THERE FOR

The present invention relates to a method for storage of energy using a pH gradient battery and/ or fuel cell involving a charging step and a discharging step. The method uses a cell for storage of energy.

Methods or systems for energy storage are known from practice. These methods or systems use cells for storage of energy. Such cells are for example used in (bio-)electrochemical cells. Regardless of the system in which cells are used, the cell should be configured to be efficient as it is mainly used for temporarily storage of energy. This storage of energy becomes important in a time period of an energy surplus and to enable providing additional energy in a time period of a high energy demand. The cell is a battery, which will provide storage of energy within the system, and/or a fuel cell, which will provide energy to be stored or used outside the system.

A disadvantage of the known cells for energy storage however is the poor efficiency due to the complexity of the system with electrodes and membranes used in such cells. Another disadvantage is the use of rare elements and/or poisonous materials that are not sustainable.

Therefore, these conventional devices and systems do not provide an effective energy storage system and/or method that is sustainable and could be implemented on a wide scale, for example including house holds.

The invention is aimed at obviating or at least increase the abovementioned efficiency of the cell and/or to come to a sustainable electrical energy storage and electrical energy generation system.

This objective is achieved with the method for storage of energy using a pH gradient system the method comprising the steps of:

- providing the pH gradient system comprising:

- a cell with at least two compartments separated with a bipolar membrane;

- a first electrode; and

- a second electrode;

- providing the at least one cell with a solvent;

- loading at least one of the at least two compartments with an electrolyte;

- performing a charging step of the pH gradient system, which performs a reduction reaction in presence of a redox couple and a water dissociation reaction in the bipolar membrane;

- performing a discharging step of the pH gradient system, which performs an

oxidation reaction in the presence of a redox couple and a water formation reaction in the bipolar membrane; and wherein the redox couple at the first electrode can be decreased in oxidation state or increased in oxidation state to obtain an electrical potential difference between the first and second electrode.

It will be understood by the skilled person that the system pH gradient battery stores the energy within the cell and that it can also be a flow cell or a container, but is not limited to these. Furthermore, it will be understood by the skilled person that the cell can be a fuel cell, where the energy can be stored outside the fuel cell.

According to the method of the invention, the cell, that comprises at least two

compartments and electrodes, is provided with a solvent. The chosen solvent needs to be compatible with the membrane and used chemicals. Solvents which are possible to use are for example: acetonitrile, butanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, propanol, tetrahydrofuran, water or mixtures thereof.

An electrolyte is loaded in at least one of the at least two compartments, and when loaded, the electrolyte produces an electrically conducting media as it contains a species of which the oxidation state can be increased and/or decreased. According to the invention, the electrolyte could be used as redox couple and formed in situ depending on the choice of the redox couple, ln order to do so, the redox couple has to be compatible with the solvent.

A charging step of the pH gradient system involves a redox couple. The reduction reaction step is performed at the first electrode and the oxidation reaction step is performed at the second electrode. At the same time as the redox reaction is performed, water is dissociated at the bipolar membrane into protons and hydroxyl ions.

A discharging step of the pH gradient system involves a redox couple. The oxidation reaction step is performed at the first electrode and the reduction reaction step is performed at the second electrode. At the same lime as the redox reaction is performed, water is formed at the bipolar membrane from the reaction of protons and hydroxyl ions.

The redox couple can be a solid, a liquid and/or a gas. In one of the preferred embodiments the solid, liquid and/or gas is dissolved in the solvent.

According to the invention the redox couple at the first electrode can be decreased in oxidation state or increased in oxidation state to obtain an electrical potential difference between the first and second electrode. For example, the redox couple at the first electrode acts as anion donor and/or acceptor. The anion participates in the redox reaction. This allows removing the anion exchange membrane from the cell. The ad vantage of removing the anion exchange membrane from the cell is the reduction of the loss of co-ions in the system. This has a positive effect on the efficiency and reduces the cost of the pH gradient system.

A further advantage of the formation of a redox couple in situ is the reduction of the amount of membranes used in the pH gradient system. This has a positive effect on the efficiency and reduces the cost of the pH gradient system. The method as described above has the advantage that fewer membranes are used as compared to conventional cells. This has a positive effect towards the efficiency of storage of energy using a pH gradient system and thus the cell. This could be easily explained as co-ion transport is the limiting factor and loss of Coulomb efficiency via co-ion transport occurs.

An additional advantage is the reduction of maintenance, and therefore labour, as fewer parts are present in the cell. The effect of this advantage is the reduction in costs. Furthermore, due to the reduction in handlings the safety of an operator would increase as fewer handlings with chemicals have to be performed, this is an additional effect.

An advantage of the redox couple at the first electrode where it can be decreased in oxidation stale or increased in oxidation slate to obtain an electrical potential difference between the first and second electrode, is the loss of the anion exchange membrane (AEM). Therefore the pH gradient system obtains a better efficiency as the leaking of ions is reduced. A further effect is the reduction in costs.

Yet a further advantage is the possibility to slack the cells compacter. This has the effect that less space is needed for the same amount of cells or more cells can be stacked in the same volume. This enhances the overall efficiency of the charging and discharging steps.

Yet an even further advantage is that the electrolyte, when performing the reaction(s),is compatible with the membrane and electrode at the same time.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the redox couple comprises one or more chosen from the group Fe ²⁺ /Fe ³⁺ , 3I-/I ₃ -, 3Br - /Br3-, Ru ²⁺ /Ru ³⁺ , Sn ²⁺ /Sn ⁴⁺ , V ²⁺ /V ³⁺ , Pb + SO ₄ ² 7PbSO ₄ , Zn/Zn ²⁺ .

The advantage of these redox couples is that these are stable in the proposed solvents.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the anion comprises one or more halogens, preferably one or more chosen from the group: fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide.

The advantage of these anions is that these can participate in a redox reaction and are stable in the proposed solvents. The effect is that these anions can participate in the redox reaction and act as anion donor and/or acceptor. It is possible to remove the anion exchange membrane and reduce the loss of co-ion transport at the side of the first electrode. Therefore, the efficiency of the system will increase, less maintenance needs to be performed and costs will be reduced.

According to a preferred method of the invention the anion is bromide or iodide.

The presently preferred method making use of bromide and/or iodide has the same advantages and effects as described previously. A further advantage is that these anions will be stable at the reaction conditions applied in the cell. This provides a relatively robust method.

According to an embodiment of the invention the cation comprises one or more chosen from the group alkali metals. An advantage of these metals is that they present an alternative to the group of heavy metals. The effect is that maintenance is less hazardous to be performed. Another advantage is the relative occurrence of the metals and therefore a wide variety in possible combinations with anions.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the cation comprises one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and/or caesium.

In addition to the advantages and effects as described previously, this cation type further enhances the stability of the system.

According to an embodiment of the invention the redox reaction at the first electrode involves the redox couple. Suitable redox couples for a redox reaction are for example Ag/AgBr, Ag/Agl, Ag/AgCl, Ag/AgF, 3Br-/Br ₃ - 3I-1 ₃ . The advantage of a redox couple is the possibility to perform a redox reaction and gain energy.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the redox reaction at the first electrode involves the redox couple 3Br7Br/ and/or 3I7I7.

The advantage of these specific redox couples is that these can act as anion donor and/or acceptor. The effect of this is the possibility to remove the anion exchange membrane. This results in a reduction of co-ion transport loss and therefore a possibility to increase the efficiency of the cell. This will reduce the cost and simplifies the maintenance of the cell.

Another advantage is the lack of metals used in the redox reaction at the first electrode. The effect is the lack of toxic metals.

A further advantage is the stability of these redox couples in a strong acid and/or a strong base. The pH range this redox couple can be applied to is therefore very broad.

In a preferred embodiment the redox couple at the second electrode can be decreased in oxidation state or increased in oxidation state to obtain an electrical potential difference between the first and second electrode.

The advantage of these redox couples is that these can participate in a redox reaction and are stable in the proposed solvents. The effect thereof is that these can participate in the redox reaction. For example, these can act as anion donor and/or acceptor. It is possible to remove the cation exchange membrane and reduce the loss of co-ion transport at the side of the first electrode. Therefore, the efficiency of the system will further increase, even less maintenance needs to be performed, and costs will be reduced. In order to do so, the anion is retrieved from a salt, wherein the cation is preferably chosen from the group as mentioned before.

In a preferred embodiment the redox couple at the first electrode and second electrode are the same. The advantage of having the same redox couple at both electrodes is that the chemical gradient is similar at both electrodes. The effect thereof is less or no diffusion of chemicals through the bipolar membrane.

According to an embodiment of the invention further comprises the step of stacking a number of cells wherein the energy charge and discharge step comprise the charge or discharge of a bipolar plate.

Stacking multiple cells occurs by placing two electrodes on opposite sides of the stack, one from each consecutive cell and opposite of each other in performed reaction (oxidation versus reduction and reduction versus oxidation).

Stacking the different cells results in a repetition of bipolar membrane, cation exchange membrane, bipolar plate or bipolar membrane, bipolar plate. The advantage of stacking the cells is the increase in storage capacity. As a result a pH gradient system with such a configuration is commercially more interesting.

Another advantage of a stack of cells is the reduction in space compared to single cells, therefore less space is required to obtain similar efficiency.

Yet another advantage is the reduction of connections as fewer electrodes are required compared to multiple single cells. The effect of this configuration is the reduction in maintenance and thus less costs to operate the system.

According to an embodiment of the invention the electrode is an activated carbon electrode, and wherein the activated carbon electrode is preferably a slurry electrode or a porous electrode.

An advantage of capacitive electrodes and/or capacitive slurries as reversible electrodes is that these electrodes can adsorb halogenide ions, for example fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide. The effect of this type of electrons is that the cell is compatible with a wide variety of anions.

A further advantage of using capacitive electrodes is the lack of a redox couple. As a result this will open up a broad spectrum of anions and cations which can be used at the capacitive electrodes.

The anion(s) can be chosen from the following, but not limiting, group: fluoride (F ), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br ), iodide (I-), carbonate (CO-, ² ), hydrogencarbonate (HCO ₃ -) formiate (HCOO ), acetate (CH ₃ COO ). methanesulfonate (CH ₃ S0 ₃ ), dihydrogenphosphate (H ₂ PO ₄ ), monohydrogenphosphate (HPO ₄ ² ), phosphate (PO ₄ ³ ), perchlorate (C1O ₄ ), sulphate (SO ₄ ² ), hydrogensulphate (HSO, ). sulphite (SO ₃ ² ), hydrogensulphite (HSO(. nitrate (NO( ). nitrite (NOT), hexafluorophosphate (PF ₆ -), letrafluoroborate (BF ₄ ), permanganate (MnO ₄ -), citrate ^3' ,

monohydrogencitrate ^2' , dihydrogencitrate ^' , oxalate ^2' , hydrogenoxalate ^' , selenate (SeO ₄ ² ), hydrogenselenate (SeO ₄ ), selenite (Se0 ₃ ² ), hydrogenselenile (HSeO ₃ ), molybdate (MoO ₄ ² ), hydrogenmolybdate (HMoOf), arsenite (As0 ₃ ^3- ), hydrogenarsenite (HAs0 ₃ ² ), dihydrogenarsenite (H ₂ As0 ₃ ), arsenate (AsO ₄ ^3' ), hydrogenarsenate (HAsO ₄ ² ), dihydrogenarsenate (H ₂ AsO ₄ ), chromate (CrO ₄ ² ), hydrogenchromate (HCrO ₄ ), isocyanate iOCN ). lactate ^" , orthosilicate (SiO ₄ ⁴ ).

The cation(s) can he chosen from the following, but not limiting, group: Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Al ³⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , V ²⁺ , V ^;?+ , V0 ²⁺ , V0 ₂ ⁺ , Pb ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ .

According to an embodiment of the invention in use the pH at the first electrode is pH < 2.

In a further preferred embodiment the acidity level at the first electrode is pH < 2 and the acidity level at the second electrode is pH > 10.

The acidity level can be obtained using an acidic solution. The acid is dissolved in a solvent, for example water, to obtain an aqueous solution. The used acid(s) can be chosen from the following, but not limiting, group: selenic acid (H ₂ SeO ₄ ), sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄ ), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydrochloric acid (HC1), nitric acid (HN0 ₃ ), phosphoric acid (H ₃ PO ₄ ), arsenic acid (H ₃ AsO ₄ ), selenous acid (H ₂ Se0 ₃ ), chromic acid (H ₂ CrO ₄ ), hydroxycitric acid, hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitrous acid (HN0 ₂ ), isocyanic acid, formic acid, hydroselenic acid (H ₂ Se), molybdic acid (H ₂ MoO ₄ ), lactate acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid (H ₂ C0 ₃ ), hydrosulfuric acid (H ₂ S), arsenous acid (H ₃ As0 ₃ ), boric acid (H ₃ B0 ₃ ), silicic acid (H ₄ SiO ₄ ).

The basicity level can be obtained using a basic solution. The base is dissolved in a solvent, for example water, to obtain an aqueous solution. The used base(s) can be chosen from the following, but not limiting, group: Ba(OH) ₂ , Sr( OH) ₂ , NaOH, KOH, Na ₂ S10 _3, Ca(OH) ₂ , Na ₃ PO ₄ , K ₂ C0 _3, Na ₂ C0 ₃ , NH ₄ OH, Mg(OH) ₂ , CaC0 ₃ , Fe(OH) ₂ , Cd(OH) ₂ , Na ₂ B ₄ 0 _7, Co(OH) ₂ , Zn(OH) ₂ , Ni(OH) ₂ , KAcetate, NaAcetate, KHC0 ₃ , NaHC0 ₃ , Be(OH) ₂ , Cu(OH) ₂ , Pb(OH) ₂ , Cr(OH) ₂ , Hg(OH) ₂ .

Preferably the reagents used performing the various reactions in the cell are stable at the pH present at the different compartments. This is important to be able to create a reusable system. For example, the base can be in a compartment or in a separate tank.

In a further embodiment the redox couple at one of the electrodes is dissolved at pH < 7 and at the counter electrode at pH > 7.

According to an embodiment of the invention the method further comprises the step of providing a catalyst.

The advantage of providing a catalyst is the improvement of the dissociation and/or combination of water. This results in an increase in efficiency of the cell. The catalyst can be placed within the bipolar membrane and/or dissolved in the compartment with the first electrode and/or dissolved in the compartment between the bipolar membrane and cation exchange membrane and/or compartment with the first electrode.

According to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention wherein the catalyst is located within the bipolar membrane and/or is chosen from, but not limited to one of the group: palygorskite, AgCl, Cr(OH) ₃ Fe(OH) ₂ /Fe(OH) ₃ Zr0 ₂ , tertiary amines, Sn ion, R u ion, phosphoric acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, hydrated silicon oxide.

The advantage of the catalyst is the possible in situ formation. A further advantage is the affinity with dissociation and/or combination with water. Another advantage is the availability of the catalyst.

The invention also relates to a stack for storage of energy using a pH gradient system, the stack comprising cells which further comprises a bipolar membrane and tire separated by a bipolar plate.

The stack provides similar advantages and effects as those described for the method.

More specifically, the stack enables an efficient and effective storage of energy, wherein the cell is a container or a flow device. The flow device contains a one or more devices to move the liquid. These devices could be, but are not limited to, pumps, communicating vessels, pressure.

In further embodiments the stack of cells further comprises a cation exchange membrane.

This enables providing a stack of alternately provided cation exchange membranes and bipolar membrane.

The invention also relates to a system for storage of energy using a pH gradient system, comprising:

a stack according to an embodiment of the invention; and

first and second electrodes.

The system provided the same advantages and effects as those described for the method and/or the stack.

Further advantages, features and details of the invention are elucidated on the basis of preferred embodiments thereof, wherein reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which:

- Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the pH gradient system with two tanks in the charge state and involving a cation exchange membrane;

- Figure 2 shows a cell of the pH gradient system of figure 1 in the discharge state;

- Figure 3 shows a stack of cells of a pH gradient system of figures 1 and 2 in the bipolar configuration in the charge state wherein each cell includes a cation exchange membrane;

- Figure 4 shows a second embodiment of cell of a pH gradient system in an

alternative configuration with two tanks in the charge state;

- Figure 5 shows the cell of the pH gradient system of figure 4 in the discharge state;

- Figure 6 shows a stack of cells of the pH gradient system of figures 4 and 5 in the bipolar configuration in the charge stale. - Figure 7 shows a third embodiment of cell of a pH gradient system in a further alternative configuration in the charge stale with two tanks and a cation exchange membrane and activated carbon electrodes;

- Figure 8 shows the cell of the pH gradient system of figure 7 in the discharge state and a cation exchange membrane and activated carbon electrodes; and

- Figure 9 shows a stack of cells of the pH gradient system of figures 7 and 8 in the bipolar configuration in the charge state wherein each cell with a cation exchange membrane and activated carbon electrodes.

In a first illustrated embodiment of the invention, pH gradient system 2 (figures 1-3) performs storage of energy.

In an illustrated embodiment this starts with a pH gradient system 2 (figure 1) comprising cell 10 and tank unit 4. Tank unit 4 comprises tank 6 with fill part 6A and collection part 6B to fill and/or empty compartment 38 at first electrode 12 of cell 10. This is performed using inlet line 7A for filling compartment 38 and outlet line 7B to empty compartment 38. Tank unit 4 also comprises tank 3A and B, with fill part 3A and collection part 3B to fill and/or empty compartment 40 of cell 10. This is performed using inlet line 3C for filling compartment 40 and outlet line 3D to empty compartment 40. Tank unit 4 also comprises tank 8 with fill part 8 A and collection part 8B to fill and/or empty compartment 42 at first electrode 14 of cell 10. This is performed using inlet line 9A for filling compartment 42 and outlet line 9B to empty compartment 42. Cell 10 is in the charging state and comprises first electrode 12 in compartment 38 separated to further

compartments by bipolar membrane 18. Cell 10 further comprises bipolar membrane 18 which optionally contains catalyst 20, wherein bipolar membrane 18 encloses compartment 40 together with cation exchange membrane 22 in order to separate compartment 42 from bipolar membrane 18. Cell 10 further comprises second electrode 14 in compartment 42. First electrode 12 and second electrode 14 are connected via cable 24 and power supply 16 in order to form a circuit and move electrons 26. This allows performing reduction reaction 34 at first electrode 12 and oxidation reaction 36 at second electrode 14 in the presence of a redox couple. The reactions at first electrode 12 and second electrode 14 will result in the dissociation 30, 32 of water into H ⁺ 32 and OH- 30. To balance the charge in compartment 40 a cation will diffuse 28 through cation exchange membrane 22 to compartment 40.

It will be understood that the tanks of the embodiment described in figure 1 could be applied to the embodiments described in figures 2-9.

In another illustrated embodiment, cell 44 is in the discharge state (figure 2). Cell 44 comprises first electrode 12 in compartment 38 separated to further compartments by bipolar membrane 18. Cell 44 further comprises bipolar membrane 18 which optionally contains catalyst 20, wherein bipolar membrane 18 encloses compartment 40 together with cation exchange membrane 22 in order to separate compartment 42 from bipolar membrane 18. Cell 44 further comprises second electrode 14 in compartment 42. First electrode 12 and second electrode 14 are connected via cable 24 and load 46 in order to form a circuit and move electrons 26. This allows performing oxidation reaction 36 at first electrode 12 and reduction reaction 34 at second electrode 14 in the presence of a redox couple. The reactions at first electrode 12 and second electrode 14 will result in the association of 30 and 32 into water. To balance the charge in compartment 42 a cation will diffuse 28 through cation exchange membrane 22 to compartment 42. It will be understood that cable 24 in this and other embodiments is not limited to a cable, it could also be a line, wire or any kind of connection between electrode 12 and electrode 14 which can transport electrons, and other suitable means.

In another illustrated embodiment, stacked cells 48 in the charge position are shown (figure 3). The design of the cells present in the stack are similar to cell 10 explained in figure 1. The difference is that tw'o cells are connected via bipolar plate 50. One end cell contains first electrode 12 and another end cell contains second electrode 14.

The different redox reactions which could be performed in the various embodiments are a reduction reaction and an oxidation reaction which follows the general formulas:

(reduction reaction)

(oxidation reaction)

The anion is the limiting element in this redox reaction. Suitable elements for X are for example iodine or bromine.

In a second illustrated embodiment of the invention, pH gradient system 2 (figures 4-6) performs storage of energy. In this second illustrated embodiment, cell 52 is in the charging state (figure 4). Cell 52 comprises first electrode 12 in compartment 38 separated to further

compartments by bipolar membrane 18. Cell 52 further comprises bipolar membrane 18 which optionally contains catalyst 20, wherein bipolar membrane 18 separates compartment 38 and compartment 54. Cell 52 further comprises second electrode 14 in compartment 54. First electrode 12 and second electrode 14 are connected via cable 24 and power supply 16 in order to form a circuit and move electrons 26. This allows performing reduction reaction 34 at first electrode 12 and oxidation reaction 36 at second electrode 14 in the presence of a redox couple. The reactions at first electrode 12 and second electrode 14 will result in the dissociation 30, 32 of water into H ⁺ 32 and OH ^' 30.

In another illustrated embodiment, cell 56 is in the discharging state (figure 5). Cell 56 comprises first electrode 12 in compartment 38 separated to further compartments by bipolar membrane 18. Cell 56 further comprises bipolar membrane 18 which optionally contains catalyst 20, wherein bipolar membrane 18 separates compartment 38 and compartment 54. Cell 56 further comprises second electrode 14 in compartment 54. First electrode 12 and second electrode 14 are connected via cable 24 and load 46 in order to form a circuit and move electrons 26. This allows performing oxidation reaction 36 at first electrode 12 and reduction reaction 34 at second electrode 14 in the presence of a redox couple. The reactions at first electrode 12 and second electrode 14 will result in the association of H ⁺ 32 and OH 30 into water.

In another illustrated embodiment, stacked cells 56 in the charge position are shown (figure 6). The design of the cells present in the stack are similar to cell 52 explained in figure 4. The difference is that two cells are connected via bipolar plate 50. One end cell contains first electrode 12 and another end cell contains second electrode 14.

In a third illustrated embodiment of the invention, pH gradient system 2 (figures 7-9) performs storage of energy.

In another third illustrated embodiment, cell 58 is in the charging state (figure 7) and comprises first activated carbon electrode 60 in compartment 38 separated to further compartments by bipolar membrane 18. Cell 58 further comprises bipolar membrane 18 which optionally contains catalyst 20, wherein bipolar membrane 18 encloses compartment 40 together with cation exchange membrane 22 in order to separate compartment 42 from bipolar membrane 18. Cell 58 further comprises second activated carbon electrode 62 in compartment 42. First activated carbon electrode 60 and second activated carbon electrode 62 are connected via cable 24 and power supply 16 in order to form a circuit and move electrons 26. This allows performing desorption reaction 34 at first activated carbon electrode 60 and adsorption reaction 36 at second activated carbon electrode 62. Therefore, desorption of anions at electrode 60 and adsorption of anions at electrode 62. The reactions at first activated carbon electrode 60 and second activated carbon electrode 62 will result in the dissociation 30, 32 of water into H ⁺ 32 and OH ^' 30. To balance the charge in compartment 40 a cation 28 will diffuse through cation exchange membrane 22 to compartment 40.

In another illustrated embodiment, cell 64 is in the discharging (figure 8) state and comprises first electrode 60 in compartment 38 separated to further compartments by bipolar membrane 18. Cell 58 further comprises bipolar membrane 18 which optionally contains catalyst 20, wherein bipolar membrane 18 encloses compartment 40 together with cation exchange membrane 22 in order to separate compartment 42 from bipolar membrane 18. Cell 64 further comprises second electrode 62 in compartment 42. First activated carbon electrode 60 and second activated carbon electrode 62 are connected via cable 24 and resistor 46 in order to form a circuit and move electrons 26. This allows performing adsorption reaction 36 at first activated carbon electrode 60 and desorption reaction 34 at second activated carbon electrode 62. The reactions at first activated carbon electrode 60 and second activated carbon electrode 62 will result in the association 30, 32 of water. To balance the charge in compartment 40 a cation 28 will diffuse through cation exchange membrane 22 to compartment 42. It will be understood that cable 24 is not limited to a cable, it could also be a line, wire or any kind of connection between activated carbon electrode 60 and activated carbon electrode 62.

In another illustrated embodiment, stacked cells 66 in the charge position are shown (figure 9). The design of the cells present in the stack are similar to cell 58 explained in figure 7. The difference is that two cells are connected via bipolar plate 50. One end cell contains first activated carbon electrode 60 and another end cell contains second activated carbon electrode 62.

The features of the different embodiments tire not limited to those embodiments and are interchangeably. For example, the activated carbon electrodes described in figures 7-9 can also be applied to the embodiment of figures 4-6.

In a further embodiment the cell was charged with a redox couple consisting of Ag/Agl, Ag/AgCl, Ag/AgBr, Ag/AgF. This redox couple has the same advantages and effects of the previously described redox couples. This redox couple can be applied to the embodiments previously described by the Figures 1 -6.

Experiments have been performed with pH gradient system 2 using iodide. The reaction was performed using a stack of cells. The fluids are pumped through the different compartments of the cell(s).

In the charge state a reduction reaction is performed at electrode 12, forming iodide starting from triiodide. The reaction performed at electrode 14 in the charge state is an oxidation reaction, forming triiodide from iodide.

(reduction reaction at electrode 12)

(oxidation reaction at electrode 14)

In the discharge state an oxidation reaction is performed at electrode 12, forming triiodide starting from iodide. The reaction performed at electrode 14 in the discharge slate is a reduction reaction, forming iodide from triiodide.

(reduction reaction at electrode 14)

(oxidation reaction at electrode 12)

This experiment shows the embodiment functionally works and could be used for storage of energy. This could for example enable household application in times of energy surplus.

Optionally, a catalyst and/or other redox couple can be applied to this system and/or in accordance with the method of the invention.

Examples of possible redox couple combinations, but not limited to, are:

The present invention is by no means limited to the above described preferred embodiments thereof. The rights sought are defined by the following claims, within the scope of which many modifications can be envisaged.