CONTAINING THE SAME

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 12/346,535, filed on December 30, 2008 (Attorney Docket No. GLO-003), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to the field of organozinc salts, methods of making organozinc salts, organozinc salt coated particles, and various applications of such organozinc salts and organozinc salt coated particles, including applications in rubber and other polymer materials and the like, in which the organozinc salts and organozinc salt coated particles function, e.g., as one or more of an anti-reversion agent, a vulcanization activator and/or accelerator, a rheology modifying agent, and/or a filler for rubber or plastics (especially in tires). Organozinc salts of the present invention may also be used as fungicides and/or pesticides.

DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND

[0003] Organozinc salts are used in rubber compounding (e.g., in the manufacture of tires). When a rubber product is mixed and formed (e.g., in a mold), it is typically heated in a curing process (i.e., for a length of time and/or at a temperature sufficient to effect such curing). Careful control of process conditions in such a curing process is essential to impart one or more desired characteristics to a cured rubber product. However, in the case of large and/or thick rubber products, heat transfer to the rubber product during a curing may be nonuniform throughout the rubber material due to the heat transfer characteristics of the material being cured (i.e., longer times are necessary for heat transfer to the bulk material from the surface of a mold). This may result in an uneven curing process (e.g., over-cured surface regions relative to the bulk material), yielding a product with undesirable characteristics resulting from such over-curing at a surface of a rubber product, a phenomenon commonly referred to as reversion. Such an over-cured surface region may have a lower hardness, elastic modulus, abrasion resistance, etc.

[0004] There are a number of additives available to reduce the occurrence and/or mitigate the extent of reversion in the curing of rubber products. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,315, 5,610,240, 5,623,007 and 5,872,188 (the relevant portions of each of which are incorporated herein by reference) all address either the preparation or use of such anti-reversion agents. Such anti-reversion agents may comprise a mixture of organozinc salts (also known as organozinc soaps) prepared from C7-C24 fatty acid and zinc salts of aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, and/or methylbenzoic acid. Together with conventional organozinc salts such as zinc stearate, zinc laurate, and zinc oleate, these organozinc salts have large markets and varied applications in the rubber, plastics and cosmetics industries.

[0005] One method for preparing such organozinc salts is referred to as a fusion method. In a fusion method for preparing such organozinc salts, a zinc compound such as zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, and/or zinc carbonate is heated in the presence of an organic acid such as stearic acid, oleic acid, and/or other organic acid to yield the corresponding organozinc salt. Organozinc salts formed via such a fusion method have a higher bulk density and a larger volume-to-mass (V/m) ratio relative organozinc salts prepared via other methods.

[0006] A second method for preparing such organozinc salts employs the reaction between a sodium, ammonium or potassium salt of one or more organic acids and zinc sulfate, zinc acetate and/or zinc chloride. The product of such a method may be precipitated out of an aqueous reaction medium, and washed with water to remove byproducts such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, etc., and then dried. Organozinc salts produced by this second method are typically referred to as precipitated organozinc salts, and are considered superior relative to similar salts produced via the fusion method previously described.

[0007] However, this second organozinc salt production methodology requires additional process steps and/or chemical reagents relative to a fusion method to effect the desired transformation, resulting in an increased cost. This second method also produces additional waste in the form of byproducts such as sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and/or sodium chloride. Such sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and/or sodium chloride byproducts are often in such a dilute state after washing a product organozinc salt that it is not economical to recover such byproducts, and the filtrate is discarded. Disposal of such filtrate (with dissolved byproducts therein) has potentially negative environmental consequences via an increase in the level of water soluble salts in the environment.

[0008] A third method of making organozinc salts comprising dithiocarbamates is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,492,314 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference). An amine, carbon disulfide, and zinc oxide are employed to produce organozinc salts under anhydrous conditions. However, the resulting product has less than desirable properties, including relatively coarse, large particles. Thus, the preferred method for producing organozinc salts has been the second method described above, from water soluble zinc salts like zinc chloride, and/or zinc acetate, and more preferably, zinc sulfate, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,534,675 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0009] It is known that zinc-ammonia-carbonate complexes and solutions thereof may used to produce active zinc oxide and/or zinc carbonate (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,555,075, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference). The active zinc oxide or zinc carbonate produced thereby is then further reacted with one or more organic acids to make the corresponding organozinc salts. This present invention improves upon the processes described above, providing methods whereby organozinc salts may be obtained directly from a zinc-ammonia-carbonate complex and/or a solution thereof, obviating the need for a dedicated step to generate an active zinc oxide and/or zinc carbonate. The organozinc salts afforded by the present methods may also possess superior characteristics relative to organozinc salts produced by the fusion method described above.

[0010] Organic salts may also used to coat siliceous particles like precipitated silica, clay, kaolin, talc, aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, carbon black and mixtures thereof. Such coated particles, when added to rubber compositions as fillers, impart advantageous characteristics to rubber products formed therefrom, including improved abrasion resistance, modulus, and tensile strength (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos. 2006/0281009, 2008/0194748, and 2008/0161475, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,291,572 and 6,333,375, the relevant portions of each of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0011] Organozinc salts and organozinc salt coated fillers may improve the Mooney viscosity, modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance of a rubber compound compared with untreated fillers. Reducing the Mooney viscosity results in a more facile processing of a rubber compounding composition containing organozinc salts and/or organozinc salt coated fillers. This improvement is important for tires. An organozinc salt coating can be formed on siliceous fillers when such fillers are first precipitated from solution, before drying, obviating a need for multiple drying steps. Of course, the zinc salts or mixture of zinc salts of this invention can be added separately with siliceous fillers, rubber processing aids such as accelerators, sulfur, antioxidants, processing oils, etc., with or without silane in rubber recipes to obtain the desired properties as the treated fillers above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of producing organozinc salts, methods of making organozinc salt coated particles, and applications thereof. The organozinc salts and organozinc salt coated particles may have many applications in rubber products, such as shoe soles, rubber bands, tires, and the like, and other polymer products. The organozinc salts may function as one or more of an anti-reversion agent, a rheology modifying agent, a coating for a filler material, and an activator for vulcanization or other reaction. The organozinc salts described herein may also function as pesticides and/or fungicides.

[0013] In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for the synthesis of organozinc salts via the generation of a zinc ammonia complex, and subsequent treatment of such a complex with one or more organic acids and/or salts thereof to form the organozinc salts. Such methods avoid the formation of sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate byproducts as in the conventional methods described above, byproducts whose value does not warrant recovery. Conversely, the use of sodium hydroxide, ammonia and carbon dioxide in some embodiments of the present invention yields a sodium hydroxide/sodium carbonate byproduct mixture. Such a byproduct mixture has a higher value relative to the sodium chloride or sodium sulfate byproducts produced by conventional methods, and recovery of these byproducts is economically advantageous. Thus, the present methods provide a method of producing organozinc salts where value-added byproducts are produced.

[0014] In some embodiments, ammonia is used to form ammonium salts of an organic acid or acids in the preparation of organozinc salts. Most or substantially all of the ammonia from such ammonium salts employed in such a process may be evaporated and recovered. Consequently, organozinc salts produced by such a method may be free from water soluble matter, reducing the amount of water required for washing of a product, or , or eliminating the need to wash a product altogether. Such a method reduces the quantity of water required for such a washing process and/or the volume of filtrate therefrom that must be disposed or discharged. Therefore the present methods provide an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional methods for the production of organozinc salts.

[0015] In some embodiments, organozinc salts may be used to coat siliceous fillers such precipitated silica, clay, aluminum silicate, and mixture thereof. Such organozinc coated fillers may impart improved abrasion resistance, modulus, or tensile strength to rubber products containing such coated fillers (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Appl. Nos. 2006/0281009, 2008/0194748, 2008/0161475 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,291,572 and 6,333,375). By precipitating organozinc salts and/or mixtures of organozinc salts on fillers like precipitated silica, clay, talc, calcium carbonate, carbon black etc., the organozinc salt coating may also serve as a coupling agent, reducing or eliminating the need for added silane coupling agents in a rubber compound. In addition, organozinc salts, organozinc salt coated particles, silane coupling agents, and processing aids such as accelerators, sulfur, antioxidants, processing oils, etc., may be used in various combinations to improve the properties of a rubber compound containing such combinations relative to an otherwise identical rubber compound containing a silane coupling agent alone. Incorporation and dispersion of organozinc coated fillers in a rubber compound or a plastic formulation may also be improved.

[0016] Such coated filler may also improve one or more properties (e.g., Mooney viscosity, elastic modulus, hardness, abrasion resistance, etc.) of a rubber compound containing such coated particles relative to an otherwise identical rubber compound containing uncoated particles. For example, an improved Mooney viscosity may result in improved processing characteristics of a rubber compound mixture, and such improvements are particularly beneficial in the production of tires.

[0017] In some embodiments, organozinc salts or mixtures thereof provided by the present methods may be added to a rubber compounding mixture either alone, or in combination with siliceous fillers with or without silane coupling agents in rubber recipes to obtain desired properties imparted by the organozinc coated fillers described above. This may be particularly advantageous for fillers comprising clays or kaolin, which typically have larger particle sizes than precipitated silica. Of course, organozinc salts or mixtures thereof may be added to a rubber compounding composition with uncoated siliceous fillers, with or without silane coupling agents, to obtain desired properties similar to those obtained with rubber compounds comprising organozinc salt coated fillers. This may be especially true for clay or kaolin fillers, which typically have larger particle sizes relative to precipitated silica filler particles.

[0018] The present invention also offers the opportunity to make products, e.g., rubber products, with improved abrasion resistance. For example, clays (especially surface modified clay with silane coupling agents) are increasingly being used in tires and other rubber compounds. Silanes and clays generally increase the modulus and reduce heat build up of the rubber compound so that rolling resistance of tires is decreased and fuel savings are realized. An organozinc salt coating on a substrate particle, especially an inorganic or platy particle such as a clay, should provide at least part of the performance of the silane coupling agent for the rubber compound, and with improved abrasion resistance. Indeed, an organozinc salt coated particle often increases the abrasion resistance compared with clay and zinc oxide added separately. With or without the silane coupling agent, organozinc salt coated clays may increase the modulus at 100% and/or 300% elongation and may reduce heat-build up in rubber compounds. This indicates that the rolling resistance of tires can be decreased. The organozinc salt-coated particle can thus be used as a partial carbon black or silica substitute. Thus, one particle can serve multiple functions, simplifying formulation and processing.

[0019] These and other advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the detailed description of preferred embodiments below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the disclosed embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be readily apparent that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.

[0021] The invention, in its various aspects, will be explained in greater detail below with regard to exemplary embodiments.

[0022] In one preferred method for preparing organozinc salts, a zinc containing solution is prepared. The zinc containing solution is generally basic. Most conveniently, it is obtained by dissolving zinc oxide and/or other zinc bearing materials like zinc carbonate, roasted zinc sulfide ore, etc., in an aqueous solution comprising an ammonia source (e.g., ammonia gas) and (optionally) a carbon dioxide source (e.g., carbon dioxide) to form a zinc ammonia carbonate complex (Zn[NH ₃ J ₄ COs) solution (see, e.g., co-pending U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 11/519,949, filed September 11, 2006, Arty. Docket No. GLO-002, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments (e.g., when zinc oxide and/or zinc carbonate is used as the zinc bearing material), the introduction of carbon dioxide is not required. Lower grade zinc bearing materials like zinc ash, electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, or other waste zinc materials can be substituted, but purification of the zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution may then be desirable. Purification can be easily accomplished according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,084 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0023] The weight percent of ammonia in the zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution can be from 1% to about 20%. The amount of zinc dissolved in the solution may be (and preferably is) from 1 to 15% by weight. The weight percent of carbon dioxide in the solution can be from 0% to about 10%. If low heavy metal and/or low iron content is desired, the solution optionally can be purified according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,377 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. Such a purification process enables the use of lower grade of zinc bearing materials like zinc ash, EAF dust, or other waste zinc materials. The solution desirably is then filtered. If further purification is desired, it may be done according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,071,357 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference). The zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution desirably is formed at a temperature in the range of from about 20 ⁰ C to about 60 ⁰ C. Any suitable pressure may be used, but atmospheric pressure often is most convenient.

[0024] An organic acid or a mixture of organic acids is then added to the zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution. Examples of organic acids that may be used include aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., resinic acid, C7-C24 aliphatic carboxylic acids such as stearic acid, lauric acid or other fatty acids), aromatic carboxylic acids (e.g., benzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid and methylbenzoic acid), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, NN-disubstituted dithiocarbamic acids such as NTV-(Ii(C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl)dithiocarbamic acids (e.g., NN- dimethydithiocarbamic acid, NN-diethyldithiocarbamic acid, NN-dibutyldithiocarbamic acid) NN-(Ii(C ₆ -C ₁₀ aryl)carbamic acids and NN-di(C6-Cio aralkyl)carbamic acids (e.g., NN- dibenzylcarbamic acid), C ₂ -C ₆ alkylenebisdithiocarbamic acids (e.g., ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid), and mixtures thereof (e.g., a mixture of alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids). The organic acid(s) and the zinc of the zinc ammonia complex may be present in a molar ratio of from about 0.8:1 to 2.2: 1.

[0025] In an alternative embodiment, a solution of an alkali salt of the organic acid

(or acids) is prepared, then added to the zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution. The organic acid is added to an aqueous solution comprising an alkaline compound such as ammonium hydroxide, or an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, to form an alkali salt of the organic acid or acids. This acid salt solution is then added to the zinc ammonia complex solution described above, and agitated.

[0026] The mixture comprising the organic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof and the zinc ammonia complex may then be heated to liberate most or substantially all of the ammonia and carbon dioxide (if present). Heating is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. If desired, the mixture may then be cooled to a temperature of from about 5 ⁰ C to about 30 ⁰ C to further promote the precipitation of the organozinc salt products. The organozinc salt is then isolated by, e.g., filtration. If desired, the isolated salts may be washed with water to remove any water soluble byproducts present in the precipitate. The precipitate may then be dried, preferably at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 200 ⁰ C. If desired, the organozinc salt product may be milled to a powder.

[0027] In a preferred embodiment for forming organozinc salts of substituted dithiocarbamates, a (di)substituted amine is selected to afford the desired substituent(s) on the zinc (substituted) dithiocarbamate salt product. For example, diethylamine (and carbon disulfide) afford zinc diethyldithiocarbamate. In a typical procedure, an amine is dissolved in water, and then a solution of ammonium hydroxide is added to the aqueous amine solution with vigorous stirring, maintaining the solution at ambient temperature (e.g., a temperature of about 25 ⁰ C). If desired, an emulsifϊer (e.g., Tanemul 1203) may be added. Carbon disulfide is then added to the mixture with vigorous stirring. The mixture is maintained at a temperature of less than about 40 ⁰ C (preferably < 20 ⁰ C) during the addition of carbon disulfide. The zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution described above is then added, and most of the zinc salt precipitates. The mixture may then be heated to liberate most or substantially all of the ammonia and carbon dioxide (if present). Heating is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. During heating, more organozinc salts precipitate. If desired, the mixture may then be cooled to a temperature of from about 5 ⁰ C to about 30 ⁰ C to further promote the precipitation of the organozinc salt products. The organozinc salt is then isolated by, e.g., filtration. If desired, the isolated salts may be further washed with water to remove any water soluble byproducts present in the precipitate. The precipitate may then be dried, preferably at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 200 ⁰ C. If desired, the product organozinc salt may be milled to a powder.

[0028] In an alternative embodiment for forming organozinc salts of substituted dithiocarbamates, the zinc ammonia complex may be generated in situ. An amine (e.g., diethylamine) is dissolved in water, and a solution of ammonium hydroxide is then added to the aqueous amine solution with vigorous stirring, maintaining the solution at a temperature of about 25 ⁰ C. Zinc oxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia are then added to this solution, generating the zinc ammonia carbonate complex in situ. If desired, an emulsifϊer (e.g., Tanemul 1203) may be added. Carbon disulfide is then added to the mixture with vigorous stirring. The mixture is maintained at a temperature of less than about 40 ⁰ C (preferably < 20 ⁰ C) during the addition of carbon disulfide, and the organozinc salt(s) precipitate. The mixture may then be heated to liberate most or substantially all of the ammonia and carbon dioxide (if present). Heating is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. During heating, additional organozinc salt(s) may precipitate. If desired, the mixture may then be cooled to a temperature of from about 5 ⁰ C to about 30 ⁰ C to further promote the precipitation of the organozinc salt products. The organozinc salt is then isolated by, e.g., filtration. If desired, the isolated salts may be further washed with water to remove any water soluble byproducts present in the precipitate. The precipitate may then be dried, preferably at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 200 ⁰ C, removing any remaining ammonia and/or carbon dioxide. If desired, the organozinc salt product may be milled to a powder.

[0029] In another alternate embodiment for forming organozinc salts of substituted dithiocarbamates, the order of addition of zinc ammonia complex and carbon disulfide is reversed. As described previously, an amine is dissolved in water, and a solution of ammonium hydroxide is then added to the aqueous amine solution with vigorous stirring, maintaining the solution at a temperature of about 25 ⁰ C. The previously described zinc ammonia carbonate complex (or solution thereof) is then added. If desired, an emulsifier (e.g., Tanemul 1203) may be added. Carbon disulfide is then added to the mixture with vigorous stirring. The mixture is maintained at a temperature of less than about 40 ⁰ C (preferably < 20 ⁰ C) during the addition of carbon disulfide, and the organozinc salt(s) precipitate. The mixture may then be heated to liberate most or substantially all of the ammonia and carbon dioxide (if present). Heating is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. During heating, more organozinc salt(s) may precipitate. If desired, the mixture may then be cooled to a temperature of from about 5 ⁰ C to about 30 ⁰ C to further promote the precipitation of the organozinc salt products. The organozinc salt is then isolated by, e.g., filtration. If desired, the isolated salts may be further washed with water to remove any water soluble byproducts present in the precipitate. The precipitate may then be dried, preferably at a temperature of from about 100 ⁰ C to about 200 ⁰ C. If desired, the organozinc salt product may be milled to a powder.

[0030] In another embodiment of the present invention, organozinc salt-coated composite particles may be prepared. In this embodiment, a coating comprising one or more organozinc salts may be formed on one or more types of inorganic substrate particles. The zinc material may be precipitated onto the substrate particles from an admixture derived from ingredients comprising the previously described zinc ammonia carbonate complex, one or more organic acids and/or salts thereof, and the substrate particles. Suitable inorganic substrates include silica, clay, kaolin, talc, aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, carbon black and mixtures thereof. The resultant suspension comprising the organic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof, the zinc ammonia carbonate complex and the substrate particles may then be heated to liberate most or substantially all of the ammonia and carbon dioxide (if present). Heating is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. During heating, the organozinc salts precipitate onto the filler material particles, forming the organozinc salt coated composite particles. The relative proportions of zinc ammonia complex, organic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof and filler particles are chose such that the coating on the filler particles is present in an amount of from 1 to 30 wt.% of the coated particle.

[0031] If desired, the mixture may then be cooled to a temperature of from about 5 ⁰ C to about 50 ⁰ C to further promote the precipitation of the organozinc salt(s) on the filler particles. The organozinc salt coated particles are then isolated by, e.g., filtration. If desired, the isolated organozinc coated particles may be further washed with water to remove any water soluble byproducts present. The organozinc salt coated may then be dried, preferably at a temperature of from about 100 ⁰ C to about 200 ⁰ C. If desired, the product organozinc salt coated particles may be milled to a powder.

[0032] In a preferred embodiment, the solution of the zinc ammonia complex and the organic acids(s) or alkaline salt(s) thereof may be sprayed onto the onto the filler material particles. The solution covered particles may then be agitated and heated to liberate most or substantially all of the ammonia and carbon dioxide (if present). Heating is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 50 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. During heating, the organozinc salts precipitate onto the filler material particles, forming the organozinc salt coated composite particles. The relative proportions of zinc ammonia carbonate complex, organic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof and filler particles are chosen such that the coating on the filler particles is present in an amount of from 1 to 30 wt.% of the coated particle. [0033] Certain of the present zinc salts of organic acids can be used as fungicides and/or pesticides. For example, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate are useful as fungicides and/or pesticides (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,436,421, 5,643,852, 5,314,719, 5,188,663, 4,060,624, and 3,992,548, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0034] The following examples will further illustrate the present invention.

Examples

[0035] For the following examples, materials are obtained from the following sources:

• Zinc oxide white seal - Univenture Public Company Ltd., Bangkok

• Stearic acid - Imperial Industrial Chemicals, Bangkok

• Zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole - Master Glove Co. Ltd., Thailand

• 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole - Nguan Soon Huat Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Benzoic acid - American International Chemical, Inc. USA

• Blends of caprylic/capric acid — Imperial Industrial Chemicals, Bangkok

• Aromatic oil - Nguan Soon Huat Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Anti oxidant 6 PPD - Flexsys NV, Belgium

• Antireversion agent Perkalink 900 - Flexsys NV, Belgium

• Precipitated silica VN3 - Degussa AG, Germany

• Clay S400 -Lorwattana Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Accelerator TBBS - Nguan Soon Huat Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Accelerator TMTD - Nguan Soon Huat Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Accelerator MBTS - Nguan Soon Huat Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Accelerator ZMBT -Master Glove Co. Ltd., Thailand

• Accelerator ZDEC - Qingdao Brisk Chemical Co. Ltd., China

• Silane Si69 - Degussa AG, Germany

• Emulsifier Tanemul 1203 - Tanatex Chemicals, Germany

[0036] Testing methods and equipment include: • Cure characteristics - ASTM D2084, Oscillating Disk Rheometer, Monsanto

• Mooney viscosity - ASTM 1646

• Sample Curing - compression moulding

• Hardness - ASTM D2240

• Tensile & modulus - ASTM D 412

• Heat buildup - ASTM D623

• Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA 2000, Alpha Technology) for G' (Elastic modulus) and Tan delta (ratio of viscous modulus to elastic modulus)

• Abrasion - DIN 53 516

• Reversion - DIN 53 529

• Acid Value - Add 1.000 gram of sample to 20 ml of ethanol and heat up to 65 C until it dissolves. Titrate the solution with 0.25 N NaOH solution with phenolphthalin indicator until clear or weak pink color. Calculate as: Acid value in mg of KOH per gram of sample = (volume of 0.25N NaOH) x 0.25 x 56.1

Example 1 - Preparation of Zinc Stearate

[0037] Bubble 63 grams of ammonia gas and 29 grams of carbon dioxide gas into 386 grams of water, then add 65 grams of zinc oxide into the solution. Stir well and the zinc oxide completely dissolves into the solution. Analysis shows that the solution contains 9.56 wt.% zinc with a pH of 11.56. This solution is called solution A. 450 grams of stearic acid is added to solution A and stirred well. The stearic acid completely dissolves in the solution. Heat the solution in a laboratory reactor with agitation and a water cooled condenser to recover the evaporated ammonia and carbon dioxide. The solution boils at around 65 ⁰ C and as it is boiling, white gelatinous precipitates form. As water level drops, 1,500 ml more of water is added to the mixture. When most of the ammonia is boiled out the temperature rises to 100 ⁰ C and the pH drops to 9.27. Cool the mixture to 25 ⁰ C to precipitate other slightly soluble organozinc salts which may be in the solution, then filter and predry the white precipitate at 90 ⁰ C for 2 hours to remove most of the water. Then further dry the precipitate at 105 ⁰ C for one hour, and mill it to obtain zinc stearate A. JCT

[0038] Using the conventional fusion method, zinc stearate B was prepared.

Following are properties of both samples:

Zinc Stearate A Zinc Stearate B

Zinc (wt.%) 10.17 10.22

Acid Value (me 18.43 96

Meltine point ( ⁰ C) 112 116

DH 8.09 6.35

Bulk density (e/cm ) 0.36 0.45

Other water insoluble or sparingly soluble organozinc salts or mixtures of organozinc salts like zinc resinate, zinc laurate, zinc oleate, and zinc salts of coconut fatty acids can also be made according to the method described for the preparation of zinc stearate A.

Example 2 - Preparation of Zinc 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT)

[0039] Prepare 600 grams of solution A as in Example 1 with 9.56% zinc. Add 243 grams of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with acid value of 327 mg of KOH per gram and melting point of about 180 ⁰ C to the solution. Stir and warm the solution to 50 ⁰ C for one hour. The pH of this solution is measured at 10.67. Heat the solution to boil off the ammonia and carbon dioxide. The solution boils at about 60 ⁰ C to 90 ⁰ C. When all the ammonia is boiled out the temperature rises to 100 ⁰ C and the pH drops to 8.57. Cool the mixture to 25 ⁰ C. Filter the mixture and dry the white precipitate at 150 ⁰ C for 6 hours, and then and mill it to obtain zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT), sample No. ZMBT-A, with the following properties:

ZMBT A Commercial ZMBT

Zinc (wt.%) 18.56 17.42

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 52.07 50

Melting point ( ⁰ C) 330 (dec) 330 (dec) pH 7.57 7.88

Bulk density (g/cm ³ ) 0.58 0.6

Residue on 150 Mesh Sieve (wt.%) 0.1 2.4 [0040] This material has comparable characteristics to commercial zinc 2- mercaptobenzothiazole obtained from Master Glove (commercial ZMBT).

Example 3 - Alternative Preparation of Zinc 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

[0041] Prepare 340 grams of solution A as in Example 1 with 9.56% zinc. Dissolve

168 grams of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with melting point of about 180 ⁰ C in a solution with 40.4 grams of sodium hydroxide diluted to 805 ml of aqueous solution. The pH of the solution is measured to be 10.88. Mix the two solutions and stir vigorously. The pH of the mixture is measured at 10.92. Ammonia is liberated and white precipitates appear. Filter and wash the precipitates until the pH of the washing water drops to 9.55. Dry the white precipitates at 160 ⁰ C for 5 hours and then and mill it to obtain zinc 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, sample No. ZMBT-B, with the following properties:

ZMBT B Commercial ZMBT

Zinc (wt. %) 17.58 17.42

Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 36.8 50

Melting point ( ⁰ C) 330 (dec) 330 (dec) pH* 7.25 7.88

Bulk density (g/cm ) 0.48 0.6

Residue on 150 Mesh Sieve (wt.%) 0.5 2.4

*5 grams in 500 ml distilled water

[0042] This method requires one more chemical then the previous method described in Example 2 above (i.e., sodium hydroxide). However, the sodium hydroxide can be recovered and reused easily. The sodium hydroxide and/or sodium carbonate recovered has much higher commercial value than sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate produced as byproducts in conventional methods. No acid is consumed in this process.

[0043] Using commercial sodium diethyldithiocarbamate dissolved in aqueous solution and zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate can be readily precipitated in the same manner. However, unlike zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, which can be precipitated from ammonium diethyldithiocarbamate, it is not practical to precipitate zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole from its ammonium salt as the solubility of 2- mercaptobenzothiazole in ammonia is very low.

Example 4 -Preparation of Mixed Organozinc Salts From Aliphatic and Aromatic Carboxylic Acids

[0044] Prepare 400 grams of solution A as in Example 1 with 9.56% zinc. Add 42.8 grams of benzoic acid into 128 grams of caprylic/capric acid blend. Stir until the benzoic acid completely dissolves in the caprylic/capric acid blend. Mix both solutions together and they completely dissolve into each other. Heat the solution in a laboratory reactor with agitation and a water cooled condenser to recover the evaporated ammonia and carbon dioxide. The solution boils at 80 ⁰ C and precipitates appear as the temperature rises over 90 ⁰ C. When most of the ammonia is boiled out the pH drops to 7.89. Cool the mixture to 4 ⁰ C to precipitate other slightly soluble organozinc salts which may be in the solution, then filter and dry the yellowish precipitates at 140 ⁰ C for three hours. The precipitate melts during the drying process. Let the melt cool down and grind it to obtain mixture of zinc salts of benzoic acid and capric/caprylic acid Sample No. Mixed-Zn-A. Using the method described in US Pat. No. 5,302,315, we prepare the mixed organozinc salt sample Mixed-Zn-B as comparative example. The sample properties are listed below:

Mixed Zn-A Mixed Zn-B

Zinc (wt.%) 17.57 18.45 Softening point ( ⁰ C) 60 92 Melting point ( ⁰ C) 65 95

Appearance Rubber-like Hard/brittle

[0045] Other acids like 2-methylbenzoic acid or 2-chlorobenzoic acid can also be used in place of benzoic acid for the manufacture of the organozinc salt anti reversion agent.

Example 5 - Use of Mixed Organozinc Salts From Aliphatic and Aromatic Carboxylic Acids as an Anti-Reversion Agent in a Rubber Compound

[0046] Tire tread made of natural rubber is compounded according to the following recipes. All units are in phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber).

Test No. Tl T2 T3 T4 T5

Anti Reversion Mixed-Zn- Mixed- _ _{τ Ω™Λn} PK900+Mixed

A _A gent A _A Z ^n- oB ^None PK900 -Z _n-A . Natural Rubber 100 100 100 100 100

Carbon Black N330 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5

Aromatic Oil 8 8 8 8 8

Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 2

Anti oxidant Santo flex 6PPD 1 1 1 1 1

Anti Reversion Agent

Mixed-Zn-A 2 — — — 2

Mixed-Zn-B — 2 — — —

Perkalink 900 — — — 1 1

Zinc Oxide 5 5 5 5 5

Sulfur 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Accelerator TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

[0047] After mixing, each of the above recipes was and cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20, 60, and 70 minutes, then tested to obtain various data, cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 and 60 minutes and tested to determine the following properties:

Test No. Tl T2 T3 T4 T5

Mixed- Mixed- none n PK900+Mixed ri Jv/Qyflunu

Anti Reversion Agent Zn-A Zn-B -Zn-A

Cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 minutes

Hardness 67.7 65 63.8 66.3 68.6

300% modulus 14 14.4 12.1 12.8 15.1

Tensile strength 22.2 23.9 24.1 24.1 22.8

Elongation at break 426 447 505 483 413

Cured at 170 ⁰ C for 60 minutes

Hardness, Shore A 64.7 63.5 62.4 64.7 69

300% modulus, MPa 13.1 12.9 9.8 13.7 15.6

Tensile strength, MPa 21.6 21.9 22.6 23.4 20.7

Elongation at break, % 440 445 531 460 378

Cured at Rheometer for 70 minutes

Torque at 60 minutes, lb*in 36.6 36.3 32.8 37.5 41.3

Reversion, % 22.1 23.5 33.3 16.9 7.8

Mooney viscosity 51.5 54.1 59.2 54.1 54.8

Elastic Modulus, G' at IHz, 10% strain

100 ⁰ C 176 193 202 184 191

[0048] The anti reversion agent of the present invention can also be used with other anti reversion agents like Perkalink 900 of Flexsys NV to obtain better reversion properties relative to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,007 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference). Test No. T5 shows the results thereof.

[0049] The invention sample, test Tl, compares favorably with the sample, test T2, using an anti-reversion agent made according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No.

5,302,315. Compared with the test without organozinc salts T3, test Tl shows higher hardness, modulus, lower Mooney viscosity, lower G' (easier to process.), and lower reversion.

Example 6 - Preparation of Organozinc Salt Coated Filler

[0050] Prepare 100 grams of zinc ammonia complex solution per Example 1 above.

Add 81 grams of stearic acid to the solution and agitate. It dissolves completely. Spray the solution onto 810 grams of clay S-400 and then heat the mixture at 90 ⁰ C to dry off ammonia and carbon dioxide. Dry the mixture at 110 ⁰ C for 19 hours to reach a moisture content of 0.37 %. Mill the resulting powder to 99.9% passing 325 mesh to obtain sample C-clayA. Using the same method but substituting clay S-400 with precipitated silica VN3, zinc stearate coated silica C-silicaA is obtained. The composites displayed the following properties:

C-clayA C-silicaA

Bulk density 0.54 0.13

% Zinc 1.05 1.03 pH 9.38 8.35

Example 7 - Preparation of Mixed Organozinc Salt Coated Filler

[0051] Prepare 200 grams of zinc ammonia complex solution per Example 1 above.

Add 21.5 grams of benzoic acid and 64.4 grams of caprylic/capric acid blend into the solution and agitate. They dissolved completely. Spray the solution on to 945 grams of clay S-400 and then heat the mixture at 150 ⁰ C to dry off ammonia and carbon dioxide with heavy agitation for 4 hours. The mixture becomes dry with only 0.11% moisture. Mill the resulting powder to 99.9% passing 325 mesh to obtain sample C-clayB.

C-clayB

Bulk density 0.79

% Zinc 1.85 pH 8.62 Example 8 -Preparation of Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate

[0052] Add 73 grams of diethylamine to 150 grams of distilled water and then add

1,200 grams of 4% ammonium hydroxide solution made with distilled water and with temperature controlled at 25 ⁰ C under heavy agitation. Then add 0.2 gram of emulsifier Tanemul 1203, lower the temperature to 15 ⁰ C and add 78.5 grams of carbon disulfide slowly in the course of 1 hour, keeping the temperature below 20 ⁰ C. Continue the agitation for another 4 hours at room temperature. Then add 346 grams of zinc ammonia complex solution A as in Example 1, which contains 9.56% zinc, carbon dioxide, and ammonia to the solution with heavy agitation in the course of 5 minutes. White precipitates appear, ammonia is liberated. Gradually heat the solution to 40 ⁰ C with agitation for 1 hour. The pH is of the mixture is at 10.38. Heat the solution further to boiling for 60 minutes to liberate all ammonia. Vacuum filter the precipitates, analysis shows the filtrate contains 0% of zinc and no ammonia, with a pH of 8.42. The filtration is finished in 5 minutes. Wash the solid at the filter with 500 ml of 80 ⁰ C distilled water four times. Then dry the precipitate at 110 ⁰ C for 6 hours to obtain 178 grams of 98% ZDEC with a moisture content of 0.1%. This sample is labeled ZDEC-A.

[0053] Using the same method as above but substituting 394 grams of zinc sulfate solution with 8.40% zinc for the 346 grams of zinc ammonia carbonate solution, we obtain 169 grams of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate sample ZDEC-B.

Example 9 - Alternative Preparation of Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate

[0054] The sequence of addition of the zinc compound and carbon disulfide is changed to conform to the method of Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,675, and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC-C) is prepared. Add 73 grams of diethylamine to 150 grams of water with temperature controlled at 25 ⁰ C, then add 900 grams of solution with 3.4% ammonium hydroxide and 1% carbon dioxide which prevents the premature precipitation of the zinc content. Further add 346 grams of zinc ammonia complex solution A as in Example 1 containing 9.56% zinc to the solution and 1.7 grams of emulsifier Tanemul 1203. Lower the solution temperature to 15 ⁰ C, add 78.5 grams of carbon disulfide slowly into the mixture under heavy agitation over 1 hour while keeping the temperature at or below 20 ⁰ C. Yellowish white precipitates appear with the addition, and vapor comes out from the mixture. Continue the agitation for 3 hours, then heat the solution gradually to 40 ⁰ C. Boil the solution, continue agitation for another 2 hours, then vacuum filter the precipitates. The filtrate has a pH of 8.45, and is substantially free of zinc and ammonia. The filtration is finished in 5 minutes. Wash the solid at the filter with 500 ml of 80 ⁰ C distilled water four times. Then dry the precipitate at 110 ⁰ C for 2 hours to obtain 172 grams of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate with 0.1% moisture content. We call this sample ZDEC-C.

[0055] Unlike U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,675, no caustic soda is used and no sodium sulfate is produced, yet zinc is added before carbon disulfide as proposed by that patent. Filtration is also easy in this process. If ammonia, carbon dioxide, and zinc oxide are added at a certain stage instead of the zinc ammonia carbonate complex, zinc ammonia carbonate complex can be generated in situ. This is equivalent to adding zinc ammonia carbonate complex solution.

[0056] Analysis of ZDEC samples A, B, C, and a commercial sample yields the following data:

Commercial

ZDEC-A ZDEC-B ZDEC-C ZDEC

Percent zinc 18.8 18.54 18.85 17.86

Acid value, mg KOH/gr 1.25 0.77 3.62 3.25

Bulk density 0.7 0.69 0.57 0.63 pH of 10% slurry 9.37 7.66 8.66 8.27

Melting property ⁰ C, initial/final: 172-176 170-176 170-174 174-175

Conductivity*, 10 ^"4 S/m 30 110 30 370

Xvlene insoluble. % 0% 0% 0% 3.7

[0057] The much lower conductivity of ZDEC-A and ZDEC-C indicate an easier wash and less water soluble matter in the zinc diethydithiocarbamate. Other zinc dithiocarbamates like zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate or zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate can also be prepared using methods of Example 8 and Example 9. Example 10 - Rubber Compounds Containing Organozinc Salt Coated Filler [0058] Tire tread made of natural rubber is compounded according to the following recipes and cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 and 70 minutes to obtain various data. All units are in phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber).

Test No. T21 T22 T23 T24 Natural Rubber 100 100 100 100 Carbon Black N330 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 Filler

Clay S400 20 20 .. ..

C-clayB — — 22 22 Silane Si69 — 1 — 1 Aromatic Oil 8 8 8 8 Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2

Anti oxidant Santoflex 6PPD 1 1 1 1 Zinc Oxide 4 4 4 4 Sulfur 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Accelerator TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 minutes

Hardness 62.1 64.3 65.2 66.7

300% modulus 9.28 9.48 9.71 11

Tensile strength 22.8 23.9 21.9 23.7

Elongation at break 515 532 490 503

Abrasion resistance, volume loss mm ³ 207 164 153 148

Cured at Rheometer for 70 minutes

Torque at 60 minutes, lb*in 29 .6 31 .2 34 .2 35 .6 Reversion, % DIN 53 529 31 .5 27 .1 21 .7 18 .9

[0059] The coated filler without silane performs similar to the recipe with silane alone. The recipe with both coated filler and silane performs much better in modulus, hardness, abrasion resistance and reversion resistance. Although clay is a more economic filler, high abrasion loss of rubber compound with clay is a drawback. The improvement in abrasion resistance with an organozinc salt coating on clay, with and without silane in tests T23 and T24 relative to T21, shows the utility of the present invention for tire applications. Example 11 - Rubber Compounds Containing Organozinc Salts and Silane

Coupling Agents

[0060] Tire tread made of natural rubber is compounded according to the following recipes and cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 and 70 minutes to obtain various data. All units are in phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber).

Test No. T31 T32 T33 T34

Natural Rubber 100 100 100 100

Carbon Black N330 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5

Filler, silica VN3 17 17 17 17

Mixed-Zn-A, — — 2 2

Silane — 1 — 1

Aromatic Oil 8 8 8 8

Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2

Anti oxidant Santo flex 6PPD 1 1 1 1

Zinc Oxide 4 4 4 4

Sulfur 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Accelerator TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 minutes

Hardness, shore A 54.3 57.8 60.5 62.9

100% modulus MPa 1.31 1.61 1.91 2.32

300% modulus MPa 5.91 7.71 8.68 11.05

Tensile strength MPa 21.8 22.9 22.5 21.1

Elongation at break % 665 611 549 471

Abrasion resistance, volume loss mm ³ 206 151 154 139

Mooney viscosity, MLl+4@100 ⁰ C 45.2 41.5 37.1 38.1

Heat buildup, C 21.5 16.5 16.5 16.5

Cured at 170 ⁰ C for 60 minutes

Abrasion resistance, volume loss mm ³ 242 164 160 149

Cured at Rheometer for 70 minutes

Torque at 60 minutes, lb*in 26. 3 28 .5 32 .1 35 Reversion, % DIN 53 529 40. 1 35 .2 23 .5 19

[0061] The combination of silane and mixed organozinc salts in test T34 dramatically increases the hardness, modulus, reversion resistance of the compound. The abrasion resistance of over-cured compound at 60 minutes cure is also increased markedly compared with samples using either silane or organozinc salts alone. As for samples using silane alone or organozinc salts alone (T32 and T33), organozinc salts give comparable result to silane coupling agent. The Mooney viscosity of the tests with organozinc salts is also lower, indicating easier processing of the rubber compound. The lower heat buildup in test T32, T33, and T34 indicates lower hysteresis and lower rolling resistance for tires.

Example 12 - Using Organozinc Salts With Fillers and Silane Coupling Agent in Mixed Synthetic Rubber and Natural Rubber Compounds

[0062] Tire tread made of SBR and natural rubber is compounded according to the following recipes and cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 and 70 minutes to obtain various data. All units are in phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber.)

Test No. T41 T42 T43

Filler No. Silica R385 R385

Natural Rubber 65 65 65

SBR 35 35 35

Carbon Black N330 48.5 48.5 48.5

Filler, silica VN3 17 — —

C-silicaA — 19 19

Silane 1 — 1

Aromatic Oil 8 8 8

Stearic Acid 2 2 2

Anti oxidant Santo flex 6PPD 1 1 1

Zinc Oxide 4 4 4

Sulfur 2.5 2.5 2.5

Accelerator TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5

Cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20 minutes

Hardness, shore A 72.9 71.5 75.3

100% modulus, MPa 3.7 3.67 4.48

300% modulus, MPa 14.79 14.08 16.63

Tensile strength, MPa 18.38 18.12 18.76

Elongation at break, % 369 375 338

Abrasion resistance, volume loss mm 171 172 154

Cured at Rheometer for 70 minutes

Torque at 60 minutes, lb*in 44.6 45.1 47.5 Reversion, % DIN 53 529 15.3 12.7 10.1

[0063] Like the natural rubber tire tread compound above, the compound with silane alone performs similar to the one with mixed organozinc salts, while the combination of silane and organozinc salts increases the hardness, modulus, reversion resistance of the compound. The improved reversion resistance is important for large and thick rubber parts, as their cure times are usually much longer.

Example 13 - Using Zinc 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole as an Accelerator in a

Shoe Rubber Formulation

[0064] Shoe sole made of SBR and natural rubber is compounded according to the following recipes and cured at 150 ⁰ C for 8 minutes to obtain various data. All units are in phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber).

Test No. T51 T52 T53 T5^

Parts by weight

Standard Thai Rubber STR-5L 50 50 50 50

BR Ol 50 50 50 50

Stearic acid 1 1 1 1

BHT 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Paraffin wax 1 1 1 1

Paraffin oil 10 10 10 10

Silica, Hilsil 255 50 50 50 50

PEG 4000 3 3 3 3

Zinc oxide 4 4 4 4

Accelerator TMTD 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Accelerator MBTS 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Accelerator MBT 1 — — —

Accelerator ZMBT-A — 1 — —

Accelerator ZMBT-B — — 1 —

Accelerator ZMBT, commercial — — — 1

Sulfur 2 2 2 2

[0065] The compound is cured at 150 C for 8 minutes with the following propert

Test No. T51 T52 T53 T54

Hardness 67.5 67.8 67.5 68.2 300% modulus 6.11 5.89 6.42 6.03 Tensile strength MPa 14.91 16.45 16.86 16.88 Elongation at break, % 536 597 554 581

Rheometer Data, 150 ⁰ C, 10 minutteess::

Minimum torque Ib* in 26.5 22.9 24 23.7 Maximum torque Ib* in 59 61.4 59.1 59.4 Scorch time, ts2 min 0:30 1 :40 1 :08 1 :51 Cure time, tc90 min 1 :16 2:25 1 :49 2:26 [0066] As expected, zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (T52, T53 and T54) gives the same property as MBT (T51) in dry rubber goods, but dramatically increases the scorch time of the rubber compound compared with fast cure MBT while cure time is also increased. The longer scorch time is sometimes needed to allow a rubber compound more time to "flow" inside a mould for better product quality. If scorch time is too short, rubber compound may not be able to fully fill up the mould, resulting in an inferior product.

Example 14 - Using Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate as a Secondary Accelerator in a Tire Tread Formulation

[0067] Tire tread made of natural rubber is compounded according to the following recipes at the following and cured at 170 ⁰ C for 20, 60, and 70 minutes to obtain various data. All units are in phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber.)

Test No. T61 T62 T63 T64 T65

Natural Rubber 100 100 100 100 100

Carbon Black N330 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5

Aromatic Oil 8 8 8 8 8

Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 2

Anti oxidant Santo flex 6PPD 1 1 1 1 1

Zinc Oxide 4 4 4 4 4

Accelerator TBBS 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Accelerator TMTD 0.4 — — — —

ZDEC-A R427 — 0.4 — — —

ZDEC-B R438 — — 0.4 — —

ZDEC-C R433 — — — 0.4 —

ZDEC-commercial R406 — — — — 0.4

Sulfur 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Cured at 170 ⁰ C 20 minutes

Hardness 65.8 63.1 63.4 62.4 60.1

300% modulus 12.7 11.7 12 12.8 13

Tensile strength MPa 22.5 23.1 23.7 25.1 23.1

Elongation at break, % 450 479 485 489 461

Rheometer Data, 170 ⁰ C, 70 minutes:

Minimum torque, Ib* in 9.2 9.8 10.2 9.8 9.7

Maximum torque, lb*in 46 44.1 45.2 43.9 43.6

Scorch time, ts2 min 1.16 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.96

Cure time, tc90 min 1.84 1.64 1.67 1.64 1.64

Reversion, % 24.5 31.5 36.8 34.4 38.6 [0068] The property of the rubber compound using commercial zinc diethyldithiocarbamate is the same as the property of various compounds using zinc diethyldithiocarbamate prepared by this invention.

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY

[0069] Thus, the invention concerns organozinc salts and/or organozinc salt coated particles, methods of coating particles with organozinc salts, and various applications of such coated particles, including applications in rubber, other polymer materials, and pesticides and/or fungicides. As compared to rubber formulations including organozinc salts and/or filler particles alone, formulations including the present coated particles may have a lower Mooney viscosity and lower minimum torque, improved dispersability, a higher modulus at 100% and/or at 300% elongation, a higher tensile strength, better aging resistance, better abrasion resistance, lower density, and/or lower heat build up. Thus, products containing the present organozinc salts and/or organozinc salt coated particles may enjoy similar or better properties than comparative products that include a conventional filler and/or organozinc salts per se, and the present coated particles may result in cost savings for the corresponding product formulations.

[0070] The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.