A METHOD OF TRANSPORTING MESENCHYMAU STEM CEUUS BY MEANS

OF A CEUU CUUTURE MEDIUM AND A METHOD OF ADMINISTERING

STEM CEUUS TO WOUNDS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO REUATED APPUICATIONS

[001] The present application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional

Application No. 62/655,200, filed April 9, 2018, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIEUD OF THE INVENTION

[002] The present invention relates to a method of transporting a stem cell population, the method comprising transporting the stem cell population contacted with a liquid carrier. In addition, the present invention concerns a method of treating a subject having a disease, the method comprising topically administering a defined mesenchymal stem cell population to the subject, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is administered within about 96 hours from the time point the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested. Also concerned is a unit dosage comprising about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells of a defined mesenchymal stem cell population.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[003] Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord and their wound healing properties have been first reported in US patent application 2006/0078993 (leading to granted US patents 9,085,755, 9,737,568 and 9,844,571) and the corresponding International patent application W02006/019357. Since then, the umbilical cord tissue has gained attention as a source of multipotent cells; due to its widespread availability, the umbilical cord and in particular stem cells isolated from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord (also referred to as“cord lining stem cells”) have been considered as an excellent alternative source of cells for regenerative medicine. See, Jeschke et al. Umbilical Cord Lining Membrane and Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: the Similarities and Differences; The Open Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Journal, 2011, 4, 21-27.

[004] A subsequent study compared the phenotype, proliferation rate, migration, immunogenicity, and immunomodulatory capabilities of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord (umbilical cord lining (CL-MSCs), umbilical cord blood (CB-MSCs), placenta (P-MSCs), and Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs) (Stubbendorf et al, Immunological Properties of Extraembryonic Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Gestational Tissue, STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 22, Number 19, 2013, 2619-2629. Stubbendorf et al concluded that extraembryonic gestational tissue-derived MSC populations show a varied potential to evade immune responses as well as exert immunomodulatory effects. The authors also found that CL-MSCs showed the most promising potential for a cell-based therapy, as the cells showed low immunogenicity, but they also showed enhanced proliferative and migratory potential so that future research should concentrate on the best disease models in which CL- MSCs could be administered.

[005] While mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane can easily be obtained using the protocol as described in US patent application 2006/0078993 and International patent application W02006/019357, it would be of advantage for clinical trials with these cord lining MSC to have at hand a method that allows to isolate a population of these cord lining MSC’s that is highly homogenous and can thus be used for clinical trials.

[006] Such a highly homogenous population of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord has been reported for the first time in co pending US application Serial No. 15/725,913, filed 5 October 2018 claiming priority to US provisional application Serial No. 62/404,582 filed 5 October 2017, the content of both of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) and as well as in co-pending PCT application PCT/SG2017/050500 also filed 5 October 2018 claiming priority to US provisional application No. 62/404,582 filed 5 October 2017 and meets the criteria for mesenchymal stem cells to be used for cellular therapy (also cf. the Experimental Section of US application Serial No. 15/725,913, Dominici et al,“Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement”, Cytotherapy (2006) Vol. 8, No. 4, 315-317, or Sensebe et al,.’’Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a, review”, Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2013, 4:66.

[007] Stem cells such as the mesenchymal stem cells as described above are however typically not applied/administered to patients at the site where they are produced. Often a substantial amount of time passes in between the harvesting of cells and their further utilization. There is thus a need for the provision of certain carriers which keep cells viable and healthy for a period of time typically used for transport or storage of cells.

[008] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a method of transporting/storing stem cells, especially of a population of mesenchymal stem cells from the amniotic membrane of umbilical cord that meets this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[009] This object is accomplished by the methods and the unit dosage having the features of the independent claims.

[0010] In a first aspect, the invention provides a method of transporting a stem cell population, the method comprising transporting said stem cell population contacted with a liquid carrier, liquid carrier, wherein the liquid carrier comprises a cell culture medium.

[0011] In a second aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject having a disease, the method comprising topically administering a mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein to the subject, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is administered within about 96 hours from the time point the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested.

[0012] In a third aspect, the invention provides a unit dosage comprising about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells of a mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein.

[0013] In a fourth aspect, the invention provides the use of a liquid carrier for transporting a stem cell population, wherein the liquid carrier comprises a cell culture medium. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The invention will be better understood with reference to the detailed description when considered in conjunction with the non-limiting examples and the drawings, in which:

[0015] Fig. 1 shows the technical information sheet of Lonza for Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium, including the catalogue number of the DMEM used for the making of the illustrative example of a medium of the invention (PTT-6) in the Experimental Section;

[0016] Fig. 2 shows the technical information sheet of Lonza for Ham’s F12 medium;

[0017] Fig. 3 shows the technical information sheet of Lonza for DMEM:Fl2 (1: 1) medium, including the catalogue number of the DMEM:Fl2 (1: 1) medium used for the making of the illustrative example of a medium of the invention (PTT-6) in the Experimental Section;

[0018] Fig. 4 shows the technical information sheet of Life Technologies Corporation for M 171 medium, including the catalogue number of the M 171 medium used for the making of the illustrative example of a medium of the invention (PTT-6) in the Experimental Section;

[0019] Fig. 5 shows the list of ingredients, including their commercial supplier and the catalogue number that have been used in the Experimental Section for the making of the medium PTT-6.

[0020] Fig. 6 shows the results of flow cytometry experiments in which mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the umbilical cord have been analysed for the expression of the mesenchymal stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD 105. For these experiments, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from umbilical cord tissue by cultivation of the umbilical cord tissue in three different cultivation media, followed by subculturing of the mesenchymal stem cells in the respective medium. The three following culture media were used in these experiments: a) 90% (v/v/ DMEM supplemented with 10 % FBS (v/v), b) the culture medium PTT-4 described in US patent application 2006/0078993 and the corresponding International patent application W02006/019357 that consist of 90% (v/v) CMRL1066, and 10% (v/v) FBS (see paragraph [0183] of W02006/019357 and c) the culture medium of the present invention PTT-6 the composition of which is described herein. In this flow cytometry analysis, two different samples of the cord lining mesenchymal stem cell (CLMC) population were analysed for each of the three used culture media. The results are shown in Fig. 6a to Fig.6c. In more detail, Fig. 6a shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells expressing stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD 105 after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in DMEM/lO% FBS, Fig.6b shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells expressing stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in PTT-4 and Fig. 6c shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells expressing stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in PTT-6.

[0021] Fig. 7 shows the results of flow cytometry experiments in which mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the umbilical cord have been analysed for their expression of stem cells markers (CD73, CD90 and CD105, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related) that are used for defining the suitability of multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells for cellular therapy and compared to the expression of these markers by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. For this experiment, the mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord were isolated from umbilical cord tissue by cultivation of the umbilical cord tissue in the culture medium of the present invention PTT-6 while the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human bone marrow using a standard protocol. Fig. 7a shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells that express the stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 and lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in PTT- 6 medium while Fig. 7b shows the percentage of isolated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that express CD73, CD90 and CD105 and lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA- DR.

[0022] Fig. 8 shows photographs obtained from a preclinical study with the mesenchymal stem cell population of the present invention in pigs. The pigs were rendered diabetic with 120 mg/kg streptozotocin and allowed to recover for 45 days prior to creating six 5 cm x 5 cm full thickness wounds on their backs. Pigs (n = 2) were treated twice weekly with 10 ⁵ human mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein per cm ² for 4 weeks. The two control pigs were treated with PBS. Wounds were photographed on postoperative day 0 (PODay 0) and every seven days until postoperative Day 35. The wounds were analyzed for surface area size by ImageJ. By Day 35, the addition of mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein had resulted in closure of 10 of 12 diabetic wounds (83%), compared to only 3 of 12 (25%) of the PBS -treated control wounds. The rate of wound healing was 0.8 cm ² /day with the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein compared to 0.6 cm ² /day in the control animals, an improvement of 33%.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] As explained above, in a first aspect the invention is directed to a method of transporting/storing a stem cell population, the method comprising transporting/storing said stem cell population contacted with a liquid carrier, wherein liquid carrier comprises or is a cell culture medium, in particular a cell culture medium that contains or is DMEM.

[0024] It has been surprisingly found in the present application that cultivation using a liquid carrier such as a culture medium of PTT-6 as described herein provides a high number of viable stem cells and the possibility to isolate a highly homogenous population of mesenchymal stem cells (cf. Fig. 6). As described in the Experimental Section and Fig. 6 and 7, cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells as described herein in PTT-6 (cell culture) medium provides for a mesenchymal stem cells population which is essentially 100% pure (with respect to the expression of the positive markers CD73, CD90 and CD105, and lack of expression of the negative markers CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR) and contains 97.5 % viable cells. Therefore, the so obtained stem cell population meets the criteria that mesenchymal stem cells are to fulfill in order to be used for cell therapy (95% or more cells of the stem cell population express CD73, CD90 and CD105, while, also 95 % or more cells of the stem cell population lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR, see for example, Dominici et al, “Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement”, supra, or Sensebe et al.’’Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a review”, supra. It is noted here that the present mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane adhere to plastic in standard culture conditions and differentiate in vitro into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts, see US patents 9,085,755, US patent 8,287,854 or W02007/046775, for example, and thus meet the further criteria generally accepted for use of mesenchymal stem cells in cellular therapy.

[0025] These results show that a mesenchymal stem cell population obtained by culturing the cells in PTT-6 cell culture medium in an ideal candidate for cell-based therapy. In addition, these results show that stem cells kept/cultivated in a cell culture medium such as the PTT-6 cell culture medium are viable and thus also healthy (see also the Experimental Section). Thus, it can be expected that stem cells will also remain healthy and viable, when kept in a liquid carrier such as PTT-6, for transport/storage of cells over a certain period of time.

[0026] In this context it is noted that the PTT-6 medium comprises different components. As described in the Experimental Section, for making 500 ml PTT6 (culture/growth media) the following ingredients were added:

i. DMEM, 250 ml

ii. M171 118 ml

iii. DMEM F12 118 ml

iv. FBS 12.5 ml (final concentration of 2.5%)

v. EGF 1 ml (final concentration of lOng/ml)

vi. Insulin 0.175 ml (final concentration of 5pg/ml)

[0027] From the concentration/amount of these components it can be seen that DMEM is the most prominent component of the PTT-6 cell culture medium. It is therefore also clear that stem cells as described herein will also be healthy and viable in a medium/carrier that comprises DMEM or consists of DMEM. It is therefore also clear that cells will remain viable and healthy when kept in a carrier comprising or consisting of only DMEM for transport/storage of cells over a certain period of time.

[0028] When used herein the term‘transport’ or‘transporting’ any transport is meant. Such transport may be performed with any vehicle, such as car, train, and airplane or by a person carrying/transporting a container comprising the stem cells contacted with the liquid carrier from one place to another place. In one embodiment, transporting is carried out from the place of production of the stem cell population of interest to the place of stem cell administration (for example, the GMP facility in which a stem cell population of interest is produced to the site of administration of the stem cell population, for example, a clinic or a doctor’s office). It is however also envisioned that the term‘transporting relates to a storage of cells at the same place for a period of time. For example, stem cells may be stored after harvest until their application to a subject at one place. The container in which the stem cells can be stored or transported can be any container suitable for the method of the present invention.

[0029] The transporting/storing can be performed for any period of time. For example, the transporting/storing can be performed for about 7 days or less. It is also envisioned that the transporting/storing can be performed for about 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, day(s) or less. It can thus be that the transporting/storing is performed for about 48 hours or about 24 hours or less. [0030] It is also contemplated that the transporting/storing is performed at any temperature suitable for the method of the present invention. For example, the transporting/storing can be performed at a temperature of about -5°C to about l5°C. It is therefore also envisioned that the transporting/storing can be performed at a temperature of about 2°C to about 8°C. The transporting can also be carried out at a temperature of more than about -5°C, more than about -l0°C, more than about -l5°C , or more than about -20°C. Further it is envisioned that transporting/storing can be performed at a temperature of below 20°C, below 18 °C, below 15 °C, below 12 °C or below 10 °C.

[0031] The method of the present invention also envisions that the stem cell population is stored or transported in any suitable concentration. In this regard, the stem cell population can be transported/stored in a concentration of about 70 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 60 million cells million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 50 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 40 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 30 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 20 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 10 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 4 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 3 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 2 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier or of less than 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier. Therefore, the stem cell population can be transported/stored in a concentration of about 10 million cells per ml carrier to about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier.

[0032] The method of the present invention also envisions that the stem cell population is stored or transported in any suitable concentration. The stem cell population may, for example, be transported/stored in a concentration of about 70 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 60 million cells million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 50 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 40 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 30 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 20 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 10 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 4 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 3 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 2 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier or of less than 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier. Therefore, the stem cell population can be transported/stored in a concentration of about 10 million cells per ml carrier to about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier. [0033] The method of the present invention concerns the transporting/storing of stem cells. In principle, any stem cell can be used in the method of the present invention. One characterizing feature of stem cells is their ability to self-renew.‘Self-renewal’ is the ability to go through numerous cell cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state. Methods for testing if a cell has the capacity to self-renew are known to the skilled artisan. For example, self-renewal may be tested by passaging the cells over more than 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more passages. Passaging includes splitting of the cell population before re-plating them as a single cell suspension. A further characteristic of stem cells is their multipotency or pluripotency as will also be described elsewhere herein. In principle, multipotency or pluripotency can be tested by differentiating said stem cells into different lineages.

[0034] In particular, the stem cell population used in the method of the present invention can be an embryonic stem cell population, an adult stem cell population, a mesenchymal stem cell population or an induced pluripotent stem cell population.

[0035] As used herein an“embryonic stem cell population” is a "pluripotent stem cell population". A pluripotent cell when referred to herein relates to a cell type having the capacity for self-renewal, and the potential of differentiation into different cell types. Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into nearly all cells, i.e. cells derived from any of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. The term pluripotent stem cell also encompasses stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo known as a blastocyst. Notably, recent advances in embryonic stem cell research have led to the possibility of creating new embryonic stem cell lines without destroying embryos, for example by using a blastomere biopsy-based technique, which does not interfere with the embryo's developmental potential (Klimanskaya (2006) “Embryonic stem cells from blastomeres maintaining embryo viability.” Semin Reprod Med. 2013 Jan;3 l(l):49-55). Furthermore, a large number of established embryonic stem cell lines are available in the art. Thus, it is possible to work with embryonic stem cells without the necessity to destroy an embryo. The pluripotent stem cells can be embryonic stem cells, which have not been obtained via the destruction of a human embryo. Thus, the pluripotent stem cells are embryonic stem cells obtained from an embryo, without the destruction of the embryo.

[0036] As used herein an "adult stem cell population" is a multipotent stem cell population. A multipotent stem cell population can give rise a restricted number of cell types, therefore they are somatic fate restricted. For example, a neural stem cell can give rise to both neuronal and glial cells. Adult stem cells have the capability to self-renew and may be obtained from any suitable source. For example, adult stem cells may be obtained from bone marrow, peripheral blood, brain, spinal cord, dental pulp, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, epithelia of the skin and digestive system, cornea, retina, liver, or pancreas.

[0037] The stem cell population used in the method of the present invention may also be a mesenchymal stem cell population. In this context, it is noted that the culture medium described herein (e.g. PTT-6) allows the isolation of a mesenchymal stem cell population (also referred herein as“mesenchymal stem cells”) from the amniotic membrane under conditions that allow cell proliferation of the mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells without differentiation of the mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Thus, after isolation of the mesenchymal stem cells from the amniotic membrane as described herein the isolated mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell population has the capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types as described in US patent application 2006/0078993, US patent 9,085,755, International patent application W02006/019357, US patent 8,287,854 or W02007/046775, for instance. As described in US patent application 2006/0078993, for example, the mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord have a spindle shape, express the following genes: POU5fl, Bmi-l, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and secrete Activin A and Follistatin. The mesenchymal stem cells isolated in the present invention can, for example, be differentiated into any type of mesenchymal cell such as, but not limited to, adipocytes, skin fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, tenocytes, ligament fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, mucin producing cells, cells derived from endocrine glands such as insulin producing cells (for example, b- islet cells) or neurectodermal cells. The stem cells isolated in accordance with the method described herein can be differentiated in vitro in order to subsequently use the differentiated cell for medical purposes. An illustrative example of such an approach is the differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells into insulin producing b-islet cells which can then be administered, for example by implantation, to a patient that suffers from an insulin deficiency such as diabetes mellitus (cf. also W02007/046775 in this respect). Alternatively, the mesenchymal stem cells described herein can be used in their undifferentiated state for cell- based therapy, for example, for wound healing purposes such as treatment of burns or chronic diabetic wounds. In these therapeutic applications the mesenchymal stem cells of the invention can either serve to promote wound healing by interacting with the surrounding diseased tissue or can also differentiate into a respective skin cell (cf., again W02007/046775, for example).

[0038] In this context, it is noted that the mesenchymal stem cell population described herein can be isolated and cultivated (i.e. are derived) from any umbilical cord tissue as long as the umbilical cord tissue contains the amniotic membrane (which is also referred to as “cord lining”). Accordingly, the mesenchymal stem cell population can be isolated from (pieces of) the entire umbilical cord as described in the Experimental section of the present application. This umbilical cord tissue may thus contain, in addition to the amniotic membrane, any other tissue/component of the umbilical cord. As shown, for example, in Figure 16 of US patent application 2006/0078993 or International patent application W02006/019357, the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord is the outermost part of the umbilical cord, covering the cord. In addition, the umbilical cord contains one vein (which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus) and two arteries (which carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away from the fetus). For protection and mechanical support these three blood vessels are embedded in Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous substance largely of mucopolysaccharides. Accordingly, the umbilical cord tissue used herein can also comprise this one vein, the two arteries and the Wharton's jelly. The use of such an entire (intact) section of the umbilical cord has the advantage that the amniotic membrane does not need to be separated from the other components of the umbilical cord. This reduces the isolation steps and thus makes the method described herein, simpler, faster, less error prone and more economical - which are all important aspects for the GMP production that is necessary for therapeutic application of the mesenchymal stem cells. The isolation of the mesenchymal stem cells can thus start by tissue explant, which may be followed by subsequent subculturing (cultivation) of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells if greater amounts of the mesenchymal stem cells are desired, for example, for use in clinical trials. Alternatively, it is also possible to first separate the amniotic membrane from the other components of the umbilical cord and isolate the mesenchymal cord lining stem cells from the amniotic membrane by cultivation of the amniotic membrane in a culture medium e.g. PTT-6. This cultivation can also be carried out by tissue explant, optionally followed by subculturing of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells. In this context, the term“tissue explant” or“tissue explant method” is used in its regular meaning in the art to refer a method in which a tissue, once being harvested, or a piece of the tissue is being placed in a cell culture dish containing culture (growth) medium and by which over time, the stem cells migrate out of the tissue onto the surface of the dish. These primary stem cells can then be further expanded and transferred into fresh dishes through micropropagation (subculturing) as also described here. In this context, it is noted that in terms of production of the cells for therapeutic purposes, in the first step of isolating the amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cord, a master cell bank of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells is obtained, while with the subsequent subculturing, a working cell bank can be obtained. In particular embodiments, the stem cell population thus is a mesenchymal stem cell population.

[0039] The mesenchymal stem cell population may be isolated from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord by a method comprising cultivating umbilical cord tissue in a culture medium comprising DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium), F12 (Ham’s F12 Medium), M171 (Medium 171) and FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), in particular using the medum PTT-6. FTsing such a medium provides for the isolation of a mesenchymal stem cell population from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord of which more than 90 %, or even 99 % or more of the cells are positive for the three mesenchymal stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 while at the same these stem cells lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HFA-DR (see the Experimental Section), meaning 99 % or even more cells of this population express the stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD 105 while not expressing the markers CD34, CD45 and HFA-DR . Such an extremely homogenous and well defined cell population as well as the medium PTT-6 has been reported for the first time in co-pending FTS application Serial No. 15/725,913, filed 5 October 2018 claiming priority to US provisional application Serial No. 62/404,582 filed 5 October 2017, the content of both of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) and as well as in co-pending PCT application PCT/SG2017/050500 also filed 5 October 2018 claiming priority to US provisional application No. 62/404,582 filed 5 October 2017. This extremely homogenous and well defined mesenchymal stem cell population is the ideal candidate for clinical trials and cell based therapies since, this stem cell population for example, fully meets the criteria generally accepted for human mesenchymal stem cells to be used for cellular therapy as defined, for example, by Dominici et al, “Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement”, Cytotherapy (2006) Vol. 8, No. 4, 315-317, Sensebe et al,.’’Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a, review”, Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2013, 4:66), Vonk et al., Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2015) 6:94, or Kundrotas Acta Medica Fituanica. 2012. Vol. 19. No. 2. P. 75-79. Also, using a bioreactor such as a Quantum Cell Expansion System, it is possible to obtain high numbers of mesenchymal stem cells such as 300 to 700 million mesenchymal stem cells per run (see also the Experimental Section). Thus, the present invention allows transporting/storing amounts of stem cells that are needed for therapeutic applications, such as their use in wound healing, in a cost efficient manner. In addition, all components used for making the culture medium of the present invention are commercially available in GMP quality. Accordingly, the present invention opens the route to transport/store a GMP produced and highly homogenous mesenchymal stem cell population from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord.

[0040] Thus, in some embodiments the mesenchymal stem cell population is an isolated mesenchymal stem population of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord. It is further envisioned that at least about 90 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD 105. For example, at least about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of CD73, CD90 and CD 105. Additionally or alternatively, at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells lack expression of the following markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related).

[0041] Thus, in some embodiments the mesenchymal stem cell population is an isolated mesenchymal stem population of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord. It is further envisioned that at least about 90 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD105. For example, at least about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of CD73, CD90 and CD 105. Additionally or alternatively, at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells lack expression of the following markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related). [0042] The marker CD73 is known to the skilled person. In this regard CD73 refers to cluster of differentiation 73 also known as 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) or ecto-5'-nucleotidase. The sequence of the human CD73 protein may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1. The marker CD90 is known to the skilled person. In this regard CD90 refers to Cluster of Differentiation 90 also known as Thymocyte differentiation antigen 1 (Thy-l). The sequence of the human CD90 protein may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The marker CD 105 is known to the skilled person. CD 105 is also known as Endoglin (ENG). The sequence of the human CD 105 protein may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

[0043] If a mesenchymal stem cell population of the invention (in particular a population of the mesenchymal stem cells of which at least about 98% or 99 % or express each of the markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 and lack expression of each of the markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR) is used for clinical trials or as an approved therapeutic, a cell population of the working cell bank will typically be used for this purpose. As explained, the mesenchymal stem cell population may lack expression of the following markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. In this context it is noted that the marker CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR are known to the skilled person. The human CD34 protein may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4. The human CD45 protein may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. The human HLA-DR protein may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.

[0044] Both the stem cell population of the isolation step (which may make up the master cell bank) and the stem cell population of the subculturing step (which may make up the working cell bank) can, for example, be stored in cryo-preserved form.

[0045] As mentioned above, the present method of isolating mesenchymal stem cells from the amniotic membrane of umbilical cord has the advantage that all components used in the culture medium of the invention are available in GMP quality and thus provide the possibility to isolate the mesenchymal stem cells under GMP conditions for subsequent therapeutic administration.

[0046] In this context, is noted again that in the present invention the liquid carrier used to transport the stem cell population of interest (for example, the highly homogenous mesenchymal stem cell population of the amniotic membrane of umbilical cord described herein) for its therapeutic administration comprises or is a cell culture medium such as, but not limited to, DMEM or PTT-6 which are, as mentioned above, available in GMP quality. The use of such a cell culture medium as transport medium/carrier has thus the added advantage that no additional carrier (excipient) such as PlasmaLyte™ or Hypothermosol™ that is typically used as cryopreservation and transport medium (see, for example US Patent 7,112,576 “Compositions And Methods For Cryopreservation Of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes”, issued to the Regents of the University of Minnesota, and US Patent 9,265,795’’Cellular Compositions For Use In Therapy” issued to Reneuron Limited) needs to be used and integrated into the GMP manufacturing process. This does not only simplify the GMP manufacturing process but also reduces costs. In addition, since the present invention does not make use of cryo-preserved cells but the stem cell population of interested is transported as viable cells in liquid carrier/cell culture medium (for example, at a temperature of about 2°C to about 8°C), administration of the stem cells according to the present invention is devoid of any freezing and thawing steps, thereby simplifying both the GMP manufacturing and the therapeutic administration. In addition, the use of viable cells without intermediate freezing and thawing elimates the risk of damaging the cells and thus affecting their therapeutic efficacy.

[0047] Any cell culture medium can be used as liquid carrier as long as the cell culture medium maintains, at least for a period of time, the viability and functionality such as the wound healing properties of the stem cell population of interest. The term“cell culture medium” or also“culture medium”,“cultivation medium” or“growth medium” is used herein in its regular meaning in the art to refer to a liquid medium that contains all necessary ingredients to grow and maintain mammalian cells such as mesenchymal stem cells under controlled conditions outside their natural environment (cf., for example, Pollard, J.W. and Walker, J.M. (1997) Basic Cell Culture Protocols, Second Edition, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ; Freshney, R.I. (2000) Culture of Animal Cells, Fourth Edition, Wiley- Liss, Hoboken, NJ). Numerous cell culture media are known in the art and commercially available. Examples of such suitable cell culture media that can be comprised in or used as liquid carrier of the present invention, include, but are not limited to Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), DMEM-F12, RPMI media, EpiLife medium, CMRL1066, or Medium 171 that are described in US patent application 2006/0078993 and the corresponding International patent application W02006/019357 for the cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane of umbilical cord. The media may be supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) as well as antibiotics, growth factors, amino acids, inhibitors or the like, which is well within the general knowledge of the skilled artisan. The cell culture medium may also comprise DMEM and further components. See in this context, for example, DMEM supplemented with 10 % FBS that has been used in US patent application 2008/0248005 and the corresponding International patent application W02007/046775 for cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane of umbilical cord or the medium PTT-6 that is described and used herein for the isolation and cultivation of the mesenchymal stem cell population of the present invention. Another illustrative example of a suitable cell culture medium is the culture medium PTT-4 that is also described in US patent application 2008/0248005 and the corresponding International patent application W02007/046775 and that consist of 90% (v/v) CMRL1066, and 10% (v/v) FBS (see paragraph [0183] of W02007/046775, for example).

[0048] The stem cell population used herein can also be an induced pluripotent stem cell population. "Induced pluripotent stem cells", as used herein, refer to adult somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by being forced to express genes and factors important for maintaining the defining properties of embryonic stem cells. Thus, induced pluripotent stem cells can be derived/generated from a non-pluripotent cell.

[0049] Induced pluripotent stem cells are an important advancement in stem cell research, as they allow obtaining pluripotent stem cells without the use of embryos. Mouse iPSCs were first reported in 2006 (Takahashi, K; Yamanaka, S (2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors". Cell 126 (4): 663-76), and human iPSCs (hiPSCs) were first reported in 2007 (Takahashi et al. (2007) “Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.” Cell; 131(5 ):861-72). Mouse iPSCs demonstrate important characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including expression of stem cell markers, forming tumors containing cells from all three germ layers, and being able to contribute to many different tissues when injected into mouse embryos at a very early stage in development. Human iPSCs also express stem cell markers and are capable of generating cells characteristic of all three germ layers. Such stem cell markers can include Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as stem cell- specific antigen 3 and 4 (SSEA3/4). Also, the chromatin methylation patterns of iPSC are similar to that of embryonic stem cells (Tanabe, Takahashi, Yamanaka (2014)“Induction of pluripotency by defined factors.” Proc. Jpn. Acad., 2014, Ser. B 90).

[0050] In addition, iPSCs are able to self-renew in vitro and differentiate into all three germ layers. The pluripotency or the potential to differentiate into different cell types of iPSC can tested, e.g., by in vitro differentiation into neural or glia cells or the production of germline chimeric animals through blastocyst injection. [0051] Methods for the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells are well known to the skilled person and for example described in W02009115295, W02009144008 or EP2218778. Thus, the skilled artisan can obtain an iPSC by any method. In principle, induced pluripotent stem cells may be obtained from any adult somatic cell (of a subject). Exemplary somatic cells include peripheral blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from blood or fibroblasts obtained from skin tissue biopsies.

[0052] The method of the present invention includes that the stem cell population as described herein is contacted with a liquid carrier wherein the liquid carrier comprises or consists of a cell culture medium. It is envisioned that in the method of the present invention the stem cell population as described herein is contacted with the carrier before transporting/storing. Additionally or alternatively, the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier after its harvest. How harvesting can be performed is described in detail elsewhere herein as well as in the Experimental Section. For example, the stem cell population can be contacted with the carrier about 0 minutes, about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes or a longer time after its harvest.

[0053] Harvesting can comprise separating the stem cell population from culture medium e.g. from PTT-6. Suitable techniques for such separation are known to the skilled person. For example, separating can be performed by centrifuging the stem cells within a culture medium and decanting the culture medium.

[0054] In one embodiment, the stem cell population is contacted with a liquid carrier, wherein the liquid carrier comprises DMEM.

[0055] In principle any liquid carrier comprising DMEM can be used in the method of the present invention. The carrier is a liquid carrier. Thus, it is possible that DMEM is contacted with further ingredients to provide for a solution/suspension. The liquid may be any suitable liquid. For example, the liquid can be a culture medium, another buffer, or the like. Preferably, the liquid carrier comprising DMEM is a cell culture medium. The carrier may be a transport/storage medium or an excipient. A transport/storage medium, may be a natural medium, which consists solely of naturally occurring biological fluids, which additionally comprise substances as listed in i)-xiii) as described herein. The medium can also be a medium comprising substances as listed in i)-xiii) as described herein and addition of (further) nutrients (both organic and inorganic), vitamins, salts, 0 ₂ and C0 ₂ gas phases, serum proteins, carbohydrates, and/or cofactors. [0056] The carrier may also be an excipient. An“excipient” is a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication. In the present method the active ingredient is the stem cell population.

[0057] The carrier may further comprise biocompatible scaffolds or microcarriers. The scaffolds or microcarriers can, for example, be biodegradable polymeric substances, most preferably poly(D,L lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)). Alternatively, the scaffolds or micro carriers may be smooth, macroprorous or microporous structures comprising substances including poly-L-lactide (PLLA), collagen, fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), fibrin, starch, cellulose arabinogalactan (larch gum), alginic acid, agar, carrageenan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, dextran, gellan gum, pullulan, hydroxyapatite, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), hydrogels or other self-assembling materials such as peptide based nanostructured fibrous scaffolds.

In principle any amount of stem cells can be contacted with any amount of liquid carrier. In this regard the contacting can be performed by suspending the stem cell population in a density of about 70 million/ml, of about 60 million/ml, of about 50 million/ml, of about 40 million/ml, of about 30 million/ml, of about 20 million/ml, of about 10 million/ml, of about 5 million/ml, of about 4 million/ml, of about 3 million/ml, of about 2 million/ml, of about 1 million/ml, of about 0.5 million/ml, of about 0.1 million/ml or of less than 0.1 million cells in 1 ml of the carrier. In some embodiments, the contacting is performed by suspending the stem cell population in a density of about 10 million/l ml carrier.

[0058] After contacting the stem cell population with the carrier, the stem cells contacted with the carrier can be aliquoted into vials in a volume of about 50 ml, of about 20 ml, of about 10 ml, of about 5 ml, of about 4 ml, of about 3 ml, of about 2 ml, of about 1 ml, of about 0.5 ml, of about 0.25 ml or of less than 0.25 ml carrier. For example, the stem cells that have been contacted with the carrier can be aliquoted into vials in a volume of about 1 ml.

It is further envisioned that the method of the present invention does not comprise a thawing or freezing step. This may include that after their harvest the stem cell population is transported/stored without the need to freeze and thaw the stem cell population.

[0059] The carrier used in the method of transporting/storing the stem cell population as described herein is particularly suited for this purpose. One advantage of this carrier is that substantially all stem cells transported/stored therein remain viable. A“viable cell” is a cell able to live. The person skilled in the art knows how to detect viable cells. One such method is staining cells with the dye Trypan blue. Viable cells do not stain positive with Trypan blue.

[0060] In this regard, in the method of the present invention at most about 50 %, about 40 %, about 30 %, about 20 %, about 10 % or less than about 10 % of the stem cells of the population may die during transporting/storing compared to the number/amount of viable stem cells before transporting/ storing.

[0061] The method of the present invention also contemplates that the stem cell population has any cell diameter after transporting/storage. The person skilled in the art knows how to measure the diameter of a cell. For example, cell size/diameter may be determined by capturing a microscope image and using secondary software to measure the diameter of the cell. Most of the stem cells in the stem cell population can therefore have a cell diameter between about 9 pm and about 20 pm after transporting/storage. It is also envisioned that most of the stem cells in the stem cell population have a cell diameter between about 12 pm and about 16 pm after transporting.

[0062] The stem cells transported/stored in the carrier as described herein secrete the same proteins/ factors as viable stem cells. For example, the method of the present invention contemplates that after transport/storage the (mesenchymal) stem cell population may secrete about as much TGFbeta 1 as before transporting/storage. TGFbeta 1 (Transforming growth factor beta, TGFP 1 ) is known to the skilled person and may comprise the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 7. Additionally or alternatively, after transporting/storing the (mesenchymal) stem cell population may secrete about as much VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), PDGF-AA (Platelet-derived growth factor subunit AA), Ang-l (Angiogenin-l), and/or HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor) as before transporting/storing. All of VEGF, PDGF-AA, Ang-l, and/or HGF are known to the skilled person for their involvent in wound healing. In particular, VEGF may comprise a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 8, PDGF-AA may have a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 9, Ang-l may have a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 10 while HGF may have a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 11. Additionally or alternatively, essentially no PDGF-BB and/or IL-10 is detected before and/or after transporting. Both of PDGF-BB (Platelet-derived growth factor subunit BB) and/or IL-10 (interleukin- 10) are also known to the skilled person. PDGF-BB may comprise a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 12 while IL-10 may comprise a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. The secretion of these factors can be determined with any suitable method, for example, by measuring the amount of protein (i.e., for example, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF, IL-10, Ang-l, HGF or TGFp 1 ) that the stem cells secrete into the culture medium/carrier. The amount of protein can be measured by commercially available antibodies/immunoassays in an automated fashion, using, for example a system such as the FLEXMAP 3D system (Luminex Corporation, Austin, Texas, USA). In this context, it is noted that involvement of the proteins Angiopoietin 1 (Ang- 1 ), TGF-b 1 , VEGF, and HGF in the wound healing process is known to the person skilled in the art. For the involvement of Angiopoietin 1 in wound healing, see, for example, Li et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2013, 4: 113 “Mesenchymal stem cells modified with angiopoietin- 1 gene promote wound healing”. For the involvement of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in wound healing, in particular healing of chronic/non healing wounds see for example, Yoshida et al., “Neutralization of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Leads to Retarded CutaneousWound Healing Associated with Decreased Neovascularization and Granulation Tissue FormationJ. Invest. Dermatol. 120:335-343, 2003, Li, Jin-Feng et al.“HGF Accelerates Wound Healing by Promoting the Dedifferentiation of Epidermal Cells through b l-Integrin/ILK Pathway.” BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 470418 or Conway et al,“Hepatocyte growth factor regulation: An integral part of why wounds become chronic”. Wound Rep Reg (2007) 15 683-692. For the involvement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in wound healing, in particular healing of chronic/non-healing wounds, see for example Froget et al., Eur. Cytokine Netw., Vol. 14, March 2003, 60-64 or Bao et al., “The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Wound Healing” J Surg Res. 2009 May 15; 153(2): 347-358.

[0063] For the involvement of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (including TGF-b!, TGF^2, and TGF^3) in wound healing, in particular healing of chronic/non-healing wounds see for example, Ramirez et al.“The Role of TGFb Signaling in Wound Epithelialization” Advances In Wound Care, Volume 3, Number 7, 2013, 482-491 or Pakyari et al., Critical Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Different Phases of Wound Healing, Advances In Wound Care, Volume 2, Number 5, 2012, 215-224.

[0064] Turning now to the both the carrier and the cell culture medium used in the present invention, the carrier or culture medium may comprise both for the isolation or cultivation or the transport of the mesenchymal cord lining stem cells DMEM in a final concentration of about 55 to 65 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 5 to 15 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 15 to 30 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 1 to 8 % (v/v). The value (v/v)” as used herein refers to the volume of the indivual component relative to the final volume of the carrier or culture medium. This means, if DMEM is, for example, present in the culture medium a final concentration of about 55 to 65 % (v/v), 1 liter of culture medium contains about 550 to 650 ml DMEM.

[0065] In other embodiments, the carrier or culture medium may comprise DMEM in a final concentration of about 57.5 to 62.5 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 7.5 to 12.5 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 17.5 to 25.0 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 1.75 to 3.5 % (v/v) . In further embodiments , the culture medium may comprise DMEM in a final concentration of about 61.8 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 11.8 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 23.6 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 2.5 % (v/v).

[0066] In addition to the above-mentioned components, the carrier or culture medium may comprise supplements that are advantageous for cultivation of the mesenchymal cord lining stem cells. The carrier or culture medium used in the present invention may, for example, comprise Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). If present, EGF may be present in the carrier or culture medium in a final concentration of about 1 ng/ml to about 20 ng/ml. In some of these embodiments, the carrier or culture medium may comprise EGF in a final concentration of about lOng/ml.

[0067] The carrier or culture medium may also comprise insulin. If present, insulin may be present in a final concentration of about 1 pg/ml to 10 pg/ml. In some of these embodiments, the carrier or culture medium may comprise Insulin in a final concentration of about 5 pg/ml.

[0068] The carrier or culture medium may further comprise at least one of the following supplements: adenine, hydrocortisone, and 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3). In such embodiments, the carrier or culture medium may comprise all three of adenine, hydrocortisone, and 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3). In these embodiments, the carrier or culture medium may comprises may comprise adenine in a final concentration of about 0.05 to about 0.1 pg/ml, hydrocortisone in a final concentration of about 1 to about 10 pg/ml and/or 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3) in a final concentration of about 0.5 to about 5 ng/ml.

[0069] In one embodiment, the mesenchymal stem cells are cultured in PTT-6 medium to obtain the highly purified mesenchymal stem cell population described and used herein. PTT-6 medium can also be used as liquid carrier for transporting the mesenchymal stem cell population. In this context it is noted that PTT-6 carrier/medium as described herein is obtained by mixing to obtain a final volume of 500 ml culture medium: i. 250 ml of DMEM

ii. 118 ml M171

iii. 118 ml DMEM/F12

iv. 12.5 ml Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) to reach a final concentration of 2.5% (v/v) v. EGF in a final concentration of lOng/ml

vi. Insulin in a final concentration of 5mg/ml.

vi. Insulin 0.175 ml (final concentration of 5mg/ml)

[0070] By “DMEM” is meant Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium which was developed in 1969 and is a modification of basal medium eagle (BME) (cf. Fig.1 showing the data sheet of DMEM available from Lonza). The original DMEM formula contains 1000 mg/L of glucose and was first reported for culturing embryonic mouse cells. DMEM has since then become a standard medium for cell culture that is commercially available from various sources such as ThermoFisher Scientific (catalogue number 11965-084), Sigma Aldrich (catalogue number D5546) or Lonza, to new only a few suppliers. Thus, any commercially available DMEM can be used in the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the DMEM used herein is the DMEM medium available from Lonza under catalog number 12-604F. This medium is DMEM supplemented with 4.5 g/L glucose and L- glutamine). In another preferred embodiment the DMEM used herein is the DMEM medium of Sigma Aldrich catalogue number D5546 that contains 1000 mg/L glucose, and sodium bicarbonate but is without L-glutamine.

[0071] By‘‘F12” medium is meant Ham’s F12 medium. This medium is also a standard cell culture medium and is a nutrient mixture initially designed to cultivate a wide variety of mammalian and hybridoma cells when used with serum in combination with hormones and transferrin (cf. Fig. 2, showing the data sheet of Ham’s F12 medium from Lonza). Any commercially available Ham’s F12 medium (for example, from ThermoFisher Scientific (catalogue number 11765-054), Sigma Aldrich (catalogue number N4888) or Lonza, to new only a few suppliers) can be used in the present invention. In preferred embodiments, Ham’s F12 medium from Lonza is used.

[0072] By“DMEM/F12” or“DMEM:Fl2” is meant a 1 : 1 mixture of DMEM with Ham’s F12 culture medium (cf. Fig. 3 showing the data sheet for DMEM: F12 (1: 1) medium from Lonza). Also DMEM/F12 (1: 1) medium is a widely used basal medium for supporting the growth of many different mammalian cells and is commercially available from various supplier such as ThermoFisher Scientific (catalogue number 11330057), Sigma Aldrich (catalogue number D6421) or Lonza. Any commercially available DMEM:Fl2 medium can be used in the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the DMEM:Fl2 medium used herein is the DMEM/F12 (1: 1) medium available from Lonza under catalog number 12-719F (which is DMEM: F12 with L-glutamine, 15 mM HEPES, and 3.151 g/L glucose).

[0073] By“M171” is meant culture medium 171, which has been developed as basal medium for the culture of for the growth of normal human mammary epithelial cells (cf. Fig. 4 showing the data sheet for M171 medium from Life Technologies Corporation). Also this basal medium is widely used and is commercially available from suppliers such as ThermoFisher Scientific or Life Technologies Corporation (catalogue number M 171500), for example. Any commercially available M 171 medium can be used in the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the M171 medium used herein is the M171 medium available from Life Technologies Corporation under catalogue number M171500.

[0074] By“FBS” is meant fetal bovine serum (that is also referred to as“fetal calf serum”), i.e. the blood fraction that remains after the natural coagulation of blood, followed by centrifugation to remove any remaining red blood cells. Fetal bovine serum is the most widely used serum- supplement for in vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells because it has very low level of antibodies and contains more growth factors, allowing for versatility in many different cell culture applications. The FBS is preferably obtained from a member of the International Serum Industry Association (ISIA) whose primary focus is the safety and safe use of serum and animal derived products through proper origin traceability, truth in labeling, and appropriate standardization and oversight. Suppliers of FBS that are ISIA members include Abattoir Basics Company, Animal Technologies Inc., Biomin Biotechnologia LTD A, GE Healthcare, Gibco by Thermo Fisher Scientific and Life Science Production, to mention only a few. In currently preferred embodiments, the FBS is obtained from GE Healthcare under catalogue number A15-151.

[0075] As mentioned above, a method of making a culture medium for isolating the mesenchymal stem cell population used in the invention or a carrier used in the present invention comprises mixing to obtain a final volume of 500 ml culture medium:

i. 250 ml of DMEM

ii. 118 ml Ml7l

iii. 118 ml DMEM/F12

iv. 12.5 ml Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) to reach a final concentration of 2.5% (v/v). [0076] As explained above, DMEM/F12 medium is a 1:1 mixture of DMEM and Ham’s

F12 medium. Thus, 118 ml DMEM/F12 medium contain 59 ml DMEM and 59 ml F12. Accordingly, when using this method of making a culture medium, the final concentrations (v/v) with 500 ml total volume are as follows:

DMEM: 250 ml + 59 ml = 309 ml, corresponds to 309/500 = 61.8 % (v/v)

M171: 118 ml, corresponds to 118/500 = 23.6 % (v/v)

F12: 59 ml, corresponds to 59/500 = 11.8 % (v/v).

[0077] Embodiments of this method of making a culture medium further comprise adding

v. 1 ml EGF stock solution (5 pg/ml) to achieve a final EGF concentration of lOng/ml, and

vi. Insulin 0.175 ml stock solution (14.28 mg/ml) to achieve a final insulin concentration of 5 pg/ml.

[0078] It is noted here that in these embodiments, the above-mentioned volumes of these components i. to vi. will result in a final volume of 499.675 ml carrier or culture medium. If no further components are added to the culture medium, the remaining 0.325 ml (to add up to a volume of 500 ml) can, for example, be any of components i. to iv., that means either DMEM, M171, DMEM/F12 or FBS. Alternatively, the concentration of the stock solution of EGF or Insulin can of course be adjusted such that the total volume of the carrier or culture medium is 500 ml. In addition, it is also noted that compoents i. to iv. do not necessarily have to be added in the order in which they are listed but it is of course also possible to use any order to mix these components to arrive at the culture medium of the present invention. This means, that for example, M171 and DMEM/F12 can be mixed together and then combined with DMEM and FBS to reach final concentrations as described here, i.e. a final concentration of DMEM of about 55 to 65 % (v/v), a final concentration of F12 of about 5 to 15 % (v/v), a final concentration of M171 of about 15 to 30 % (v/v) and a final concentration of FBS of about 1 to 8 % (v/v).

[0079] In other embodiments, the method further comprises adding to DMEM a volume of 0.325 ml of one or more of the following supplements: adenine, hydrocortisone, 3,3 ',5- Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3), thereby reaching a total volume of 500 ml carrier or culture medium. In this embodiment, the final concentration of these supplements in DMEM may be as follows:

about 0.05 to 0.1 pg/ml adenine, for example about 0.025 pg/ml adenine, about 1 to 10 mg/ml hydrocortisone,

about 0.5 to 5 ng/ml 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3), for example 1.36 ng/ml 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3).

[0080] In line with the above disclosure, a carrier or cell culture medium used herein is obtainable or that is obtained by the method of making the carrier/ medium as described here.

[0081] In addition, a method of isolating mesenchymal stem cells from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord, wherein this method comprises cultivating amniotic membrane tissue in the culture medium prepared by the method is described here.

[0082] Thus, the present invention is also directed to (the use of) a cell culture medium comprising:

- DMEM in the final concentration of about 55 to 65 % (v/v),

- F12 in a final concentration of about 5 to 15 % (v/v),

- M171 in a final concentration of about 15 to 30 % (v/v) and

- FBS in a final concentration of about 1 to 8 % (v/v).

[0083] In certain embodiments of the culture medium or carrier described here, the medium comprises DMEM in the final concentration of about 57.5 to 62.5 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 7.5 to 12.5 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 17.5 to 25.0 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 1.75 to 3.5 % (v/v). In other embodiments the culture medium may comprise DMEM in a final concentration of about 61.8 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 11.8 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 23.6 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 2.5 % (v/v).

[0084] In addition, the culture medium or carrier may further comprise Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in a final concentration of about 1 ng/ml to about 20 ng/ml. In certain embodiments, the culture medium comprises EGF in a final concentration of about lOng/ml. The culture medium described herein may further comprise Insulin in a final concentration of about 1 pg/ml to 10 pg/ml. In such embodiments the culture medium may comprise Insulin in a final concentration of about 5pg/ml.

[0085] The cell culture medium or carrier may further comprise at least one of the following supplements: adenine, hydrocortisone, and 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-F-thyronine sodium salt (T3). In certain embodiments the culture medium comprises all three of adenine, hydrocortisone, and 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-F-thyronine sodium salt (T3). If present, the culture medium may comprise adenine in a final concentration of about 0.01 to about 0.1 pg/ml or of about 0.05 to about 0.1 pg/ml, hydrocortisone in a final concentration of about 0.1 to about 10 mg/ml or of about 1 to about 10 mg/ml and/or 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3) in a final concentration of about 0.5 to about 5 ng/ml.

[0086] In embodiments of the cell culture medium or carrier, 500 ml of the cell culture medium of the present invention comprise:

i. 250 ml of DMEM

ii. 118 ml M171

iii. 118 ml DMEM/F12

iv. 12.5 ml Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (final concentration of 2.5%)

In further embodiments, the cell culture medium may further comprise

v. EGF in a final concentration of lOng/ml, and

vi. Insulin in a final concentration of 5pg/ml.

[0087] Both, insulin and and EGF can be added to to the culture medium using a stock solution of choice, such that the total volume of the culture medium does not exceed 500 ml.

[0088] In a particular example, the components i. to vi. of the culture medium used in the present invention or in the carrier are the components indicated in Figure 5, meaning they are obtained from the respective manufacturers using the catalogue number indicated in Figure 5. The medium that is obtained from mixing the components i. to vi. as indicated in Figure 5 is also referred herein as“PTT-6”. It is again noted in this context that the constituents i. to vi. as well as any other ingredient such as an antibiotic of any other commercial supplier can be used in making the medium or carrier used in the invention. This PTT-6 medium can also be used as a carrier as described herein.

[0089] In addition, the cell culture medium or carrier used in the invention may comprise adenine in a final concentration of about 0.01 to about 0.1 pg/ml or of about 0.05 to about 0.1 pg/ml, hydrocortisone in a final concentration of about 0.1 to 10 pg/ml, of about 0.5 to about l0pg/ml, or of about 1 to about 10 pg/ml and/or 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3) in a final concentration of about 0.1 to about 5 ng/ml or of about 0.5 to about 5 ng/ml.

[0090] To obtain the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein the umbilical cord tissue may be cultured till a suitable number of (primary) mesenchymal cord lining stem cells have outgrown from the tissue. In typical embodiments, the umbilical cord tissue is cultivated until cell outgrowth of the mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane reaches about 70 to about 80% confluency. It is noted here that the term “confluency” or“confluence” is used in its regular meaning in the art of cell culture and is meant as an estimate/indicator of the number of adherent cells in a culture dish or a flask, referring to the proportion of the surface which is covered by cells. For example, 50 percent confluence means roughly half of the surface is covered and there is still room for cells to grow. 100 percent confluence means the surface is completely covered by the cells, and no more room is left for the cells to grow as a monolayer.

[0091] Once a suitable number of primary cells (mesenchymal cord lining stem cells) have been obtained from the cord lining tissue by tissue explant, the mesenchymal stem cells are removed from the cultivation container used for the cultivation. By so doing, a master cell bank containing the (primary) isolated mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane can be obtained. Typically, since mesenchymal stem cells are adherent cells, removing is carried out using standard enzymatic treatment. For example, the enzymatic treatment may comprise trypsination as described in International US patent application 2006/0078993, International patent application W02006/019357 or International patent application W02007/046775, meaning outgrowing cells can be harvested by trypsinization (0.125% trypsin/0.05 % EDTA) for further expansion. If the harvested mesenchymal stem cells are, for example, used for generating a master cell bank, the cells can also be cryo-preserved and stored for further use as explained herein below.

[0092] Once being harvested, the mesenchymal stem cells can be transferred to a cultivation container for subculturing. The subculturing can also be started from frozen primary cells, i.e. from the master cell bank. For subculturing, any suitable amount of cells can be seeded in a cultivation container such as cell culture plate. The mesenchymal stem cells can, for this purpose, be suspended in a suitable medium (most conveniently, the culture medium PTT-6) for subculturing at a concentration of, for example, about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ cells/ml to about 5.0 x 10 ⁶ cells/ml. In one embodiment the cells are suspended for subcultivation at a concentration of about 1.0 x 10 ⁶ cells/ml. The subculturing can be carried out by cultivation either in simple culture flasks but also, for example, in a multilayer system such as CellStacks (Corning, Corning, NY, USA) or Cellfactory (Nunc, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) that can be stacked in incubators. Alternatively, the subculturing can also be carried out in a closed self-contained system such as a bioreactor. Different designs of bioreactors are known to the person skilled in the art, for example, parallel-plate, hollow-fiber, or micro-fluidic bioreactors. See, for example, Sensebe et al. ’’Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a review”, supra. An illustrative example of a commercially available hollow-fiber bioreactor is the Quantum® Cell Expansion System (Terumo BCT, Inc) that has, for example, been used for the expansion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for clinical trials (cf., Hanley et al, Efficient Manufacturing of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Using the Quantum Cell Expansion System, Cytotherapy. 2014 August ; 16(8): 1048-1058). Another example of commercially available bioreactors that can be used for the subculturing of the mesenchymal stem cell population of the present invention is the Xuri Cell Expansion System available from GE Heathcare. The cultivation of the mesenchymal stem cell population in an automated system such as the Quantum® Cell Expansion System is of particular benefit if a working cell bank for therapeutic application is to be produced under GMP conditions and a high number of cells is wanted.

[0093] The subculturing of the mesenchymal cord ling stem cells described herein takes place in a culture medium described herein such as the PTT-6 medium. Accordingly, the culture medium such as PTT-6 can be used both for the isolation of the mesenchymal stem cells from the amniotic membrane and the subsequent cultivation of the isolated primary cells by subcultivation. Also for the subcultivation, the mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured till a suitable number of cells have grown. In illustrative embodiments the mesenchymal stem cells are subcultured till the mesenchymal stem cells reach about 70 to about 80% confluency.

[0094] The isolation/cultivation of the population of mesenchymal cord lining stem cells can be carried out under standard conditions for the cultivation of mammalian cells. Typically, the method of the invention of isolating the population of the mesenchymal cord lining stem cells is typically carried out at conditions (temperature, atmosphere) that are normally used for cultivation of cells of the species of which the cells are derived. For example, human umbilical cord tissue and the mesenchymal cord lining stem cells, respectively, are usually cultivated at 37°C in air atmosphere with 5%C0 ₂ . In this context, it is noted that the mesenchymal cells may be derived of any mammalian species, such as mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, goat, horse, dog, cat, sheep, monkey or human, with mesenchymal stem cells of human origin being preferred in one embodiment.

[0095] Once a desired/suitable number of mesenchymal cord lining stem cells have been obtained from the subculture, the mesenchymal stem cells can be harvested by removing them from the cultivation container used for the subcultivation. The harvesting of the mesenchymal stem cells is typically again carried out by enzymatic treatment, including trypsination of the cells. The isolated mesenchymal stem cells are subsequently collected and are either directly used or preserved for further use. Typically, preserving is carried out by cryo-preservation. The term“cryo-preservation” is used herein in its regular meaning to describe a process where the mesenchymal stem cells are preserved by cooling to low sub zero temperatures, such as (typically) -80°C or -l96°C (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). Cryo-preservation can be carried out as known to the person skilled in the art and can include the use of cryo-protectors such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or glycerol, which slow down the formation of ice-crystals in the cells of the umbilical cord.

[0096] The isolated population of the mesenchymal cord lining stem cells that is obtained by the isolation method as described herein is highly defined and homogenous. In typical embodiments of the method at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells express the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD105. In addition, in these embodiments at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells may lack expression of the following markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. In particular embodiments, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more, or about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express CD73, CD90 and CD105 while lacking expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR.

[0097] Thus, in line with the above disclosure a mesenchymal stem population isolated from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord, wherein at least about 90 % or more cells of the stem cell population express each of the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD105. In preferred embodiments at least about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population are CD73+, CD90+ and CD105+, meaning that this percentage of the isolated cell population express each of CD73, CD90 and CD 105 (cf. the Experimental Section of the present application) can be used herein. In addition, at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells may lack expression of the lack expression of the following markers. In particular embodiments about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more, or about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express CD73, CD90 and CD105 while lacking expressing of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. Such a highly homogenous population of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord has been reported for the first time in co-pending US application Serial No. 15/725,913, filed 5 October as well as in co-pending PCT application PCT/SG2017/050500 and meets the criteria for mesenchymal stem cells to be used for cellular therapy (also cf. the Experimental Section and, for example, Sensebe et al.”Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a review”, supra). It is noted in this context that this mesenchymal stem cell population can be obtained by either the isolating method of the present invention but also by a different method such as cell sorting, if needed.

[0098] A method of making a culture medium for isolating mesenchymal stem cells or a liquid carrier as described herein or a carrier as used in the present invention can comprise, mixing to obtain a final volume of 500 ml culture medium:

i. 250 ml of DMEM

ii. 118 ml M171

iii. 118 ml DMEM/F12

iv. 12.5 ml Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) to reach a final concentration of 2.5% (v/v).

[0099] As explained above, DMEM/F 12 medium is a 1 : 1 mixture of DMEM and Ham’ s

F12 medium.

[00100] Thus, 118 ml DMEM/F12 medium contain 59 ml DMEM and 59 ml F12. Accordingly, when using this method of making a culture medium, the final concentrations (v/v) with 500 ml total volume are as follows:

DMEM: 250 ml + 59 ml = 309 ml, corresponds to 309/500 = 61.8 % (v/v)

M171: 118 ml, corresponds to 118/500 = 23.6 % (v/v)

F12: 59 ml, corresponds to 59/500 = 11.8 % (v/v).

[00101] The present invention also relates to a method of treating a subject having a disease, the method comprising topically administering a mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein to the subject, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is administered within about 96 hours from the time point the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested.

[00102] Similarly, the present invention also relates to mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein for use in a method of treating a disease of a subject, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is topically administered within about 96 hours from the time point the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested

[00103] The subject to be treated may be any suitable subject. The subject can be a vertebrate, more preferably a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals, sport animals, pets, primates, dogs, horses, mice and rats. A mammal can also be a human, dog, cat, cow, pig, mouse, rat etc. Thus, in one embodiment, the subject is a vertebrate. The subject can also be a human subject. The subject therefore can be a subject in need of treatment. As such the subject may be afflicted with a disease as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments the subject is afflicted with Type I or Type II diabetes with chronic foot ulcers. Preferably, the subject is negative for HLA antibodies to the mesenchymal stem cell population.

[00104] The mesenchymal stem cell population may be applied in any dosage. The dosage may be therapeutically effective. The“therapeutically effective amount/dosage” can vary with factors including but not limited to the activity of the cells used, stability of the cells in the patient's body, the severity of the conditions to be alleviated, the age and sensitivity of the patient to be treated, adverse events, and the like, as will be apparent to a skilled artisan. The amount of administration can be adjusted as the various factors change over time.

[00105] The dosage in which the mesenchymal stem cells are applied can also be a unit dosage. For example, the mesenchymal stem cell population can be applied in a unit dosage of about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells. In a particular embodiment, the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a unit dosage of about 10 million cells.

[00106] The mesenchymal stem cells may be applied several times to the same subject. For example, stem cells are applied once, twice, three times or more a week. In principle any unit dosage of mesenchymal stem cells may be applied for the number of times suitable to cure or alleviate the disease. For example, the mesenchymal stem cell population can be applied once, twice, three times or more a week. The mesenchymal stem cell population may also be applied for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven weeks or more. [00107] Thus, the unit dosage of about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells is administered once or twice a week. The unit dosage of about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells can also be administered once or twice a week for a period of time of three weeks, of four weeks, or five weeks or of six weeks, or of seven weeks, or of eight weeks or of ten weeks or more weeks.

[00108] It is also contemplated by the method of treatment of the present invention that the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a dosage of about 1000 cells/cm ² to about 5 million cells/cm ² . Here, the expression cm ² means the area of the wound/skin to which the stem cells are applied. It is also envisioned that the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a dosage of about 100,000 cells/cm ² , 300,000 cells/cm ² or 500,000 cells/cm ² . The mesenchymal stem cell population can also be applied two times a week for about 8 weeks in a dosage of about 100,000 cells/cm ² , about 300,000 cells/cm ² or about 500,000 cells/cm ² .

[00109] The mesenchymal stem cell population is administered within about 96 hours from the time point where the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested. How harvesting can take place is described elsewhere herein. It is also possible that the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied within about 72 hours, about 48 hours, about 24 hours, about 12 hours, about 6 hours or less from the time point where the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested. Between the time of harvesting and application, the mesenchymal stem cell population may be transported or stored by the method of transporting/storing of the present invention. Thus, aspects as described for the method of transporting/storing of the present application equally relate to the method of treatment of the present invention mutatis mutandis.

[00110] The method of treatment of the present invention serves to alleviate a disease suffered by the subject. In principle, any disease that may be treated by the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein is meant here. In particular, the disease may be a skin disease or a wound. The wound may be caused by any cause e.g. by a bum, a bite, a trauma, a surgery, or a disease. The wound can also be caused by diabetic disease. Therefore, the wound can also be a diabetic wound. The wound may also be a diabetic foot ulcer. Notably, the mesenchymal stem cell population may, for example, be placed directly onto a wound such as a burn or a diabetic wound (see International patent application W02007/046775).

[00111] As described herein, between the harvesting of the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein and their application to a subject the cells may be transported/stored in the carrier as defined herein. Therefore, the method of treating a subject of the present invention may also comprise the step of separating the mesenchymal stem cell population from the carrier before administering the mesenchymal stem cell population to the subject. The person skilled in the art knows how to perform the separation of cells from a carrier. For example, the separating of the mesenchymal stem cell population from the carrier may comprise centrifugation. Additionally or alternatively, separating the mesenchymal stem cell population from the carrier can comprise withdrawing the cell population from the vial by means of syringe.

[00112] After separating the stem cells from the carrier or after harvesting the mesenchymal stem cells or after obtaining mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein by any other method these cells are topically applied to a subject. In principle any way of topical administration is meant herein. The administering the mesenchymal stem cell population may be performed by means of a syringe. It is however also possible, to contact the mesenchymal stem cells within a cream, ointment, gel, suspension or any other suitable substance before applying the mesenchymal stem cells to the subject. The mesenchymal stem cell population after application to the subject may be held in place e.g. by a dressing such as Tegaderm® dressing and a crepe bandage to cover the Tegaderm® dressing. For a more even distribution of cells the application site may be gently massaged.

[00113] The present invention also relates to a unit dosage comprising about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells of a mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein.

[00114] It is also envisioned that the unit dosage comprises about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1, about 0.5, about 0.25, or about 0.1 million cells. Preferably the unit dosage comprises about 10 million cells. It is further envisioned that the unit dosage comprises about 1000 cells to about 5 million cells. The unit dosage can be applied in a dosage of about 100,000 cells, 300,000 cells or 500,000 cells. As described herein the unit dosage may be applied topically. For example, the unit dosage may be applied topically per cm ² .

[00115] The unit dosage can be applied once, twice, three times or more a week. For example, the unit dosage can be applied for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, elven weeks or more. The unit dosage comprising of about 100,000 cells, about 300,000 cells or about 500,000 cells can be applied two times a week for 8 weeks, preferably onto 1 cm ² .

[00116] The unit dosage can be contained in any suitable container. For example, the unit dosage can be contained in a 1 ml vial. In such cases, for example 0.1 ml of the vial can be applied onto the subject, preferably per cm ² . The unit dosage may alternatively be contained in a syringe.

[00117] The unit dosage of the present invention the cells can be in contact with a liquid carrier as defined herein. If this is the case then before administration the mesehcnymal stem cells are separated from the carrier before administration. For example, the cells can be centrifuged and isolated before administration to a subject. The carrier may be any carrier as described herein. For example, the carrier may be DMEM, PTT-6, PTT-4, DMEM-F12, RPMI media, EpiLife medium, CMRL1066, or Medium 171.

[00118] The method of treatment and the unit dosage of of the present invention can comprise utilization of viable cells. How viability can be tested is described elsewhere herein.

[00119] The invention will be further illustrated by the following non-limiting Experimental Examples.

[00120] Sequences as used herein are depicted in below Table 1.

Table 1. Sequences as used herein

Experimental Examples

[00121] Cryopreservation of Umbilical Cord Tissue Prior to Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

[00122] Umbilical cord tissue (the umbilical cords were donated with informed consent of the mother) was processed for the subsequent isolation of the mesenchymal stem cells from the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord as follows.

[00123] 1.1 Washing of umbilical cord tissue sample:

a. Remove scalpels from the protective cover.

b. Hold the umbilical cord securely using the forceps and transfer the tissue into a new 150 mm culture dish. The l50mm culture dish may be used in place of the cups.

c. Use the cover of the 150 mm culture dish as a resting place for forceps and scalpel. d. Remove 25ml Wash Buffer 1 (Plasmalyte A with 50ug/ml Streptomycin, 50ug/ml Gentamycin, 10 pg/ml Ciprofloxacin) with a 30 ml syringe. Hold the syringe at a 45° angle using one hand and dispense the Wash Buffer 1 directly onto the umbilical cord tissue. f. Hold the umbilical cord securely using the forceps and cut the cord into 1 cm thick pieces using a scalpel.

g. Cut the cord in smaller sections or strps, removing as much of the inner parts (vessels and Wharton’s Jelly) as possible.

h. Using scalpels, further cut the tissues inot issue fragements of l-3mm ² sized umbilical cord tissues.

i. Holding the culture dish at a slight angle remove the Wash Buffer 1 with a 30 ml syringe and blunt needle.

j. Wash minimun two more times with Wash Buffer 1.

k. Wash three times with Wash Buffer 2 (antibiotic-antimycotic solution)

[00124] NOTE: If the cord is not frozen right away, the umbilical cord tissue is kept in Wash Buffer 2 until ready to freeze.

[00125] 1.2 Cryopreservation of umbilical cord tissue: a. Prepare cryopreservation solution:

i. Prepare 50 ml freezing solution consisting of 60% Plasmalyte A, 30% of 5% Human Serum Albumin, and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

ii. Label a 150 ml transfer bag with“Tissue freeze solution” and attach a plasma transfer set to the port using aseptic technique.

iii. Remove 30 ml Plasmalyte A with a 30 ml Syringe from the original Plasmalyte A bag and transfer it in the transfer bag labeled“tissue freeze solution” with the time and date solution is made.

iv. Remove 15 ml of 5% Human Serum Albumin with a 20 ml syringe and transfer it into the labeled transfer bag.

v. Add 5 ml DMSO to the transfer bag.

vi. Mix well and record mixing of freeze solution

b. Remove the Plasmalyte A from the tissue before adding the freeze solution.

c. Using a 60 ml syringe, pull all 50 mls of the freeze solution into the syringe add approximately 30 ml freeze solution to the 150 mm cell culture dish containing the umbilical cord tissue. Place a blunt needle on the syringe to keep it sterile.

d. Swirl the culture dish containing the tissue and freezing solution every minute for 10 minutes.

e. Using forceps, select 8 randomly chosen sections and place them in each of the four 4 ml cryovials. Select 4 randomly chosen sections and place them into one 1.8 ml cryovial. These sections should be free of blood clots.

f. Fill each cryovial containing the umbilical cord tissue with the remaining freezing solution to the 3.6 ml filling line for the 4 ml tubes and the 1.8 ml line for the 1.8 ml Nunc vial. g. Label one Bactec Lytic/lO - Anaerobic/F and one Bactec Plus Aerobic/F bottle with tissue ID.

h. Remove 20 ml freeze solution from the culture dish with a syringe and a blunt needle, after wiping the Bactec vials with an alcohol swab, switch the blunt needle for anl8g needle and inoculate the aerobic and the anaerobic Bactec bottles with 10 ml each.

i. Start controlled rate freezer.

j. After controlled rate freeze is completed place the units in a continuous temperature monitored liquid nitrogen freezer until further use. Alternatively, umbilical cord tissue can also be cryopreserved in CryoStor CS5 (a commercial cryoprotectant which contains 5% DMSO available in GMP grade from STEMCELL Technologies Inc.).

[00126] 2. Isolation of Mesenchymal Cord Lining Stem Cells from umbilical cord tissue

[00127] 2.1. Preparing media for processing MSCs from umbilical cord tissue: a. To make 500 ml PTT6 (culture/growth media) add the following in the order listed: i. DMEM, 250 ml

ii. M171 118 ml

iii. DMEM F12 118 ml

iv. FBS 12.5 ml (final concentration of 2.5%)

v. EGF 1 ml (final concentration of lOng/ml)

vi. Insulin 0.175 ml (final concentration of 5pg/ml)

[00128] The above-mentioned volumes of components i. to vi when result in a final volume of 499.675 ml culture medium. If no further components are added to the culture medium, the remaining 0.325 ml (to add up to a volume of 500 ml) can, for example, be any of components i. to iv, that means either DMEM, M171, DMEM/F12 or FBS. Alternatively, the concentration of the stock solution of EGF or Insulin can of course be adjusted such that the total volume of the culture medium is 500 ml. Alternatively, a stock solution of an antibiotic such as Penicillin-Streptomycin- Amphotericin can be added to result in a final volume of 500 ml. It is also possible to add to the culture medium a volume of 0.325 ml of one or more of the following supplements: adenine, hydrocortisone, 3,3',5-Triiodo-L- thyronine sodium salt (T3), thereby reaching a total volume of 500 ml culture medium. vii. Label the bottle“PTT6” with date media was prepared, initial of the operator, and the phrase“expires on” followed by the expiration date. Expiration date is the earliest expiration date of any of the component or 1 month from the preparation date, whichever comes first. b. To make the rinse media (Hank’s Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) without Calcium or Magnesium and with 5% FBS), add 2.5 ml FBS to 47.5 ml of HBSS in a 50 ml centrifuge tube. Label the tube“Rinse Media” with operator initials and date the media is made. c. All media will be tested for sterility using Bactec Lytic/lO - Anaerobic/F (Becton Dickinson & Company) and Bactec Pluc + Aerobic/F (Becton Dickinson & Company). Inject 20 ml of prepared media into each bottle.

[00129] 2.2 Thawing of umbilical cord tissue for MSC harvesting: a. Initiate the thaw once an operator is prepared to process the sample in the clean room. Do not thaw more than 1 vial at a time unless the vials originate from the same donor.

b. Wipe the water bath with disinfectant followed by 70% isopropanol and fill it with 1 L sterile water. Heat the water bath up to 36-38°C.

c. Prepare 10 mL of rinse medium consisting of 70% to 90% PlasmaLyte A in the clean room under a biosafety cabinet. Sterile filter the solution with a 0.2-pm syringe filter attached to a 10 ml syringe and keep the solution refrigerated until use.

d. Place a processing label on a 50 ml conical tube.

e. Confirm water bath temperature is at 36-38°C.

f. Take vial(s) of tissue from the liquid nitrogen storage and thaw rapidly in the 37°C water bath filled with 1L of sterile water. The vial holder for the Mr. Frosty Nalgene Cryo l°C freezing container floats with vials in place and can be used as a floating rack when thawing samples.

g. Remove the vial from the water bath and spray them with 70% Isopropanol solution. A good time to pull the vial from the water bath is when small ice can be seen floating in the vial - suggest internal temperature of the vial is less than 37°C.

h. Place vial into pass-through and alert the clean room processing technician.

[00130] 2.3 Preparing for tissue processing:

a. Umbilical cord tissue processing should be performed in an environmentally monitored (EM) clean room:. At the end of each shift, full room and hood cleaning are performed b. Prepare/clean the biosafety cabinet.

c. Perform viable particle counting while working in the biosafety cabinet.

d. Assemble all necessary supplies in the biosafety cabinet checking each for packaging damage and expiration dates. When handling syringes, serological pipets, sterile forceps, scalpels, tissue plates, and needles, make sure not to touch any surface that will come in contact with the sterile product. Only the exterior of the syringe barrel, tubing, plunger tip and/or needle cap or sheath may be safely handled. Discard supply if the surface has been touched or has touched a non-sterile surface.

e. Record lot numbers and expiration dates (if applicable) of all reagents and supplies to be used.

f. Receive the thawed vial by cleaning the vial with lint-free wipe moistened with 70% alcohol before transferring into the biosafety cabinet. g. Using an aspirating needle with a syringe, withdraw as much liquid from the vial. Avoid suctioning the tissue.

h. Using sterile forceps, transfer the tissue into a sterile 100 mm petri dish.

i. Add an aliquot of 5 ml rinse medium to the tissue fragments.

j. Swirl the contents for 15-30 seconds, then remove the rinse medium with a pipette or syringe with aspirating needle. Repeat this rinse process twice.

k. Add 2 mL of rinse medium to the tissue to avoid drying out the tissue.

[00131] 2.4. Initiating MSC outgrowth from tissue:

a. Label the bottom of a 6-well plate“Outgrowth 1” with MSC lot number or umbilical cord tissue ID and the date outgrowth is initiated. If 60 mm tissue culture dish is used, divide the plate into 4 quadrants by drawing a grid on the bottom of the dish.

b. Using sterile, disposable forceps, place one 3 x 3 mm to 5 x 5 mm tissue into each well. If using a 60 mm tissue culture dish, place the tissue into the middle of each quadrant to keep the tissues apart (more than 1 cm from each other).

c. Fill each well with 3 ml of PTT6.

d. Using an aspirating needle coupled to 30 ml syringe, withdraw enough media to barely cover the tissue. Do not tilt the plate. Do not touch the bottom of the well with the aspirating needle.

e. Using an inverted light microscope, observe for cell outgrowth every day (24 ± 6 hrs). Real time cell culture imaging system may be used in place of the light microscope.

f. Change media every day. Be sure to equilibrate the media to room temperature before use. i. Aspirate off the medium.

ii. Add 3 ml of PTT6.

iii. Aspirate until tissue is barely submerged in the medium.

g. When cellular outgrowth is observed from the tissue, transplant the tissue to a new 6-well plate using the same procedure as 4. a to 4.e above except label the plate“Outgrowth 2”. Maintain cell outgrowth in“Outgrowth 1” plate by adding 2ml of PTT6 to each well. Observe for confluency every day. Replace media every 2-3 days (be sure to equilibrate the media to room temperature before use).

h. When cell outgrowth is observed in“Outgrowth 2” plate, repeat step 4. a to 4.e except label the plate“Outgrowth 3.” Maintain cell outgrowth in“Outgrowth 2” plate by adding 2 ml of PTT6 to each well. Observe for confluency every day. Replace media every 2-3 days (be sure to equilibrate the media to room temperature before use). i. When outgrowth is observed in“Outgrowth 3” plate, discard the tissue. If the tissues are very small and do not seem to interfere with cell growth, dispose of the tissue when subculturing.

j. When cells reach 40-50% confluency, observe cells every days to prevent over-expansion. k. When cells reach 70-80% confluency, subculture the cells. Do not allow cells to expand beyond 80% confluence.

[00132] With the size of the tissue explants being about l-3mm, and the tissue explant/cell culture is performed in 175 mm squared culture dishes, the average number of mesenchymal stem cells harvested from an explant is typically about 4,000 - 6,000 cells/explant. Accordingly, when the mesenchymal stem cells are simultaneously grown out of 48 explants about 300,000 cells can be obtained at harvest. These 300,000 mesenchymal stem cells collected from explants can then be used for subculturing by seeding a l75cm ² cell culture flask with such 300,000 cells as described in the following Example 2.5 (this can be referred to as Passage 1). The mesenchymal stem cells obtained from this passage 1 can then be used to seed again l75cm ² flasks (Passage 2) and expand the cells as described in the following Example 2.5. The cells obtained from both Passage 1 and Passage 2 can be “banked” by cryo-preservation, with the mesenchymal stem cells obtained after Passage 2 being considered to represent the Master Cell Bank which will be for further expansion of the mesenchymal stem cells, for example, in a bioreactor as explained below in Example 2.7.

[00133] 2.5. Subculturing MSC in cell culture dishes

a. Perform viable particle while working in the biosafety cabinet. Equilibrate all media to room temperature before use.

b. When cell outgrowth reaches about 70-80% confluency, subculture cells.

i. Remove PTT6 from the petri dish.

ii. Rinse with HBSS without Calcium or Magnesium.

iii. Add 0.2 ml IX TrypLE-EDTA and swirl for 1-2 minutes.

iv. Tilt the dish 30-45° to allow cells to shift down by gravitational flow. Gentle tapping on the side of the plate expedites detachment.

v. Add 1ml of PTT6. Pipette up and down gently then transfer cells to a 15 ml centrifuge tube. Use clean pipette tip with each well. Cells from all 6 wells can be pooled into a single 15ml tube.

vi. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1200 rpm.

vii. Remove supernatant and resuspend cells with 5ml PTT6. c. Subculturing MSC

i. Aliquot 50 mΐ of the cell suspension and assay for TNC and viability by Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay.

ii. Count cells using a hemocytometer. Expect to count 20-100 cells/square. If the count higher than 100, dilute the original sample 1:5 and repeat Trypan Blue method using a hemocytometer.

iii. Calculate viable cells/ml and total viable cells:

1. Viable cells/ml = viable cell count x dilution factor x 10 ⁴

2. Total viable cells = viable cell count x dilution factor x total volume x 10 ⁴

iv. Calculate % viability:

1. % viability = viable cell count x 100 /(viable cell count + dead cell count)

v. Dilute the cell suspension to 1.0 x 10 ⁶ cells/ml:

1.“X” volume = Total viable cells/lO ⁶ cells/ml

2. For example, if total viable cell number is 1.0 x 10 ⁷ ;

3.“X” = 10 ⁷ / 10 ⁶ cells/ml or 10 ml, therefore, you would bring your total cell volume up to 10 ml by adding 5 ml to your cell suspension (that is at 5 ml).

vi. If the cell suspension is less than l06/ml, determine the volume required to seed 2 x 106 cells for each 150 mm petri dish or 175 cm2 flask.

1. Volume for 2 x 10 ⁶ cells = 2 x 10 ⁶ cells ÷ viable cells/ml

2. For example, if viable cells/ml is 8 x 10 ⁵ cells/ml, 2 xlO ⁶ cells ÷ 8 x 10 ⁵ cells/ml or 2.5 ml are needed.

vii. Set aside 0.5 ml for MSC marker analysis.

viii. Seed 2 x 10 ⁶ cells to each 150 mm petri dish or 175 cm ² flask with 30 ml PTT6. ix. Observe cells for attachment, colony formation, and confluence every three days. When cells reach 40-50% confluence, observe cells every one-two days to prevent over-expansion. DO NOT allow cells to expand beyond 80% confluence. A real time cell culturing monitoring system can be used in place of the light microscope.

x. Replace media every 2-3 days.

[00134] 2.6 Cryopreserving MSC cells

a. Perform viable particle while working in the biosafety cabinet.

b. When cells reach 70-80% confluence, detach cells using 2 ml IX TrypLE-EDTA for each 150 mm petri dish or 175 cm2 flask.

i. Remove PTT6 from the petri dish. ii. Wash with 5ml HBSS or PBS without calcium or magnesium.

iii. Add 2 ml IX TrypLE-EDTA and swirl for 1-2 minutes.

iv. Tilt the dish 30-45° to allow cells to shift down by gravitational flow. Gentle tapping on the side of the petri dish helps to expedite detachment.

v. Add 10 ml PTT6 to inactivate TrypLE. Mix well to dissociate cell clumps.

vi. Transfer cells to 15 ml centrifuge tube using a Pasteur pipette.

vii. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1200 rpm.

viii. Aspirate medium and resuspend with 10 ml PTT6.

ix. Aliquot 50 pl and determine total viable cell number and % viability as above. Cell count will need to be performed within 15 minutes as the cells may start clumping.

c. Preparing cells for cryopreservation

i. Prepare Cell Suspension Media and Cryopreservation Media and freeze the cells

[00135] 2.7. Subculturing (expansion) of MSC in a Quantum Bioreactor (Terumo

BTC, Inc.)

It is also possible to use a Quantum Bioreactor can used to expand the MSC. The starting cell number for the expansion in the Quantum Bioreactor should range between 20 to 30 million cells per run. The typical yield per run is 300 to 700 million MSC at harvest. The Bioreactor is operated following the protocol of the manufacturer. The so obtained mesenchymal stem cells are typically cryo-preserved (see below) and serve as Working Cell Bank.

[00136] MATERIALS/ REAGENTS:

1. Quantum Expansion Set

2. Quantum Waste Bag

3. Quantum Media B ag

4. Quantum Inlet Bag

5. PTT6

6. PBS

7. Fibronectin

8. TrypLE

9. 3ml syringe

10. Glucose test strips

11. Lactate test strips

12. 60ml Cell Culture Plate or equivalent

13. Medical Grade 5% C0 ₂ Gas-mix 14. 50ml Combi-tip

[00137] EQUIPMENT:

1. Biosafety Cabinet

2. Glucose Meter (Bayer Healthcare/Ascensia Contour Blood Glucose Meter)

3. Lactate Plus (Nova Biomedical)

4. Peristaltic pump with head

5. Centrifuge, Eppendorf 5810

6. Sterile Tube Connector

7. M4 Repeat Pipettor

8. RF Sealer

[00138] PROCEDURE:

1. Preparing the Quantum Bioreactor

a) Priming the Quantum Bioreactor

b) Coating the bioreactor:

1) Prepare the fibronectin solution in the biosafety cabinet.

1) Allow lyophilized fibronectin to acclimate to room temperature (> 15 min at room temperature)

2) Add 5ml of sterile distilled water; do not swirl or agitate

3) Allow fibronectin to go into solution for 30 min.

4) Using a 10 ml syringe attached with an 18g needle, transfer the fibronectin solution to a Ccell inlet bag containing 95ml of PBS.

2) Attach the bag to the“reagent” line

3) Check for bubbles (bubbles may be removed by using“Remove IC Air” or “Remove EC Air” and using“Wash” as the inlet source.

4) Open or set up program for coating the bioreactor (Figure 1. Steps 3-5).

5) Run the program

6) While the program is running to coat the bioreactor, prepare a media bag with 4L of PTT6 media.

7) Attach the media bag to the IC Media line using a sterile tube connector.

8) When the bioreactor coating steps are completed, detach the cell inlet bag used for fibronectin solution using a RF sealer.

c) Washing off excess fibronectin

d) Conditioning the bioreactor with media Culturing the cells in the Quantum Bioreactor

a) Loading and attaching the cells with Uniform Suspension:

b) Feeding and cultivation of the cells

1) Chose media flow rate to feed the cells.

2) Sample for lactate and glucose everyday.

3) Adjust the flow rate of the media as the lactate levels increase. The actual maximal tolerable lactate concentration will be defined by a flask culture from which the cells originate. Determine if adequate PTT6 media is in the media bag. If necessary, replace the PTT6 media bag with a fresh PTT6 media bag.

4) When the flow rate has reached the desired value, measure lactate level every 8- 12 hours. If the lactate level does not decrease or if the lactate level continues to increase, harvest the cells.

Harvesting the cells from the Quantum Bioreactor

a) When lactate concentration does not decrease, harvest the cells after sampling for lactate and glucose for the last time.

b) Harvesting the cells:

1) Attach cell inlet bag filled with lOOml TrypLE to the“Reagent” line using a sterile tube connector.

2) Confirm sufficient PBS is in the PBS bag. If not, attach a new bag with at least 1.7 liters of PBS to the“Wash” line using a sterile tube connector.

3) Run the Harvest program

Cryopreserving the cells

1) Once the cells have been harvested, transfer the cells to 50ml centrifuge tube to pellet the cells.

2) Resuspend using 25ml of cold cell suspension solution. Count the cells using Sysmex or Biorad Cell counter. Attach the cell count report to the respective Quantum Processing Batch Record.

3) Adjust cell concentration to 2xl0 ⁷ /ml

4) Add equal volume cryopreservation solution and mix well (do not shake or vortex)

5) Using a repeat pipettor, add lml of the cell suspension in cryopreservative to each 1.8ml vial. Cryopreserve using the CRF program as described in the SOP D6.100 CB Cryopreservation Using Controlled Rate Freezers 6) Store the vials in a designated liquid nitrogen storage space.

7) Attach the CRF run report to the form respective MSC P3-Quantum Processing Batch Record.

[00139] 3. Analyis of Stem Cell Marker Expression in Mesenchymal Cord Lining

Stem Populations isolated from umbilical cord tissue, using different culture media

[00140] Flow cytometry experiments were carried out to to analyse mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the umbilical cord for the expression of the mesenchymal stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105.

[00141] For these experiments, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from umbilical cord tissue by cultivation of the umbilical cord tissue in three different cultivation media, followed by subculturing of the mesenchymal stem cells in the respective medium as set forth in Example 2.

[00142] The three following culture media were used in these experiments: a) 90% (v/v/ DMEM supplemented with 10 % FBS (v/v), b) the culture medium PTT-4 described in US patent application 2006/0078993 and the corresponding International patent application W02006/019357 that consist of 90% (v/v) CMRL1066, and 10% (v/v) FBS (see paragraph [0183] of W02006/019357 and c) the culture medium of the present invention PTT-6 the composition of which is described herein. In this flow cytometry analysis, two different samples of the cord lining mesenchymal stem cell (CLMC) population were analysed for each of the three used culture media.

[00143] The following protocol was used for the flow cytometry analysis.

[00144] Materials and methods

[00145] Procedure

a) Cell isolation and cultivation from the umbilical cord lining membrane

1. Explant tissue samples were incubated in a cell culture plate and submerged in the respective medium, then keep it in C0 ₂ incubator at 37°C as explained in Example 2.

2. The medium was changed every 3 days.

3. Cell outgrowth from tissue culture explants was monitored under light microscopy. 4. At a confluence of about 70%, cells were separated from dish by trypsinization

(0.0125% trypsin/0.05% EDTA) and used for flow cytometry experiments.

b ) Trypsinization of cells for experiments

1. Remove medium from cell culture plate

2. Gently rinse with sterile IX PBS to remove traces of FBS as FBS will interfere with the enzymatic action of trypsin.

3. Add IX trypsin to cell culture plate and incubate for 3-5 min in 37 °C.

4. Observe cells under microscope to ensure that they are dislodged. Neutralize trypsin by adding complete media containing FBS (DMEM with 10% FBS).

5. Use a pipette to break up cell clumps by pipetting cells in media against a wall of the plate. Collect and transfer cell suspension into 50 ml centrifuge tubes

6. Add sterile IX PBS to plate and rinse it, Collect cell suspension into the same centrifuge tube.

7. Centrifuge it at 1800 rpm for 10 mins.

8. Discard supernatant and re-suspend cell pellet with PBA medium.

c) Counting cells

1. Ensure that the haemocytometer and its cover slip are clean and dry, preferably by washing them with 70% ethanol and letting them dry before wiping them with Kim wipes (lint-free paper).

2. Aliquot a small amount of cells in suspension into a micro centrifuge tube and remove from the BSC hood.

3. Stain cells in suspension with an equal volume of Trypan Blue, e.g. to 500pl of suspension add 500m1 of Trypan Blue (dilution factor = 2X, resulting in 0.2% Trypan Blue solution).

4. Avoid exposure of cells to Trypan Blue for longer than 30 mins as Trypan Blue is toxic and will lead to an increase in non-viable cells, giving a false cell count.

5. Add 20 mΐ of the cell suspension mixture to each chamber of a haemocytometer and view under a light microscope.

a. Count the number of viable cells (bright cells; non-viable cells take up Trypan Blue readily and thus are dark) in each quadrant of the haemocytometer for a total of 8 quadrants in the upper and lower chamber. Total cell count is given as (Average number of cells/quadrant) x 10 ⁴ cells/ml.

d) Staining cells

i. Preparation before staining cells

• Cell suspension are aliquot into 3 tubes (CD73, CD90, CD105 ) in duplicates and 2 tubes (negative control), each containing 50,000 cells. ii. Staining with primary antibody (Ab)

• Add 1 pl [0.5mg/ml Ab] of primary antibody to lOOul cell suspension. Incubate at 4°C for 45 min.

• Make up to lml with PBA.

• Centrifuge 8000 rpm at 4°C for 5 mins.

• Remove supernatant.

• Add lml of PBA and re- suspend pellet

• Centrifuge 8000 rpm at 4°C for 5 mins.

• Remove supernatant.

• Re- suspend in lOOul PBA.

iii. Staining with secondary Ab - in the dark

• Add lul [0.5mg/ml ab] of secondary antibody to lOOul cell suspension. Incubate at 4°C for 30 min.

• Make up to lml with PBA.

• Centrifuge 8000 rpm at 4°C for 5 mins.

• Remove supernatant.

• Add lml of PBA and re- suspend pellet

• Centrifuge 8000 rpm at 4°C for 5 mins.

• Remove supernatant

• Re-suspend in 200-300ul PBA for flow cytometry analysis

• Transfer cells to FACS tube for reading in BD FACS CANDO flow cytometry.

[00146] The results of the flow cytometry analysis are shown in Fig. 6a to Fig.6c. Fig. 6a shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells expressing stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in DMEM/10% FBS, Fig. 6b shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells expressing stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD 105 after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in PTT-4 and Fig. 6c shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells expressing stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD 105 after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in PTT-6. As can be seen from Fig. 6a, the population isolated using DMEM/10 % FBS as culture medium cultivation has about 75% CD73+ cells, 78 % 90+ cells and 80 % CD105+ cells (average of two experiments), while after isolation/cultivation of umbilical cord tissue using PTT-4 culture medium (see Fig. 6b) the number of mesenchymal stem cells that are CD73-positive, CD90-positive and CDl05-positive are about 87 % (CD73+ cells), 93 % /CD90+ cells) and 86 % (CD 105+ cells) average of two experiments. The purity of the mesenchymal stem cell population that was obtained by means of cultivation in the PTT-6 medium of the present invention is at least 99.0 % with respect to all three markers (CD73, CD90, CD105), meaning the purity of this cell population is significant higher than for cultivation using PTT-4 medium or DMEM/10 % FBS. In addition and even more importantly, the mesenchymal stem cell population obtained by means of cultivation in PTT-6 is essentially a 100% pure and defined stem cell population. This makes the stem cell population of the present invention the ideal candidate for stem cell-based therapies. Thus, this population of mesenchymal cord lining stem cells may become the gold standard for such stem cell based therapeutic approaches.

[00147] The findings shown in Fig. 6 are further corroborated by the results of the flow cytometry analysis that are shown in Fig. 7a and Fig.7b. Fig. 7a shows the percentage of isolated mesenchymal cord lining stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane of umbilical cord) that express the stem cell markers CD73, CD90 and CD105 and lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HFA-DR after isolation from umbilical cord tissue and cultivation in PTT-6 medium. As shown in Fig. 7a, the mesenchymal stem cell population contained 97.5 % viable cells of which 100 % expressed each of CD73, CD90 and CD105 (see the rows“CD73+CD90+” and“CD73+CD105+”) while 99.2 % of the stem cell population did not express CD45 and 100 % of the stem cell population did not express CD34 and HFA-DR (see the rows “CD34-CD45- and“CD34-HFA-DR-). Thus, the mesenchymal stem cells population obtained by cultivation in PTT-6 medium is essentially a 100% pure and defined stem cell population that meets the criteria that mesenchymal stem cells are to fulfill to be used for cell therapy (95% or more of the stem cell population express CD73, CD90 and CD105, while 98 % or more of the stem cell population lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HFA-DR, see Sensebe et al.’’Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a review”, supra). It is noted here that the present mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane are adhere to plastic in standard culture conditions and differentiate in vitro into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts, see US patents 9,085,755, US patent 8,287,854 or W02007/046775 and thus meet the criteria generally accepted for use of mesenchymal stem cells in cellular therapy.

[00148] Fig. 7b shows the percentage of isolated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that express CD73, CD90 and CD105 and lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. As shown in Fig. 7b, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell population contained 94.3 % viable cells of which 100 % expressed each of CD73, CD90 and CD105 (see the rows “CD73+CD90+” and“CD73+CD105+”) while only 62.8 % of the bone marrow stem cell population lacked expression of CD45 and 99.9 % of the stem cell population lacked expression CD34 and HLA-DR (see the rows“CD34-CD45- and“CD34-HLA-DR-). Thus, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that are considered to be gold standard of mesenchymal stem cells are by far less homogenous/pure in terms of stem cell marker than the mesenchymal stem cells population (of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord) of the present application. This finding also shows that the stem cell population of the present invention may be the ideal candidate for stem cell based therapies and may become the gold standard for stem cell based therapeutic approaches.

[00149] 5. Secretion of wound healing growth factors by the mesenchymal stem cell population of the invention.

[00150] The mesenchymal stem cell population grown in PTT-6 medium was also analysed for its secretion of tgrowth factors that are known to have a positive influence on wound healing. For this purpose, the concentration of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF, IL-10, Ang-l, HGF and TGFP 1 were measured in supernatant from the mesenchymal stem cell population using the respective Magnetic Luminex Performance Assay Kit by a FLEXMAP 3D system (Luminex Corporation). This experiment showed that the mesenchymal stem cells secrete high levels of PDGF-AA, VEGF, Ang-l, HGF and TGFP 1 while no secretion of PDGF-BB and IL-10 was detected (data not shown).

[00151] 6. Mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein can be transported/stored in a carrier comprising or consisting of a cell culture medium

[00152] As described above it has been found herein that a liquid carrier such as the culture medium PTT-6 described herein (or a DMEM containing culture medium in general) provides a high number of viable cstem cells and the possibility to isolate a highly homogenous population of mesenchymal stem cells (Fig. 6). As described above and Fig. 6 and 7, cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells as described herein in PTT-6 medium provides for a mesenchymal stem cells population which is essentially 100% pure. Therefore, a so obtained stem cell population meets the criteria that mesenchymal stem cells are to fulfill to be used for cell therapy (95% or more of the stem cell population express CD73, CD90 and CD 105, while 98 % or more of the stem cell population lack expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR, see Sensebe et al.’’Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturing practices: a review”, supra). It is noted here that the present mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane adhere to plastic in standard culture conditions and differentiate in vitro into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts, see US patents 9,085,755, US patent 8,287,854 or W02007/046775 and thus meet the criteria generally accepted for use of mesenchymal stem cells in cellular therapy. In addition, this stem cell population secretes high levels of PDGF- AA, VEGF, Ang- 1 , HGF and TGFP 1 , i.e. of proteins that are associated in wound healing and tissue regeneration.

[00153] From the above two conclusions can be drawn.

[00154] First, a mesenchymal stem cell population obtained by culturing the cells in PTT-6 cell culture medium is hightly suitable for therapy, in particular for wound healing.

[00155] Second, it is clear that stem cells kept in PTT-6 cell culture medium (or a different DMEM based cell culture medium) are viable and thus also healthy (see also Experimental Section above). In this regard, e.g. Fig. 7a confirms that the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein and isolated via PTT-6 medium contained 97.5 % viable cells. It can therefore be safely assumed that stem cells will also remain healthy and viable, when kept in a carrier such as PTT-6 for transport/storage of cells over a certain period of time.

[00156] In this context it is noted again that the PTT-6 medium comprises different components. As described in the Experimental Section above, for making 500 ml PTT6 (culture/growth media) the following ingredients were added:

i. DMEM, 250 ml

ii. M171 118 ml

iii. DMEM F12 118 ml

iv. FBS 12.5 ml (final concentration of 2.5%)

v. EGF 1 ml (final concentration of lOng/ml)

vi. Insulin 0.175 ml (final concentration of 5pg/ml) [00157] From the concentration/amount of these components it can be seen that DMEM is the most prominent component of the PTT-6 cell culture medium. It is therefore clear that stem cells as described herein will also be healthy and viable in a medium/carrier comprising or consisting of DMEM. It is therefore also clear that cells will remain viable and healthy when kept in a carrier comprising only DMEM for transport/storage of cells over a certain period of time.

[00158] 7. Experiments showing that the mesenchymal stem cell population of the invention have wound healing properties by topical treatment of pigs:

[00159] Preclinical studies have also been performed using lO-week old female Yorkshire-Landrace pigs (50 kg). The treatments were performed at SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre in Singapore. The pigs were rendered diabetic with 120 mg/kg streptozotocin and allowed to recover for 45 days prior to creating six 5 cm x 5 cm full thickness wounds on their backs ( see Fig. 18). Pigs in = 2) were treated twice weekly with 10 ⁵ human mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein per cm ² for 4 weeks. The two control pigs were treated with PBS. Wounds were photographed on postoperative day 0 (PODay 0) and every seven days until postoperative Day 35. The wounds were analyzed for surface area size by ImageJ. By Day 35, the addition of mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein had resulted in closure of 10 of 12 diabetic wounds (83%), compared to only 3 of 12 (25%) of the PBS -treated control wounds. The rate of wound healing was 0.8 cm ² /day with the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein compared to 0.6 cm ² /day in the control animals, an improvement of 33%. Results of this study are summarized in Figure 8.

[00160] The pig model is not spontaneous, but the skin architecture most closely resembles humans. The data suggest that umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cell population of the present invention will improve wound healing without the risk of serious adverse side effects. These data thus strongly support the hypothesis that human umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein can promote chronic wound healing by suppressing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. Furthermore, there is clearly no sign of inflammation with the use of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in either mice or pigs, and therefore the likelihood that allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells will have any serious adverse effect in humans is very low.

[00161] 8. Experiments showing that the mesenchymal stem cells as described herein are effective in topical treatments in humans: [00162] Experiments showing that the mesenchymal stem cells as described herein are effective in topical treatments in humans have been described in WO 2007/046775. In particular, as explained in Examples 23-26 of WO 2007/046775 mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord (UCMC) could alleviate full thickness bums (Example 23), partial-thickness wounds (Example 24), non-healing radiation wound (Example 25) as well as non-healing diabetic wound and non-healing diabetic foot wounds (Example 26). Notably, in accordance with Example 2 of WO 2007/046775 mesenchymal stem cells were resuspended in PTT-4 medium.

[00163] Notably, as depicted in Figures 6b and 6c the stem cell population obtained by cultivation when using PTT6 (as used herein) cultivation medium is significantly more homogenous than the population of cells obtained by using PTT4 medium (used in WO 2007/046775). Since PTT-4 was used as medium for mesenchymal stem cells in Examples 23-26 of WO 2007/046775 it is clear that the even more homogenous mesenchymal stem cell population isolated after cultivation in PTT-6 (as used herein) will have the same beneficial effects in wound healing applications, such as full thickness bums, partial-thickness wounds, non-healing radiation wound as well as non-healing diabetic wound and non-healing diabetic foot wounds.

[00164] 9. Experiments showing that the mesenchymal stem cells as described herein are effective in topical treatments in humans:

[00165] This is a planned study of escalating doses of the mesenchymal stem cell population obtained as described herein performed at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado. The goal of this study is to determine a safe dose of mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein (human umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cells). This is a single-center, dose-escalation study where each of three dose levels will enroll five subjects for a total of fifteen subjects. The first group of 5 patients will receive 100,000 MSC/cm ² (skin/wound area) twice per week for 8 weeks. The second group of 5 patients will receive 300,000 MSC/cm ² twice per week for 8 weeks. The third group of 5 patients will receive 500,000 MSC/cm ² twice per week for 8 weeks. This schedule will continue until either the highest dose is reached, or until at least 2 subjects at a dose level have > Grade 2 allergic reaction that is suspected to be related to mesenchymal stem cell population as obtained herein or 2 or more subjects at a dose level experience an unexpected, treatment-related serious adverse event or dose limiting toxicity within 14 days following the initial dose of mesenchymal stem cell population as obtained as described herein. All of the patients will be evaluated 30 days posttreatment for the production of anti-HLA antibodies and for wound closure. At the present time, we do not consider production of HLA antibodies to be an absolute contraindication to a particular dose, but it will factor into our overall assessment of safety. This is an open-label study where all subjects will be taking the study drug and all study personnel will know the dose each subject receives. A secondary endpoint of this study will be significant improvement in the condition of the wound. This endpoint will be based on the rate of wound closure, the percent of wound area successfully closed, and the percent of wounds fully closed, as measured using the Silhouette Wound Measurement and Documentation System. This device is approved by the FDA for this purpose.

[00166] Subject Population. Patients with Type I or Type II diabetes with chronic foot ulcers that have not healed after at least 30 days of conventional therapy and are negative for HLA antibodies to the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein. Patients will continue with conventional wound treatment for the first 2 weeks commencing at the time of enrollment, at which time they will have already been screened for having a diabetic foot ulcer that has not healed in 30 days. Photodocumentation and measurement of wound parameters will start at this time. Conventional dressing changes will be performed twice a week for the first 2 weeks, after which mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein will be applied to the wound at the specified concentrations twice a week. The mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein -treated wounds will also be covered with Tegaderm® and a crepe dressing.

[00167] Dose Levels. The goal of this study is to determine a safe dose of human umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cells as described herein for further study. Patients will be treated with one of three doses: 100,000 cells/cm ² skin/wound area, 300,000 cells/cm ² or 500,000 cells/cm ² twice a week for 8 weeks. Each 100,000 cell dose represents 0.1 ml of the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein from a vial containing 1 million cells/ml in HypoThermosol (however the use of PTT-6 or DMEM as carrier is also contemplated in this study).

[00168] Dosing Regimen. This is a safety and tolerability study of escalating doses of mesenchymal stem cells as described herein. The goal of this study is to determine a safe dose of the human umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cells as described herein for further study. Each of three dose levels will enroll five subjects. The first group of 5 patients will receive 100,000 MSC/cm ² skin/wound area twice per week for 8 weeks. The second group of 5 patients will receive 300,000 MSC/cm ² twice per week for 8 weeks. The third group of 5 patients will receive 500,000 MSC/cm ² twice per week for 8 weeks. This schedule will continue until either the highest dose is reached, or until at least 2 subjects at a dose level have > Grade 2 allergic reaction that is suspected to be related to mesenchymal stem cells as described herein or 2 or more subjects at a dose level experience an unexpected, treatment- related serious adverse event or dose limiting toxicity within 30 days following the initial dose of a mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein. All of the patients will be evaluated 30 days posttreatment for the production of anti-HLA antibodies and for degree of wound closure. At the present time, we do not consider production of HLA antibodies to be an absolute contraindication to a particular dose, but it will factor into our overall assessment of safety. This is an open-label study where all subjects will be taking the study drug and all study personnel will know the dose each subject receives.

[00169] Route of Administration. The mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein as described herein are applied topically to debrided diabetic foot ulcers and held in place by a Tegaderm® bandage.

[00170] Dosing Procedure. Following suitable debridement, if needed, the patient is placed in the prone position and the affected leg bent at a 90° angle. This vial of the mesenchymal stem cell population as described herein is gently swirled to ensure equal distribution of the cells. The elevated foot is then treated by removing 100,000 (0.1 ml) to 500,000 (0.5 ml) cells per cm ² from the vial using a sterile syringe and placing it in the center of the wound. The wound is then sealed with a Tegaderm® membrane and gently massaged to distribute the cells evenly. The foot is maintained elevated for five minutes to allow the cells to settle and attach. The foot is then dressed with a crepe bandage to cover the Tegaderm® dressing.

[00171] The invention is further characterized by the following items.

1. A method of transporting a stem cell population, the method comprising transporting said stem cell population contacted with a liquid carrier, said liquid carrier comprises a cell culture medium.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transporting is performed for about 7 days or less.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the transporting is performed for about 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, day(s) or less. 4. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the transporting is performed for about 48 hours or about 24 hours or less.

5. The method of any one of the foregoing claims, wherein the transporting is performed at a temperature of about -5°C to about l5°C.

6. The method of any one of the foregoing claims, wherein the transporting is performed at a temperature of about 2°C to about 8°C.

7. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the transporting is carried out at a temperature of more than about -5°C, more than about -lO°C, more than about -l5°C, or more than about -20°C.

8. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the stem cell population is transported in a concentration of about 70 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 60 million cells million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 50 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 40 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 30 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 20 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 10 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 4 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 3 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 2 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier or of less than 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier.

9. The method of item 8, wherein the stem cell population is transported in a concentration of about 10 million cells per ml carrier to about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier.

10. The method any one of the foregoing items, wherein the stem cell population is an embryonic stem cell population, an adult stem cell population, a mesenchymal stem cell population or an induced pluripotent stem cell population.

11. The method any one of the foregoing items, wherein the stem cell population is a mesenchymal stem cell population. 12. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is an isolated mesenchymal stem population of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord.

13. The method of item 11 or 12, wherein at least about 90 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD105.

14. The method of item 13, wherein at least about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of CD73, CD90 and CD105.

15. The method of any one of items 11-14, wherein at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells lack expression of the following markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related).

16. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier before transporting.

17. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier after its harvest.

18. The method of item 17 , wherein the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier about 0 minutes, about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes or a longer time after its harvest.

19. The method of item 17 or 18, wherein the harvest comprises separating the stem cell population from culture medium.

20. The method of item 19, wherein separating is performed by centrifuging the stem cells within a culture medium and decanting the culture medium. 21. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the contacting is performed by suspending the stem cell population in a density of about 70 million/ml, of about 60 million/ml, of about 50 million/ml, of about 40 million/ml, of about 30 million/ml, of about 20 million/ml, of about 10 million/ml, of about 5 million/ml, of about 4 million/ml, of about 3 million/ml, of about 2 million/ml, of about 1 million/ml, of about 0.5 million/ml, of about 0.1 million/ml or of less than 0.1 million cells in the carrier.

22. The method of item 21 , wherein the contacting is performed by suspending the stem cell population in a density of about 10 million/ml in the carrier.

23. The method of item 21 or 22, wherein the stem cells contacted with the carrier are aliquoted into vials in a volume of about 50 ml, of about 20 ml, of about 10 ml, of about 5 ml, of about 4 ml, of about 3 ml, of about 2 ml, of about 1 ml, of about 0.5 ml, of about 0.25 ml or of less than 0.25 ml carrier.

24. The method of item 21 or 22, wherein the stem cells contacted with the carrier are aliquoted into vials in an amount of about 1 ml.

25. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the carrier is a cell culture medium.

26. The method of any of the foregoing items, wherein the cell culture medium is selected from the group of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), DMEM-F12, RPMI media, EpiLife medium, and Medium 171.

27. The method of any of the foregoing items, wherein the cell culture medium comprises DMEM.

28. The method of item 27, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium comprises:

- DMEM in the final concentration of about 55 to 65 % (v/v),

- F12 in a final concentration of about 5 to 15 % (v/v),

- M171 in a final concentration of about 15 to 30 % (v/v) and - FBS in a final concentration of about 1 to 8 % (v/v).

29. The method of item 28, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium comprises DMEM in the final concentration of about 57.5 to 62.5 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 7.5 to 12.5 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 17.5 to 25.0 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 1.75 to 3.5 % (v/v).

30. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the carrier/ cell culture medium comprises DMEM in a final concentration of about 61.8 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 11.8 % (n/n), M171 in a final concentration of about 23.6 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 2.5 % (v/v).

31. The method of any of items 28 to 30, wherein the carrier/ cell culture medium further comprises Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in a final concentration of about 1 ng/ml to about 20 ng/ml.

32. The method of any of items 28 to 31, wherein the carrier/ cell culture medium comprises EGF in a final concentration of about lOng/ml.

33. The method of any of items 28 to 32, wherein the carrier comprises Insulin in a final concentration of about 1 pg/ml to 10 pg/ml.

34. The method of any of items 28 to 33, wherein the carrier comprises Insulin in a final concentration of about 5pg/ml.

35. The method of any of items 28 to 34, wherein the carrier further comprises at least one of the following supplements: adenine, hydrocortisone, and 3,3',5-Triiodo-L- thyronine sodium salt (T3).

36. The method of item 35, wherein the carrier comprises all three of adenine, hydrocortisone, and 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3).

37. The method of item 35 or 36, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium comprises adenine in a final concentration of about 0.05 to about 0.1 pg/ml adenine, hydrocortisone in a final concentration of about 1 to about 10 pg/ml hydrocortisone and/or 3,3',5-Triiodo-L- thyronine sodium salt (T3) in a final concentration of about 0.5 to about 5 ng/ml. 38. The method of any of items 28 to 37, wherein 500 ml of the carrier/cell culture medium comprise: i. 250 ml of DMEM ii. 118 ml M171 iii. 118 ml DMEM/F12 iv. 12.5 ml Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (final concentration of 2.5%)

39. The method of item 38, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium further comprises v. EGF in a final concentration of lOng/ml vi. Insulin in a final concentration of 5pg/ml. vi. Insulin 0.175 ml (final concentration of 5pg/ml).

40. The method of item 38 or 39, wherein the carrier/ cell culture medium further comprises adenine in a final concentration of about 0.05 to about 0.1 pg/ml adenine, hydrocortisone in a final concentration of about 1 to about 10 pg/ml hydrocortisone and/or 3, 3', 5- Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3) in a final concentration of about 0.5 to about 5 ng/ml.

41. The method of any of items 28 to 40, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium is PTT-

6.

42. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein the carrier/cell culture is DMEM.

43. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein at most about 50 %, about 40 %, about 30 %, about 20 %, about 10 % or less than about 10 % of the stem cells of the population die during transporting compared to the amount of viable stem cells before transporting. 44. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein most of the stem cells in the stem cell population have a cell diameter between about 9 pm and about 20 pm after transporting.

45. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein most of the stem cells in the stem cell population have a cell diameter between about 12 pm and about 16 pm after transporting.

46. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein after transport the stem cell population secretes about as much TGFbeta, in particular TGF-b 1 , as before transporting.

47. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein essentially no PDGF-BB and/or IL-10 is detected before and/or after transporting.

48. The method of any one of the foregoing items, wherein after transporting the mesenchymal stem cell population secretes about as much VEGF, PDGF-AA, Ang-l, and/or HGF as before transporting.

49. A method of treating a subject having a disease, the method comprising topically administering a mesenchymal stem cell population as defined in any one of items 12-15 to the subject, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is administered within about 96 hours from the time point the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested.

50. The method of item 49, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a unit dosage of about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells.

51. The method of item 49 or 50, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a unit dosage of about 10 million cells.

52. The method of any one of items 49 to 51, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied within about 72 hours, about 48 hours, about 24 hours, about 12 hours, about 6 hours or less from the time point the mesenchymal stem cell population has been harvested.

53. The method of any one of items 49 to 52, wherein the disease is a skin disease or a wound.

54. The method of item 53, wherein the wound is caused by a burn, a bite, a trauma, a surgery, or a disease.

55. The method of item 54, wherein the wound is caused by diabetic disease, wherein the wound is preferably a diabetic wound.

56. The method of item 55, wherein the wound is diabetic foot ulcer.

57. The method of any of items 49 to 56, wherein the unit dosage of about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells is administered once or twice a week.

58. The method of item 57, wherein the unit dosage of about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells is administered one of twice a week for a period of time of three weeks, of four weeks, or five weeks or of six weeks, or of seven weeks, or of eight weeks or of ten weeks or more weeks.

59. The method of any one of items 49 to 58, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied topically and covered by a film or bandage.

60. The method of any one of items 49 to 59, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a dosage of about 1000 cells/cm ² to about 5 million cells/cm ² .

61. The method of any one of items 49 to 60, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied in a dosage of about 100,000 cells/cm ² , 300,000 cells/cm ² or 500,000 cells/cm ² · 62. The method of any one of items 49 to 61, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied once, twice, three or more times a week.

63. The method of any one of items 49 to 62, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven weeks or more.

64. The method of any one of items 49 to 62, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is applied two times a week for about 8 weeks in a dosage of about 100,000 cells/cm ² , about 300,000 cells/cm ² or about 500,000 cells/cm ² .

65. The method of any of items 49 to 64, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is administered to the subject after separating the mesenchymal stem cell population from the carrier.

66. The method of item 65, wherein separating the mesenchymal stem cell population from the carrier comprises centrifugation.

67. The method of item 65 or 66, separating the mesenchymal stem cell population from the carrier comprises withdrawing the cell population from the vial by means of syringe.

68. The method of any of items 49 to 67, comprising administering the mesenchymal stem cell population by means of a syringe.

69. A unit dosage comprising about 20 million cells, of about 15 million cells, of about 10 million cells, of about 5 million cells, of about 4 million cells, of about 3 million cells, of about 2 million cells, of about 1 million cells, of about 0.5 million cells, of about 0.25 million cells or of less than 0.25 million cells of a mesenchymal stem cell population as defined in any one of items 12-15.

70. The unit dosage of item 69, wherein the unit dosage comprises about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1, about 0.5, about 0.25, or about 0.1 million cells.

71. The unit dosage of item 69 or 70, wherein the unit dosage comprises about 10 million cells. 72. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 71, wherein the unit dosage comprises about 1000 cells to about 5 million cells.

73. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 72, wherein the unit dosage is applied in a dosage of about 100,000 cells, 300,000 cells or 500,000 cells.

74. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 73, wherein the unit dosage is applied topically.

75. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 74, wherein the unit dosage is applied topically per cm ² .

76. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 75, wherein the unit dosage is applied once, twice, three or more times a week.

77. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 76, wherein the unit dosage is applied for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven weeks or more.

78. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 71, wherein the unit dosage comprises of about 100,000 cells, about 300,000 cells or about 500,000 cells of any one of items is applied two times a week for 8 weeks.

79. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 78, wherein the unit dosage is contained in a 1 ml vial.

80. The unit dosage of item 79, wherein about 0.1 ml of the vial are applied.

81. The unit dosage of any one of items 69 to 80, wherein the cells are in contact with a liquid carrier as defined in any of items 1 to 42.

82. The unit dosage of any one of items 69-81, wherein the cells are centrifuged and isolated before administration to a subject.

83. The method of any of items 49-68 and the unit dosage of any one of items 69-82 wherein the cells are viable cells. 84. The use of a liquid carrier for transporting a stem cell population, wherein the liquid carrier comprises a cell culture medium.

85. The use of item 84, wherein the transporting is performed for about 7 days or less.

86. The use of item 84 or 85, wherein the transporting is performed for about 6 days, about 5 days, about 4 days, about 3 days, about 2 days, about 1 day or for less than about 1 day.

87. The use of any one of the items 84 to 86, wherein the transporting is performed for about 48 hours or about 24 hours or less.

88. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 77, wherein the transporting is performed at a temperature of about -5°C to about l5°C.

89. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 88, wherein the transporting is performed at a temperature of about 2°C to about 8°C.

90. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 89, wherein the transporting is carried out at a temperature of more than about -5°C, more than about -lO°C, more than about -l5°C, or more than about -20°C.

91. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 90, wherein the stem cell population is transported in a concentration of about 70 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 60 million cells million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 50 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 40 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 30 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 20 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 10 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 4 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 3 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 2 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.5 million cells per 1 ml carrier, of about 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier or of less than 0.1 million cells per 1 ml carrier.

92. The use of item 91 , wherein the stem cell population is transported in a concentration of about 10 million cells per ml carrier to about 1 million cells per 1 ml carrier. 93. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 91 , wherein the stem cell population is an embryonic stem cell population, an adult stem cell population, a mesenchymal stem cell population or an induced pluripotent stem cell population.

94. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 93, wherein the stem cell population is a mesenchymal stem cell population.

95. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 94, wherein the mesenchymal stem cell population is an isolated mesenchymal stem population of the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord.

96. The use of item 94 or 95, wherein at least about 90 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD105.

97. The use of item 96, wherein at least about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more cells of the isolated mesenchymal stem cell population express each of CD73, CD90 and CD 105.

98. The use of any one of items 95 to 97, wherein at least about 90 % or more, about 91 % or more, about 92 % or more, about 93 % or more, about 94 % or more, about 95 % or more, about 96 % or more, about 97 % or more, about 98 % or more about 99 % or more of the isolated mesenchymal stem cells lack expression of the following markers: CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related).

99. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 98, wherein the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier before transporting.

100. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 99, wherein the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier after its harvest.

101. The use of item 100, wherein the stem cell population is contacted with the carrier about 0 minutes, about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes or a longer time after its harvest. 102. The use of item 100 or 101, wherein the harvest comprises separating the stem cell population from culture medium.

103. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 102, wherein the carrier is a cell culture medium.

104. The use of any of the foregoing items 84 to 103, wherein the cell culture medium is selected from the group of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), DMEM-F12, RPMI media, EpiLife medium, and Medium 171.

105. The use of any of the foregoing items 84 to 104, wherein the cell culture medium comprises DMEM.

106. The use of item 105, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium comprises:

- DMEM in the final concentration of about 55 to 65 % (v/v),

- F12 in a final concentration of about 5 to 15 % (v/v),

- M171 in a final concentration of about 15 to 30 % (v/v) and - FBS in a final concentration of about 1 to 8 % (v/v).

107. The use of item 106, wherein the carrier/cell culture medium comprises DMEM in the final concentration of about 57.5 to 62.5 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 7.5 to 12.5 % (v/v), M171 in a final concentration of about 17.5 to 25.0 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 1.75 to 3.5 % (v/v).

108. The use of any one of the foregoing items 84 to 107, wherein the carrier/ cell culture medium comprises DMEM in a final concentration of about 61.8 % (v/v), F12 in a final concentration of about 11.8 % (n/n), M171 in a final concentration of about 23.6 % (v/v) and FBS in a final concentration of about 2.5 % (v/v).

[00172] It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. [00173] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[00174] The inventions illustratively described herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms "comprising", "including", "containing", etc. shall be read expansively and without limitation. Additionally, the terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the inventions embodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention. The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein. In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. Further embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following claims.

[00175] When used herein, the term "about" is understood to mean that there can be variation in the respective value or range (such as pH, concentration, percentage, molarity, number of amino acids, time etc.) that can be up to 5%, up to 10%, up to 15% or up to and including 20% of the given value. For example, if a formulation comprises about 5 mg/ml of a compound, this is understood to mean that a formulation can have between 4 and 6 mg/ml, preferably between 4.25 and 5.75 mg/ml, more preferably between 4.5 and 5.5 mg/ml and even more preferably between 4.75 and 5.25 mg/ml, with the most preferred being 5 mg/ml. As used herein, an interval which is defined as“(from) X to Y” equates with an interval which is defined as“between X and Y”. Both intervals specifically include the upper limit and also the lower limit. This means that for example an interval of“5 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml” or“between 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml” includes a concentration of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 mg/ml as well as any given intermediate value.