Title: Method of releasing an adaptive optical plate, assembly of a support and peeling arrangement, and peeling arrangement

The invention relates to a method for releasing an adaptive optical plate from a support arrangement.

The invention also relates to an assembly of a support arrangement for support a plate and peeling arrangement for pulling a plate from the support arrangement.

In the field of adaptive optics, mirrors or lenses are used that may have a thickness/surface ratio of approximately 1:1000. When these thin plates are handled, e.g. picked up, these plates may be damaged for example by breakage or deformation. For example, adaptive mirrors, which may be used in astronomical applications such as telescopes, need to be released from their support arrangements from time to time to be provided with a new coating, and/or to be replaced. These mirrors are for example supported by a support arrangement at over 12.000 points by 12.000 little magnets that are connected to the mirror. These magnets are connected to 12.000 protrusions having diameters of 1,5 mm, for example. If the force to release one magnet is about 2 Newton, the total force for releasing the whole mirror would be about 24.000 Newton. Therefore, when the mirror comprises glass, and is released, the mirror oftentimes breaks. There is again a high risk of breaking when placing back the adaptive mirror on its support arrangement. The mirror can also be made from a thin metal sheet, for example Beryllium or other materials. Here the issue is not the fracture but the plastic deformation that may occur when placing or removing the membrane from the actuators.

Therefore it is one of the objects of the invention to provide for an efficient method and/or arrangement wherein an adaptive optical plate can be released from its support while damage to the plate is prevented.

In a first aspect of the invention this object and/or other objects may be achieved by a method of releasing an adaptive optical plate from a support arrangement for the adaptive optical plate, wherein the plate has a small thickness as compared to its surface dimensions, and is supported by the support arrangement substantially along its surface, wherein a first area of the plate is moved in a direction away from the support arrangement, while a second area of the plate adjacent the first area abuts the support arrangement, subsequently the second area is moved in a direction away from the support arrangement, while a third area of the plate adjacent the second area abuts the support arrangement, and in the same manner sequentially further areas are moved in a direction away from the support arrangement, while respective adjacent areas abut the support arrangement, wherein said areas are sequentially moved in a direction away from the support arrangement in at least one travelling direction such that the plate is peeled from the support arrangement in said at least one travelling direction.

To release a thin adaptive optical plate according to the invention, first a pulling force is exerted to an area of the optical such that this area is lifted from a support arrangement for a small distance, wherein preferably this area is located at the edge of the plate. At the same time a second area of the plate at an adjacent location, preferably located further away from said edge than the first area, is still abutting the support arrangement. The small lifting distance of the first area is however small enough to prevent damage, e.g. by too much deformation or fracture of the plate. Subsequently, the second area of the plate is lifted at said adjacent location, while a third area adjacent the second area is still abutting the support arrangement. This lifting process over distances small enough to prevent damage is repeated sequentially along the plate for third and further areas in a way that the plate is peeled or 'zipped' from the supporting surface. In a preferred embodiment, the plate originally

has a straight shape, whereas during peeling the plate takes on a curved shape.

In the field of adaptive optics thin large plates are used that are suitable to be used as or in an adaptive mirrors or adaptive lens. Among others, the invention recognises that under certain conditions it is possible to 'peel' such commonly brittle, i.e. non-flexible, thin adaptive optical plates from a support surface without breaking or damaging the plate, and despite the fact that such plates are highly fragile and there is a high risk of breakage when handling such plates. Next to brittle materials, the invention also applies to adaptive optical plates comprising thin, ductile materials. For example a foil or sheet may form an adaptive optical plate or a part thereof. These thin plates are less likely to break, but are more likely to undergo deformation when they are taken of the support surface. Especially in adaptive optics, wherein the mirror is adhered via a multitude of contact points deformation causing permanent damage may easily occur. However, 'peeling' off the plate according to the method of the invention, by sequentially lifting neighbouring areas of the support surface, may prevent such deformation.

Adaptive optical plates according to the invention may comprise brittle material such as glass materials such as Zerodur, ULE, Borosilicate, Pyrex, fused silica, and others, or ceramic materials such as for example Silicon Carbide or Silicon, preferably pure Silicon. In the field, brittle materials have the property of being able to withstand elastic deformation until the point of failure. After failure approximately zero plastic deformation results. Herein, "approximately zero" may for example be interpreted as 0,1% or less. Brittle materials may for example have a maximum strain (έ) of approximately zero percent, or for example 0, 1% percent or less after failure. In the above, plastic deformation may be interpreted as lasting deformation, as opposed to elastic deformation. For example, elastic deformation will occur when bending the plate. 'Brittle material' may also be understood as being

'non-ductile' material. The adaptive optical plates may also comprise metal foils such as for example beryllium copper, aluminium, or polymers having reflective coatings, such as Polyimide for example. The common characteristic is that they are suitable to be used in precision optics, and that the plate is relatively thin as compared to its surface.

Deformation and/or breaking causing damage may be prevented through the fact that the subsequent forces that are applied to the plate are small compared to one force that would need to be applied to lift the same plate in its entirety at once. Separating the thin adaptive mirror from the support arrangement can now be achieved at relatively low risk, low costs and efficiently.

The plate has a small thickness as compared to its surface dimensions. Preferably, the thickness of the plate is approximately 100 times smaller, or less than 100 times smaller, more preferably 1000 times smaller, or less than 1000 times smaller than the width or length of the plate.

In a second aspect of the invention this object and/or other objects may be achieved by an assembly of a support arrangement for supporting an adaptive optical plate and a peeling arrangement for releasing such a plate from the support arrangement, wherein the peeling arrangement is provided with an abutting arrangement extending along the supporting surface, such that in use the abutting arrangement and supporting surface face and/or abut a plate, wherein the peeling arrangement is provided with a frame for supporting the abutting arrangement, which frame is arranged to determine the position of the abutting arrangement with respect to the support arrangement, and wherein the abutting arrangement is arranged to increase the distance from the support arrangement subsequently at adjacent locations for peeling of a plate from the support arrangement.

In a third aspect of the invention abovementioned object and/or other objects may be achieved by a peeling arrangement for releasing a plate or the like from a support arrangement, preferably for use in a method or

assembly according to any of the preceding claims, provided with an abutting arrangement for abutting the plate, and a frame for supporting the abutting arrangement, wherein the abutting arrangement has an abutting surface that is equally sized to the plate or has a width and length of at least 700 square centimeters, and that has a curved shape or is arranged to retract in parts along a curved shape for peeling of a plate from a support arrangement.

In clarification of the invention, these and further embodiments of the invention, and advantages thereof will be further elucidated with reference to the drawing. In the drawing: figure 1 and IA show schematic side views of four steps of thin plate peeling methods; figure 2 shows a schematic side view of a peeling arrangement; figure 3 shows a top and side view of an adaptive optical plate; figure 4 shows a perspective view of a peeling arrangement; figures 5A and 5B show schematic front views of a peeling arrangement and peeling method; figure 6A-C show a peeling method and arrangement; figure 7 shows a peeling arrangement.

In this description, identical or corresponding areas have identical or corresponding reference numerals. The exemplary embodiments shown should not be construed to be limitative in any manner and serve merely as illustration.

In figure 1 a method according to the invention is shown in steps I — IV, wherein an adaptive optical plate 3 is peeled from a support arrangement 4 for the adaptive optical plate 3. The plate 3 comprises an adaptive mirror or is a part, for example a layer, of an adaptive mirror. In this embodiment the plate 3 comprises glass. The support arrangement 4 may form part of the adaptive optical arrangement, for example a telescope having a support arrangement 4 for the glass plate 3. In the first step I of the method, the plate 3 has a substantially straight surface S. As can be seen, the plate 3 is

supported by the support arrangement 4 substantially along its entire surface S. In an embodiment, the plate 3 and the support arrangement 4 for example have substantially straight surfaces, or are at least parallel to each other, and therefore there can be a strong adhesion between the surfaces, for example caused by one or a combination of underpressure, grease, Van der Waals forces, glue, adhesion, electrostatic, multiple electro or permanent magnets, suction, etc. In a further embodiment, the glass plate 3 is connected to the support arrangement 4 via multiple contact surfaces, for example one or a combination of magnets, suction elements, multiple glue or adhesion surfaces, etc. For example, in adaptive optics, the plate 3 may be connected to the support arrangement 4 via magnets. In this example the plate 3 comprises glass, although any plate 3 that can be used as a thin mirror. Such material may for example comprise brittle material such as glass materials such as Zerodur, ULE, Borosilicate, Pyrex, fused silica, and others, ceramic materials such as for example Silicon Carbide or pure Silicon, but also metal foils such as for example beryllium copper, aluminium, or polymers having reflective coatings, such as Polyimide for example. .

As shown in step II, a first area pi of the adaptive mirror plate 3 is moved with respect to the support arrangement 4 for the plate 3, in a direction Al away from the support arrangement 4, while a second area p2 and further area's p adjacent the first area pi abuts the support arrangement 4. In the shown example the first area pi comprises an edge area. The first area pi is moved over such a small distance dl that the plate 3 does not deform or break. Subsequently, as shown in step III, the second area p2 is moved over a small distance dl with respect to the support arrangement 4 in a direction Al away from the support arrangement 4, while a third area p3 adjacent the second area p2 still abuts the support arrangement 4. At the same time the distance d2 between the first area pi and the support arrangement may increase. In the same manner (not shown) sequentially further areas pn are moved with respect to the support arrangement 4 in a direction Al away from the support

arrangement 4, while respective adjacent areas pn+1 abut the support arrangement 4. Said areas pi, p2, p3, pn, pn+1 are sequentially moved with respect to the support arrangement 4, with increasing distance, in a direction Al away from the support arrangement 4. The lifting forces to the glass plate 3 are applied in a travelling direction D 1 such that the plate 3 is peeled from the support arrangement 4. In the travelling direction Dl along which the areas pi, p2, p3, pn, pn+1 are sequentially released from the supporting arrangement 4 the distance dl, d2 between the glass plate 3 and the support arrangement 4 increases. The distance dl between the glass plate 3 and the support arrangement 4 increases at the edges of the plate 3 while the plate 3 is peeled, preferably in such a way that the plate takes on a curved shape with respect to the support arrangement 4. In possible embodiments, both the support arrangement 4 and the plate 3 may have a curved shape, wherein in case of a concave support arrangement 4 the radius of curvature of the plate 3 may increase during peeling, and in case of a convex shaped support arrangement 4 the radius of curvature of the plate may for example decrease during peeling. In a preferred embodiment, the plate 3 is peeled off in a direction Dl until at last the outer edge is peeled off and the plate can be taken off in a direction Al (see additional step IV), as can be seen from figure 1. As can be seen in figure IA, the plate 3 can for example also be peeled in two travelling directions Dl, D2 such that in the end, the last glass plate area abutting the support arrangement 4 is approximately in the middle, at least seen from a front view.

In practice there can be infinite areas p that are sequentially lifted from the support arrangement 4 when the plate 3 is peeled. In other examples, the plate 3 is supported by multiple contact points or contact surfaces, such that the plate 3 can be peeled row after row, for example.

Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a peeling arrangement 1 for exerting pulling forces F to the glass plate 2. The peeling arrangement 1 is arranged to release, and more specifically, peel the glass plate 3 from the

support arrangement 4. For this, the peeling arrangement 1 is provided with an abutting arrangement 2 extending along the supporting arrangement 4 and the glass plate 3. The abutting arrangement 2 may be arranged to suck the glass plate 3 to the surface of the abutting arrangement 2. The abutting arrangement can be arranged such that a strong suction, or at least adhesion between the surfaces can be applied, for example caused by one or a combination of underpressure, grease, Van der Waals forces, glue, grease, adhesion fluid or other adhesion means, electrostatic forces, multiple electro or permanent magnets, suction (sucking holes, sucking caps), etc. Preferably, the abutting surface has such a width and length that a surface of at least 700 square centimetres is provided, to be able to pick up large glass plates 3. Preferably, the abutting arrangement 2, or at least the surface thereof, comprises material, for example a coating layer, that is physically softer than the glass plate 3 material, to prevent or decrease damage to the glass plate 3 by the abutting arrangement 2 when the abutting arrangement 2 abuts the glass plate 3. Also it would be advantageous if the coefficient of expansion of the abutting arrangement 2, or at least the surface thereof, is approximately the same as the coefficient of expansion of the glass plate 3. The peeling arrangement 1 can also be provided with frame parts 5 that support at least part of the peeling arrangement 1, and that may be connected to the ground 6. The frame parts 5 may determine the position of the abutting arrangement 2 with respect to the support arrangement 4, for example to prevent that the abutting arrangement 2 puts too much pressure on the glass plate 3 which could damage the glass. The peeling arrangement 1 is preferably used for releasing relatively large and thin glass plates 3 or the like that have straight surfaces S from support arrangements 4. These glass plates 3 preferably have a small thickness t compared to their surface S (see figures 2, 3). Examples of suitable glass plates 3 may be adaptive mirrors, or wafers, for example. The glass plates could also comprise relatively large window shields or mirrors, for

example. These and different other types of plates will in this description be referred to as glass plates 3, although the plate may comprise other material besides or instead of glass 3. Also the invention could be used to separate multiple glass plates 3 from each other. In an embodiment, a suitable glass plate 3 has a thickness d of less than 2 mm, preferably less than 1 mm, for example approximately 0,7 mm. The plate 3 may for example have a maximum length 1 and/or width w of more than 0,3 m, preferably more than Im (see figure 3), for example approximately 2 m. The ratio between the thickness d and the length or width w can for example be 1:100, preferably approximately 1: 1000, or higher. The dimensions of the abutting surface of the abutting arrangement 2 may for example be equal or larger than the surface C of the glass plate 3 such that in use the abutting arrangement 2 extends along substantially the whole glass plate 3. However the invention can also be implemented on much smaller scales according to the same principles. In figure 4 an embodiment of a peeling arrangement 1 is shown, wherein the abutting arrangement 2 comprises a curved abutting surface C, for example part of a cylinder. The abutting surface C can be arranged such that a strong adhesion between the surfaces can be applied, for example caused by one or a combination of underpressure, grease, Van der Waals forces, glue, grease, adhesion fluid or other adhesion means, electrostatic forces, multiple electro or permanent magnets, suction (sucking holes, sucking caps), etc. Preferably the curved abutting surface C has sucking means embodied by for example, magnets (in case the glass plate comprises metal), sucking holes, sucking caps, glue, adhering fluid, other adhesion forces, or the like to suck the glass plate 3 to the abutting surface C. With the sucking means it is possible for the abutting arrangement 2 to exert a pulling force F to the glass plate 3 when the abutting arrangement 2 is moved in a direction away from the support arrangement 4.

In use, the curved abutting surface C is rolled along the glass plate 3 in a direction R, and when the abutting surface C presses the glass plate 3 the

glass plate 3 sticks to the abutting surface C. The abutting surface C preferably starts rolling over the glass plate 3 at an outer edge of the glass plate 3. The part of the abutting surface C moving away from the support arrangement 4 after having pressed against the glass plate 3 takes along the glass plate 3 during rolling by exerting a pulling force F, e.g. a sucking force, to the glass plate 3, such that the glass plate 3 is peeled from the supporting arrangement 4. The glass plate 3 sticks to the abutting surface C, and the curve radius of the abutting surface C is such that damage by deformation and/or breaking of the glass plate 3 is prevented. The peeling starts at the edge e, and ends at the opposite edge of the glass plate 3, after which the plate 3 is peeled in its entirety. Advantageously, the glass plate 3 can be peeled or 'unzipped' from the support arrangement too, e.g. row after row, wherein the forces for peeling the plate can be much lower than the total force that might be needed for releasing the total plate 3 at the same time. As can be seen from figure 4 the peeling arrangement 1 is provided with frame parts 5 which in this case comprise guides. The guides support the abutting arrangement 2 when it is rolled along the glass plate 3, such that it is prevented that the abutting arrangement over presses against the glass plate 3, which could cause damage. In an embodiment, the abutting arrangement 2 is provided with curved flanges 8 that roll over said guides too prevent that the entire weight rolls over the glass plate 3.

In an embodiment, the peeling arrangement 1 is provided with resilient elements, also to be able to prevent damaging the glass plate 3. The peeling arrangement 1 may be provided with actuating elements 7, for example pistons, that drive the abutting arrangement 2 during its rolling action. Also, the actuating elements 7 may support the abutting arrangement 2 and/or comprise resilient elements.

Another embodiment of a peeling arrangement 1 is shown in figure 5A and 5B. The peeling arrangement 1 is provided with an abutting arrangement 2, having an abutting surface Cl that is configured to take on a

curved shape for peeling a glass plate 3 (figure 5B). The glass plate 3 may be adhered to the abutting surface Cl in the same way as in the embodiment of figure 4. Because of the adherence properties, the abutting arrangement 2 can exert a pulling force F to the glass plate 3. Before starting the peeling process, the abutting surface Cl is brought into contact with the glass plate 3, wherein both surfaces, i.e. the contact surface between the glass plate 3 and the abutting surface Cl may be substantially straight (figure 5A). Then, the abutting surface Cl and the glass plate 3 are adhered e.g. by the sucking or adherence properties or the like of the abutting surface Cl. Subsequently, the abutting surface Cl is automatically and/or manually bent with respect to the support arrangement 4 while the glass plate is adhered to it, such that also the glass plate 3 is bent (figure 5B). During curving of the abutting surface Cl the glass plate 3 will let go of the support arrangement 4 starting at the edges e, and while the diameter of the curving abutting surface C decreases the glass plate 3 will be lifted from the support arrangement 4 from the edges towards the middle, seen from a front view. In the end adhesion is so low that the glass plate 3 can be released completely from the support arrangement 4 relatively easy. In this embodiment an originally straight abutting surface Cl is made to curve for peeling the glass plate 3. This embodiment may allow for a relatively light weight peeling arrangement and/or relatively controlled movement of the abutting surface Cl with respect to the glass plate 3.

In an embodiment, an actuating element 7B is provided for curving the abutting surface Cl. The actuating element 7B may for example comprise a screw thread that protrudes two opposite walls 10 of the peeling arrangement 1, protruding at a straight corner from the abutting surface Cl. While turning the screw thread in one direction the two opposite walls move towards each other such that the middle of the surface of the abutting arrangement 2 moves towards the outside and the surface Cl is bent (figure 5B).

In another exemplary embodiment, one wall 1OA is moved in a direction away from the support arrangement 4 such that the abutting surface Cl curves and the glass plate 3 is released at one side edge e instead of two (see fig. 6B) . It will be recognised by the skilled person that there are multiple ways for curving an originally straight abutting surface Cl or rolling an originally curved abutting surface Cl.

In an embodiment, the glass plates 3 are cleaned with First Contact® spray or the like, wherein the glass plates 3 may for example comprise large optical plates such as adaptive mirrors. The spray is sprayed on the plate 3, after which it is dried to form a film on the surface of the plate 3. Thereafter the film is taken from the plate 3 such that all the debris sticks to the film and is taken off. According to an embodiment of the invention, the First Contact® spray or the like is used to form a protective foil 12 on the glass plate 3 (e.g. see fig. 6A-C). The spray is sprayed on the glass plate 3, and after it has dried, it forms a protective foil when the abutting arrangement 2 abuts the glass plate 3 for peeling the plate 3 from the supporting arrangement 4, or when placing back the glass plate 3 on the supporting arrangement 4. The use of First Contact® spray or the like can provide for protection and cleaning of the glass plates 3. For the same purpose, other protective layers can also be suitable, for example Pre-cote® or a silicone rubber.

In a further embodiment an adhering fluid is applied to the abutting surface C. This fluid may for example exclude the necessity of separate suction elements or the like in the abutting arrangement 2. Besides, such a fluid could have cleaning properties. In other cases, the glass plate 3 needs to be cleaned anyway such that it is little or no extra effort to apply an adhering fluid.

In figure 6A-C, a further embodiment is shown, wherein the peeling arrangement 1 may have same and/or like features as the arrangement shown in figures 5A and 5B, and is additionally provided with said adhering fluid such as grease or another suitable substance 11 on its abutting surface Cl. This substance 11 provides for a certain adhering and/or sucking force on the

plate 3. If the substance 11 is provided between the abutting arrangement 2 and the plate 3, the sucking may be the result of a vacuum between the abutting arrangement 2 and the plate 3, which vacuum is caused by the substance 11 driving out the air while pushing the abutting arrangement 2 and the plate 3 together. Instead of grease for example other suitable substances 11 may be applied such as, but not limited to, paste, oil, Vaseline, or other fluids such as normal water, etc. Every time when the substance 11 is put on the abutting arrangement 2 it will surround and/or absorb particles such as dust that otherwise might have caused scratches on the plate 3. Furthermore, as shown in figures 6A-C, a protective and/or cleaning foil 12 is provided on the glass plate 3. This foil 12 may comprise any suitable foil, such as for example contact spray, an elastomer such as rubber. The foil 12 cleans the plate 3 when it is taken off the plate 3. A further effect may be that the foil 12 can be used to release the plate 3 from the abutting surface Cl while placing back the glass plate 3 on the respective support surface 4 (see fig. 6C). For example, first the abutting surface Cl is straightened and/or the plate 3 is brought into a parallel position with the support surface 4, and thereafter in contact with the support arrangement 4. Thereafter, the glass plate 3 is released from the peeling arrangement 1 by again curving the abutting arrangement 2 while the foil 12 is pressed downwards, for example by holding or pushing a part 12A of the foil 12. In this way the plate 3 does not stick to the abutting arrangement 2 while peeling of the abutting arrangement 2. After that, the foil 12 can be taken off the plate 3.

A method for peeling as shown in figure 6A-C comprises first placing the peeling arrangement 1 above the plate 3, in contact with and parallel to the plate 3. The foil 12 may be provided over the plate 3, and a grease or other suitable substance 11 may be applied to the abutting surface Cl, such that said foil 12 and substance 11 are sandwiched between the plate 3 and the abutting arrangement 2. Then, the abutting surface Cl is curved at on side, while pressing the abutting arrangement 2 to the plate 3 at the other side (see

fig. 6B), such that the plate 3 is peeled from the support arrangement 4. The plate 3 sticks to the abutting arrangement 3 by a sticking substance 11 such as grease that is applied to the surface Cl. After having cleaned or replaced the plate 3, it is placed back on the support arrangement 4 with the aid of the peeling arrangement, preferably by rolling off the abutting arrangement 2 from the plate 3 while holding the foil 12, as explained earlier and shown in figure 6C.

In figure 7 another embodiment is shown, wherein the abutting arrangement 2 comprises an abutting surface C2, drawn by a dashed line, embodied by multiple contact surfaces 9 of abutting elements 8. Within this description, a plurality of contact surfaces can be regarded as one abutting surface C2. The abutting elements 8 may comprise any contact surface or point suitable for applying a pulling force to the glass plate 3, such as for example magnets (if the glass plate comprises metal), sucking caps or holes, etc. In an embodiment, the abutting elements 8 can be retracted with respect to the supporting surface 4, or with respect to the peeling arrangement, to peel the glass plate 3, according to the principles as explained above. In another embodiment, the abutting surface C2 has a preformed curved shape and the abutting arrangement is rolled over the glass plate 3, for example. In general, the invention can be used for maintaining, handling and/or replacing plates of any brittle material, for example, though not exclusively ceramics and/or Silicon material. The invention may for example be suitable for handling optical plates such as adaptive mirrors, wafer handling, flat screen components, etc., although it is not limited to just these applications. The invention may erase to need to prevent separate flat surfaces sticking to each other because they can be separated relatively easily, at least with the aid of the invention. Now the sticking of multiple flat surfaces to each other, e.g. multiple glass plates 3 such as wafers, can be turned into an advantage, e.g. for transport, storage or piling.

In an embodiment, the adaptive optical plate 3 comprises an adaptive optical lens, filter, or mirror, or is a part, for example a layer, of a lens or lens assembly, a filter or filter assembly, a mirror or mirror assembly in an adaptive optical arrangement. As known in the field, stringent requirements apply to such adaptive optical plates 3, i.e. even the slightest damage to these adaptive optical plates 3 would make them unsuitable. The invention prevents causing such damage while it allows efficient handling of the plates 3.

Certain embodiments of the invention could also be of use in a situation wherein any relatively large thin ceramics or Silicon plate is placed on or in a support arrangement, which may be a flat table or a support frame, and wherein it is relatively difficult to release the glass plate from the support arrangement. For example in a field such as lithography, or flat screen television manufacture, glass wafers or flat screens are becoming larger and thinner, and more difficult to handle. Here also, the problem of the fragile plate sticking to the support surface may exist, which problem can be overcome by the invention.

It shall be obvious that the invention is not limited in any way to the embodiments that are represented in the description and the drawings. Many variations and combinations are possible within the framework of the invention as outlined by the claims. Combinations of one or more aspects of the embodiments or combinations of different embodiments are possible within the framework of the invention. All comparable variations are understood to fall within the framework of the invention as outlined by the claims.