RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority to U. S. Provisional Patent Application serial number 62/508, 103, filed May 18, 2017, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Lack of sleep or l ck of restful sleep can affect the human body in a variety of ways and may be the consequence of behavioral or physiological causes. Sleep deprivation can lead to a higher risk of chronic health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Lack of sleep may also lead to social consequences, such as a decrease in an affected individual' s productivity or detrimental effects on individual' s social relationships. Accordingly, there is a great need for new compositions and methods that, improve sleep and sleep quality.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are methods and compositions related to treating and/or preventing sleep disorders and for improving sleep quality in a subject by administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside), and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene).

In certain aspects, the methods and compositions provided herein relate to improving sleep health and the quality of sleep in a subject by administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). In some aspects, provided herein are methods of stimulating REM sleep in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene).

In certain aspects, the methods and compositions provided herein relate to the treatment and/or prevention of sleep disorders (e.g., desynchronosis, otherwise known as jet lag, or insomnia) in a subject by administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). In some embodiments, the sleep disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. The circadian rhythm sleep disorder can be extrinsic (e.g., shift work sleep disorder, desynchornosis) or intrinsic (e.g., advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD), delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), irregular sleep-wake rhythm, and/or non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (i.e.,

hypernychthemeral syndrome)).

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods provided herein, the composition comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) (e.g., at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 175 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, at least 250 mg, at least 275 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 325 mg, at least 350 mg, at least 375 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 425 mg, at least 450 mg, at least 475 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 525 mg, at least 550 mg, at least 575 mg or at least 600 mg of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside)). In some embodiments, the composition comprises a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene) (e.g., at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg or at least 150 mg of a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene)). In certain embodiments, the composition comprises both a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) (e.g., at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 175 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, at least 250 mg, at least 275 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 325 mg, at least 350 mg, at least 375 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 425 mg, at least 450 mg, at least 475 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 525 mg, at least 550 mg, at least 575 mg or at least 600 mg of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside)) and a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene) (e.g., at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg or at least 150 mg of a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene)).

In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering a plurality of doses of the composition. In some embodiments, at least 7 doses of the composition are administered. In some embodiments, at least 30 doses of the composition are administered. In some embodiments, at least 60 or more doses of the composition are administered. In some embodiments, each dose comprises at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 175 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, at least 250 mg, at least 275 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 325 mg, at least 350 mg, at least 375 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 425 mg, at least 450 mg, at least 475 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 525 mg, at least 550 mg, at least 575 mg or at least 600 mg of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside). In some embodiments, each dose comprises at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg or at least 150 mg of a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). In certain embodiments, each dose comprises at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 175 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, at least 250 mg, at least 275 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 325 mg, at least 350 mg, at least 375 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 425 mg, at least 450 mg, at least 475 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 525 mg, at least 550 mg, at least 575 mg or at least 600 mg of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg or at least 150 mg of a compound of formula III (e.g., pterostilbene).

In certain embodiments, a dose of the composition is administered at regular intervals over a period of time. In some embodiments, a dose of the composition is administered at least once a week. In some embodiments, a dose of the composition is administered at least twice a week. In certain embodiments, a dose of the composition is administered at least three times a week. In some embodiments, a dose of the composition is administered at least once a day. In some embodiments, a dose of the composition is administered at least twice a day. In some embodiments, doses of the composition are administered for at least 1 week, for at least 2 weeks, for at least 3 weeks, for at least 4 weeks, for at least 1 month, for at least 2 months, for at least 3 months, for at least 4 months, for at least 5 months, for at least 6 months or for at least 1 year.

In certain embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral delivery. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated as a pill, a tablet, or a capsule. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In certain embodiments, the composition is self-administered.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

General

Provided herein are methods and compositions related to treating and/or preventing sleep disorders and for improving sleep quality or sleep hygiene in a subject by

administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). In certain aspects, provided herein are methods and compositions related to treating or preventing insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, or desynchronosis. In other aspects, provided herein are methods and compositions for improving, increasing, or stimulating REM sleep. Definitions

For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples, and appended claims are collected here.

The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element.

As used herein, the term "administering" means providing a pharmaceutical agent or composition to a subject, and includes, but is not limited to, administering by a medical professional and self-administering. Administration of a substance, a compound or an agent to a subject can be carried out using one of a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, a compound or an agent can be administered, intravenously, arterially, intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, ocularly, sublingually, orally (by ingestion), intranasally (by inhalation), intraspinally, intracerebrally, and transdermally (by absorption, e.g., through a skin duct). A compound or agent can also appropriately be introduced by rechargeable or biodegradable polymeric devices or other devices, e.g., patches and pumps, or formulations, which provide for the extended, slow or controlled release of the compound or agent. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods.

Appropriate methods of administering a substance, a compound or an agent to a subject will also depend, for example, on the age and/or the physical condition of the subject and the chemical and biological properties of the compound or agent (e.g., solubility, digestibility, bioavailability, stability and toxicity). In some embodiments, a compound or an agent is administered orally, e.g., to a subject by ingestion. In some embodiments, the orally administered compound or agent is in an extended release or slow release formulation, or administered using a device for such slow or extended release.

The phrase "pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier" as used herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, or solvent encapsulating material.

As used herein, the term "subject' means a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.

The phrases "therapeutically-effective amount" and "effective amounf as used herein means the amount of an agent which is effective for producing the desired therapeutic effect in at least a sub-population of cells in a subject at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.

"Treating" a disease in a subject or "treating" a subject having a disease refers to subjecting the subject to a pharmaceutical treatment, e.g., the administration of a drug, such that at least one symptom of the disease is decreased or prevented from worsening.

As used herein, a therapeutic that "prevents" a disorder or condition refers to a compound that, when administered to a statistical sample prior to the onset of the disorder or condition, reduces the occurrence of the disorder or condition in the treated sample relative to an untreated control sample, or delays the onset or reduces the severity of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition relative to the untreated control sample. Compositions

Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene).

Nicotinamide riboside is a pyridine-nucleoside form of niacin (i.e., vitamin B ₃ ) that serves as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ⁺ ). As used herein,

"nicotinamide riboside" also includes nicotinamide riboside salts, such as nicotinamide riboside chloride. The chemical structure of nicotinamide riboside is provided below:

In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound represented by Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein, independently for each occurrence:

Ri, R2, and R3 are selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -OR14, -N(Ri4)m, - Ri3, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C6)alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

Ri and R.5 are selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -OR14, -N(Ri4)m, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

Re, Rs, R11, and R12 are selected from hydrogen, (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, -((Ci- C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m, -C(0)((Ci-C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, -OR14, and -N(Ri4) _m ;

R ₇ , R , and Rio are selected from -((Ci-C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m, -OR14, and -N(R ₁₄ ) _m ;

Ri3 is selected from -ORi4, -N(Ri ₄ )m, -C(0)(Ri ₄ ), -C(0)(ORi ₄ ), -C(0)N(Ri ₄ )m, - S(0) ₂ (ORM), -S(0)ORj4, and - S(0) ₂ N(Ri4)m;

Ri4 is selected from hydrogen, (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl; and

X is O, S, or N(R _i4 );

m is 2 or 3;

provided that at least one of Ri, R ₂ , and R3 is Rn.

In some embodiments, Ri is R13. In some embodiments, R ₂ is R13. In some embodiments, R3 is j . In some embodiments, R13 is selected from -OR M, -N(Ri4)m, -C(0)(Ri4), - C(0)(ORi4), and -C(0)N(Ri4)m. In some embodiments, R13 is selected from -C(0)(Ri4), - C(0)(ORi4), and -C(0)N(Ri4)m. In some embodiments, R 13 is -C(0)N(Ri4)m.

In some embodiments, R7, Rs>, and Rio are each independently -ORM or -N(Ri4)m. In some embodiments, R?, R9, and Rio are -ORM.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is represented by Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein, independently for each occurrence:

R2 and R.3 are selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -ORH, -N(Ri4)m, -R13, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C6)alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

R ₄ and Rs are selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -ORi s, -N(Ri4)m, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

R ₆ , Rs, Ri f , and Rj2 are selected from hydrogen, -ORM, -N(R ₁₄ )m, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, -((Ci-C ₆ )alkylene)N(Ri4)m, -C(0)((Ci-C ₆ )alkylene)N(Ri4)m, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

Ri 3 is selected from -ORM, -N(Ri4)m, -C(0)(Ri4), -C(0)(ORi4), -C(0)N(Ri4)m, - S(0) ₂ (ORi4), -S(0)ORi4, and - S(0) ₂ N(Ri4) _m ;

Ri4 is selected from hydrogen, (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl; and

m is 2 or 3.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), Ri, R ₂ , and R ₃ are each independently, if present selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -ORH, -

N(Ri4)m, -Ri3, and substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-Ce)alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri, R ₂ , and R3 are each independently, if present, selected from hydrogen, -OR14, -N(Ri ₄ )m, and unsubstituted (Ci-Ce)alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri, R2, and R3 are each independently, if present selected from substituted or un substituted (Ci-C6)alkyl, cycloalkyl,

heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl. In some embodiments, Ri, R?., and R.3 are each independently, if present, hydrogen .

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), R4 and Rs are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -ORi4, -N(Ri4)m, and substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-Ce)alkyl. In some embodiments, R ₄ and Rs are each independently selected from hydrogen, -OR , -N(R] ₄ )m, and unsubstituted (Ci-Ce)alkyl. In some embodiments, Rs and Rs are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl. In some embodiments, R ₄ and Rs are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), R ₆ , Rs, Rn, and R12 are selected from hydrogen, -ORM, -N(R ₁₄ )m, unsubstituted (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, -((Ci- C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m, -C(0)((Ci-C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl. In some embodiments, Re, Rs, Rn, and R ₁₂ are each independently selected from hydrogen, -OR14, -N(R ₁₄ )m, unsubstituted (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, -((Ci- C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m, and -C(0)((Ci-C6)alkylene)N(Ri4)m. In some embodiments, Re, Rs, Rn, and Ri2 are each independently selected from hydrogen, -OR ₁₄ , and -N(Ri ₄ )m. In some embodiments, R&, Rs, R11, and Rj 2 are each independently selected from unsubstituted (Ci- C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl. In some embodiments, Re, Rs, Rn, and R12 are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R?, R9, and Rio are each independently -OR14 or -N(Ri4)m. In some embodiments, R7, R9, and Rio are each -ORii. In some embodiments, R7, R9, and Rio are each -OH.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), R11 is hydrogen or (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), X is O or N(R. ₁₄ ). In some embodiments, X is O.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (I) or (II), the compound is

Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid and an analog of polyphenol reservatrol that has better bioavailability due to the presence of two methoxy groups that allow it to have increased lipophilic and oral absorption as well as a longer half-life due to reduced oxidation. The chemical structure of pterostilbene is provided below:

In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound represented by Formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein, independently for each occurrence:

R _{! 5} is selected from halogen, -CN, -NO2, -ORie, -N(Rie) _P , -S(0) ₂ (ORi6), -S(0)ORi substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C6)alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

Ri6 is selected from hydrogen, (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl;

n is an integer from 0 to 5; and

p is 2 or 3;

provided that at least one n is 1; and at least one Ris is -OR ₁₆ ;

provided that the compound of formula (III) is not

In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (III), R15 is selected from, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -ORie, -N(Rj6) _P , and substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C6)alkyl. In some embodiments, R15 is selected from -OR16, -N(Ri6) _P , and unsubstituted (Ci-C6)alkyl. In some embodiments, Rj .5 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C6)alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl. In some embodiments, R15 is -ORie. In some embodiments, R15 is -ORie; and Rie is hydrogen or (Ci-Ce)alkyl. In some embodiments, Ris is -ORie; and Rie is (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl. In some embodiments, R15 is -ORie; and Rie is (Ci-Ce)alkyl. In some embodiments, R15 is -ORie: and Rie is (Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, n is 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3.

In one aspect, the provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein (e.g., nicotinamide riboside and/or pterostilbene), formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. In another aspect, the agents described herein can be administered as such, or administered in mixtures with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and can also be administered in conjunction with other agents. Conjunctive therapy thus includes sequential, simultaneous and separate, or co-administration of one or more compounds of the invention, wherein the therapeutic effects of the first administered has not entirely disappeared when the subsequent compound is administered.

As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic absorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; or (3) sublingually. In some embodiments, the composition comprises additional agents. For example, the composition may comprise a nutritional agent, such as an antioxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha- tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

The formulations of the compounds described herein may be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the agent which produces a therapeutic effect.

In certain embodiments, a formulation described herein comprises an excipient, including, but not limited to, cyclodextrins, liposomes, micelle forming agents, e.g., bile acids, and polymeric carriers, e.g., polyesters and polyanhydrides; and an agent of the invention. In some embodiments, an aforementioned formulation renders orally

bioavailable an agent of the invention. Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions may include the step of bringing into association a compound of the invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the formulations provided herein include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations provided herein suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (e.g., capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example,

carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and non-ionic surfactants; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative,

disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. Compositions described herein may also be formulated for rapid release, e.g., freeze-dried. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in microencapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

Therapeutic Methods

Provided herein are methods and compositions related to treating and/or preventing sleep disorders and for improving sleep quality in a subject by administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside), and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). The subject may be male or female. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult (i.e., 18 years of age or older). The subject may be pediatric (i.e., less than 18 years of age). In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, preferably, a human.

In certain aspects, the methods and compositions provided herein relate to improving sleep health and the quality of sleep in a subject in a subject by administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). Sleep quality may refer to the "restfulness" of sleep (i.e., how rested an individual feels during waking hours). Sleep quality may refer to the quantity of sleep. Good sleep quality is associated with a wide range of positive outcomes such as better health, less daytime sleepiness, greater well-being and better psychological functioning. In some embodiments, a subject has a score of 1, 2, or 3 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Further details on the PSQI may be found at Buysse,D. J., Reynolds,C.F.,

Monk,T.H., Berman,S.R., & Kupfer,D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric research and practice. Psychiatry Research,

28(2), 193-213, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the subject has trouble falling asleep. In some embodiments, the subject has trouble staying asleep. In some embodiments, the subject wakes in the morning at an hour that would disrupt a normal sleep cycle or otherwise affect sleep quality.

In some aspects, provided herein are methods of stimulating REM sleep in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene). Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) is a unique phase of sleep characterized by rapid movement of the eyes, low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein increase the total amount of time a subject is in REM sleep per sleep session (e.g., the total amount of time in REM per night). In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein increase the amount of time a subject is in REM sleep per sleep cycle. Sleep progresses in a series of four or five more or less regular sleep cycles of non-REM and REM sleep throughout the night. The first sleep cycle is typically around 90 minutes in length, with the succeeding cycles averaging around 100-120 minutes, although some individuals may have longer or shorter average cycles. Each cycle follows the stages of non-REM sleep (stage 1 - stage 2 - stage 3) and then, after a period in deep stage 3 slow-wave sleep, back through the stages (stage 3 - stage 2 - stage 1). Then, instead of waking, the sleeper may enter a short period of REM sleep, before going back through non-REM stages in a new cycle. As the night progresses, the time spent in deep stage 3 sleep decreases and the time spent in REM sleep increases, so that there is a greater proportion of stage 3 sleep earlier in the night, and a greater proportion of REM sleep later in the night, particularly during the final two sleep cycles. As used herein, stimulating REM or increasing REM may refer to increasing the time a subject stays in REM sleep per sleep cycle or the total amount of time a subject is sleeping per day.

In certain aspects, the methods and compositions provided herein relate to the treatment and/or prevention of sleep disorders in a subject by administering to the subject (e.g., orally administering to the subject) a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene).

In some embodiments, the subject has insomnia. Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by the inability to sleep. For example, a subject with insomnia may have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. As used herein, insomnia may refer to short-term (acute) insomnia (i.e., the inability to sleep that lasts for days to weeks) or long-term (chronic) insomnia (i.e., the inability to sleep for one month or more). In some embodiments, the insomnia is transient insomnia. Insomnia may be the result of stress, a traumatic event, nasal/sinus allergies,

gastrointestinal problems, brain lesions and tumors, stroke, chronic

pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, congestive heart failure, angina, acid-reflux disease (GERD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism, arthritis, neurological conditions such as Parkinson's or

Alzheimer's disease, low back pain, or genetics. In some embodiments, the subject has restless leg syndrome. In some embodiments, the subject has sleep apnea. In some embodiments, the subject has a psychological condition that interferes with sleep, such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In some embodiments, insomnia is a side effect of medication. Examples of medications that may cause insomnia include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, alpha blockers, beta blockers, SSRI antidepressants, ACE inhibitors, cholinesterase inhibitors, second generation (non-sedating) HI agonists, or gl ucosam i ne/chondroi ti n .

Provided herein are methods and compositions useful in regulating a subject's circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythms regulate the timing of periods of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day. Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, although they can be modulated by external cues such as sunlight and temperature. Circadian rhythms are important in determining the sleeping and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle, and an irregular circadian rhythm may lead to a disturbance any of the previously mentioned processes. In some embodiments, the subject has a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. The circadian rhythm sleep disorder may be extrinsic (e.g., the result of environmental influences or circumstances) or intrinsic (e.g., the result of genetics or not the result of circumstances). An example of an extrinsic circadian sleep disorder includes shift work sleep disorder, which often affects individuals who work nights or in rotating shifts.

Intrinsic sleep disorders include advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD), delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), irregular sleep-wake rhythm, and/or non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (i.e., hypernychthemeral syndrome)). ASPD is characterized by difficulty staying awake in the evening and difficulty staying asleep in the morning. DSPD is characterized by a much later than normal timing of sleep onset and offset and a period of peak alertness in the middle of the night. Individuals with irregular sleep-wake rhythm suffer from sleeping at very irregular times, and usually more than twice per day (waking frequently during the night and taking naps during the day ), but often sleep a normal period of total time per day typical for the person's age. Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, or

hypernychthemeral syndrome, is a sleep disorder wherein the affected individual's sleep occurs later and later each day, with the period of peak alertness also continuously moving around the clock from day to day.

In some aspects, the compositions and methods provided herein are useful in treating desynchronosis (i.e., jet lag). Jet lag is a temporary sleep disorder caused by crossing time zones (e.g., during an airplane flight), and is often the result of disruption to the circadian rhythms of the body. Jet lag may occur any time the body's internal clock is out of sync with cues from a new time zone. Cues can include light exposure and eating times. General symptoms include fatigue and disorientation, interrupted sleep, confusion, mood changes, and pain in limbs.

Actual dosage levels and administration regimen of the compositions disclosed herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside) and/or a compound of Formula III (e.g., pterostilbene) that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. In some embodiments, the subject continuously self-administers the compounds disclosed herein. In other

embodiments, the subject may take a compound disclosed herein as needed.

In some embodiments, administration of the composition comprises administration of the composition in one or more dose(s). In some embodiments, administration of the composition comprises administration of the composition in one or more, five or more, ten or more, twenty or more, thirty or more, forty or more, fifty or more, one hundred or more, or one thousand or more dose(s). In some embodiments, the dose comprises at least 25 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 125 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 225 mg, at least 250 mg, at least 275 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 325 mg, at least 350 mg, at least 375 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 425 mg, at least 450 mg, at least 475 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 550 mg, at least 600 mg, at least 650 mg, at least 700 mg, at least 750 mg, at least 800 mg, or at least 850 mg of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., nicotinamide riboside). In some embodiments, the dose comprises at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 110 mg, at least 120 mg, at least 130 mg, at least 140 mg, at least 150 mg, at least 160 mg, least 170 mg, at least 180 mg, at least 190 mg, at least 200 mg, or at least 250 mg of a compound of formula III (e.g., pterostilbene) . The compositions disclosed herein may be administered over any period of time effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The period of time may be at least 1 day, at least 10 days, at least 20 days, at least 30, days, at least 60 days, at least three months, at least six months, at least a year, at least three years, at least five years, or at least ten years. The dose may be administered when needed, sporadically, or at regular intervals. For example, the dose may be administered monthly, weekly, biweekly, triweekly, once a day, or twice a day.

Incorporation by Reference

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.

Equivalents

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.