METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CONTENT SCRAMBLING IN A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

BACKGROUND

[0001] To protect video/audio content from unauthorized consumption, encryption techniques are usually used to scramble video/audio content during delivery or during recording The Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard has specified a common scrambling algorithm (CSA) to scramble video/audio transport stream packets encoded in the form of MPEG- 2 The DVB common scrambling algorithm is a proprietary algorithm and details of the algorithm have not been published However, it has long been stipulated in the communications industry that the DVB common scrambling algorithm is weak and should be replaced by a stronger encryption algorithm based on modern cryptographic techniques

[0002] The US Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) has standardized a method, referred to as SCTE-52, for scrambling MPEG-2 transport stream packets using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) under Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode However, the SCTE scrambling standard does not specify how to generate the initialization vector (IV), a parameter which will be used by the DES encryption under cipher block chaining mode Moreover, the DES encryption algorithm is no longer a strong algorithm due to a number of rigorous cryptanalysis during the last two decades For this reason, the common scrambling standard developed by the Advance Television Systems Committee (ATSC) replaces DES with the cryptographically stronger tπple-DES (TDES) with 168-bit key The ATSC common scrambling standard also mandates that the initialization vector for the tπple-DES under cipher block chaining mode be all zero Nevertheless, both the DES algorithm and triple -DES algorithm are inferior to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with respect to both security strength and implementation efficiency In view of the above, it would be beneficial if methods and apparatus were developed which utilized AES for the scrambling of video/audio transport stream packets over Internet Protocol (IP) networks

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0003] Figure 1 includes a drawing used to illustrate scrambling, e g , of a MPEG-2 transport stream packet, in accordance with various embodiments

[0004] Figure 2 is a drawing illustrating exemplary scrambling related operations, in accordance with various embodiments, wherein the width of the last portion of a packet payload, called residual block, is of a reduced size

[0005] Figure 3 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary method for generating an Initialization Vector (IV) in accordance with various embodiments

[0006] Figure 4 includes a drawing used to illustrate the descramblmg, e g , of a scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet, in accordance with various embodiments

[0007] Figure 5 is a drawing illustrating exemplary descramblmg related operations performed, in accordance with various embodiments, wherein the width of the last ciphertext portion, also referred to as a scrambled residual block, is of a reduced size

[0008] Figure 6 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary method for scrambling a solitary termination block in accordance with various embodiments

[0009] Figure 7 is a drawing illustrating exemplary operations performed in accordance with Figure 6

[0010] Figure 8 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary method for descramblmg a solitary termination block in accordance with various embodiments

[0011] Figure 9 is a drawing illustrating exemplary operations performed in accordance with Figure 8

[0012] Figure 10 is a drawing of an exemplary communications system

[0013] Figure 11, comprising the combination of Figure 1 IA, Figure 1 IB, Figure 11C and Figure 1 ID, is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating a communications device in accordance with various embodiments, said method including scrambling

[0014] Figure 12, comprising the combination of Figure 12A, Figure 12B, Figure 12C and Figure 12D, is a drawing of a flowchart 1200 of an exemplary method of operating a communications device in accordance with various embodiments, said method including descramblmg

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0015] Various embodiments are directed to methods and apparatus for scrambling transport stream packets, e g , MPEG-2, transport stream packets over an Internet protocol (IP) network In accordance with various embodiments, the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) under cipher block chaining (CBC) is used to scramble transport packet streams, e g , MPEG-2 transport stream packets An exemplary method includes computation of an initialization vector (IV) used by the AES cipher block chaining mode In some embodiments, the initialization vector can be set to either a constant number or to a programmable random number Some embodiments relate to a method for scrambling a residual block in a transport stream packet, e g , a residual block of less than 128 bits (16 bytes) in an MPEG-2 transport stream packet Some embodiments also relate to a method for scrambling a solitary termination block in a transport stream packet, e g , a solitary termination block of less than 128 bits (16 bytes) in an MPEG-2 transport stream packet

[0016] Exemplary scrambling of MPEG-2 transport stream packets in accordance with an embodiment will be described An exemplary method of scrambling uses AES under cipher block chaining mode to scramble MPEG-2 transport stream packets Each MPEG-2 transport stream packet has a fixed length of 188 bytes A MPEG-2 transport stream packet includes a header of 4 bytes, an optional adaptation field of varying length, and a payload of at least 1 byte In this exemplary embodiment, the payload of the transport stream packet is scrambled, while the header and the optional adaptation field are not scrambled

[0017] Figure 1 includes a drawing 100 used to illustrate the scrambling of a MPEG-2 transport stream packet 102 Input MPEG-2 transport stream packet 102 includes a Header and Adaptation Field (HAF) portion 104 and a payload portion 106 In Figure 1, E _k blocks (134, 136, 138, , 140, 142) denote modules using the AES encryption algorithm under the control of scrambling key K I lO In some embodiments, a single E _k module is used corresponding to modules (134, 136, 138, , 140, 142), e g , with the input being switched over time Block IV 108 denotes an initialization vector used in the scrambling method There are also bit-wise exclusive OR operation modules (124, 126, , 128, 130, 132) corresponding to portions of the payload 106 In some embodiments, a single exclusive OR module is used corresponding to modules (124, 126, 128, 130, 132), e g , with the inputs being

switched over time The scrambling key K I lO and the initialization vector IV 108 are each 16 bytes or 128 bits wide To scramble an MPEG-2 transport stream packet, the payload is divided into 16 byte-blocks, the last block, i e , the residual block, may have a length of less than 16 bytes Thus payload 102 is divided into blocks (Pi 116, P ₂ 118, , P _{m 1} 120), each being a 16 byte block, and block P _m 122 being a residual block of 16 or less bytes If last block P _m is 16 bytes, then module 154 is used for scrambling, however if P _m is less than 16 bytes, then module 156 is used for scrambling

[0018] First payload block Pi 116 is bit-wise exclusive-OR-ed with IV 108 by module 124, and the result is encrypted by E _k module 134 to produce the first ciphertext block Ci 144 Next, the second payload block P ₂ 118 is exclusive-OR-ed with the first ciphertext block Ci 144 by module 126, and the result is encrypted by E _k module 136 to produce the second ciphertext block, C ₂ 146 This continues until the generation of the (m-l)th ciphertext block C _{m 1} 150, where the (m-l)th payload block P _{m 1} 120 is exclusive-OR-ed with the (m-2) th ciphertext block C _{m 2} 148, and the result is encrypted by E _k module 138 to produce the (m-l)th ciphertext block, C _{m 1} 150

[0019] If the length of the last payload block, P _m 122, has a length equal to 16 bytes, then the last ciphertext block C _m 152 is generated in the same way as that for C _{m 1} , that is C _m = E _k (P _m exclusive OR-ed with C _{m 1} ) In other words, the m' payload block P _m 122 is exclusive-OR-ed with the (m-l)th ciphertext block Q _{n 1} 150 by module 130, and the result is encrypted by E _k module 140 to produce the mth ciphertext block, C _m 152

[0020] If the length of the last payload block, P _m 122, has a length, denoted by τ, of less than 16 bytes, then an input constant, H (e g , H=O, or H =

7884fe536c3588b73c2f604e4813fbel in Hexadecimal format), is exclusive OR-ed with the ciphertext block C _{m 1} by module 133 and the result of the exclusive of is encrypted by module 142 by E _k under the control of the scrambling K The ciphertext block C _m 152 is generated by module 132 taking bit-wise exclusive OR of P _m 122 with the τ least significant bits of the encryption E _k (C _1n iθH) The input constant H may be a predetermined number or set, e g , based on some input

[0021] The generated ciphertext blocks (Ci 144, C ₂ 146, , C _{m 2} 148, C _m , 150, C _m 152), representing scrambled payload 114, are reassembled by packet generation module 151 with a copy of the unscrambled header and adaptation field 104 to form the

scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet 112 which may be stored, e g , in memory, prior to transmission, decoding and/or other processing

[0022] Figure 2 is a drawing 200 illustrating exemplary operations performed, e g , by module 156, wherein the width (τ) of the last payload portion P _m 122 is of a reduced size, e g , less than 128 bits Output of encryption module 142 is E _k (C _m iθH) 202 which includes a most significant portion 204 and a least significant portion 206 The payload portion 122 is bit-wise exclusive OR-ed by module 132 with least significant portion 206 resulting in scrambled payload portion C _m (τ bits wide) 152

[0023] Figure 3 is a drawing 300 illustrating an exemplary method for generating an Initialization Vector (IV) in accordance with various embodiments IV 108 can be set either to a constant or a programmable random number In Figure 3, initialization vector flag (fiy) 312 is a one bit flag controlling the generation of IV and may be received in an MPEG-2 transport or program stream. The flag can change in value over time, e g , on a packet or program basis Initialization vector flag 312 is an input to switch control module 314 which controls switch 312 When/rv 312 is equal to 0, IV 108 is set to input constant 304, e g , 0 When/iv 312 is equal to 1, the AES encryption algorithm E _k of module 306, first encrypts the input constant 302, e g , 0, under the control of scrambling key K I lO Then, the AES encryption algorithm E _k of module 308 encrypts input constant 302, e g , 0, under the control of a new key E _k (constant 302), e g , E _k (O), and the resultant ciphertext is assigned to IV 108 The flag bit IV can be set for each program or for each MPEG-2 transport stream packet in the program The flag bit can be delivered to a descrambler in the receiving device through signaling messages, e g , Entitlement Control Message (ECM) or Entitlement Management Message (EMM), or it may be configured to a default value (e g ,/rv = 0) during bootstrapping of the receiving device In some embodiments, input constant 302 is the same as input constant 304 In some embodiments, input constant 302 may be, and sometimes is different from input constant 304 It should be appreciated that the output of encryption module 308 can be considered a first value, the input constant 304 a second value and the input constant 302 a third value The input constants 302, 304 may be predetermined values or set, e g , based on some input These values 302, 304 can be the same or different

[0024] Figure 4 includes a drawing 400 used to illustrate the descrambling of a scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet 412 Input scrambled MPEG-2 transport

stream packet 412 includes a Header and Adaptation Field (HAF) portion 404 and a scrambled payload portion 414 In Figure 4, D _k blocks (434, 436, , 438, 440) denote modules using the AES decryption algorithm under the control of scrambling key K 410 In some embodiments, a single D _k module is used corresponding to modules (434, 436, 438, 440), e g , with the input being switched over time E _k block 442 denotes a module using the AES encryption algorithm under the control of scrambling key K 410 Block IV 408 denotes an initialization vector used in the descramblmg method There are also bit-wise exclusive OR operation modules (424, 426, , 428, 430, 432) corresponding to portions of the scrambled payload 414 In some embodiments, a single exclusive OR module is used corresponding to modules (424, 426, 428, 430, 432), e g , with the inputs being switched over time The scrambling key K 410 and the initialization vector IV 408 are each 16 bytes or 128 bits wide To descramble an MPEG-2 transport stream packet, the payload is divided into 16 byte- blocks, the last block may have a length of less than 16 bytes Thus payload 414 is divided into blocks (Ci 444, C ₂ 446, , C _{m 1} 450), each being a 16 byte ciphertext block, and the residual block C _m 452 being a ciphertext block of 16 or less bytes If last block C _m is 16 bytes, then module 454 is used for descramblmg, however if C _m is less than 16 bytes, then module 456 is used for descramblmg

[0025] First ciphertext block Ci 444 is decrypted by D _k module 434, and the result of the decryption is bit-wise exclusive OR-ed by module 424 with IV 408 to produce the first plamtext block Pi 416 Next, the second ciphertext block C ₂ 446 is decrypted by D _k module 436, and the result of the decryption is bit-wise exclusive OR- ed by module 426 with Ci 444 to produce the second plaintext block P ₂ 418 This contmues until the generation of the (m-l)th plamtext block P _m i 420, where the (m-l)* ciphertext block C _m i 450 is decrypted by module D _k 438, and the result of the decryption is bit-wise exclusive OR-ed with C _{m 2} 448 by module 428 to produce the (m- I)* plamtext block, P _m i 420

[0026] If the length of the last ciphertext block, C _1n 452, has a length equal to 16 bytes, then the last plaintext block P _m 422 is generated in the same way as that for P _m i, that is P _m is equal to D _k (C _m ) exclusive OR-ed with C _m i In other words, the m" ciphertext block C _m 452 is decrypted by D _k module 440, and the result of the decryption is bit-wise exclusive-OR-ed with the (m-1) ciphertext block Q _n i 450 by module 430 to produce the m ^th plaintext block, P _m 422

[0027] If the length of the last payload block, C _m 452, has a length, denoted by τ, of less than 16 bytes, then an mput constant, H (e g , H=O, or H = 7884fe536c3588b73c2f604e4813fbel in Hexadecimal format), is exclusive OR-ed with the ciphertext block C _m i by module 433 and the result of the exclusive OR is encrypted by module 442 by E _k under the control of the scrambling K The plaintext block P _m 422, which also has a length τ, is generated by module 432 taking bit-wise exclusive OR of C _m 452 with the τ least significant bits of the encryption E _k (C _m iθH) The input constant H may be a pre-determined number or set, e g , based on some input

[0028] The generated plaintext blocks (P ₁ 416, P ₂ 418, , P _{m λ} 420, P _m 422), representing descrambled payload 406, are reassembled by packet generation module 407 with a copy of the unscrambled header and adaptation field 404 to form the descrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet 402 The header and adaptation field 404 includes at least one header field and one or more additional fields

[0029] Figure 5 is a drawing 500 illustrating exemplary operations performed, e g , by module 456, wherein the width (τ) of the last ciphertext portion, also referred to as a scrambled payload portion, C _m 452 is of a reduced size, e g , less than 128 bits Output of encryption module 442 is E^(C ₁₁₁ i©H) 502 which includes a most significant portion 504 and a least significant portion 506 The scrambled payload portion 452 is bit-wise exclusive OR-ed by module 432 with least significant portion 506 resulting in plaintext payload portion P _m (τ bits wide) 422

[0030] Due to the varying length of the optional adaptation field, an MPEG-2 transport stream packet may contain a very small payload of less than 16 bytes In such a scenario, the payload would be the first and last block, which is called a solitary termination block Figure 6 is a drawing 600 illustrating an exemplary method for scrambling a solitary termination block in accordance with various embodiments Input MPEG-2 transport stream packet 602 includes a Header and Adaptation Field (HAF) portion 604 and a payload portion 606, which is a solitary termination block denoted Po In Figure 6, E _k block 608 denote a module using the AES encryption algorithm under the control of scrambling key K I lO Block IV 108 denotes an initialization vector used in the scrambling method There is also a bit-wise exclusive OR operation module 610 The scrambling key K I lO and the initialization vector IV 108 are each 16 bytes or 128 bits wide Let τ denote the length of P ₀ , e g , the number of bits in P ₀ An input constant, H (e g , H=O, or H = 7884fe536c3588b73c2f604e4813fbel in Hexadecimal

format), is exclusive OR-ed by module 611 with the Initialization Vector IV 108 to produce an encryption input Module 608 encrypts the value of the exclusive OR of the input constant H with IV 108 under the control of key 110 The ciphertext block Co 612 is computed by module 610 taking the bit- wise exclusive-OR of Po 606 and the least significant τ bits of the encryption, i e , E _k (IVθH) The bit control module 609 is used to select the least significant τ bits of the encryption output as an input to the exclusive OR module 610 The generated ciphertext blocks Co 612, representing scrambled payload 606, is reassembled with the unscrambled header and adaptation field 604 by packet generation module 607 to form the scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet 614 While in the Fig 6 embodiment, the encryption input is the output of the exclusive OR module 611 in other embodiments the initialization vector 108 is used as the encryption input and the exclusive OR module 611 may be omitted

[0031] Figure 7 is a drawing 700 illustrating exemplary operations performed in accordance with Figure 6 Encryption module 608 outputs E _k (IVθH)) which includes a most significant portion 704 and a least significant portion 706 The least significant portion of E _k (IVθH)) 706 which is τ bits wide is bit-wise exclusive-ORed by module 610 with the payload Po 606, which is also τ bits wide The result is scrambled payload Co 612, which is τ bits wide

[0032] Figure 8 is a drawing 800 illustrating an exemplary method for descrambling a solitary termination block in accordance with various embodiments Input MPEG-2 scrambled transport stream packet 814 includes a Header and Adaptation Field (HAF) portion 804 and a scrambled payload portion 812, which is a solitary termination block denoted Co In Figure 8 E^ block 808 denote a module using the AES encryption algorithm under the control of scrambling key K 410 Block IV 408 denotes an initialization vector used in the descrambling method There is also exclusive OR operation module 810 The scrambling key K 410 and the initialization vector IV 408 are each 16 bytes or 128 bits wide Let τ denote the length of Co, e g , the number of bits in C ₀ An input constant, H (e g , H=O, or H = 7884fe536c3588b73c2f604e4813fbel in Hexadecimal format), is exclusive OR-ed by module 811 with the Initialization Vector IV 408 Module 808 encrypts of the value of the exclusive OR of the input constant H with IV 408 under the control of key 410 In this case, the output of exclusive OR module 811 is an encryption input to encryption module 808 The

plaintext block Po 806 is computed by module 810 taking the bit-wise exclusive-OR of Co 812 and the least significant τ bits of the encryption, i e , E^IVθH) The generated plaintext block Po 806, representing a descrambled payload, is reassembled by packet generation module 807 with a copy of the unscrambled header and adaptation field 804 to form the descrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet 802 The unscrambled header and adaptation field 804 includes at least one header field and one or more additional fields While in the Fig 8 embodiment the encryption input to module 808 is produced by exclusive OR module 811, in other embodiments the initialization vector generated by module 408 is used as the encryption input and the exclusive OR module 811 is omitted

[0033] Figure 9 is a drawing 900 illustrating exemplary operations performed in accordance with Figure 8 Encryption module 808 outputs E _k (IVθH) 902 which includes a most significant portion 904 and a least significant portion 906 The least significant portion of E^IVθH) 906 which is τ bits wide is selected by the bit control module 809 and is bit-wise exclusive-ORed by module 810 with the scrambled payload Co 812, which is also τ bits wide The result is descrambled payload Po 806, which is τ

[0034] Figure 10 is a drawing 1000 of an exemplary communications system. For example, exemplary communications system 1000 may be used to distribute cable TV information from content providers to consumers, and at least some of the communicated signals include scrambled packets, e g , scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packets Exemplary communications system 1000 includes a plurality of content providers (content provider 1 1002, , content provider n 1004), a headend 1006, e g , a cable TV headend, and a plurality of content consumer set-top boxes (content consumer 1 set-top box 1008, , content consumer N set-top box 1010) Headend 1006 is coupled to the set-top boxes (1008, , 1010) via local cable infrastructure 1012

[0035] Headend 1006 includes a receiver module 1014 and a local cable distribution module 1016 coupled together via bus 1018 Receiver module 1014 receives signals (1026, , 1028) from content providers (1002, , 1004) For example, content provider 1 1002 may be a satellite broadcasting content provider 1 downlink TV program signals to receiver module 1014, content provider n 1004 may be a ground based transmission source transmitting content provider 2 TV program signals to

receiver module 1014, e g , via a fiber optic link or microwave link Local cable distribution module 1016 interfaces with receiver module 1014, e g , receiving TV program information corresponding to a plurality of channels, and interfaces with the local cable infrastructure 1012 Via infrastructure 1012, module 1016 is coupled to set- top boxes (1008, 1010) Local cable distribution module 1016 includes a scrambling / descrambling module 1020, e g , for supporting TV signals over IP networks, i e , IPTV Scrambling/descrambling module 1020, determines initialization vectors, scrambles transports stream packets to be transmitted, and descrambles received scrambled transport stream packets

[0036] Each set-top box (1008, 1010) includes a scramblmg/de scrambling module (1022, 1024), respectively Scrambling/descrambling module (1022, 1024) supports IPTV communications, e g , determining initialization vectors, scrambling transports stream packets to be transmitted, and descrambling received scrambled transport stream packets

[0037] Figure 11, comprising the combination of Figure 1 IA, Figure 1 IB, Figure 11C and Figure 1 ID, is a drawing of a flowchart 1100 of an exemplary method of operating a communications device in accordance with various embodiments Operation starts in step 1102, where the communications device is powered on and initialized Operation proceeds from start step 1102 to step 1104 In step 1104, the communications device receives a packet, e g , a MPEG-2 transport stream packet to be scrambled Operation proceeds from step 1104 to step 1106 In step 1106, the communications device determines a scrambling key K Operation proceeds from step 1106 to step 1108

[0038] In step 1108, the communications device determines an initialization vector Step 1108 includes sub-step 1110, in which operation proceeds to an initialization vector subroutine, e g , initialization vector subroutine of flowchart 1130

[0039] The initialization vector subroutine of flowchart 1130 will now be described Operation starts in step 1132 and proceeds to step 1134, in which the communications device obtains an input constant Then, in step 1136, the communication device obtains an initialization vector (IV) flag bit value Four alternative sub-steps (1138, 1140, 1142, 1144) are shown in step 1136 which may be used to obtain the initialization vector flag bit value In sub-step 1138, the communications device obtains the value through a signaling message, e g , a received

ECM or EMM message In sub-step 1140, the communications device utilizes a default value, e g , a stored default value In sub-step 1142, the communications device determines the value from information corresponding to a program In sub-step 1144, the communications device determines the value from information corresponding to a packet in the program Operation proceeds from step 1136 to step 1146 In step 1146, the communications device proceeds along different paths as a function of the value of the initialization vector flag bit If the IV flag bit = 1 operation proceeds from step 1146 to step 1148, however if the IV flag bit = 0, operation proceeds from step 1146 to step 1154

[0040] In step 1148, the communications device uses AES encryption routine (E _k ) to encrypt the input constant, obtained in step 1134, under control of scrambling key K to obtain E _k (Input Constant), which is to be used as a new scrambling key Then in step 1150, the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm (E _k ) to encrypt the input constant under control of the new scrambling key, the new scrambling key obtained from step 1148 Next, in step 1152, the communications device sets the initialization vector to the output of the encryption operation of step 1150

[0041] Returning to step 1154, in step 1154, the communications device sets the initialization vector equal to the input constant of step 1134 Operation proceeds from one of steps 1152 or step 1154 to return step 1156 In step 1156, the initialization vector routine returns a value for the initialization vector and operation proceeds back to the mam routine, e g , back to step 1108 of flowchart 1100

[0042] Operation proceeds from step 1108 to step 1112 In step 1112, the communications device processes the packet of step 1104, to obtain a header and adaptation field portion and a payload portion Next, in step 1114, the communications device partitions the payload portion to obtain packet portions including at least one of (i) one or more first fixed size portions, e g , 128 bit portions, and (ii) a remainder portion, said remainder portion being smaller than said first fixed size portion

[0043] Next, in step 1116, the communications device determines whether there is at least one first fixed size payload packet portion If it is determined that there is at least one first fixed size payload packet portion, then operation proceeds from step 1116 to step 1118, where operation is directed to scrambling block(s) subroutine, otherwise, operation proceeds from step 1116 to step 1122, where operation is directed to scrambling solitary termination block subroutine

[0044] Exemplary scramblmg blocks subroutine of flowchart 1180 will now be described In flowchart 1180, the communications device starts scrambling block(s) subroutine in step 1182 and proceeds to step 1184 In step 1184, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR of the first first fixed size payload packet portion with the initialization vector Then, in step 1186, the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm E _k to encrypt the result of the bit-wise exclusive OR of the first first fixed size payload packet portion with the initialization vector (step 1184 result), under control of encryption key K, to obtain a first first fixed size scrambled payload portion

[0045] Operation proceeds from step 1186 to step 1188 In step 1188 the communications device determines whether there is another first fixed size payload portion to be processed If there is another first fixed size payload portion to be processed, then operation proceeds from step 1188 to step 1190, otherwise, operation proceeds from step 1188 to step 1194

[0046] In step 1190, the communications device, performs a bit- wise exclusive OR of the next first fixed size payload packet portion with the previous first fixed size scrambled portion, e g , P ₂ with Ci for the first iteration of step 1190 Operation proceeds from step 1190 to step 1192 In step 1192, the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm E _k to encrypt the result of the bit-wise exclusive OR of said next first fixed size payload packet portion with the previous first fixed size scrambled portion (result from step 1190), under control of encryption key K, to obtain an addition fixed size scrambled payload portion, e g , obtains C ₂ for the first iteration of step 1192 Operation proceeds from step 1192 to step 1188, where the communications device considers as to whether or not there is another first fixed size payload portion to be processed

[0047] In step 1194, the communications device proceeds along different paths depending upon whether or not there is a remainder portion from the partitioned payload If there is a remainder portion, then operation proceeds from step 1194 to step 1195, otherwise operation proceeds from step 1194 to step 1198

[0048] In step 1195, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR of the input constant H with the previous first fixed size scrambled portion Then the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm E _k to encrypt the result of the exclusive OR of the input constant H and the previous first fixed size scrambled

payload portion (the result of the last iteration of step 1192), under control of the encryption key K Operation proceeds from step 1195 to step 1196 In step 1196, the communications device determines the bit size τ of the remainder portion of the partitioned payload Then in step 1197, the communications device performs a bit- wise exclusive OR of the τ least significant bits of the result of the said encryption with the remainder portion to obtain a scrambled remainder portion Thus step 1197 performs a bit wise exclusive OR of the τ least significant bits from the result of step 1195 with the remainder portion to obtain a scrambled remainder portion Operation proceeds from step 1197 to step 1198

[0049] In step 1198, the communications device assembles the generated first fixed size scrambled payload portion or portions and the scrambled remainder portion, if a scrambled remainder portion was generated Next, in step 1199, the scrambling block(s) subroutine returns one or more blocks of scrambled payload, e g , one scrambled fixed size payload portion, and at some times, additional scrambled fixed size payload portion(s), and at some times, a scrambled remainder portion

[0050] Exemplary scrambling solitary termination block subroutine of flowchart 1160 will now be described In flowchart 1160, the communications device starts scrambling solitary termination block subroutine in step 1162 and proceeds to step 1164 In step 1164, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR of input constant H with the initialization vector, IV Then the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm E^ to encrypt the result of the bit-wise exclusive OR of the input constant H and the initialization vector IV under the control of the encryption key K Then, in step 1166, the communications device determines the bit size τ of the remainder portion, which is the payload portion, e g , solitary termination block payload portion Po Next, in step 1168, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR operation of the τ least significant bits of E _k (IVθH) with payload portion Po to obtain a scrambled block Then in step 1170, operation returns from the scrambling termination block subroutine returning the obtained scrambled block of step 1168 to the mam program

[0051] Returning to step 1118, from step 1118, operation proceeds to step 1120, where the communications device returns from the scrambling block(s) subroutine with at least one scrambled block Returning to step 1122, from step 1122, operation proceeds to step 1124, where the communications device returns from the scrambling

solitary termination block routine with one scrambled block Operation proceeds from step 1120 or step 1124 to step 1126, where the communications device combines the header and adaptation field portion with the obtained scrambled block(s) to form a scrambled packet, e g , a scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet Then, in step 1128, the communications device transmits the scrambled packet, e g , the scrambled MPEG-2 transport stream packet

[0052] Figure 12, comprising the combination of Figure 12A, Figure 12B, Figure 12C and Figure 12D, is a drawing of a flowchart 1200 of an exemplary method of operating a communications device in accordance with various embodiments Operation starts in step 1202, where the communications device is powered on and initialized Operation proceeds from start step 1202 to step 1204 In step 1204, the communications device receives a packet, e g , a MPEG-2 transport stream packet to be descrambled Operation proceeds from step 1204 to step 1206 In step 1206, the communications device determines a descrambling key K Operation proceeds from step 1206 to step 1208

[0053] In step 1208, the communications device determines an initialization vector Step 1208 includes sub-step 1210, in which operation proceeds to an initialization vector subroutine, e g , initialization vector subroutine of flowchart 1230

[0054] The initialization vector subroutine of flowchart 1230 will now be described Operation starts in step 1232 and proceeds to step 1234, in which the communications device obtains an input constant Then, in step 1236, the communication device obtains an initialization vector (IV) flag bit value Four alternative sub-steps (1238, 1240, 1242, 1244) are shown in step 1236 which may be used to obtain the initialization vector flag bit value In sub-step 1238, the communications device obtains the value through a signaling message, e g , a received ECM or EMM message In sub-step 1240, the communications device utilizes a default value, e g , a stored default value In sub-step 1242, the communications device determines the value from information corresponding to a program In sub-step 1244, the communications device determines the value from information corresponding to a packet in the program Operation proceeds from step 1236 to step 1246 In step 1246, the communications device proceeds along different paths as a function of the value of the initialization vector flag bit If the IV flag bit = 1 operation proceeds from step 1246

to step 1248, however if the IV flag bit = 0, operation proceeds from step 1246 to step 1254

[0055] In step 1248, the communications device uses AES encryption routine (E _k ) to encrypt the input constant, obtained in step 1234, under control of scrambling key K to obtain E _k (Input Constant), which is to be used as a new scrambling key Then in step 1250, the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm (E _k ) to encrypt the input constant under control of the new scrambling key, the new scrambling key obtained from step 1248 Next, in step 1252, the communications device sets the initialization vector to the output of the encryption operation of step 1250

[0056] Returning to step 1254, in step 1254, the communications device sets the initialization vector equal to the input constant of step 1234 Operation proceeds from one of steps 1252 or step 1254 to return step 1256 In step 1256, the initialization vector subroutine returns a value for the initialization vector and operation proceeds back to the main routine, e g , back to step 1208 of flowchart 1200

[0057] Operation proceeds from step 1208 to step 1212 In step 1212, the communications device processes the scrambled packet of step 1204, to obtain a header and adaptation field portion and a scrambled payload portion Next, in step 1214, the communications device partitions the scrambled payload portion to obtain packet portions including at least one of (i) one or more first fixed size scrambled portions, e g , 128 bit portions, and (u) a scrambled remainder portion, said scrambled remainder portion being smaller than said first fixed size scrambled portion

[0058] Next, in step 1216, the communications device determines whether there is at least one first fixed size scrambled payload packet portion If it is determined that there is at least one first fixed size scrambled payload packet portion, then operation proceeds from step 1216 to step 1218, where operation is directed to descrambling block(s) subroutine, otherwise, operation proceeds from step 1216 to step 1222, where operation is directed to descrambling solitary termination block subroutine

[0059] Exemplary descrambling blocks subroutine of flowchart 1280 will now be described In flowchart 1280, the communications device starts descrambling block(s) subroutine in step 1282 and proceeds to step 1284 In step 1284, the communications device uses AES decryption algorithm D _k to decrypt the first first fixed size scrambled payload packet portion under the control of the decryption key K Then, in step 1286, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR operation of

the decryption result of the first first fixed size scrambled payload package portion (result from step 1284) and the initialization vector, under the control of decryption key K, to obtain a first payload packet portion Operation proceeds from step 1286 to step 1288

[0060] In step 1288, the communications device, checks as to whether there is another first fixed size scrambled payload portion to be processed If there is another first fixed size scrambled payload portion to be processed, operation proceeds from step 1288 to step 1290, otherwise operation proceeds from step 1288 to step 1294

[0061] In step 1290, the communications device uses AES decryption algorithm D _k to decrypt the result of the next first fixed size scrambled payload package portion, under control of decryption key K Then, in step 1292, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR of the result of the decryption of said next first fixed size scrambled payload package portion with the previous scrambled payload portion to obtain another first size payload portion Operation proceeds from step 1292 to step 1288, where the communications device checks as to where there are any additional first fixed size payload portions remaining to be processed

[0062] In step 1294, the communications device checks if there is a scrambled remainder portion from the partitioned scrambled payload If there is a scrambled remainder payload portion, then operation proceeds from step 1294 to step 1295, otherwise operation proceeds from step 1294 to step 1298 In step 1295, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR of input constant H with the previous first fixed size scrambled payload portion Then the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm E _k to encrypt the bit- wise exclusive OR of input constant H and the previous first fixed size scrambled payload portion Then, in step 1296, the communications device determines the bit size τ of the remainder portion of the partitioned scrambled payload Next, in step 1297, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR of the τ least significant bits of the result of the said encryption with the remainder portion of the scrambled payload to obtain a remainder portion Operation proceeds from step 1297 to step 1298

[0063] In step 1298 the communications device assembles the generated fixed size payload portion or portions and, and a remainder portion if a remainder portion was generated Next, in step 1299, the descrambling block(s) routine returns one or more blocks of descrambled payload, e g , a first fixed size payload portion, and at some

tunes, one or more additional first fixed size payload portions, and at some times, a remainder payload portion

[0064] Exemplary descrambling solitary termination block subroutine of flowchart 1260 will now be described In flowchart 1260, the communications device starts descrambling solitary termination block subroutine in step 1262 and proceeds to step 1264 In step 1264, the communications device performs a bit- wise exclusive OR of input constant H with the initialization vector IV Then the communications device uses AES encryption algorithm E _k to encrypt the bit- wise exclusive OR of input constant H with the initialization vector IV under the control of the encryption key K Then, in step 1266, the communications device determines the bit size τ of the remainder portion, which is the scrambled payload portion, e g , solitary termination block scrambled payload portion Co Next, in step 1268, the communications device performs a bit-wise exclusive OR operation of the τ least significant bits of E _k (IVθH) with scrambled payload portion Co to obtain a descrambled block Then in step 1270, operation returns from the descrambling termination block subroutine returning the obtained block of step 1268 to the main program.

[0065] Returning to step 1218, from step 1218, operation proceeds to step 1220, where the communications device returns from the descrambling block(s) routine with at least one descrambled block Returning to step 1222, from step 1222, operation proceeds to step 1224, where the communications device returns from the descrambling solitary termination block routine with one descrambled block Operation proceeds from step 1220 or step 1224 to step 1226, where the communications device combines the header and adaptation field portion with the obtained descrambled block(s) to form a descrambled packet, e g , an IP transport stream packet Operation proceeds from step 1226 to step 1204, where another packet is received to be processed and descrambled

[0066] In some embodiments, various features are implemented using modules Such modules may be implemented using software, hardware or a combination of software and hardware Many of the above described methods or method steps can be implemented using machine executable instructions, such as software, included in a machine readable medium such as a memory device, e g , RAM, floppy disk, etc to control a machine, e g , a general purpose computer with or without additional hardware, to implement all or portions of the above described methods, e g , in one or more nodes Accordingly, among other things, the present application is directed to a

machme-readable medium including machine executable instructions for causing a machine, e g , processor and associated hardware, to perform one or more of the steps of the above-described method(s)

[0067] In the preceding specification, various preferred embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense