| US4248290A | 1981-02-03 | |||
| EP0164731A1 | 1985-12-18 | |||
| US3744550A | 1973-07-10 | |||
| US4791974A | 1988-12-20 | |||
| US4853868A | 1989-08-01 |
| 1. | A method of producing series of casting molds or casting mold parts consisting substantially of compacted particle material, such as mold sand, said method being of the kind, which for each casting mold or mold part produced comprises the following steps ad: a) a molding cavity adapted for the compacting of the casting mold or mold part and bounded by at least two walls, of which at least one may be pressed towards the other, and in which at least one wall carries a pattern, the shape of which corresponds to the shape of a corresponding part of the casting to be cast using said mold or mold part, is filled with unco pacted particle material, b) said walls are pressed against each other so that the particle material having been introduced is compacted, c) said walls are moved away from each other, and d) the compacted casting mold or mold part is removed from the molding cavity, characterized in e) that before and after the abovementioned step b, the relative position of said walls is measured and/or geometrical parameters of said molding cavity are computed from said relative position, supplemented by any necessary data relating to geometrical parameters of said pattern or patterns, said geometrical parameters of the molding cavity being stored, e.g. as Pτ_ and P2 respectively, f) based on said molding cavity geometrical parameters Pι_ and P2 respectively, a parameter of the compacting operation or its result is selected or computed and stored, e.g. as PQ, g) the parameter P thus obtained is compared to a desired value P of this parameter, and if they differ from each other, the compacting operation and/or its starting conditions are altered with a view to reducing the difference, before the next casting mold or mold part is produced. |
| 2. | A method according to claim 1, characterized in a) that the volume of the molding cavity is measured and/or computed before and after step b as mentioned in claim 1 and stored, e.g. as V^ and V2 respectively, b) based on the volume values thus obtained, the compaction ratio of the casting mold or mold part is computed as l v2 l and stored, e.g. as R<^, σ) the compaction ratio R thus obtained is compared to a desired value R of this ratio, and if the computed compaction ratio RQ is greater or less than the desired compaction ratio R , the compacting pressure is reduced or increased respectively and/or the quantity of introduced particle material is increased or reduced respectively, before the next casting mold or mold part is produced. |
| 3. | A method according claim 2, characterized in that the difference between the computed compaction ratio R and the desired compaction ratio R after n casting molds or mold parts have been produced, is used continuously to form a sum value ∑_ (Re Rό). that is used as a basis for determining the magnitude of that change in the compacting pressure and/or the quantity of particle material introduced, that is effected after producing the n'th casting mold or mold part and before producing the next one. |
| 4. | A method according to claim 3, characterized in that said change is made proportional to said sum value. |
| 5. | A method according to any one or any of the claims 24 and using a moldmaking apparatus, in which the particle material is projected into the molding cavity at a high velocity, characterized in that said change comprises a change in the pressure and/or the fluidization pressure and/or the vacuum, with which the particle material is projected into the molding cavity, and/or the duration of such moldfilling process. |
| 6. | An apparatus for carrying out the method of any one or any of the claims 15 of the kind comprising a) a molding cavity (8) adapted for the compacting of a casting mold or a mold part (19) and bounded by at least two walls (11,12), of which at least one may be pressed towards the other, and in which at least one wall (11,12) carries a pattern (9,10), the shape of which corresponds to the shape of a corresponding part of the casting to be cast using said mold or mold part, b) filling means (1,la,3,4,5,6,6a) adapted to introduce particle material (2) into said molding cavity (8), and c) pressing means (13 etc.) adapted to press said walls (11,12) towards each other, thus compacting particle material having been introduced into the molding cavity (8), characterized by d) sensing means (11a,12a) for sensing the positions of said walls (11,12) before and after step b of claim 1, and e) control means (6b) adapted to execute the computing and control operations set forth in items e, f_ and g_ of claim 1, on the basis of the values obtained by said sensing and on any necessary externally obtained information (6c) about the shape and size of said walls (11,12) and/or.patterns. |
| 7. | An apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that said sensing means (11a,12a) and control means (6b) are adapted to execute said computing and control operations in the manner set forth in claim 2, 3 or 4. |
| 8. | An apparatus according to claim 6 or 7 and comprising sand supply means (1,1a,3,4,5,6,6a) adapted to project particle material (2) into said molding cavity (8) at a high velocity, characterized in that said control means (6b) are adapted to control the pressure and/or the fluidization pressure and/or the vacuum, with which the particle material (2) is projected into the molding cavity (8), and/or the duration of such moldfilling process. |
| 9. | A method according to claim 1 for producing casting molds or mold parts for use in a casting apparatus, in which the molds or mold parts are conveyed following close upon one another without gaps between them in the form of a mold string to be passed through a pouring station, in which molten metal is introduced into each casting cavity, said method being of the kind, in which the compacted casting mold or mold part is introduced into said mold string, characterized in a) that the linear dimension of the molding cavity in the direction corresponding to the longitudinal direction of the mold string is measured and/or computed before and after step b in claim 1 and stored, e.g. as T]_ and T2 respectively, and b) that the dimensional value T2 thus obtained is compared to a desired dimensional value T , and if the dimensional value T2 as measured or computed is greater or less than said desired value T , said dimension T]_ of the molding cavity is reduced or increased respectively, before the next casting mold or mold part is produced. |
| 10. | A method according to claim 9, characterized in that the difference between the measured or computed dimensional value T2 and the desired dimensional value T , after n casting molds or mold parts have been produced, is used continuously to form a sum value (T2 Ti ) , that is used as a basis for determining the magnitude of that change in said dimension T]_, that is effected after producing the n'th casting mold or mold part and before producing the next one. |
| 11. | A method according to claim 10, characterized in that said change is made proportional to said sum value. |
| 12. | An apparatus according to claim 6 and comprising or adapted to be associated with means to place the casting molds or mold parts in a row without gaps between them, forming a mold string (20), characterized by a) sensing means (11a,12a) for sensing the positions of at least that one of said walls (11,12), the position of which may be changed, before and after step b of claim 1, and b) control means (6b) to execute the computing and control operations set forth in item b of claim 9, on the basis of the values obtained by said sensing and on any necessary externally obtained information (6c) about the shape and size of sand walls (11,12) and/or patterns (9,10). |
| 13. | An apparatus according to claim 12, characterizing in that the control means (6c) are adapted to execute said computing and control operations in the manner set forth in claim 10 or 11. |
| 14. | An apparatus according to claim 12 or 13 and of the kind, in which one of said walls is adapted to be held stationary during the compacting operation, characterized in that the control means are adapted to change the starting position for the wall being moveable during the compacting operation for achieving the desired change in said linear dimension T]_. |
| 15. | An apparatus according to claim 12 or 13 and of the kind, in which one of said walls is adapted to be held stationary during the compacting operation, characterized in that the control means are adapted to change the starting position for the wall being stationary during the compacting operation for achieving the desired change in said linear dimension. |
| 16. | An apparatus according to claim 12 or 13 and of the kind, in which one of said walls is adapted to be held stationary during the compacting operation, characterized in that the control means are adapted to change the starting position for the wall being stationary and the wall being moveable during the compacting operation for achieving the desired change in said linear dimension ^. |
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for producing a series of casting molds or mold parts, said method being of the kind set forth in the preamble of claim 1.
BACKGROUND ART When producing casting molds or mold parts according to this known method, problems sometimes arise due to variations in certain parameters or qualities of the produced molds or mold parts, such as their hardness, depending on the degree of compaction, or their linear dimension in a critical direction, depending on the final relative position of the molding cavity walls, with which the compacting operation is carried out. In many cases, these variations are not detected at a sufficiently early stage to make it possible to prevent them from causing severe problems.
Thus, the molds or mold parts may be too hard and dense, thus partly making it difficult to separate the molds from the castings, partly making it difficult for gases produced during the casting operation to escape, thus causing gas porosities in the castings. On the other hand, the molds or mold parts may be too brittle or soft, in which case they will be unable to withstand the impact of the molten casting metal being poured into the pouring cup.
If too many of the molds have the linear dimension mentioned too far above or below the optimal value, there is a risk in automatic pouring systems, in which the positioning of the spout is determined by an optimal dimension, that the pouring cup for the mold passing through the casting station is offset in relation to the pouring spout to such an extent, that the molten metal does not hit the pouring cup of the mold to be poured, but flows outside of it.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of the present invention to provide a method of the kind initially referred to, with which the above-mentioned disadvantages can be reduced or eliminated, and this object is achieved by proceeding as set forth in the characterizing clause of claim 1. In this manner, the variations are detected at an earlier moment in time, considerably closer to the moment in time, in which they actually arise, than with the previously known methods of this kind.
The present invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention. This apparatus is of the kind set forth in the preamble of claim 6, and according to the present invention, this apparatus also exibits the features set forth in the characterizing clause of this claim 6.
Advantageous embodiments of the method and the apparatus according to the present invention, the effects of which are explained in the following detailed portion of the present specification, are set forth in claims 2-5 and 9-11, and 7, 8 and 12-16 respectively.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In the following, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which
Figures 1 and 2 diagrammatically show an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention,
Figure 3 diagrammatically shows the production of molds and the placing of same in a mold string, later passing through a pouring station for molten metal, the Roman numerals I-III indicating the general sequence of operation, and Figures 4-6 show action sequence diagrams correspond¬ ing to three different exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In the apparatus shown in Figure 1, a supply chamber 1, adapted to receive sand from a sand supply container la, is used for temporarily storing mold sand 2. During the actual molding operation, air under pressure is supplied to the space above the sand 2 through air channels 3, which are connected to a compressed-air tank 6 through a valve 6a adapted to be controlled by a timer/controller 6b in a manner partly explained in US Patent Specification No. 4,791,974 (Larsen), partly - with special reference to the present invention - to be explained in more detail below. An outlet 4 connects the lower part of the supply chamber 1 to a mold chamber 8.
Immediately above the outlet 4, the lower part of the supply chamber 1 is provided with fluidization ducts 5, connected to the compressed-air tank 6 through a valve 5a, also adapted to be controlled by the timer/controller 6b.
When in operation, the top of the supply chamber 1 is connected to the sand supply container la in such a manner (not shown) that the air under pressure in the supply chamber 1 cannot escape in this direction.
The compressed-air tank 6 is provided with compressed air from a suitable source (not shown), connected to the tank through a valve 7.
The mold chamber 8, situated as shown below the supply chamber 1, is limited in the lateral direction by pattern plates 9 and 10. The pattern plates are supported by squeeze plates 11 and 12 respectively. A piston arrangement 13, of which only one piston is shown, is adapted to move the two squeeze plates 11 and 12 and hence the two pattern plates 9 and 10 towards each other under high pressure.
The squeeze plates 11 and 12 are provided with position sensors 11a and 12a respectively, signalling the position of each squeeze plate to the timer/controller 6b. On the basis of this positional information and information about the geometry of the pattern plates 9 and 10, the latter information having previously been entered into a pattern plate data input unit 6c, the timer/controller 6b is able to compute various geometrical parameters for the mold chamber 8 - both in the positions of the pattern plates shown in Figure 1 and those shown in Figure 2 -
such as the volume of the mold chamber and/or its linear dimension in a direction corresponding to the longitudinal direction of a mold string, of which the finished mold is to form a part. An example of such a mold string is diagrammatically shown in Figure 3, showing a number of individual molds 19 arranged closely together to form a mold string 20, the spaces between the molds comprising casting cavities 21.
The pattern plates 9 and 10 comprise passages 14, which may be connected to either a vacuum source 16 or a pressure source 17 through a duct 13a and a three-way valve 15 accommodated in the piston arrangement 13, the valve 15 being controlled by the timer/controller 6b. In the position shown in Figure 1, the injection of sand 2 from the supply chamber 1 into the mold chamber 8 has just begun, the pressure in the air channels 3 initially being kept comparatively low. Filling of cavities and parts with an intricate pattern on the molding surfaces of the pattern plates 9 and 10 is assisted by applying vacuum through the passages 14, the three-way valve 15 then being in the position shown in Figure 1. This application of vacuum is preferably initiated already before applying pressure to the top of the supply chamber 1, such as approximately 1.0 second earlier. Transfer of sand 2 from the supply chamber 1 to the mold chamber 8 may be facilitated by supplying air under a suitable pressure through the fluidization ducts 5, thus causing the sand 2 in the lower part of the supply chamber 1 to be fluidized and hence to flow more easily into the mold chamber 8. The supply of fluidization air is preferably interrupted a short interval before the filling of the mold chamber 8 is completed, so as to avoid "dilution" of the last
portion of sand entering the mold chamber 8.
The filling operation is terminated by closing the valve 6a, after which the pressure in the supply chamber 1 falls by exhaust through an exhaust valve (not shown) controlled by the timer/controller 6b.
After the filling operation has been terminated, but before the compacting operation begins, the timer/controller 6b will compute and store the various geometrical parameters relating to the mold chamber 8 in its instantaneous state, i.e. the state shown in Figure 1, in which there is a considerable distance between the two pattern plates 9 and 10.
At a suitable point in time, which may be before, at or after the closing of valve 6a, the squeeze plates 11 and 12 are moved towards each other by the piston arrangement 13, operated by a suitable hydraulic cylinder (not shown), so that the sand in the mold chamber 8 is compressed further to the desired degree of compactness, vide Figure 2.
When the above compacting operation has been completed, and while the squeeze plates 11 and 12 still ocupy these positions, the timer/controller 6b repeats the computing procedure described above, but this time computing and storing parameters relating to the new state of the mold chamber 8, in which both the volume and the above-mentioned linear dimension have been reduced to a certain extent, corresponding to the degree of compaction of the sand in the mold chamber 8.
Generally, the sets of parameters selected and/or
computed before and after the compacting operation may be termed "Pi" and "P2" respectively, and the volume and the linear dimension or "thickness" "V__ " and "V2" and "Tι_" and "T2" respectively.
In its most general form, the method according to the present invention may be carried out as shown in the action sequence diagram shown in Figure 4. In brief, this method may be described as follows: 1. Make ready for compacting.
2. Find geometrical parameters of mold chamber in its pre-compacting state (Figure 1).
3. Execute compacting.
4. Find geometrical parameters of mold chamber in its post-compacting state (Figure 2).
5. From the results of 2 ^ and 4, find parameters of compacting operation or of its result, and compare with the parameters of an "ideal" compacting operation. 6. Based on the results of the comparison in j>, adjust starting conditions (in _1 above) with a view to getting closer to the "ideal". 7. Repeat l_-j> for the next mold to be made. As the sequence diagram of Figure 4 is self-explanatory, further description of the method in this general form is deemed unnecessary.
The duct 13a and the passages 14 may subsequently be used for supplying air under pressure from the pressure source 17 in order to liberate the pattern plates 9 and 10 from the mold or mold part 19, which may suitably be used in an automatic foundry plant.
The timer/controller 6b may be constructed in any manner suitable to give the desired control of the
pressure in the supply chamber 1, the supply of fluidization air through the ducts 5 and the application of vacuum through the duct 13a and the passages 14, as well as performing the computing operations necessary for carrying out the method of the present invention, and any other operations required, such as controlling the formation of the mold string as shown in Figure 3, and the various operations mentioned in the action sequence diagrams of Figures 4-6.
As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the timer/controller 6b is adapted to sense the pressure in the top of the supply chamber 1 by means of a sensing conduit 18, which may be a tube transmitting the pressure from the supply chamber 1 to a suitable pressure sensor in the unit 6b, or an electric cable connecting a pressure sensor (not shown) in the supply chamber 1 to suitable components in the unit 6b. The timer/controller 6b is, however, preferably a unit containing one or a number of micro-processors with suitable interface, input, output and monitoring equipment, so as to make it easier to achieve whichever pressure and vacuum functions of time and other control functions that are desired in each case, using open or closed loop control as required to obtain optimal results with each type of pattern plate.
The action sequence diagrams shown in Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the use of the method of the present invention for controlling specific parameters, i.e. in Figure 5, the compaction ratio determining the degree of compaction of the mold produced, and in Figure 6, the linear dimension of the mold in the direction corresponding to the longitudinal
direction of the mold string 20 shown in Figure 3.
Of these two parameters, the compaction ratio is of importance in producing molds of a suitable compactness; thus, a too loosely compacted mold will easily be damaged during handling before casting or during the casting operation itself and thus be the cause of defective castings or - worse - molten metal taking wrong paths and damaging the equipment, whereas an excessively compacted mold will have a low gas permeability with the consequent risk of so-called pouring gases being trapped in the castings, thus making these porous and hence weak.
The above-mentioned linear dimension has no direct bearing on the quality of the mold as such, but is of great importance when using the mold produced in a casting plant of the kind illustrated in Figure 3. This Figure shows inter alia an automatic casting station symbolized by a ladle 22. If the effective "length" or "thickness" T of each mold 19 were to vary, then obviously the position of the pouring cup in question below the ladle 22 would also vary. This problem has previously been solved by mounting the ladle or its equivalent on a carriage, that may be moved in the longitudinal direction of the mold string 20 to ensure that the metal is always poured straight into a pouring cup. The movement of a heavy automatic pouring unit is of course complicated and time consuming, and hence a costly solution, in contrast to the method according to the present invention, which ensures that the lengthwise dimension of the mold does not vary or only varies slightly within the degree of tolerance acceptable for the pouring operation, thus avoiding large movements and making it possible to
achieve a considerably increased output from a casting plant. Moreover, the level of the metal in the pouring unit is no longer subjected to those sudden movements, that will be unavoidable with the previous arrangement, as with the present invention, the pouring unit symbolized by the ladle 22 is only moved in small increments or not at all, resulting in a stable pouring operation and consequently fewer rejected castings.
It is also possible to combine the specific methods outlined in Figures 5 and 6, so that the molds produced have the correct degree of compactness as well as the correct linear dimension for use in the mold string. This combination is not illustrated in the drawings, but persons skilled in the art of automation will be able to devise such combinations without further guidance, for which reason further description is deemed to be unnecessary.
The exemplary embodiments shown on the drawings are, of course, only intended to illustrate the principles of the present invention without limiting the scope of same. Thus the principles of the present invention may also be applied to methods and apparatus for controlling the degree of compaction and certain mold dimensions in horizontally parted molds, either with or without flasks.