereby the lower fixing
arrangement 14 of the next stacked structural internal wall element 15 automatically enters into the correct position. This next structural internal wall element 15 is aligned to the same laser light beam 5 and is locked (tamped) when the laser light beam 5 shines through the upper reference point OR predetermined in relation to its upper fixing arrangement 12. In this way, exactness can be achieved for the coordinates of each story for upper and lower fixing arrangements 12, 14 in accordance with the coordinates of the foundation plate 9 for a fixing apparatus 11, without any marking needing to be carried out for each story by means of, for example, a theodolite.
Fig. 3 shows from the side two structural internal wall elements 15, stacked one upon the other, according to a first embodiment. A groove 17 extending vertically along the whole of the side edge of the structural internal wall element 15 is realized in the form of a space U, through which the laser beam 5 is allowed to radiate. A laser apparatus 7 is designed to be insertable with mirror 19 into the groove 17 in the lower edge of the structural internal wall element 15. Fig. 4 shows a top view of the structural internal wall element 15 in fig. 3, illustrating the insertion of the mirror 19 into the groove 17.
Fig. 5 shows schematically from the side supporting elements 21 of a structural internal wall element 15, in which the upper reference point OR coincides with the upper fixing arrangement 12 according to a second embodiment. According to this embodiment, the laser apparatus 7 is arranged in the vertical direction so as to coincide with the fixing apparatus 11 in the foundation plate 9 and, if so desired, can remain in the fixing apparatus 11 following the construction of the multistory building 1. Supporting elements 21 and upper 12 and lower 14 fixing arrangements are designed hollow, so that the laser beam 5 can freely pass vertically through the set of structural internal wall elements 15
stacked one upon another. The upper reference point OR thus coincides with the center line of the upper fixing arrangement 12, for coupling together with the lower fixing arrangement 14 of the structural internal wall element 15 stacked on said upper fixing arrangement.
Fig. 6 shows a fixing arrangement (fixing apparatus 11) designed for fitting in the foundation plate 9 for the multistory building 1. A round bar 23 is cast into the foundation plate 9 on the basis of a rough marking on the foundation plate 9. An elongated template (see fig. 8) (a jig 24) is set out on the foundation plate 9, having holes 25 arranged at a predetermined distance apart, in which holes 25 the fixing apparatuses 11 are placed and are fixed by means of a nut 27. The fixing apparatus 11 is constituted by a "binder" 35 having relatively large holes in the bottom to accommodate the round bar 23 with play. The "binder" has a beveled outer shell, which serves for the fitting-in of above- situated construction elements, such as the supporting elements 21 of structural internal wall elements 15. The supporting element 21 extends up to the next supporting element of the construction element stacked on top. The binder can be adjusted in the lateral direction and is locked according to the holes 25 in the jig 24. A spacer ring 29 (and washers 31 for adjustment in the vertical direction) define the height in vertical direction for each fixing apparatus 11 in the foundation plate 9. The top side of the spacer ring 29 constitutes a support for the construction elements 16 and all top sides of the spacer rings 29 are adjusted in height by means of the washers 31. The fixed point FP (not shown in fig. 6) is determined in dependence on the type of configuration of the construction element 16, relative to the position of the fixing apparatus 11 in the horizontal plane. The fixed point FP has the same mutual position to the fixing apparatus 11 as an upper reference point OR of the respective construction elements 16, which are stackable one upon the other, has to said
fixing arrangement.
Fig. 7a shows an upper 12 and a lower 14 fixing arrangement comprising a template plate 13 containing an upper reference point OR. The supporting element 21 (such as an iron round bar) extends vertically through the structural internal wall element 15. Its upper end is assigned a spacer sleeve 33 having upper and lower flanges serving as supports. The spacer sleeve 33 has a length corresponding to the thickness of a floor structure element 37 resting against the edge region of the structural internal wall element 15. A "binder" 35 with beveled outer shell surface is factory-screwed to the foundation plate 9, in the same way as for the fixing apparatus (see fig. 6), prior to the construction elements 16 being transported to the construction site.
The lower fitted and aligned load-bearing construction element 16 which is shown in fig. 7a is locked in position (when the plumb line in the form of a laser light beam 5 radiates through the reticule) by means of stays, that is to say when its upper reference point OR is irradiated by the laser light beam 5.
The step after the locking is followed by the step of fitting the floor structure
37 of the next story so as to rest against an upper edge region of the construction element 16. According to this embodiment, the upper reference point OR (concealed in fig. 7a) is arranged at a distance in the X and Y plane from the upper fixing arrangement 12. A channel 36 is made through the construction element 16, so that the laser light beam 5 can pass between two laid floor structures 37 (only one is shown). The reference point OR is arranged in a distancer or template plate 13 with a hole, through which the laser light beam 5 shall radiate. The template plate 13 is secured to the upper fixing arrangement 12.
Fig. 7b shows the template plate 13 in fig. 7a from above. A reticule H is arranged in an opening 39. The template plate 13 is fixed by means of the binder 35 and the nut 27. The center of the reticule H constitutes an upper reference point OR and the distance and the angle between the center line of the binder 35 and the center of the reticule H in the horizontal plane corresponds in the horizontal plane to the distance and the angle between the fixed point FP in the foundation plate 9 and the fixing apparatus 11 in the foundation plate 9. The upper reference point OR is therefore arranged at a distance in the X and Y plane from the center line of the upper fixing arrangement 12 for fitting with the supporting elements of a stacked construction element. The position of the thus established upper fixing arrangement 12 in the horizontal plane also serves as a basis for other construction parts in the multistory building, in terms of fitting the construction parts within given tolerances. The construction parts can be constituted by floor structure elements having the same measurements in a modular system.
Fig. 8 shows in a top view a foundation plate 9 of the multistory building 1 prior to the erection of construction elements.
In a construction system, all construction parts can be realized in a 100 mm modular measure, which makes construction parts easier to put up. This means that there are few interfaces and thus the number of coupling solutions can be reduced. It is important that the floor surface is given a small tolerance (0-10 mm on the floor surface). This means that a start can be made directly from the floor (the foundation plate), without extra measures higher up in the multistory building. Expediently, the floor of the foundation plate has a clean and smooth surface, that is to say, alternatively, nothing is cast into the floor.
Alternatively, screws are cast directly into the floor surface (the foundation) of the foundation plate for a fixing apparatus. But it is difficult to do this with sufficient tolerance. The fixing apparatus comprises a "binder" and a ring with shim. The binder guides the construction part in the X and Y directions, while the ring guides the construction part in the Z direction. The binder is produced with an over-large hole so as to be able to be moved before being fixed by means of a nut and the screw.
The positions for the fixing apparatuses 11 are set out first by means of traditional marking. After this, a diamond drill is used to drill holes in the foundation plate 9 for fitting of a round bar 23 in the foundation plate 9 (see also fig. 6). After this, the jig plate 24 is applied along a predetermined line L. The jig plate 24 is aligned with great accuracy, whereafter the abovementioned binders 35 are slipped onto the round bars 23 and are adjusted according to the holes 25 in the jig plate 24. After this, the binders 35 are tightened against the foundation plate 9 by means of the nuts 27 (see fig. 6). In this way, the construction elements 16 acquire established points on which to rest in correct position on the basis of the drawing made by the fitter/architect. With the aid of laser light beams 5 at chosen positions in the building, the coordinates in the X and Y directions will "move along up" to the next story, realizing the same position for upper reference points in the horizontal plane (and/or fixing arrangement) by inclination of the construction element 16 (and hence the supporting element 21) into plumb, when the laser light beam 5 shines through the upper reference points OR. This is done irrespective of the extent to which the construction element itself has a flat outer side and without marking needing to be carried out for each story.
Fig. 9a and 9b show a construction element 16 according to a further embodiment. The construction element 16 in the form of a structural internal wall element 15 comprises two supporting elements 21. An upper 12 and lower 14 fixing arrangement is arranged on the respective supporting element 21. The wall slab of the structural internal wall element 15 comprises a channel 41 running vertically through the wall slab. This channel 41 is substantially parallel with the supporting element 21 and at a distance therefrom.
A template 13 with upper reference point OR is secured to the upper fixing arrangement 12. Along the center line CL of the structural internal wall element 15 and at a distance from the center of the upper fixing arrangement 12, the upper reference point OR is established on the basis of a predetermined position corresponding to the position of the fixing apparatus 11 in relation to the point P of the laser apparatus 7 for generation of a laser beam 5. That is to say, the construction element 16 has been arranged with a supporting element 21 for supporting a construction element 16 stacked on top, which supporting element 21 extends from the lower portion 43 of the construction element 16 to its upper portion 45, the supporting element 21 having an upper 12 and a lower fixing arrangement 14. The construction element 16 comprises an upper reference point OR, wherein the positioning of the upper fixing arrangement 12 is related to said upper reference point OR of the construction element 16. The construction element 16 thus comprises a space U extending from the lower portion 43 to the upper portion 45, which space U is arranged to be able to accommodate a light beam for plumbing of the construction element 16. In fig. 9a there is also shown a floor structure element 37 (only one is shown for greater clarity). See also fig. 7a and the description hereto.
Fig. 9b shows the structural internal wall element 15 from below. The
supporting element 21 which is not assigned an upper reference point has an oval sleeve 24, which is to be fitted into the supporting element 21 of a below- situated structural internal wall element 15. In this way, the structural internal wall element 15 can be stacked on a below-situated structural internal wall element without thereby affecting the alignment of the supporting element 21 comprising the upper reference point OR. It therefore does not matter if the structural internal wall element 15 in the direction along the center line CL has varying length within a tolerance range.
Fig. 10a and 10b show schematically in perspective the principle for realizing upper reference points OR in the X and Y plane for each story, as the stories are erected. The foundation plate 9 is cast. A fixed point FP, from which a laser light beam 5 in plumb, is realized on the foundation plate 9, which fixed point FP is related to a predetermined position of the fixing apparatus 11 in the foundation plate 9.
The structural internal wall element 15 is lifted into place by means of a lifting crane (not shown), whereafter it is vertically aligned according to the plumb line 5 in the manner described above. At the same time, a construction element 16 in the form of a load-bearing pillar 3 is aligned plumb in the corners of the multistory building 1. The likewise factory-arranged floor structure elements 37 (only one is shown in fig. 10b) are lifted into place onto the locked (by means of tamping) structural internal wall elements 15 (only one is shown), wherein hooks (not shown) of the floor structure elements 37, at a predetermined mutual spacing, fall down into cradles (not shown) with the same predetermined mutual spacing of upper fixing arrangements 12 assigned to the structural internal wall elements 15. Once all floor structure elements 37 have been fitted onto the construction elements 16 for the ground floor, the
fixed point will therefore automatically be transferred vertically to the next story, without this story needing to be marked out for the next installation. Fig. 10b illustrates how the structural internal wall elements 15 of the next story are mounted and aligned with the aid of the same laser beam 5, whereby the upper fixing arrangement 12 of this structural internal wall element 15 ends up plumb in relation to the position of the fixing apparatus 11 on the foundation plate 9 in the horizontal plane. The process continues until the desired number of stories has been reached. Up to eight floors can be realized in this way, as is demonstrated by experiments by the Applicant. The advantage of using the upper reference point OR of the construction element 16, given a limited number of construction elements for each story, is therefore that there is no need to do a new marking for the next set of construction elements 16 fitted in the next story. The fitter quite simply uses a limited number of plumb lines in the multistory building 1 under construction, automatically creating reference points for the next construction elements 16 to be fitted. The fitter thus knows that the construction elements 16 υf the multistory building 1 always enter into the correct position in the X and Y directions in relation to the marking in the foundation plate 9. This method is cost-effective as a marking does not need to be done for each story and, since the construction elements 16 have predetermined dimensions in a modular system, the construction elements 16 of the multistory building 1 will always end up in the correct position, at the same time as the proprietor automatically receives a check that the coordinates of the last-erected story in the horizontal plane are correct for mounting of a roof. That is to say, the coordinates of the last-erected story for upper reference points in the horizontal plane conform to the fixed points of the base plate 9, whereby construction elements for a roof are afforded secure fitting without any deviation from given tolerances.
A further embodiment will be described below with reference to fig. 1 Ia-I Ie.
Fig. l la shows the foundation plate 9 with fixing apparatuses 11 accurately placed on the foundation plate level and in line in accordance with the position of the fixing arrangement 12 in a plane for erected stories. The template plate
13, comprising a laser sight containing a reticule H, is mounted on the fixing apparatus 11 to be fitted into the lower fixing arrangement 14 of the wall element, which reticule H shall be moved along a vertical line which will intersect reference points OR of stacked wall elements 15. The second fixing apparatus 11 " shall be fitted into an oval sleeve 24 of the second lower fixing arrangement of the wall element.
The laser apparatus 7 is placed on a laser plate (not shown). Calibration is effected in the vertical direction with set screws (not shown) and with a mechanical spirit level in two directions. The positioning of the laser beam of the laser apparatus 7 is adjusted so that a correct distance is obtained between the fixing apparatus 11 and the reticule H. A laser sighting device 99 in the form of a tensioning cord 101 is coupled to the second fixing apparatus 11 " from the template plate 13. In this way, the reticule comes into line between the two fixing apparatuses 11, 11 " arranged for the wall element 15. Fig. l ib shows the laser sighting device 99 containing the tensioning cord 101 in fig. l la from above.
The structural internal wall element 15 is mounted on the two fixing apparatuses 11, 11 ". A sighting tube 105 is arranged in the wall element 15 such that the laser beam 5 can pass through the wall element 15. The laser beam is realized perpendicular to the foundation plate 9. The user of a laser beam 5 therefore firstly gives rise to the transfer of x, y positions from the
foundation plate to the above-situated story, and secondly results in the structural internal wall element 15 being able to be easily aligned perpendicular to the foundation plate 9. The need to do any marking with prism and tachymeter on the next story is thereby eliminated.
In fig. l ie the structural internal wall element 15 which is mounted on the fixing apparatuses 11, 11 " is shown from above. The alignment of the wall element 15 is done with the aid of the laser beam through the reticule. The reticule H ends up on a line between the upper fixing arrangement (or guide dowel) of the wall element 15 and in an x, y position corresponding to that of the foundation plate corresponding. In this way, the wall element 15 is aligned in all planes, so that it does not "deviate" when mounted on the second fixing apparatus 11 ". That is to say, the two upper fixing arrangements of the wall element will come correctly into line along the line Y.
Fig. Hd shows how, in line with the first structural internal wall element 15, further wall elements and second construction modules, such as a bathroom module, etc., have been mounted. A following wall element 15'" mounted on the fixing apparatuses 11 of the foundation plate end up correctly in the x and y directions with their lower portion 43. The upper portion 45 of the wall element 15 is aligned with the aid of the laser sighting device, which, according to this embodiment, comprises a mirror 106 having a mirror plane arranged at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane (corresponding to the foundation plate) and which mirror plane is at 90 degrees to the line Y (see fig. 1 Ie). The mirror 106 angles off the laser beam 5, so that the laser beam radiates along the line Y so that the fixing arrangements 12 of the upper portion 45 end up in line with the line Y. According to this embodiment, the line of wall elements 15 has been supplemented by a wall element comprising a sighting tube 105
for supplementary alignment of the plumb wall element. A sighting tube extension 109 is shown in fig. Hd, which shall remain in place when concrete is filled between the floor structure elements (not shown), which are applied resting against the load-bearing wall elements 15. This so that the concrete does not prevent the laser beam 5 from passing through the stories when the next set of wall elements and construction modules is fitted. The mirror 106 is removed prior to fitting and alignment of the next batch of stacked load- bearing wall elements 15 before mounting and is reinstalled when the next series of stacked wall elements with their upper portions is to be arranged in line so as not to diverge.
The present invention should not be deemed to be limited to the above- described illustrative embodiments, but rather modifications and combinations thereof can occur within the scope of the present invention. For example, a plurality of plumb-line-generating members can be provided for a plurality of construction elements situated centrally within the building. Instead of a laser, a maser ("microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") can be used. The alignment at an upper reference point can be done visually or with the aid of sensors in a computer-controlled system. Instead of laser and maser, microwaves, for example, may be used as the electromagnetic beam, which can be aligned extremely precisely. An advantage with this is that the energy can be concentrated into a narrow beam and beamed to an antenna, such as a radar.