TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing a thermoplastic composition, to the thermoplastic composition and to products obtainable therefrom .

BACKGROUND

Cellulose and hemicellulose are renewable raw materials well suited for producing thermoplastic materials .

Thermoplastic cellulose and hemicellulose derivatives , which may be processed using conventionally used thermoplastic processing devices , such as extrusion and moulding, are of high interest as an alternative to fossil-based thermoplastic materials . In addition, based on the general considerations on the correlation between molecular structure , degree of substitution and biodegradability, such derivatives may allow both thermoplastic processing and post-consumer waste management via biological decomposition .

However, balancing biodegradability, thermoplasticity and material properties may be challenging .

SUMMARY

A method for preparing a thermoplastic composition comprising grafted cellulose and optionally grafted hemicelluloses is disclosed . The method may comprise providing a composition comprising cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses ; dissolving the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses of the composition at least partially, thereby obtaining a solution comprising the solubili zed cellulose and optionally the solubili zed hemicelluloses ; extruding the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses into a shape ; and treating the shape with a cyclic ester monomer, such that the cyclic ester monomer reacts with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape , thereby grafting the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses with the cyclic ester monomer at least partially, thereby obtaining the thermoplastic composition .

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings , which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various embodiments . In the drawings :

Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of the method for preparing a thermoplastic composition .

Figure 2 shows the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) spectra of cellulose starting material and the produced caprolactone grafted cellulose .

Figure 3 shows the biodegradability of a lactone grafted cellulose sample . Ref . = reference ; MCC = microcrystalline cellulose ; 20 - 02831 - 009 = grafted cellulose filament prepared according to Example 2 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method for preparing a thermoplastic composition is disclosed . The thermoplastic composition may comprise grafted cellulose and optionally grafted hemicelluloses . The method may comprise providing a composition comprising cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses ; dissolving the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses of the composition at least partially, thereby obtaining a solution comprising the solubili zed cellulose and optionally the solubili zed hemicelluloses ; extruding the solubili zed cellulose and optionally the solubili zed hemicelluloses into a shape ; and treating the shape with a cyclic ester monomer, such that the cyclic ester monomer reacts with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape , thereby grafting the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses with the cycl ic ester monomer at least partially, thereby obtaining the thermoplastic composition .

Reacting the cyclic ester monomer with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape produces a shape containing the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses to which monomers , oligomers and/or polymers of the cyclic ester are grafted . The cyclic ester bonds to OH groups of the cellulose and optionally of the hemicelluloses . Thus the cyclic ester esterifies the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses . The reaction may be considered to be a ringopening polymeri zation reaction of the cyclic ester monomer .

The grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses is /are thus polymerisation products of the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses and of the cyclic ester monomer .

However, the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses may be grafted with the cyclic ester monomer at least partially in the sense that at least a portion of the cellulose molecules and optionally of the hemicellulose molecules , fibres and/or fibre bundles contained in the shape may be grafted . The resulting thermoplastic composition, i . e . the shape or a product obtainable from the shape , may be a composite type product , i . e . a composite .

A polyester ( such as a polylactone ) , i . e . a polyester that is not grafted to cel lulose or hemicellulose , may be obtained as a side product . The polyester may be removed at least partially, if desired, for example if a certain purity level of the thermoplastic composition is desired. The free acidity content of the thermoplastic composition may be e.g. less than 2% (w/w) as determined by the standard ASTM D871-96. The polyester, such as polylactone, may be removed at least partially by extraction, for example with acetic acid, after the reaction. However, an amount of the polyester may remain in the thermoplastic composition, at least in some embodiments. It may also have a role in the material properties, such as the melting temperature of the thermoplastic composition.

An example of the grafting reaction with s- caprolactone as the cyclic ester monomer (lactone) is depicted in Scheme 1 below.

Scheme 1. a) s-Caprolactone grafting on cellulose and b) reaction mechanism of acid catalysed ring opening polymerization with s-caprolactone in modification of cellulosic surfaces. The resulting thermoplastic composition may be biodegradable .

In general , biodegradation and the biodegradabi lity of a polymer material or composition may depend on the environmental conditions and time required for the degradation . For example , environmental conditions may be aggressive or less aggressive . The following environmental conditions may be considered to be in an order of increasing aggressiveness : marine environment , fresh water, waste water treatment plant , soil , home compost , and industrial compost . Biodegradability does not necessarily mean that the product , such as the thermoplastic composition, would be biodegradable in any one of these conditions , or in any one of these conditions in any given time . For example , in less aggressive conditions , biodegradation may require significantly longer periods of time .

The thermoplastic composition may be biodegradable as determined by the standard OECD for testing of chemicals 301 F .

The term "biodegradable" may, at least in some embodiments , refer to readily biodegradable as determined by the standard OECD for testing of chemicals 301 F (Manometric respiratory test ) . The readily biodegradable thermoplastic composition or thermoplastic polymer material may be a thermoplastic composition or a thermoplastic polymer material for which at least 60 % biodegradability is reached within 28 days as determined by the standard OECD for testing of chemicals 301 F .

It may be possible to adj ust and/or control to which extent the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses is /are grafted . For example , if mainly or only the surface of the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses is grafted ( for example , if mainly or only the surface of fibre bundles containing the hemicelluloses and optionally the cellulose is grafted) , the resulting thermoplastic composition may be more economic to produce and/or more easily recyclable . I f the hemicelluloses and optionally the cellulose are grafted essentially throughout , then the thermoplastic composition may be more challenging to recycle .

When mainly or only the surface of the shape is treated, such that the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses present mainly or only at the surface of the shape is /are grafted, the resulting thermoplastic composition may be more economic to produce and/or more easily recyclable .

The extent to which the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses are grafted may also affect the barrier properties of the thermoplastic composition . I f the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses are grafted essentially throughout , then the thermoplastic composition may have better barrier properties than e . g . a thermoplastic composition in which mainly or only the surface of the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses is grafted .

Thus the extent and/or type of grafting may be adj usted and/or controlled depending on the intended purpose , environmental impact , material energy efficiency, and/or other factors . For example , the use of toxic solvents may be minimi zed; the number of proces s steps may be minimi zed; atom economy may be maximi zed; and/or waste may be minimi zed .

In the context of this specification, the term "a cyclic ester monomer" or "the cyclic ester monomer" may be understood as referring to one or more cyclic ester monomers , and/or a mixture or combination thereof .

The cyclic ester monomer may compri se or be a lactone or a mixture of one or more lactones .

The lactone may be selected from lactones represented by formula ( I ) and/or ( I T ) Formula I

Formula II wherein R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl;

R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl;

A is selected from 0 and N;

R ⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl when A is N, and R ⁵ is absent when A is 0; and m is an integer in the range of 1 to 5.

In an embodiment, in formula I and/or II, one of R ¹ and R ² is H and the other one of R ¹ and R ² is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl; one of R ³ and R ⁴ is H and the other one of R ³ and R ⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl;

A is selected from 0 or N;

R ⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl when A is N and R ⁵ is absent when A is 0; and m is an integer in the range of 1 to 5.

In an embodiment, in formula I and/or II, one of R ¹ and R ² is H and the other one of R ¹ and R ² is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl; one of R ³ and R ⁴ is H and the other one of R ³ and R ⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl;

A is selected from 0 or N; R ⁵ is H when A is N and R ⁵ is absent when A is

0; and m is an integer in the range of 1 to 5. m may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

The cyclic ester monomer may be a lactone or any mixture or combination of lactones, such as s-ca- prolactone, y-valerolactone, 5-valerolactone, or any mixture or combination thereof.

The composition comprising the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses may be a mixture of cellulose and hemicelluloses. In other words, the cellulose and hemicelluloses may be provided as a mixture comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses. Any references to cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses in this specification may thus also be understood as referring to the mixture comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.

Such a mixture, and the composition comprising the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses, may comprise or be e.g. pulp, such as chemical pulp.

The composition comprising the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses, such as pulp, may be alkaline soluble, such as alkaline soluble pulp.

The pulp may comprise or be e.g. wood pulp (such as hardwood and/or softwood pulp) , non-wood pulp, and/or agropulp. The pulp may be chemical pulp, such as kraft pulp. The pulp may, additionally or alternatively, be never dried pulp, such as never dried kraft pulp.

Many sources of cellulose may additionally contain an amount of hemicelluloses. For example, pulp may comprise a mixture of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The mixture may comprise e.g. at least 3 wt-%, or at least 5 wt-%, or at least 10 wt-% of hemicelluloses on the basis of the total dry weight of the cellulose and hemicelluloses .

Cellulose is a polysaccharide containing a linear chain of a couple of thousands to ten thousand linked D-glucose units. Hemicellulose is a heteropolymer, i . e . the term "hemicelluloses" may be understood as referring to a number of heteropolymers (matrix polysaccharides ) , such as arabinoxylans . Hemicelluloses are present along with cellulose in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls . While cellulose is crystalline , strong, and resistant to hydrolysis , hemicelluloses have a random, amorphous structure with little strength . In other words , the term "hemicelluloses" may be understood as referring to one or more hemicellulose molecules and their mixtures . Hemicelluloses are composed of diverse sugars , and may include xylose , arabinose , glucose , mannose , galactose , and/or rhamnose . Hemicelluloses may contain mainly D- pentose sugars , and optionally small amounts of L-sug- ars . Xylose is in most cases the sugar monomer present in the largest amount , although in softwoods mannose may be the most abundant sugar . Not only regular sugars can be found in hemicellulose , but also their acidi fied forms , for instance glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid .

The cellulose may be present as cellulose fibres , macrofibrils and/or microfibrils .

The composition comprising the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses may be dissolved in an alkaline solution . The alkal ine solution may comprise an alkaline agent , such as NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Mg (OH) 2 , Ca (OH) 2 , NH4OH, and/or any mixture or combination thereof . Additional organic hydroxide may also be included in the alkaline solution, such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide , etc . The alkaline solution may be an aqueous alkaline solution .

The composition comprising the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses and the alkaline solution may be mixed, for example by feeding them into a continuous reactor or a high consistency dissolving unit in which partial or full dissolution of the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses may be achieved . The alkaline solution may be an aqueous alkaline solution. For example, the alkaline solution may comprise alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and optionally a zinc salt (e.g. zinc oxide, ZnO) . The alkaline solution may comprise the alkaline agent, such as NaOH, at a concentration of about 5 - 15 % (w/w) . The alkaline solution may further comprise about 0 - 2.5 % (w/w) , or about 0 - 3 % (w/w) , or about 0.1 - 2.5 % (w/w) of the zinc salt.

The concentration of the solubilized cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses in the solution may be e.g. about 1 - 12 % (w/w) .

The alkaline solution may be a cold alkaline solution. The temperature of the cold alkaline solution may be e.g. in the range of -5°C to 5°C.

The consistency of the solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses may be adjusted so as to be desirable e.g. for extrusion. The consistency of the solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses may be e.g. in the range of 5 - 12 wt-%.

The solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses, i.e. the mixture containing the solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses, may have a viscosity value e.g. in the range of 150 ml/g to 500 ml/g.

The dissolving the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses of the composition at least partially may be achieved using a method (and/or reagents) that is (are) not sensitive to the presence of hemicelluloses.

The solution comprising the solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses, in particularly when the solution is the alkaline solution, may be considered to be a cellulose spinning solution (cellulose spinning dope) .

However, the chemistry used to dissolve the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses is not particularly limited, as long as it is possible to solubilize and extrude them into a shape.

The solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses may be extruded e.g. through a die or a nozzle.

When the solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses are extruded into a shape, they may be considered to be coagulated and/or regenerated. The cellulose is not necessarily actually regenerated cellulose in the sense that it would have undergone the viscose process and subsequent regeneration. In this case, the terms "coagulated" and "regenerated" may refer to cellulose that is precipitated and/or crystallized from the solubilized state; it may be crystallized at least partially into cellulose I; or at least partially into cellulose II; or partially into cellulose I and partially into cellulose II.

The shape may be e.g. a filament, a bead (a pearl) , a film, a 3D object, or a molded product. The shape is not particularly limited. Various shapes may be extruded or molded from the solubilized cellulose and optionally the solubilized hemicelluloses.

The extruded shape, such as a filament or any other shape, may be washed after extrusion. For example, the method may comprise immersing the extruded shape in a washing bath. The washing bath may contain an acidic washing solution, such as a sulphuric acid solution, which then may assist in coagulating the cellulose contained in the shape. The extruded shape may be immersed in one or more washing baths. For example, after a washing bath containing an acidic washing solution, the extruded shape may be immersed in a second washing bath. Such a second washing bath could comprise e.g. water or another neutral solution.

The grafting may then be performed during or after, for example immediately after, the coagulation process . The shape may be treated with the cyclic ester monomer e . g . by immersing the shape in a bath compri sing the cycl ic ester monomer and allowing the cyclic ester monomer to react with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape at an elevated temperature . This may be done e . g . immediately after the washing bath . This may be done for example by transferring the shape from the bath into an oven, a dryer , or other obj ect or device capable of providing an elevated temperature .

The cyclic ester monomer may be reacted with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape in the presence of a suitable catalyst .

The cyclic ester monomer may be reacted with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape in the presence of an acidic or a basic catalyst .

Such a basic catalyst may be or comprise , for example , a strong base , such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH) 2 , RbOH, Sr (OH) 2 , CsOH, Ba (OH) 2 , or any mixture or combination thereof ; a superbase catalyst , such as ethoxide ion (C2H ₅ ONa) , sodium amide (NaNH2 ) , sodium hydride (NaH) , CH5N3 (Guanidine ) , or any mixture of combination thereof ; or any mixture or combination thereof .

The acidic catalyst may comprise or be an organic acid, such as citric acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, and/or any mixture or combination thereof . The acidic catalyst may comprise or be citric acid .

The cyclic ester monomer may be allowed to react with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape at a temperature in the range of about 50 - 200 ° C, or in the range of about 100 - 160 ° C, or in the range of about 110 - 140 ° C .

The cyclic ester monomer may be allowed to react with the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses contained in the shape for at least 5 minutes , or for at least 30 minutes, or for at least 1 h, or for at least 5 h, or for about 1 - 5 h, or for about 1 - 3 h.

The thermoplastic composition may be processed further. The method may further comprise e.g. washing the thermoplastic composition. The method may further comprise e.g. removing unreacted cyclic ester monomer.

The thermoplastic composition may be in the form of the shape comprising the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses. In other words, the shape comprising the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses may be the end product that is desired. Alternatively or additionally, it may be processed further. For example, it may be possible to form other shapes or products from the shape comprising the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses. Thus the resulting thermoplastic composition comprising the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses may be e.g. in the form of pellets or a powder.

The method may further comprise pelletizing (i.e. forming pellets) and/or forming a powder of the shape comprising the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses. The method may further comprise forming a film, a filament, a melt, and/or a 3D shape of the thermoplastic composition. Such products may be formed e.g. by extrusion, extrusion molding, and/or injection molding. In principle, the thermoplastic composition and the thermoplastic polymer material may be processed further as other thermoplastic materials .

A thermoplastic composition is also disclosed.

The thermoplastic composition may comprise cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses grafted with a polyester, such as a polylactone. The grafted polyester chains may be formed of e.g. at least 10 cyclic ester monomers. In other words, the grafted polyester chains may comprise e.g. at least 10 ester groups each. In embodiments in which the cellulose and/or hemicelluloses are grafted with a polylactone, the grafted polylactone chains may be formed of e . g . at least 10 lactone monomers .

Any embodiments and features described above or below may also be understood as relating to the method, to the thermoplastic composition, the thermoplastic polymer material , and/or the article according to one or more embodiments described in this specification .

The thermoplastic composition may be biodegradable .

The thermoplastic composition may be biodegradable as determined by the standard OECD for testing of chemicals 301 F .

The thermoplastic composition may be in the form of a shape , such as a filament , a bead, a 3D obj ect , or a molded product .

The cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses at the surface of the shape may be grafted to a greater extent than the cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses inside the shape . Thus the shape may be considered to be coated by the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses . In other words , the degree of substitution of the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses may be higher at the surface of the shape than inside the shape .

The thermoplastic composition may be obtainable by the method according to one or more embodiments described in this specification .

The degree of substitution of the grafted cellulose and optionally the grafted hemicelluloses in the thermoplastic composition may be in the range of 0 . 01 - 2 . 5 , or in the range of 0 . 1 - 2 . 0 , or in the range of 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 .

The melting temperature of the thermoplastic composition may be in the range of 40 - 230 ° C . The melting temperature may be in the range of 40 - 130 °C or in the range of 40 - 110 °C.

The lactone content of the thermoplastic composition may be in the range of 1 - 140, or in the range of 5 - 140, or in the range of 10 - 100 (% of pulp weight) . In this context, the term "lactone content" may be understood as referring to the (relative) amount of units derived from the lactone in the thermoplastic composition.

The lactone content of the thermoplastic composition may be measured as the total lactone content of the thermoplastic composition. The lactone content may include the lactone (s) (polylactone ( s ) ) grafted into the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses (polylactone (s) ) only. It may, in some embodiments, include the polymerization products of the lactone (s) alone (polylactones) that are not grafted into the cellulose and optionally the hemicelluloses. Ungrafted polylactone may be at least partially removed from the thermoplastic composition prior to measuring its lactone content .

The cellulose may be present at least partially as cellulose II, i.e. as cellulose having the crystal structure of cellulose II, in the extruded shape, in subsequent forms obtainable from the extruded shape, and/or in the thermoplastic composition. For example, at least 10 % (w/w) , or 10 - 100 % (w/w) of the cellulose in the thermoplastic composition may have the crystal structure of cellulose II.

The brightness of the thermoplastic composition may be very good. The brightness of the thermoplastic composition may be similar to pulp brightness.

A thermoplastic polymer material comprising or formed of the thermoplastic composition according to one or more embodiments described in this specification is also disclosed. The thermoplastic polymer material may optionally further comprise a biocomposite and/or a plastic .

An article obtainable from or formed of the thermoplastic composition according to one or more embodiments described in this specification and/or the thermoplastic polymer material according to one or more embodiments described in this specification is further disclosed .

The article may be e . g . a pellet , a powder , a film, a filament , a melt , a 3D shape , a coating, a hotmelt adhesive , a container, a casing, a packaging article , a filmic label , a paper, a medical device , a plastic or composite profile , and/or a 3D printing filament .

The thermoplastic composition, the thermoplastic polymer material , and/or the article may be recyclable . For example , they may be recyclable in a paper and cardboard recycling system, and/or in another recycling system .

The thermoplastic polymer material and/or the article may be biodegradable .

EXAMPLES

Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments , an example of which is il lustrated in the accompanying drawings .

The description below discloses some embodiments in such a detail that a person skilled in the art is able to utili ze the embodiments based on the disclosure . Not all steps or features of the embodiments are discussed in detail , as many of the steps or features will be obvious for the person skilled in the art based on this specification .

For reasons of simplicity, item numbers will be maintained in the following exemplary embodiments in the case of repeating components . Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the method. In this embodiment, the method is operated as a semi-continuous process. Alkaline soluble pulp 1 or other suitable composition comprising cellulose and optionally hemicelluloses is mixed with an alkaline solution 2. The alkaline solution dissolves the pulp, and the solubilized mixture is driven by a screw 3 run by a motor 4 through a die 5. At the die 5, the mixture is extruded into a filament 6; however, the mixture could alternatively be extruded into various other shapes or profiles, such as into a film. The wet filament 6 may then be immersed in a washing bath 7 containing e.g. a sulphuric acid solution. In the washing bath 7, the solubilized cellulose and hemicelluloses from the pulp are coagulated. The washed and coagulated filament may then enter a monomer bath 8 containing a cyclic ester monomer, for example any lactone described in this specification. The filament exiting the monomer bath 8 is thus coated with the cyclic ester monomer. Subsequently, the filament may enter an oven 9 or other suitable device capable of providing suitable conditions, such as temperature, for the grafting reaction. After the grafting reaction has taken place in the oven 9, the resulting dry thermoplastic composition, i.e. the filament, may be processed e.g. by a pelletizer 10. The resulting pelletized thermoplastic material 11 may then be collected. If desired, it may be e.g. ground into a powder or otherwise processed further.

EXAMPLE 1

140 g s-caprolactone and 24 g citric acid as a catalyst were added to Juccheim reactor with mixing set to about 8 Hz. The mixture was let to reflux at 120 °C for 30 minutes to dissolve the citric acid. The reactor was then cooled to 70 °C and 10 g hot cold mixer dried birch pulp was inserted to the reactor. The reaction commenced when the batch reactor temperature was raised to 120 ° C, and mixing set to 11 Hz . The reactor was held at this temperature for 5 h then worked up as fol lows : The reactor was first cooled at 40 ° C, and after cooling 30 g of 20 wt-% NaOH was used to neutrali ze the citric acid catalyst . Then non-immobili zed polycaprolactone and citric acid were extracted from the sample using 300 g acetic acid for about 60 min at 65 ° C . The product was then filtered from the liquids , slurried with 2 1 of deioni zed water, the procedure being repeated until washings gave a neutral pH suspension . Water was removed as far as possible by filtration and then in an oven at 105 °C . The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results of the product are shown in Table 1 . FTIR spectrum of the product is shown in Fig . 2 .

EXAMPLE 2

400 g of spinning dope was prepared from hydrolysed softwood kraft pulp with 7 % dry matter content and total alkalinity 7 . 8 % . This was then regenerated ( coagulated) in a spin bath with 12 % sul furic acid to give precipitated noodles .

140 g s -caprolactone and 24 g catalyst citric acid were added to a Juccheim reactor with mixing set to about 8 Hz . The mixture was let to ref lux at 120 ° C for 30 minutes to dissolve citric acid . The reactor was then cooled to 70 ° C and precipitated noodles were inserted to the reactor . The reaction commenced when the batch reactor temperature was raised to 120 ° C, and mixing set to 11 Hz . The reactor was held at this temperature for 4 h then worked up as follows :

The reactor was first let to cool at 40 and after cooling 30 g of 20 wt-% NaOH was used to neutrali ze the citric acid catalyst . Then non-immobili zed polycaprolactone and citric acid were extracted from the sample using 300 g acetic acid for about 60 min at 65 °C. The product is then filtered from the liquids, slurried with 2 1 of deionized water, procedure being repeated until washings give neutral pH suspension. Water is removed as far as possible by filtration and then in oven at 105 °C.

The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results of the product obtained in Examples 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1. Table 1. The DSC results of the examples 1 and 2.

Parameter Method Example 1 Example 2

Raw material BHKP* Regenerated BSKP*

DSC fusion heat peak Internal 57 132

[°C]

DSC fusion heat onset Internal 48 95

[°C]

DSC fusion heat, end- Internal 60 185 set [°C]

Degree of substitu- ASTM 1.7 0.2 tion D871-96

*BSKP = bleached softwood kraft pulp

*BHKP = bleached hardwood kraft pulp

FTIR spectrum of the product obtained in Exam- pie 1 is shown in Fig. 2.

EXAMPLE 3

500 g s-caprolactone and 100 g catalyst citric acid are added to 3L high consistency batch reactor with mixing set to about 40 RPM. Mixture is let to reflux at 120 °C for 30 minutes. The reactor is then cooled to 70 °C and 100 g hot cold mixer dried birch pulp is inserted to the reactor. The reaction commences when the batch reactor temperature is raised to 120 °C . The reactor is held at this temperature for 3 h then worked up as following;

The reactor is first cooled at 60 ° C and after cooling 120 g of 20 wt-% NaOH is used to neutrali ze citric acid catalyst . Then non-immobili zed polycaprolactone and citric acid were extracted from the sample using 1 .2 kg acetic acid for about 60 min at 65 ° C . The product is then filtered from the liquids , slurried with 2 1 of deioni zed water, procedure being repeated until washings give neutral pH suspension . Water is removed as far as possible by filtration and then in oven at 40 ° C .

EXAMPLE 4

Caprolactone grafting was performed by reacting caprolactones with birch pulp in laboratory scale using different reactors and catalysts as shown in Table 2 . The resulting thermoplastic compositions were found to have varying degrees of substitution and varying melting temperatures .

Table 2 .

The lactone grafted cellulose compositions were moldable with extrusion and inj ection molding and could be e . g . melt processed .

EXAMPLE 5 - Biodegradability of lactone grafted cellulose

Caprolactone grafted cellulose composition sample prepared as above in Example 2 was tested for its biodegradability using the standard OECD for testing of chemicals 301 F (Manometric respiratory test ) . References used were microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and CH ₃ COONa .

The results are shown in Fig . 3 . The lactone grafted cellulose compos ition sample was at least 60 % biodegradable within 28 days .

It is obvious to a person skil led in the art that with the advancement of technology, the basic idea may be implemented in various ways . The embodiments are thus not limited to the examples described above ; instead they may vary within the scope of the claims . The embodiments described hereinbefore may be used in any combination with each other . Several of the embodiments may be combined together to form a further embodiment . A method, a product , or a use disclosed herein, may comprise at least one of the embodiments described hereinbefore . It will be understood that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to several embodiments . The embodiments are not limited to those that solve any or all of the stated problems or those that have any or all of the stated benefits and advantages . It will further be understood that reference to ' an ' item refers to one or more of those items . The term "comprising" is used in this specification to mean including the feature ( s ) or act ( s ) followed thereafter, without excluding the presence of one or more additional features or acts .