FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the production of recombinant spider silk proteins and to the use of the proteins in the field of materials, biotechnology, and medicine. The present invention is particularly related to applications involving preparation of composite materials, textiles, filters, biomedical coatings, wound dressings, drug release materials, cell scaffolds, adhesives, etc.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Silk and silk-like proteins are a large group of proteins found in many different organisms where they fulfill a variety of different roles. A very well-known example is the domesticated silk moth Bombyx mori that is used on an industrial scale to produce silk fiber. Related silk- proteins are produced by for example by spiders when making webs ¹ . Also,other organisms, for example, mussels produce silk-like proteins as part of the nacreous structures in their shells ² . Because of the structural properties of silk-like proteins in natural materials are very desirable, there is a large industrial interest in making silk-like proteins. One envisions that industrially produced silk-like proteins could replace current synthetic or other natural polymers in specific applications or on a large scale. Although Bombyx mori silk is widely used, there are limitations to its use and industrial scale-up. It is desirable to use recombinant organisms or cells that can be grown in bioreactors to produce silk-like proteins, because of scalability and process considerations. It is also desirable to produce silk-like proteins in forms that are not naturally found in order to make new types of silk-like polymer materials ³ .

In the literature, the problem of forming fibers by recombinantly produced silk proteins is well documented. The invention relates to the general problem of processing recombinantly produced silk protein into a state from which, for example, fibers can be made and that isin a state that naturally produced silk proteins, such as spider webs, are found. As a first step bacteria or eukaryotic cells are used to produce the silk-like proteins. For this, standard methods of recombinant DNA technology are used ⁴ . A typical way to proceed is to collect the recombinant protein produced by said organisms in an aqueous solution, which can be the medium in which the organisms have been grown in. Often the silk proteins are then precipitated from the solution. After precipitation the silk protein is collected and often lyophilized ⁵ . The collected and precipitated protein is then dissolved using some

solubilization chemicals such as l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) ^{6 10} , lithium bromide (LiBr) ¹¹ , or guanidinium thiocyanate (GdmSCN) ¹² . In the next step, the excess solubilization chemicals are removed by, for example, dialysis or other forms of buffer exchange. The silk protein solution is typically concentrated or desalted, and then extruded into a coagulation bath containing an antisolvent such as methanol or isopropanol ¹⁰ ' ¹² ' ¹³ . Sometimes this procedure is performed using microfluidic devices ¹⁴ ' ¹⁵ . Alternative ways are also described. For example, the silk protein solution can also be processed by electrospinning to produce fibers ¹⁶ ' ¹⁷ .

Sometimes the protein is not purified by precipitation, but instead using chromatographic techniques. In these cases, a polypeptide tag is genetically fused to the silk-proteins. These tags are, for example, sequences of histidine residues (His-tags), thioredoxin (Trx) ¹⁸ , or a SUMO tag ¹⁹ . When removing tags (such as Trx or SUMO) the solubility of the protein decreases and fiber formation can occur. In these cases, fibrils are formed in the solution or at the air- water interface and the fibers can be pulled out of the aqueous solution ⁶ .

The present invention addresses the problem of how silk proteins can be produced and processed for assembly into fibers or other structures such as films or coatings in a way that does not require precipitation of the silk protein nor subsequent solubilizing the protein. The invention does not require the use of fusion tags that must be removed by processing with protease enzymes or other means of cleavage of fusion protein tags ²⁰ . The invention allows production of fibers of recombinant silk proteins without the use of coagulation baths such as isopropanol or methanol. Because the steps of solubilization, fusion protein removal, and the use of coagulation baths are not needed, there is a significant benefit of the invention in making fibers.

Solubilization of precipitated silk proteins requires the use of harsh chemicals, in particular, HFIP, lithium salts, and GdmSCN are either toxic or add substantial cost to the process. Solubilization can also cause physical damage to the silk proteins. The use of proteases to cleave protein domains prior to assembly require protease enzymes that are expensive and add processing steps such as chromatography that limits scalability. The present invention discloses a way in which recombinant silk proteins can be brought into a condensed phase which then can be used to form fibers, adhesives, coatings, films, or other material structures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an aim of the present invention to provide a method of producing materials using recombinant silk proteins by facile processing. The present invention reduces the processing steps needed for silk-like protein purification, as only a concentrating step is required for formation of a concentrated silk-like protein solution. The concentrated silk-like solution forms by a phase separation event and does not involve precipitation of the protein nor subsequent dissolving of the protein. The invention also enables omitting other alternative processing methods such as chromatographic separation and possible removal of tag-proteins by cleavage of peptide-bonds. The invention has the advantage that it enables the formation of fibers directly by stretching or elongating the protein concentrate solution in the air or a gaseous environment. Fibers can be pulled directly from the concentrate without the need for extruding silk-like protein in a liquid bath to coagulate the protein. Thus, this processing step can be omitted. Advantages also include the possibility to make single fiber filaments that are very long. In addition, the invention provides the use of concentrated silk-like solution as a water-based adhesive for gluing a variety of materials and surfaces.

Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention provides a method for producing a condensed phase of a silk fusion protein, the method comprising the steps of a) preparing a solution of a silk fusion protein in an aqueous medium, wherein said fusion protein is isolated from a recombinant production host and comprises a silk-like protein sequence and two separate non-silk terminal module sequences flanking said silk-like protein sequence; b) concentrating said fusion protein in said aqueous medium, until a liquid phase separation occurs; c) collecting a protein-rich phase of said aqueous medium obtained in step b) d) repeating steps b) and c) with the protein-rich phase obtained in step c) until a protein concentration of about 20-45% w/v is reached; e) optionally separating aggregates of the fusion protein from soluble fusion proteins obtained in step d) and removing the aggregates from the solution; f) concentrating the solution obtained in step d) or e) to the final protein concentration of about 60-80% w/v, wherein the steps a) to f) are performed so that said silk fusion protein is not precipitated and subsequently dissolved to said aqueous medium.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a concentrate of spider silk fusion protein produced by the above method.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising silk polymer repeats, wherein the repeat sequence consists of repeat A sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 combined with repeat Q sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and two cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 flanking said silk polymer repeats, each module linked to said repeats with a C- terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, or the Latrodectus hesperus AcSpl sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; and two cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 flanking said silk protein repeats, each module linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 or the Latrodectus Hesperus AcSpl sequence with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:6 or a N- terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5. In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, and two SpyCatcher domains engineered from fibronectin-binding protein FbaB of

Streptococcus pyogenes consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 flanking said silk protein repeat sequence, each domain linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, and two tenth type III modules of Fibronectin from Homo sapiens consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 flanking said silk protein repeat sequence, each domain linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 17. In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, and two gamma-crystallin D domains from Homo sapiens consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:20 flanking said silk protein repeat sequence, each domain linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant nucleic acid expressing the recombinant spider silk fusion protein as defined above. In another aspect, the present invention provides a host cell expressing the recombinant nucleic acid expressing the recombinant spider silk fusion protein as defined above.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an adhesive comprising a silk fusion protein as an active ingredient, wherein said silk fusion protein comprises a silk-like protein sequence and two separate non-silk terminal module sequences flanking said silk-like protein sequence. In another aspect, the present invention is directed to the use of a silk fusion protein as an adhesive, wherein said silk fusion protein comprises a silk-like protein sequence and two separate non-silk terminal module sequences flanking said silk-like protein sequence.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of making a composite comprising the steps of a) providing a first substrate, b) applying the adhesive of any one of claims 15-28 to the substrate, and c) subjecting the substrate obtained from step b) in contact with a second substrate or surface to form the composite, wherein adherence of said first substrate to said second substrate or surface is enhanced by said adhesive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1. Phase separation of silk- like protein into a concentrated phase. The darker liquid at the bottom is silk-like protein phase formed by concentration-induced phase separation. Figure 2. Sample collected from the phase separated protein concentrate showing droplets of the concentrated silk protein (light microscopy). Figure 3. Cryo-electron micrograph from the phase separated dense protein condensate droplet.

Figure 4. Pulling of fibers from the phase separated dense protein condensate droplet. Figure 5. Scanning electron micrograph of pulled and dried filament from the phase separated dense protein droplet.

Figure 6. Silk-like protein concentrate forms fibrous assemblies when deformed by pulling forces.

Figure 7. Schematic drawings of plasmids (A) pPMA51, (B) pSA42, (C) pSA60,(D) pSA16 (E) pEEEt20 and (F) pSAEt210 containing silk like sequences.

Figure 8. Sample collected from the phase separated protein concentrate showing droplets of the concentrated silk protein (light microscopy).

Figure 9. Scanning electron micrograph of pulled and dried filament from the phase separated dense protein droplet. Figure 10. Silk-like protein concentrate forms fibrous assemblies when deformed by pulling forces.

Figure 11. Scanning electron micrograph of alignment of the molecules in the fibrous assembly formed by the silk-like molecules.

Figure 12. Three-dimensional structures of the terminal domains. Left panel; Structure of family three cellulose binding module (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum (PDB: INBC). Right panel; Structure of SpyCatcher domain from Streptococcus pyogenes (PDB: 4MLI). Figure 13. Adhesion of different types of materials using the protein concentrate.

Figure 14. The lap-shear strength of the protein concentrate adhesive for different types of materials.

Figure 15. Showing the strength of such joints made with protein concentrate adhesive by hanging 4.5kg of weight from it.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The invention involves forming a protein concentrate from a solution of the silk-like proteins after production of the silk-like proteins in the recombinant production host. The concentrate is formed by concentrating a solution of the silk-like proteins without the need for a purification step such as protein precipitation or chromatographic purification. The concentrate is characterized by being a detectable and separate liquid phase, distinct from the aqueous phase from which it was formed.

The present invention thus provides a method for producing a condensed phase of a silk fusion protein, the method comprising the steps of a) preparing a solution of a silk fusion protein in an aqueous medium, wherein said fusion protein is isolated from a recombinant production host and comprises a silk-like protein sequence and two separate non-silk terminal module sequences flanking said silk-like protein sequence; b) concentrating said fusion protein in said aqueous medium, until a liquid phase separation occurs; c) collecting a protein-rich phase of said aqueous medium obtained in step b) d) repeating steps b) and c) with the protein-rich phase obtained in step c) until a protein concentration of about 20-45% w/v is reached; e) optionally separating aggregates of the fusion protein from soluble fusion proteins obtained in step d) and removing the aggregates from the solution; f) concentrating the solution obtained in step d) or e) to the final protein concentration of about 60-80% w/v, wherein the steps a) to f) are performed so that said silk fusion protein is not precipitated and subsequently dissolved to said aqueous medium.

The expression "non-silk terminal module sequences" refers herein to two protein domains flanking said silk-like protein sequence, said two domains having identical or nearly identical (i.e. at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homology or sequence identity) amino acid sequences. In an alternative embodiment, said non-silk terminal module sequences flanking silk-like protein sequences have similar three- dimensional structures. Said non-silk terminal module sequences are not present in combination with silk proteins sequences in nature. Suitable terminal module sequences for the silk fusion protein of the present invention preferably have the three-dimensional structure as described in Figure 12. Said three-dimensional structure comprises consecutive β-strands forming a β-sheet, preferably at least four consecutive β-strands. The length of the amino acid sequence for the terminal module is preferably in the range of 90 - 250 amino acids, more preferably 98 - 239 amino acids (see Table 1). Preferably, said protein domains are selected from the group of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) such as the cellulose binding module from Clostridium thermocellum comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7. We also disclose terminal module sequences based on the SpyCatcher domain engineered from fibronectin-binding protein FbaB of Streptococcus pyogenes comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, gamma-crystallin D from Homo sapiens comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:20, and tenth type III module of Fibronectin from Homo sapiens comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. For other preferred embodiments, suitable terminal module peptides for the silk fusion protein are listed in Table 1. In a preferred embodiment, a non-silk terminal module sequence can be paired with another non-silk terminal module sequence having a corresponding three-dimensional structure. For instance, when one of the flanking terminal module sequences in a silk fusion protein is a CBM, the other can be a SpyCatcher domain.

The term "aqueous medium" refers herein to a liquid medium which preferably can be distilled water or a buffer consisting of water and a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base.

The term "a silk-like protein sequence" refers herein to amino acid sequences comprising repetitive sequences capable of forming silk fibrillar structures or silk fibers. Preferably, silklike protein sequence is a spider silk protein sequence or a variant thereof from a spider of order Araneae. The term "variant" as used herein means amino acid or nucleic acid sequence having high homology to a parent sequence. Preferably, the variant has 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%), 95%), 96%o, 97%o, 98%>, or 99% homology (i.e. sequence identity) to the parent sequence. Two examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLASTp and BLASTn 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res 25(17):3389-3402.

Preferably, the above method comprises a further step of: g) preparing silk fusion protein filaments from the concentrate obtained from step f). More preferably, the filaments are prepared in step g) by pulling the filaments from the concentrate by shear force. An example is shown in Figure 4.

In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises a further initial step of isolating

recombinant fusion protein from a host cell expressing said fusion protein. In certain embodiments the invention requires production of recombinant silk-like proteins (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 8; SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 15; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21) in a form where both the amino and carboxy ends of the silk protein have additional non-silk terminal module sequences added (Figure 7). As discussed above, these non-silk terminal module sequences can be, for example, Cellulose-Binding-Modules (CBMs) (e.g. SEQ ID NO:7), SpyCatcher domains engineered from fibronectin-binding protein FbaB of

Streptococcus pyogenes (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 14), gamma-crystallin D from Homo sapiens comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:20 and tenth type III module of Fibronectin from Homo sapiens comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, variants thereof, or a mixed pair thereof (for further alternatives see Table 1). The additional protein sequences may also incorporate sequences of amino acids serving as linkers between the non-silk terminal module sequences and the silk sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5; SEQ ID NO: 6). The silk-like part can be repeats of A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Q (SEQ ID NO: 2) sequences or naturally found sequences such as SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4. Preferably, said spider silk protein repeat sequence comprises 10-50 silk polymer repeats, wherein the repeat sequence consists of repeat A sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof combined with repeat Q sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant thereof. More preferably, said spider silk protein repeat sequence is (AQ)12. In another preferred embodiment, said spider silk protein repeat sequence is found in ADF3 from Araneus diadematus comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, the Latrodectus hesperus AcSpl sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or a variant thereof. Said linkers can preferably be selected from the group consisting of: a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:6 and a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5.

In a preferred embodiment, concentration steps b) and f) of the present method are performed by a centrifugal force, dialysis such as ultrafiltration techniques, and/or evaporation. In the Examples below, centrifugal force and evaporation are used in different stages of the method.

The present invention is also providing a silk filament produced by the method of the invention. Preferably, said silk filament is composed of spider silk fusion protein as defined above. More preferably, said silk filament is composed of a spider silk fusion protein comprising 12 silk polymer repeats, wherein the repeat sequence consists of repeat A sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 combined with repeat Q sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and two cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 flanking said silk polymer repeats, each module linked to said repeats with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5. In an alternative embodiment, said silk filament is composed of spider silk protein repeat sequence ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, or the Latrodectus hesperus AcSpl sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; and two cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 flanking said silk protein repeats, each module linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 or the Latrodectus Hesperus AcSpl sequence with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5. The present invention is also providing a concentrate of spider silk fusion protein produced by the steps a) - f) of the method as defined above and in the claims.

The present invention is further related to a recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising silk polymer repeats, wherein the repeat sequence consists of repeat A sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 combined with repeat Q sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and two cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 flanking said silk polymer repeats, each module linked to said repeats with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5. Preferably, the silk polymer repeat sequence is (AQ)12. More preferably, said recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:8. In an alternative embodiment, said recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprises spider silk protein repeat sequence ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, or the Latrodectus Hesperus AcSpl sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; and two cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 flanking said silk protein repeats, each module linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 or the Latrodectus Hesperus AcSpl sequence with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO:5.

In a further alternative embodiment, said recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprises spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, and two SpyCatcher domains engineered from fibronectin-binding protein FbaB of Streptococcus pyogenes consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 flanking said silk protein repeat sequence, each domain linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 17. In a further alternative embodiment, said recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, and two tenth type III modules of Fibronectin from Homo sapiens consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 flanking said silk protein repeat sequence, each domain linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In a further alternative embodiment, said recombinant spider silk fusion protein comprising spider silk protein repeat sequence Araneus diadematus ADF3 of SEQ ID NO:3, and two gamma-crystallin D domains from Homo sapiens consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:20 flanking said silk protein repeat sequence, each domain linked to said repeat sequence ADF3 with a C-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a N-terminal linker of SEQ ID NO: 17.

A recombinant nucleic acid expressing the fusion protein as defined above and a host cell comprising said nucleic acid are in the scope of the present invention (e.g. SEQ ID NO: l 1; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 16; SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO:23).

As defined above as optional step e): the solution can be clarified from cell debris and particulate matter by filtration or sedimentation by centrifugation prior to the formation of the concentrate. This step can be further enhanced by prior heating the solution to above 70 degrees Celsius. It is a distinct advantage of the invention that no precipitation of the silk-like protein is performed. The lack of a precipitation step also makes it unnecessary to involve a step of dissolving the precipitate. The use of dissolving solutions can cause damage to silk proteins and therefore the invention shows an advantage in avoiding the use of these. The omission of a precipitation of the silk-like protein and subsequent dissolving also facilitates processing and scale-up of the process. The lack of a chromatographic purification step reduces cost and makes scale-up of the process easier. The formation of the concentrate occurs as a phase separation event where the concentrate of silk-like protein distinctly forms a fluid phase that is rich in protein (see Figure 1). This concentrate can be described as a phase separated protein solution, a dope, or also as a protein coacervate. By imaging in a

microscope it is evident that sometimes the protein concentrate is visible as droplets in solution (Figures 2 and 3). A distinct advantage of the invention is that a high concentration of protein in the condensed phase is formed without other processing steps than a clarification and concentration step. The protein concentration in the concentrate can be further increased by for example evaporation. The protein concentrate has some distinct advantageous properties. From this concentrate it is possible to make fibers of the silk-like protein. The fibers are made by applying an extensional force on the concentrate. The extension of the concentrate leads to the formation of a fiber of silk-like protein as demonstrated in Figure 4. The formation of fibers from the direct extension of the protein concentrate is advantageous because fibers can be formed without the need for a coagulation bath. The fibers can be formed with the surrounding medium being air, and the extrusion into a liquid is therefore not necessary. Another distinct advantageous of the protein concentrate is that it can be applied to various surfaces and it can act as water-based adhesive.

The adhesive of the present invention can be used by applying to a substrate preferably selected from the group consisting of plastics, glasses, metals, wood, paper, textiles and tissue substrates. That is, it can be used to adhere or fix the substrate. The mode of use follows the general mode of adhesive use, and the typical mode is coating.

Examples of medical or biological applications of the adhesive of the present invention are as follows, but not limited thereto: (1) orthopedic treatments such as treatment of bone, ligament, tendon, meniscus, and muscle, and implant of artificial materials; (2) treatment of

perforations, lacerations, and cuts, and ophthalmic attachments such as corneal implants and artificial corneal implants; (3) dental attachments such as holding retainers, bridges, or crowns in place, securing loose teeth, repairing broken teeth, and holding fillers in place; (4) surgical treatments such as attachment of blood vessels, attachment of cellular tissue, artificial material implants, and closure of wounds; and (5) plant attachments such as bonding of transplanted parts and wound healing. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Silk-like proteins can be used in general to form materials such as coatings, fibers, filters, composites, automotive parts, medical materials (wound dressings, drug delivery materials, coatings, cell growth substrates). Advantages are their biocompatibility, biodegradability, the possibility to engineer and modify properties, their mechanical properties, the water-based processing, strength, toughness, and elasticity. The material can also be used for textile and clothing applications.

Adhesives have a very wide applicability in industry, for example in making composite materials, or fixing components of materials together. In a composite material,the adhesive is combined with other components and the adhesive can comprise also a minor part of the composition. In the composite material the adhesive functions as a matrix that binds the components of the material together. Other applications of an adhesive is to fix components of a device together.

Gluing applications include biomedical or medical industry. Adhesives can be used for gluing of tissue, skin, dental applications, wounds, bone, implants, sensors.

Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to the following Examples, which is provided by way of illustration and is not intended as limiting.

Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below.

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 Protein production. Plasmids (see Figure 7) containing silk-like protein sequences (SEQ ID NO: l 1; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 13; or SEQ ID NO: 16) were transformed into E. coli and grown in Luria Bertani (LB) media (or other bacterial growth media) until an optical density of about 0.5 AU at 600 nm is reached. Protein production was induced by adding Isopropyl β-D-l-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and allowing cells to grow for 12 hours. When autoinduction media such as MagicMedia™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used, no IPTG was added. Cells were broken by sonication. Alternatively, homogenizer such as Avestin Emulsiflex-C3 was used. Also, other cell lysis techniques can be used. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation.

Preparation of solutions of proteins. The clarified supernatant was heated to, for example, 75 degrees Celsius to precipitate material from the supernatant, while the silk-like protein remained in solution.

As a following step, the solution containing protein was subjected to desalting using a desalting chromatography column, or alternatively using ultrafiltration. The solvent of the protein can be changed during the desalting to, for example, water or 5-50mM Tris buffer containing 0-100 mM NaCl. The concentration of silk- like protein was determined by its optical absorbance at 280 nm.

Forming a condensed protein phase. A centrifugal concentrator at 25 degrees centigrade was used for concentrating fusion proteins solution from the previous step. During the increase in protein concentration, a phase separation occurred and a protein-rich condensed phase is formed. The protein-rich phase was collected and processed further. The phase separation occurred once the total concentration of protein solution reached around 1% w/v. The protein was then further concentrated in a second concentration step. The collected protein-rich, phase separated solution from the previous step, concentrated further gradually to

approximately 10-15% w/v using a centrifugal concentrator at 25 degree Celsius and 845- 1500 relative centrifugation force. To determine the concentration of proteins at these concentrations more accurate dry weight measurements were performed.

The increase in concentration can also be achieved by different types of ultrafiltration techniques, by dialysis, or by evaporation.

Third concentration step using the protein rich-phase. Silk protein at a concentration of 10- 15% w/v was further concentrated by evaporation in order to reach concentration of approximately 20-45% w/v.

During the concentration steps, a cleaning step may be necessary: To obtain homogenous and non- flocculating solution, aggregates, and short filaments (nanometer in diameter and couple of micrometer in length which usually form a network), and gel particles (dimensions of around couple of micrometer) were removed from the solution (by centrifugation). Removing aggregates facilitates subsequent fiber pulling or other processing. Storage step: 20-45% w/v is the storage concentration for the dope solution. Samples were rapidly frozen using liquid nitrogen after the third concentration step.

EXAMPLE 2 Making fibers from the protein concentrate. A drop of protein solution (at approximately 30%, or 20-45%) as prepared in Example 1 was concentrated further by evaporation to 60- 80%) and is placed between two tip shaped objects (such as the tips of tweezers).

At around 60-80% w/v protein, a filament could be pulled from the protein solution. An example of fiber pulling is shown in Figure 4.

EXAMPLE 3

Making adhesive from the protein concentrate. A droplet of protein solution (at approximatly 30% or 20-50%) as prepared in Example 1 was placed between two materials for instance normal paper and allowed to dry for 5 min until the protein concentrate solidify and glue the paper to each other. An example of protein concentrate used as an adhesive can be seen in figure 13.

Table 1. Other suitable peptides for use as non-silk terminal module sequences in a silk fusion protein of the invention.

NO PROTEIN HOST UNIPROT PDB SEQUENCE REFERENCE ID ID LENGTH

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