Description

METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF INORGANIC COMPONENTS OF BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURAL, FOREST AND URBAN SOURCES

[0001] The present invention concerns a method for the removal of inorganic constituents, such as potassium, sodium, chlorine and sulphur, from biomass materials deriving from agricultural, forest and municipal environments; this method is capable to minimize/eliminate the ash-related problems such as corrosion, deposition and agglomeration, as well as problems of gaseous emissions, such as potassium, sodium, chlorine and sulphur, during the thermo-chemical combustion, gasification, pyrolysis of biomass materials offering substantial economic and environmental benefits.

[0002] The problems caused today during the thermochemical combustion, gasification, pyrolysis of biomass and especially of biomass deriving from agricultural, forest and municipal environment, such as the various types of straw, various wastes of agricultural industries, such as of cotton, olive, pistachio, etc., as well as tree trimmings and wood being used in construction activities or the production of furniture, are mainly caused due to the composition of their ash. The ash of these biomass materials is very rich in alkali metals, chlorine and sulfur and during the thermo-chemical conversion of biomass it creates gases, liquids and solids that tend to react with each other, as well as with the other inorganic constituents which are present during the conversion, as well as with the metal surfaces, and cause problems of corrosion, deposition and agglomeration, as well as emissions of gaseous pollutants that result into large economic losses, formation of environmental problems, and hinder the utilization of the particular biomass materials as feedstocks in large scale applications, as well as in combination with other solid or gas fuels for the production of energy, liquid fuels and chemicals.

[0003] The successful mitigation of the above problems will result in a broader use of biomass materials for the production of energy, liquid fuels and chemicals with substantial economic and environmental benefits, specifically today when the cost of the imported energy appears to

increase continuously and there is interest and an urgent need for the reduction of the fuel gas emissions, resulting from the use of solid fuels, for the successful mitigation of the greenhouse effect.

[0004] The presently used techniques and methods in order to solve these problems appear to have limited success and, as a result, the utilization of biomass in the thermochemical conversion seems to be very limited worldwide, concerning mainly biomass types such as wood, which cause the least problems.

[0005] The object of this invention is to achieve the removal of harmful ash components from biomass materials, such as alkali metals, chlorine and sulfur, prior to thermochemical conversion of biomass, so that to minimize/eliminate the ash-related corrosion, deposition, agglomeration problems, as well as the emissions of alkali metals, chlorine and sulfur.

[0006] This object is achieved with the use of a method that includes the hydro-thermal processing of the different biomass materials.

[0007] The biomass materials are first prepyrolyzed at temperatures varying from 200 ⁰ C - 300 ⁰ C for a period of 5 minutes up to 2 hours. Then, the prepyrolyzed biomass samples are leached using water - any kind of water from a public system, spring, etc. can be used - using a solid/water mass ratio that may vary from 33g/L up to 300g/L and in temperatures varying from 13 ⁰ C up to 55 ⁰ C for a period of residence time varying from 5min up to 24h. The solid to water ratio as well as the temperature and residence time depend on the type of treated biomass. After the end of the leaching stage, the pre-treated material is left to dry in the open air atmosphere or it is dried using rotary dryers depending on the season and the climate of the region. The so pre-treated material is found to be free of chlorine and to contain small amounts of alkali metals and sulfur varying in the ranges of 30-50% and 35-55% of the respective amounts in the original untreated biomass materials.

[0008] The method for the removal of the harmful inorganic constituents from biomass prior to the thermochemical conversion of the biomass, according to the invention, includes the following steps: a) prepyrolyzing the biomass materials at temperatures varying from 200 ⁰ C - 300 ⁰ C for a period of 5

minutes up to 2 hours; b) leaching the prepyrolyzed biomass material using water with a solid/water mass ratio that may vary from 33 gram biomass per litre up to 300 gram biomass per litre, in temperatures varying from 13 ⁰ C up to 55 ⁰ C for a period of residence time varying from 5 minutes up to 24 hous.

[0009] The prepyrolyzed and leached biomass material may be left to dry in the open air atmosphere. Alternatively, the prepyrolyzed and leached biomass material may be dried using rotary dryers.

[0010] The best and most economically viable results have been observed when the biomass material is prepyrolyzed in a temperature varying from 200 ⁰ C to 250 ⁰ C and/or the biomass material is prepyrolyzed for a period of residence varying from 10 min to 40 min. In another embodiment the biomass material is prepyrolyzed for a period of about 1 hour.

[0011] The water that is used for leaching the prepyrolyzed biomass material may be water from a public system.

[0012] The biomass can be derived from agricultural forest and urban sources.

[0013] Initially the biomass is heated up in an air-free atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 200 ⁰ C up to 300 ⁰ C with the best and most economically viable results observed in the temperature range between 200 ⁰ C and 25O ⁰ C and for a residence time varying from 5 min up to 2 hours and with the best and most economically viable results being observed for a residence time of 10 min up to 40 min. This process, which is called prepyrolysis, results in the degradation of the biomass structure, and its transformation into a material with an increased content of fixed carbon, whereas a small amount of gases, containing mainly H ₂ O, CO ₂ , CO, as well as light organic molecules, is set free into the atmosphere. This material is seen to experience a mass loss during the process that can vary from 5% up to 40% dry basis depending on the applied conditions, and in the best case below 20%, as well as a loss in heating value that can vary from 5% up to 20%, and under optimal conditions in the area from 7% up to 10%.

[0014] The resulting material from the prepyrolysis, i.e. the prepyrolysed material, is then subjected to leaching using water with a solid/water mass ratio that

may vary from 33g/L up to 300g/L and in temperatures varying from 13 ⁰ C up to 55 ⁰ C for a period of residence time varying from 5min up to 24h. Any kind of water from a public system, spring, etc. can be used. The solid/water ratio applied, as well as the residence time and temperature depend on the type of the treated biomass material. After the end of the leaching process, the material is left to dry in the open air atmosphere or it is dried using rotary dryers depending on the season and the climate of the region. The produced material is found to be free of chlorine and to contain very small amounts of alkali metals, ranging between 30% and 50% of the initial content, as well as sulfur ranging between 35% and 55% of the initial content.

[0015] The resulting material after the completion of the two treatment stages has the following characteristics: a low moisture content and hydrophobic behavior; high grindability, being easy to reduce its particle size and to be mixed really with other materials, e.g. coal; a higher content of fixed carbon and a lower content of volatile materials compared to the original biomass; the pre-treated material retains the largest part of the initial energy content, higher than 90%, of the untreated biomass; the pre-treated biomass is also chlorine-free, contains substantially lower amounts of alkali metals as well as sulfur compared to the original untreated biomass.

[0016] The effect of the process is to eliminate the chlorine emissions and as a result all corrosion, deposition and agglomeration problems caused by chlorine and its compounds. There are also substantially reduced and/or eliminated emissions of alkali metals and sulfur that result into the minimization of the corrosion, deposition and agglomeration problems caused by the alkali metals as well as the sulfur present in the ash of the biomass materials. The results obtained in the laboratory have shown that the chlorine emissions are always totally eliminated regardless of the type of the biomass material tested. As far as it concerns the emissions of alkali metals and sulfur, these can fluctuate from zero up to substantially reduced compared to those observed in the case of the original untreated biomass, depending on the different biomass material used as well as on

the composition of its ash.

[0017] The following examples describe the effect of the invention on two different and very important biomass materials.

[0018] Example No. 1 : Wheat straw from the area of Trikala (Thessaly, Greece) is prepyrolyzed at 300 ⁰ C for 1 h and then it is subjected to leaching using water for 4h and a solid/water mass ratio of 67g/L. Ash analysis has shown that the pre-treated material does not contain any chlorine and that the concentrations of alkali metals and sulfur were found to be lower by 50% and 40%, respectictively, compared to the untreated material. Ash thermal analysis using a thermal gravimetric analyzer up to 900 ⁰ C showed that the ash material did not experience any mass loss in the temperature range of 800-900 ⁰ C in which chlorine and alkali metals emissions are observed.

[0019] Example No. 2: Olive kernel residue from an olive kernel-oil factory in the area of Messinia (Pelloponisos, Greece) is prepyrolyzed at 25O ⁰ C for 1 h and then it is leached using water for 4h and a solid/water mass ratio of 90g/L. Ash elemental analysis at the end of the pre-treatment process showed that the pre-treated material does not contain any chlorine and that the concentrations of alkali metals and sulfur were lower by 50% and 35%, respectively, compared to the untreated material. Ash thermal analysis using a thermal gravimetric analyzer up to 900 ⁰ C showed that the ash material experienced a small mass loss in the temperature range of 850-900 ⁰ C, due to the release of potassium oxide, which is caused by thermal decomposition of potassium carbonates and the lack of sufficient amount of silicon dioxide to react with the potassium oxide and bound it in the solid phase.