FI ELD OF TH E I NVENTION AN D P RIOR ART

The present invention relates to a method for the control of a vehicle according to the preamble to claim 1 .

The invention is particularly, but not exclusively, focused on the performance of such a method in motor vehicles in the form of wheeled commercial vehicles, especially heavy goods vehicles, such as trucks and buses.

The invention thus relates to a method carried out in a hybrid ve- hide, which, generally, is a vehicle that may be powered by a primary engine, e.g . a combustion engine, and a secondary engine, such as at least one electrical machine. The vehicle is suitably, but for the purposes of the present invention not necessarily, equipped with means for storage of electric energy, such as a battery or a capacitor for storage of electric energy, and control equipment to control the flow of electric energy between the means and the electrical machine. The electrical machine(s) may in such a case alternately operate as an engine or as a generator, depending on the vehicle's operating mode. When the ve- hide decelerates, the electrical machine generates energy that may be stored , and the stored electric energy is used later for e.g. operation of the vehicle.

Using a conventional clutch mechanism, which disconnects the gearbox's input shaft from the combustion engine during a shift- ing process in the gearbox, entails disadvantages, such as heating of the clutch mechanism's discs, which results in an increased fuel consumption and wear of the clutch discs. There are also large losses as a result, in particular when the vehicle is started. A conventional clutch mechanism is also relatively heavy and costly. It also occupies a relatively large space in the vehicle. Friction losses also arise at the use of a hydraulic converter/torque converter commonly used in automatic transmission. By ensuring that the vehicle has a drive system in which the output shaft of the combustion engine, the rotor of the electrical machine and the input shaft of the gearbox are connected with a planetary gear, the conventional clutch mechanism and the disadvantages associated therewith may be avoided. A vehicle with a drive system of this type constitutes prior art, as set out in E P 1 31 9 546 and SE 536 329.

Certainly, a range of advantageous methods to control a vehicle with a drive system of the type described in SE 536 329 constitute prior art, however there is naturally a constant endeavour to improve the manner of controlling such vehicles, especially in certain specific operating situations.

SUMMARY OF TH E I NVENTION The objective of the present invention is to show a method of the type defined above, which is in line with the above-mentioned endeavour. This objective is achieved according to the invention by providing a method according to the enclosed claim 1 . Having a drive system in a vehicle with a second electrical machine opens up a possibility for an improved behaviour in a range of operational situations, compared to prior art drive systems lacking such a design. Such an operational situation includes driving the vehicle with the combustion engine running , and when there is a need to turn of the combustion engine in connection with a transition to propulsion of the vehicle with the electrical machines. This may then be achieved advantageously by ensuring that the first locking means is in a release position, and by the first electrical machine being controlled to achieve the requested torque for transmission to the planetary gear's output shaft, throughout the method. The method continues with the second electrical machine and the combustion engine being controlled toward and up to a synchronous rotational speed of the second electrical machine's rotor and the combustion engine's output shaft, whereupon the second locking means is moved to the locked position when such synchronous rotational speed has been achieved. The injection of fuel into the combustion engine now ceases, the second electrical machine's rotational speed is controlled toward and until it reaches a standstill , and when this has been achieved, the second locking means is moved to the release position, so that the combustion engine is disconnected from the planetary gear. Accordingly, the first part of the method may be skipped, if the second locking means is already in a locked position when the method is started . Accordingly, controlled stopping of the combustion engine is achieved, at which its engine speed may be controlled in a manner such that vibrations are avoided. Through such stopping of the combustion engine with the help of the second electrical machine, there is no risk of the combustion engine starting to pendulate or oscillate around a zero position before it stops, which could otherwise happen. Additionally, the entire momentum in the combustion engine is taken care of . Such an approach for reaching a stop entails that the driver of the vehicle, a cruise control or other torque controlling function of the vehicle, during the performance of the method, is free to determine and change the torque transmitted to the vehicle's powertrain, via the planetary gear's output shaft. There is no need to disengage any gear, in the case there is a gearbox with an input shaft connected with the planetary gear's output shaft.

According to one embodiment of the invention the method also comprises the steps:

h) rotational speed control of the second electrical machine to- wards and up to the rotational speed of the planetary gear's output shaft, and

i) moving the first locking means to the locked position.

According to another embodiment of the invention, in parallel with the performance of the method steps a)-e) , control of electric power to/from said electric energy storage means, and electrical auxiliary units in the vehicle and/or loads is, is implemented through control of the second electrical machine. Such electric auxiliary units and loads, such as a servo control device, may accordingly both consume and produce electric power.

"Electrical energy storage means" as used in this document means an energy storage means with an electrical interface in relation to the first and second electrical machine of the drive system, but storage of energy does not have to be electrical . This entails that in addition to an electrical battery and capacitor, for example flywheels, other mechanical means and means for building up pressure, e.g. pneumatic or hydraulic means, may be considered .

According to another embodiment of the invention , said control of power occurs in such a way that power balance is achieved , wherein free selection , within the limitations generally specified for the drive system , of charge current to or discharge current from said electric energy storage means and/or electric auxiliary units and/or loads occurs in accordance with the prevailing operational situation in the vehicle. The term power balance means that it is possible, within the general limitations specified for the drive system to freely to select the charge current to, or the dis- charge current from the energy storage means and/or the electric auxiliary unit and/or loads in the vehicle at existing operating modes, which is naturally very advantageous at the control of torque balance in the planetary gear, since this may be selected in the manner being most advantageous in each specific case.

According to another embodiment of the invention, where needed, the maintenance of power balance is temporarily waived while said control is implemented . This may be because the combustion engine is not able to build up torque quickly enough to meet the output requirement or because the latter is greater than what the combustion engine is able to provide. The abandonment of the objective of maintaining power balance entails that the electric energy storage means must deliver a current to the first electrical machine, and/or the electric auxiliary unit, and/or loads in the vehicle, which is usually possible, if not desirable.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the method is implemented in a vehicle with a said drive system, wherein the planetary gear's sun wheel is said first component, and the ring gear is said third component. By connecting the first electrical machine's rotor with the ring gear and the combustion engine's output shaft with the sun wheel , a compact construction is achieved, which is easy to fit into already existing spaces for powertrains (drive systems) with clutch mechanisms instead of planetary gears.

According to another embodi ment of the invention the method is implemented in a vehicle with a gearbox having an input shaft, which is connected with said second output shaft in the planetary gear.

The invention also relates to a computer program with the fea- tures listed in claim 8, a computer program product with the features listed in claim 9, and an electronic control device with the features listed in claim 1 0.

Other advantageous features and advantages with the invention are set out in the description below. BRI EF DESCRI PTION OF TH E DRAWI NGS

Below are descriptions of an example embodiment of the invention with reference to the enclosed drawings, in which :

Fig. 1 is a very simplified view of a powertrain in a vehicle that may be equipped with a drive system for the performance of a method according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a more detailed, but still simplified view of a part of said drive system, is a simplified view, illustrating the general structure of a drive system, in a vehicle for which a method according to one embodiment of the invention is carried out,

Fig. 4 is a flow chart showing a method according to one embodi ment of the invention, and Fig. 5 is a fundamental diagram of an electronic control device for implementation of one or several methods according to the invention.

DETAI LED DESCRI PTION OF AN EM BODI M ENT ACCORDI NG TO TH E I NVENTION

Fig. 1 shows a powertrain for a heavy goods vehicle 1 . The powertrain comprises a combustion engine 2, a power transmission 3 in the form of for example a speed gearbox, a continuously vari- able transmission (CVT) , or a direct transmission, a nu mber of driving shafts 4 and driving wheels 5. Between the combustion engine 2 and the gearbox 3 the powertrain comprises an intermediate section 6. Fig. 2 shows a part of the components in the intermediate section 6 in more detail , more specifically those which also occur in prior art drive systems, such as the one according to SE 536 329. The combustion engine 2 is equipped with an output shaft 2a and the gearbox 3 with an input shaft 3a in the intermediate section 6. The output shaft 2a of the combustion engine is coaxially arranged in relation to the input shaft 3a of the gearbox. The combustion engine's output shaft 2a and the input shaft 3a of the gearbox are rotatably arranged around a common rotational axis 7. The intermediate section 6 comprises a house 8, enclosing a first electrical machine 9 and a planetary gear. The electrical machine 9 comprises, in a customary man- ner, a stator 9a and a rotor 9b. The stator 9a comprises a stator- core which is fixed in a suitable manner on the inside of the house 8. The stator core comprises the stator's windings. The first electrical machine 9 is adapted, under certain operating circumstances, to use stored electrical energy to supply driving force to the input shaft 3a of the gearbox, and , under other operating conditions, to use the kinetic energy of the input shaft 3 of the gearbox to extract and store electric energy.

The planetary gear is arranged substantially radially inside of the electrical machine's stator 9a and rotor 9b. The planetary gear comprises, in a customary manner, a sun wheel 1 0, a ring gear

1 1 and a planetary wheel carrier 1 2. The planetary wheel carrier

1 2 supports a nu mber of cogwheels 1 3 which are rotatably arranged in a radial space between the teeth of the sun wheel 1 0 and the ring gear 1 1 . The sun wheel 1 0 is fixed on a peripheral surface of the combustion engine's output shaft 2a. The sun wheel 1 0 and the combustion engine's output shaft 2a rotate as one unit with a first rotational speed n^ The planetary wheel carrier 1 2 comprises an attachment section 1 2a, which is attached on a peripheral surface of the input shaft 3a of the gearbox with the help of a splines-joint 1 4. With the help of this joint, the planetary wheel carrier 1 2 and the gearbox's input shaft 3a may rotate as one unit with a second rotational speed n ₂ . The ring gear 1 1 comprises an external peripheral surface on which the rotor 9b is fixedly mounted. The rotor 9b and the ring gear 1 1 constitute one rotatable unit which rotates at a third rotational speed n ₃ .

The drive system comprises a first locking means, since the combustion engine's output shaft 2a is equipped with a shiftable clutch element 1 5. The clutch element 1 5 is mounted on the combustion engine's output shaft 2a with the help of a splines- joint 1 6. The clutch element 1 5 is in this case arranged in a twist- fast manner on the combustion engine's output shaft 2a, and is shiftably arranged in an axial direction on the combustion engine's output shaft 2a. The clutch element 1 5 comprises a clutch section 1 5a, which is connectible with a clutch section 1 2b in the planetary wheel carrier 1 2. A schematically displayed shifting element 1 7 is adapted to shift the clutch element 1 5 between a first position where the clutch sections 1 5a, 1 2b are not in engagement with each other, corresponding to a release position in the first locking means, and a second position where the clutch sections 1 5a, 1 2b are in engagement with each other, corresponding to a locked position of the first locking means. In such locked position the combustion engine's output shaft 2a and the gearbox's input shaft 3a will be locked together, and accordingly these and the electrical machine's rotor will rotate at the same speed. This state may be referred to as a locked planet. The locking mechanism may also advantageously have the design described in the Swedish patent application SE 536 559, and comprise a sleeve equipped with first splines, which , in the release position, engage with second splines on a first component of the planetary gear, and in the locked position, engage with third splines on a second component of the planetary gear. In this case the first component is preferably the planetary wheel carrier, and the second component is the sun wheel . The locking mechanism may then be adapted like an annular sleeve, enclosing the planetary wheel carrier substantially concentrically. The locking means may also be made of a suitable type of friction clutch .

An electronic control device 1 8 is adapted to control the shifting element 1 7. The control device 1 8 is also adapted to determine the occasions on which the electrical machine should operate as an engine, and the occasions on which it should operate as a generator. In order to so determine, the control device 1 8 may receive up to date information relating to suitable operating parameters. The control device 1 8 may be a computer with software for this purpose. The control device 1 8 controls a schematically displayed control equipment 1 9, which controls the flow of electric energy between a hybrid battery 20 and the stator windings 9a of the electrical machine. On occasions where the electrical machine 9 operates as an engine, stored electric energy is supplied from the hybrid battery 20 to the stator 9a. On occasions where the electrical machine operates as a generator electric energy is supplied from the stator 9a to the hybrid battery 20. The hybrid battery 20 delivers and stores electric energy with a voltage in the range of 300-900 Volt. Since the intermediate section 6 between the combustion engine 2 and the gearbox 3 in the vehicle is limited , the electrical machine 9 and the planetary gear must constitute a compact unit. The planetary gear's components 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2 are arranged substantially radially inside the electrical machine's stator 9a. The rotor 9b of the electrical machine, the ring gear 1 1 of the planetary gear, the combustion engine's out- put shaft 2a and the input shaft 3a of the gearbox are here ro- tatably arranged around a common rotation axis 5. With such an embodiment the electrical machine 9 and the planetary gear occupy a relatively small area. The vehicle 1 is equipped with an engine control function 21 , with which the engine speed and/or torque of the combustion engine 2 may be controlled. The control device 1 8 accordingly has the possibility of activating the engine control function 21 and of creating a substantially zero torque state in the gearbox 3 at engagement and disengagement of gears in the gearbox 3. Naturally, the drive system may, instead of being controlled by one single control device 1 8, be controlled by several different control devices.

The part of a drive system of a vehicle, thus far described, and displayed in Fig. 2, and on which a method according to the in- vention may be implemented is extant in the drive system according to SE 536 329. Below, a part of the drive system, which may be added to this part for the i mplementation of the invention, will be described with reference to Fig. 3. The drive system, specifically the intermediate section 6, also has a second electrical machine 30 with a stator 31 , with stator windings and a rotor 32 which is connected with the combustion engine's output shaft 2a. A second locking means 33, which may have a similar design as the first locking means 34, illustrated in more detail in Fig. 2, is adapted to separate, in a release position , a first part 35 of the combustion engine's output shaft, arranged nearest the combustion engine, from a second part 36 thereof, connected with the sun wheel 1 0 of the planetary gear, so that the second electrical machine's rotor 32 and the sun wheel 1 0 are allowed to rotate independently of the first section 35 of the combustion engine's output shaft. The second locking means may be moved to a locked position in which both the parts 35, 36 of the combustion engine's output shaft are locked to- gether, and accordingly the first part 35 is locked together with the second electrical machine's rotor. The control device 1 8 is adapted to control fuel supply to the combustion engine 2 and to control exchange of electric energy between the first electrical machine 9 and the second electrical machine 30 on the one hand , and, on the other hand, electric energy storage means such as batteries, and electric auxiliary aggregates and loads in the vehicle, such as servo control units, pumps, cooling aggregates and similar. A range of positive features are achieved in the drive system through the added arrangement of the electrical machine 30 and the second locking means 33. If the vehicle is driven with the first locking means 34 in a locked position, and for example the second locking means 33 in a locked position , and a request arises for shifting the first locking means 34 into a release position, the power unit configuration is controlled towards a torque balance between the components that are locked together, i .e. the planetary wheel carrier 1 2 and the sun wheel 1 0, via the first locking means 34. This may be achieved by controlling the first electrical machine 9, and at least one of the second electrical machine 30 and the combustion engine 2, since the second locking means 33 is in a locked position, towards said torque balance, so that there is also a possibility for energy storage in the hybrid battery 30 if desired. Here, torque balance is achieved when the following re- lation between the torques applied is met for the example configuration displayed in Fig. 3:

Tsun wheel ^{= ~~ ~} Tring gear

where

T _sun wheel and T _ring gear represent the torque applied to the sun wheel and the ring gear, respectively, where T _{sun wh ee} i = T _ice +

Tem2 and ^" Tring gear ⁼ Tem i where

Tice is torque applied to the combustion engine's output shaft Tem2 is torque applied via the second electrical machine's stator to its rotor

Tem i is torque applied via the first electrical machine's stator to its rotor,

Z _s is the number of teeth on the sun wheel ,

Z _r is the nu mber of teeth on the ring gear. Accordingly, torque balance relates to the state where a torque acts on a ring gear arranged in the planetary gear, representing the product of the torque acting on the planetary wheel carrier of the planetary gear and the gear ratio of the planetary gear, while simultaneously a torque acts on the planetary gear's sun wheel , representing the product of the torque acting on the planetary wheel carrier and (1 minus the planetary gear's gear ratio) . At such torque balance said first locking means 34 does not transfer any torque between the components of the planetary gear. Once torque balance has been achieved , the first locking means 34 may easily be moved between locked and release positions.

The inventive method facilitates a controlled stopping of the combustion engine, while the engine speed of the latter is con- trolled so that vibrations are avoided. Accordingly, the stop may be made without the torque in the powertrain disappearing. In case of negative powertrain torque, the reaction torque from the first electrical machine counteracts the desired engine speed reduction. Nevertheless, there is sufficient torque reserve to achieve a sufficiently fast turn off , if the second electrical machine and the first electrical machine have similar performance. At positive powertrain torques, the reaction torque from the first electrical machine also helps to reduce the engine speed of the combustion engine. Potentially, it may be desirable, when the electrical machine's rotor has stopped , to also implement a control in such a way that the torque between this and the combustion engine's output shaft becomes even more exactly zero, before the second locking means are moved to the release position. A great advantage of a drive system according to Fig. 3, with or without the second locking means, is the potential for continuous electric power supply by the electric units in all operating modes, with the combustion engine connected in a steady state. This is normally not achieved with hybrid solutions having only one electrical machine. When the first locking means is in a locked position, said electric unit is supplied by substantially distributing the requested electrical output to the electric auxiliary aggregates and the electric loads of the vehicle between the electrical ma- chines. In this way, the losses in the electrical machines are minimised , since the torque per electrical machine is halved compared to if an electrical machine had supplied all the electrical output. Since the loss effects of the electrical machines substantially scale against the torque applied squared, this entails substantially a halving of the losses of the electrical machines. However, such a distribution (50/50) is potentially not optimal in case the two electrical machines have di mensions which differ considerably from each other, but efforts are still made to select said proportions with this optimal distribution in mind. When the first locking means is open, the first electrical machine will determine the torque in the powertrain. The engine speed of the combustion engine is controlled to an operational point, which is selected by minimising the losses of the combustion engine together with losses of the electrical machine and the inverter. The second electrical machine is then used to balance the power for potential energy storage means, electrical aggregates and the first electrical machine. It is a great strength that the power supply of the electrical aggregates may also take place, even if the vehicle is not equipped with an electrical energy storage system. The supply may also take place continuously during all types of up- and down-shifts, during crawling , start-off and braking . All driving modes, except electrical driving and brake regeneration, may be implemented without any electrical storage means or with a defective energy storage means. In operating modes, with or without a defective electrical energy storage means, the voltage of the second electrical machine normally will be controlled to maintain the correct voltage level on the DC-link (supply voltage to the two inverters connected to the stators of the electrical machines) . It is also conceivable that the voltage of the first electri- cal machine may be controlled in some cases. Voltage control is a "mode" of the inverter, where a voltage is requested from the inverter. The inverter then controls the electrical machine's torque in such a way that the requested voltage is maintained on the inverter's supply side.

Fig. 4 illustrates a flow chart of a method according to one embodiment of the present invention , implemented in a vehicle with a drive system of the type displayed in Fig. 3. It is assumed that the vehicle is driven with the combustion engine running, and that the combustion engine must be turned off in connection with a transition to propulsion of the vehicle with the electrical machines. First, in a first step it is ensured that the first locking means are in a release position. Throughout the progress of the method, a second step S ₂ is performed, where the first electrical machine is controlled to achieve a requested torque on the planetary gear's output shaft. In a step S ₃ , the second electrical machine and the combustion engine are controlled to a synchronous rotational speed, whereupon in step S ₄ the second locking means are moved to a locked position. If the second locking means are already in a locked position when the method is started, steps S ₃ and S ₄ may be skipped . Subsequently, the injection of fuel into the combustion engine is interrupted in step S ₅ , and the second electrical machine's rotational speed is controlled to a standstill in step S ₆ . Finally, the second locking means are moved to a release position, so that the combustion engine is disconnected from the planetary gear and the electrical machines.

Computer program code for implementation of a method accord- ing to the invention is suitably included in a computer program, which is loadable into the internal memory of a computer, such as the internal memory of an electronic control device of a vehicle. Such a computer program is suitably provided via a computer program product, comprising a data storage medium readable by an electronic control device, which data storage mediu m has the computer program stored thereon. Said data storage mediu m is e.g. an optical data storage mediu m in the form of a CD-ROM , a DVD, etc. , a magnetic data storage mediu m in the form of a hard disk drive, a diskette, a cassette, etc. , or a Flash memory or a ROM , P ROM , EPROM or EEPROM type memory.

Fig. 5 very schematically illustrates an electronic control device 1 8, comprising execution means 37, such as a central processor unit (CPU) , for the execution of computer software. The execu- tion means 37 communicates with a memory 38, e.g. a RAM memory, via a data bus 39. The control device 1 8 also comprises a durable data storage medium 40, e.g. in the form of a Flash memory or a ROM , P ROM , EPROM or E EPROM type memory. The execution means 37 communicates with the data storage means 40 via the data bus 39. A computer program comprising computer program code for the implementation of a method according to the invention is stored on the data storage mediu m 40.

The invention is obviously not li mited in any way to the embodi- ments described above, but nu merous possible modifications thereof should be obvious to a person skilled in the area, without such person departing from the spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The inventive method could be carried out in a vehicle with a drive system, which has the planetary gear's ring gear as said first component and the sun wheel as said third component, which means that the first electrical machine's rotor would be connected with the planetary sun wheel and the second electrical machine's rotor and the combustion engine would be connected with the planetary gear's ring gear instead of with the sun wheel . Advantageously, however, the planetary gear's output shaft for transmission of torque for the vehicle's propulsion is connected with the planetary wheel carrier.

Nor is it necessary for the output shaft from the planetary gear to be an input shaft in a gearbox, instead the vehicle could have no gearbox.