BOREN, Hannu (Lipinsaarentie 25, Kohtavaara, FI-75970, FI)
CLAIMS
1. A method for pressure impregnating wood or wood products with a wood preservative containing water glass, in which method wood is pressure impregnated with the wood preservative containing water glass, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that wood or a wood product is blue-stain treated before starting the impregnating stage so that the wood or wood product being impregnated becomes blue stained and/or mouldy at least partially and that, after or before the impregnation, the wood or the wood product is high temperature dried and/or thermally treated so that blue stain and/or mould formed in the blue- stain treatment will not mainly be visible even after machining the wood.
2. A method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the blue- stain treatment is performed by storing wood outside.
3. A method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the blue- stain treatment is performed by treating wood in a drying chamber so that the wood becomes blue stained and/or mouldy before starting the drying.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1-3, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that for the pressure impregnating is used pigmented water glass for changing the colour of the wood or the wood product.
5. A method according to any one of claims 1-4, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the wood or the wood product is treated brown throughout by means of hot wax, oil, pressurised air, steam, and/or vacuum.
6. Pressure impregnated wood or wood product which has been pressure impregnated with a wood preservative containing water glass, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the wood or the wood product has been blue- stain treated before starting the impregnating stage so that the wood or the wood product being impregnated has become blue stained and/or mouldy at least partially and, after or before impregnation, the wood or the wood product has been high temperature dried and/or thermally treated so that the blue stain and/or mould formed in the blue-stain treatment will not mainly be observable even after machining the wood.
7. Wood or a wood product according to claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that for the pressure impregnating has been used pigmented water glass for changing the colour of the wood or the wood product.
8. Wood or a wood product according to claim 6 or 7, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the wood or the wood product has been treated brown throughout by means of hot wax, oil, pressurised air, steam, and/or vacuum.
9. A wood product according to any one of claims 6-8, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the wood product has been manufactured by laminating and/or by joining two or more pieces of wood together so that on the outer surface of the wood product there is a wood layer as thick as possible impregnated with water glass and a possible non-impregnated wood layer, such as heartwood, has been left in the inner part of the wood or wood product for securing required fire-endurance class and time and load-bearing capacity.
10. A wood product according to any one of claims 6-9, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the wood product has been manufactured of such timber on the sap face of which there is no heartwood and on the heart face of which there is no heartwood or it only exists in the middle/middle part of the heart face. |
METHOD FOR PRESSURE IMPREGNATING WOOD OR WOOD PRODUCTS WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVE CONTAINING WATER GLASS AND IMPREGNATED WOOD OR WOOD PRODUCT
The invention relates to a method for pressure impregnating wood or wood products according to the preamble of claim 1 and to wood or a wood product according to the preamble of claim 6.
Sodium silicates (water glass) consist of silicon dioxide and sodium oxide. Their weight and mole ratio can be varied according to requirements depending on the application. They are incombustible, odourless, non-hazardous to the environment and have no unhealthy qualities except for a high pH value. The pH of aqueous solutions of sodium silicates depend on the mole ratio of silicon dioxide and sodium oxide in the solution and the concentration of the solution. The pH rises as the concentration increases and, on the other hand, as the mole ratio decreases. The pH of sodium silicate solution of 3.3 mole ratio is about 11.2 and the one of water glass of 2.5 mole ratio is again 12.6.
Other properties affecting the behaviour of water glass are solids content, density and viscosity. The viscosity is dependent on the mole ratio, solids content and temperature. The solids content of the solution can be increased by decreasing the mole ratio. The solids contents of solutions of 3.3 and 2.5 mole ratio are 36% and 43%, respectively. Water glass solutions are stable in alkaline conditions. The polymerisation of water glass starts as pH decreases to ten.
The use of water glass as a wood preservative has been studied widely. After impregnation, water glass will harden in the pores of wood as a result of the evaporation of water and will polymerise when reacting with acid carboxyl groups in the wood cells. Polymerisation can be enhanced with thermal treatment, metallic salts and various acids. The inherent water-solubility of water glass decreases as the mole ratio increases. Also, the solubility of lignin in the wood decreases as the sodium-silicate mole ratio increases and pH decreases.
It has been found that using water glass in the impregnation of wood provides various advantages. As incombustible material, water glass protects cellulose fibres mechanically and prevents the combustion reaction with oxygen. Furthermore, water glass has been found to increase wood hardness, decrease moisture absorption and improve dimension stability. Water glass also protects wood from micro-organisms and minimises the risk of moulding in outdoor use.
For long, water glass has been known as a wood preservative, but a great problem has been related to its use: fall or sufficiently deep penetration of water glass in wood particularly with acidic wood species (conifers) has not been obtained with concentrated water glass solutions of 3.3 mole ratio. For this reason, inter alia, the hardness, wear-resistance, rot-resistance, fire-endurance, and weather-proofness properties of water-glass impregnated wood have remained too weak. When using water glass of low mole ratio, the full penetration in the wood is obtained more easily. The low mole ratio water glass is more soluble (washes away from wood) and weakens the properties of wood due to a higher pH value. The object of the invention is to provide a method for pressure impregnating wood or wood products, by means of which above problems related to recently known wood impregnation methods based on the use of water glass will be eliminated. Particularly, an object of the invention is to introduce a method with which wood or wood products can be pressure impregnated with water glass so that the water glass is able to penetrate until the heartwood also with acidic wood species and when using concentrated water glass solutions of 3.3 mole ratio. Furthermore, an object of the invention is to introduce wood or a wood product impregnated with water glass in this way.
The object of the invention is provided with a method, which is characterised by what is presented in the characterising section of claim 1 and with wood or a wood product, which is characterised by what is presented in the characterising section of claim 6.
In the method according to the invention, wood or a wood product is blue-stain treated before starting the impregnating stage so that the wood or the wood product being impregnated will become blue stained and/or mouldy at least partially and, after or before impregnation, the wood or the wood product will be high temperature dried and/or thermally treated so that the blue stain and/or mould formed in the blue-stain treatment will not mainly be observable even after machining the wood. Impregnation tests performed with water glass have shown that the penetration of water glass in wood improves substantially if the wood being treated is blue stained and/or mouldy. When pressure impregnating blue stained and/or mouldy wood with water glass, it is also possible to make the concentrated water glass of 3.3 mole ratio to penetrate the wood until the heartwood. Earlier, blue stained wood has been impregnated with CCA, among others, but a stronger blue stain has usually remained visible in the impregnated wood. Using blue stained wood has been avoided for reasons of appearance
particularly in interior spaces, but also in external cladding etc., even though blue stain will not weaken the strength properties of wood. With thermal treatment or high temperature drying performed after or before impregnation, the appearance defects caused by blue stain will be eliminated, because the colour of the blue stained part of wood will turn brown in the treatment. In other words, with the method according to the invention, it is possible to pressure impregnate wood or wood products with concentrated mole ratio water glass so that sufficient penetration is obtained without appearance defects following the blue-stain treatment performed for improving the penetration. The wood or the wood product according to the invention has been blue-stain treated before starting the impregnating stage so that the wood or the wood product being impregnated has become blue stained and/or mouldy at least partially and, after or before impregnation, the wood or the wood product has been high temperature dried and/or thermally treated so that the blue stain and/or mould formed in the blue-stain treatment will not mainly be observable even after machining the wood. Of its rot resistance, such wood or wood product impregnated with water glass is equivalent to wood impregnated with recent pressure preservatives (i.e. recent Ar-Cr free substitutes of CCA) but totally safe for humans and the environment. Furthermore, an advantage of such impregnated wood or wood product is that, due to the incombustibility of water glass, wood impregnated in this way becomes almost incombustible and thus such wood or wood product is better suited to be used in e.g. fire-classified targets of buildings than wood traditionally pressure impregnated or non-impregnated.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the wood product is manufactured by laminating and/or by joining two or more pieces of wood together so that on the outer surface of the wood product there is a wood layer as thick as possible impregnated with water glass and a possible non-impregnated wood layer, such as heartwood, has been left in the inner part of the wood or wood product for securing required fire-endurance class and time and load-bearing capacity.
In an advantageous additional embodiment of the invention, the wood product is manufactured of such timber on the sap face of which there is no heartwood and on the heart face of which there is no heartwood or it only exists in the middle/middle part of the heart face.
The invention will now be described in more details by means of a few embodiments as examples.
When manufacturing wood impregnated with water glass according to the invention, wood or wood products are blue-stain treated before pressure impregnation. The blue-stain treatment can be done e.g. by keeping/storing wood or wood products being treated outside, by keeping wood or wood products in a moisturised drying chamber or by treating wood or wood products with bacteria/microbes and keeping the wood or wood products in a special blue-stain treatment space especially made for this purpose in which air moisture and temperature best suitable for blue staining are arranged.
High temperature drying is done in the temperature of about 105....160 0 C and thermal treatment in the temperature of over 160 0 C, whereby the colour of the wood products changes to beautiful brown and blue stain is no longer easily observable in the wood even after possible machining, such as planing. The wood or wood product is treated brown throughout by means of hot wax, oil, pressurised air, steam, and/or vacuum. It is possible to perform the high temperature drying and/or thermal treatment in an impregnating cylinder or other equivalent space.
Example 1.
Pine top log was sawn into 32*100 mm surface board, which was put in a strip package. The strip package was left unprotected outside on top of footing pieces, whereby conditions were favourable for the blue staining of timber. When the sawn timber was partially blue stained, it was dried in a normal chamber drying plant to the moisture of 25%. After this, the sawn timber was impregnated by the normal Bethell process with 3.3 mole-ratio water glass with the solution concentration of 15%. After the impregnation, the sawn timber was high temperature dried in the temperature of 130 0 C by means of steam in an impregnating cylinder for so long that the colour of the wood changed to brown and blue stain was no longer easily observable in the wood even after planing.
Example 2. Pine top log was sawn into 32*100 mm surface board, which was put in a strip package. The strip package was left unprotected outside on top of footing pieces, whereby conditions were favourable for the blue staining of timber. After the sawn timber was partially blue stained, it was high temperature dried in the temperature of 13O 0 C by means of steam in an impregnating cylinder for so long that the colour
of the wood changed to brown and blue stain was no longer easily observable in the wood. After this, the sawn timber was impregnated by the normal Bethell process with 3.3 mole-ratio water glass with the solution concentration of 15%. After the impregnation, the sawn timber was dried in the temperature of 80 0 C normally in a chamber drying plant, after which it was planed into 28*95 mm.
Example 3.
Pine top log was sawn into 32* 100 mm surface board, which was put in a strip package. The strip package was left unprotected outside on top of footing pieces, whereby conditions were favourable for the blue staining of timber. When the sawn timber was partially blue stained, it was dried in an impregnating cylinder by means of hot pressurised air, steam and vacuum in the temperature of 130 0 C to the moisture of about 20%. After this, the sawn timber was impregnated by the normal Bethell process with 3.3 mole-ratio water glass with the solution concentration of 15%. After the impregnation, the sawn timber was high temperature dried in the temperature of 13O 0 C by means of hot pressurised air, steam and vacuum in the impregnating cylinder for so long that the colour of the wood changed to brown and blue stain was no longer easily observable in the wood even after planing.
Example 4.
Pine top log was sawn into 32*100 mm surface board, which was put in a strip package. The strip package was left unprotected outside on top of footing pieces, whereby conditions were favourable for the blue staining of timber. When the sawn timber was partially blue stained, it was dried in a normal chamber drying plant to the moisture of 25%. After this, the sawn timber was impregnated by the normal Bethell process with 3.3 mole-ratio water glass with the solution concentration of 20%. After the impregnation, the sawn timber was high temperature dried in the temperature of 105 0 C to the moisture of 18%. After this, the sawn timber was planed into 28*95 mm and was graded by strength. Blanks of the lowest strength grades were then manufactured into various glue wood blanks, e.g. 56*95 mm, in which the heart faces are against each other. After this, the glued blank will be extremely resistant to fire and it can be used in manufacturing roof trusses, supporting partition walls etc., among others. The blanks of higher strength grades were used in manufacturing roof trusses as such. These blanks were made into roof truss pairs in which nail boards etc. remained in the middle of the roof truss pair safe from fire. Also the heart face of the sawn timber was directed so that the heart face always remained in the middle of the roof truss pair.
It is thus possible to manufacture fire-proof roof trusses or other such building products e.g. by gluing heart faces against each other or by using nail boards only on the side of the heart face, whereby the nail boards remain in the middle of the roof truss (or roof truss pair) safe from fire. In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, it is possible to use pigmented water glass in the impregnation. The pH value of pigment being mixed with water glass has to be as close as possible to the pH value of water glass. An advantage of pigmenting is that the colour of wood impregnated with it can be changed in a way equivalent to the recent impregnation methods. The invention is not limited to the described advantageous embodiments, but it can vary within the scope of the inventive idea presented in the claims.