IMPARTING HEALTH BENEFITS TO AN ANIMAL

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/557,361 filed September 12, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by this reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0002] The invention relates generally to methods for providing health benefits for an animal by mimicking chronic caloric restriction and by using specific intermittent caloric restriction diets, and particularly to methods for using feeding patterns for providing such health benefits.

Description of Related Art

[0003] Chronic caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition has been proven to be able to enhance both mean and maximum lifespan, promote healthy lifespan (lifespan free-from chronic diseases), and prevent, delay or reduce the incidence of many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to practice CR for above- mentioned health benefits due to the requirement of reducing daily caloric intake for lifetime.

[0004] In addition, when managing an animal's weight, particularly promoting weight loss, it is a very common practice to reduce caloric intake by restricting the amount of food available to the animal on a chronic and daily basis. While chronic caloric restriction has been associated with numerous health benefits, challenges remain. For example, restricting daily food intake chronically causes the animal to be hungry. Hunger is an unpleasant state that often causes one or more unwanted behaviors by the hungry animal, e.g., begging, seeking food, binge eating, and the like. In addition, managing weight loss by chronic and daily caloric reduction may cause undesirable results that affect body composition. Animals that lose weight often lose both fat body mass and lean body mass and reduce their daily energy expenditure. Reduced daily energy expenditure caused by chronic daily caloric reduction during weight loss makes animals to regain their lost weight easily and makes it very difficult for the animals to maintain their ideal body weight after weight loss. Therefore, it is frequently more desirable when losing weight to lose excess fat body mass while preserving as much lean body mass as possible and maintaining higher daily energy expenditure.

[0005] Several methods for mimicking CR are known in the art. For example every other day fasting can enhance lifespan (Goodrick et al., Mech Ageing Dev 1990;55:69 - 87). But fasting every other day for lifetime is also very difficult to practice. Fasting 4 consecutive days every two weeks also can increase longevity (Sogawa H, ubo C. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 115: 61-71.), but this approach is also very difficult for most people and animals. A fasting- mimicking diet (FMD) has been shown to reduce biomarkers and risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease (Wei et al., Sci. Transl. Med, 2017, 9: waai8700). The FMD is low in calories, sugar, and protein, but high in unsaturated fats. Also, people have to consume the FMD five consecutive days per month for a minimum of three months in order to receive any benefit.

[0006] Methods for managing weight loss and body mass are known in the art. For example, US8158683 discloses using extracts of aronia to promote weight loss. US8143215 discloses promoting weight loss by applying satiety-enhancing or appetite-suppressing composition comprising tastant onto food. US7989009 discloses a method for promoting weight loss using black tea extract, white tea extract, guarana extract, oolong tea extract, green mate extract, thiamine, choline and N-acetylcysteine. US6204291 discloses a process for promoting weight loss in overweight dogs using L-carnitine. US7744930 discloses compositions, methods and kits for enhancing weight loss while inhibiting loss of lean body mass that use soy protein and chromium in form of salt or chelate. US20040077556A1 discloses methods for promoting weight loss and lean muscle mass using epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine, and 1-tyrosine.

US7850997 discloses methods of enhancing lean body mass and exercise performance using L- arginine alpha amino n-butyrate. US5804596 discloses a method for using forskohlin for promoting lean body mass and treating mood disorders. US20070082026A1 discloses methods for reducing caloric intake and controlling weight using dietary fiber. US 8226973 discloses using isoflavones for reducing accumulation of body fat in male mammals.

US20110281245A1 discloses a system for regulating caloric intake by managing food dishes. U20100109876A1 discloses devices, systems, and methods for controlling caloric intake by modifying consumer behavior. US20030072846 Al discloses packages useful for controlling dietary caloric intake. US20100126588A1 discloses a programmed intermittent automatic watering system for animals.

[0007] Additionally, US8968804 and US91073426 disclose methods for promoting weight loss and miriimizing loss of lean body mass by feeding the animal for a first period a first diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements and feeding the animal for a second period a second diet containing calories that do not meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements, where such periods can range for days to weeks.

[0008] These methods are often at least partially effective for mimicking CR, managing weight loss and/or lean body mass and related conditions. However, these methods may not provide all desired health benefits or provide adverse conditions or very difficult to practice. There is, therefore, a need for new methods for providing health benefits associated with chronic caloric restriction without the need to reduce caloric content on a daily basis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] A method for mimicking chronic caloric restriction to impart a health benefit in an animal comprising feeding the animal a caloric maintenance diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric maintenance period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of the calories contained in the caloric maintenance diet for a caloric reduction period, where the caloric maintenance period and the caloric reduction period is in a ratio of about 4:3.

[0010] A method for feeding an animal to impart a health benefit to the animal, the method comprising feeding the animal a diet without limiting caloric intake for an ad libitum feeding period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric reduction period; where the ad libitum feeding period and the caloric reduction period is in a ratio of about 4:3.

[0011] A method for feeding an animal to impart a health benefit to the animal via intermittent caloric restriction dieting comprising feeding the animal a caloric maintenance diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric maintenance period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of the calories contained in the caloric maintenance diet for a caloric reduction period, where the caloric maintenance period and the caloric reduction period are in a ratio of about 4:3 or about 5:2.

[0012] A method for feeding an animal to impart a health benefit to the animal via intermittent caloric restriction dieting comprising feeding the animal a diet without limiting caloric intake for an ad libitum feeding period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric reduction period, where the ad libitum period and the caloric reduction period are in a ratio of about 4:3 or about 5:2.

[0013] Other and further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

[0014] The term "animal" means a human or other animal that can benefit from one or methods for promoting weight loss by an animal, promoting weight loss by an animal while preventing or minimizing loss of lean body mass by the animal, preventing a reduction in energy metabolism by an animal, reducing the risk of regaining weight by an animal after weight loss, and ameliorating undesirable animal behaviors associated with reduced caloric intake, including avian, bovine, canine, equine, feline, hircine, murine, ovine, and porcine animals.

[0015] The term "companion animal" means domesticated animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, mice, gerbils, horses, cows, goats, sheep, donkeys, pigs, and the like. In one aspect, companion animal can refer to a dog and/or cat.

[0016] The term "intermittent period(s)" or "intermittently" means a first period and a second period of the same or different durations of time that reoccur at defined intervals. For example, daily intermittent periods would involve doing one act for one day, doing a different act on the following day, and possibly repeating the pattern for as many two day periods as needed or desirable. Similarly, one act such as feeding an animal could be done for a week and a second act such as feeding an animal a different diet could be done for two weeks, and the cycle repeated for a year or for the lifetime of the animal. The same would apply for periods of multiple days, weeks, months, quarters, years, and the like, e.g., daily, every other day, every other three days, every other four days, every other five days, every other six days, weekly, every other week, every other two weeks, every other three weeks, monthly, every other month, quarterly, yearly, and the like.

[0017] The term "in conjunction" means that an animal is fed, for a first period, a first diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements and fed, for a second period, a second diet containing calories that do not meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements according to the invention and the animal is administered a different compound, composition, or other agent (1) together in dietary composition or (2) separately at the same or different frequency using the same or different administration routes at about the same time or periodically. "Periodically" means that the agent is administered on a dosage schedule acceptable for a specific agent and that the food is fed to an animal routinely as appropriate for the particular animal. "About the same time" generally means that the food and agent are administered at the same time or within about 72 hours of each other. "In

conjunction" specifically includes administration schemes wherein agent is administered for a prescribed period and the dietary compositions of the invention are administered indefinitely.

[0018] The term "complete and balanced" when referring to a food composition means a food composition that contains all known required nutrients in appropriate amounts and proportions based on recommendations of recognized authorities in the field of animal nutrition, and are therefore capable of serving as a sole source of dietary intake to maintain life or promote production, without the addition of supplemental nutritional sources. Nutritionally balanced pet food and animal food compositions are widely known and widely used in the art, e.g., complete and balanced food compositions formulated according to standards established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).

[0019] The term "single package" means that the components of a kit are physically associated in or with one or more containers and considered a unit for manufacture,

distribution, sale, or use. Containers include, but are not limited to, bags, boxes, cartons, bottles, packages of any type or design or material, over-wrap, shrink-wrap, affixed

components (e.g., stapled, adhered, or the like), or combinations thereof. A single package may be containers of individual dietary compositions of the invention physically associated such that they are considered a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use.

[0020] The term "virtual package" means that the components of a kit are associated by directions on one or more physical or virtual kit components instructing the user how to obtain the other components, e.g., a bag or other container containing one component and directions instructing the user to go to a website, contact a recorded message or a fax-back service, view a visual message, or contact a caregiver or instructor to obtain instructions on how to use the kit or safety or technical information about one or more components of a kit.

[0021] The term "about" means plus or minus 20%, preferably plus or minus 10%, more preferably plus or minus 5%, most preferably plus or minus 2%.

[0022] All percentages expressed herein are by weight or amount of the total weight or amount of the composition unless expressed otherwise.

[0023] The invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described herein because they may vary. Further, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0024] As used herein, the singular form of a word includes the plural, and vice versa, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, the references "a", "an", and "the" are generally inclusive of the plurals of the respective terms. Similarly, the words "comprise", "comprises", and "comprising" are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively. Likewise the terms "include", "including" and "or" should all be construed to be inclusive, unless such a construction is clearly prohibited from the context. Similarly, the term "examples," particularly when followed by a listing of terms, is merely exemplary and illustrative and should not be deemed to be exclusive or comprehensive. All embodiments using "comprise", "comprises", or "comprising" can be substituted with "essentially consisting of or "consisting of.

[0025] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms and any acronyms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art in the field of the invention. Although any compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials are described herein. [0026] All patents, patent applications, publications, and other references cited or referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference to the extent allowed by law. The discussion of those references is intended merely to summarize the assertions made therein. No admission is made that any such patents, patent applications, publications or references, or any portion thereof, are relevant prior art for the present invention and the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of such patents, patent applications, publications, and other references is specifically reserved.

The Invention

[0027] In one embodiment, a method for mimicking chronic caloric restriction to impart a health benefit in an animal can comprise feeding the animal a caloric maintenance diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric maintenance period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of the calories contained in the caloric maintenance diet for a caloric reduction period, where the caloric maintenance period and the caloric reduction period is in a ratio of about 4:3.

[0028] Notably, the present inventor has unexpectedly discovered that animals fed a specific intermittent feeding pattern, a 4:3 period ratio, with a specific caloric reduction will mimic a chronic caloric restriction diet. For example, an animal can be fed a maintenance diet for a period of 4 days and a reduction diet for a period of 3 days. Generally, the reduction diet contains from about 40% to about 80% of the calories contained in the caloric maintenance diet. In one aspect, the reduction diet can have about 50% of the calories.

[0029] As such, by way of the present method, the animal can receive health benefits including: preserving leaning body mass, preventing or minimizing loss of lean body mass during the weight loss by the animal, preventing a reduction in energy metabolism by the animal, reducing the risk of regaining weight by the animal after weight loss, maintaining ideal body weight, increasing longevity, increasing healthy lifespan, maintaining healthy

metabolism, maintaining normal blood glucose, lipid, and cholesterol, reducing incidence of cancer, treatment of cancer, prevention of cancer, reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease, treatment of cardiovascular disease, prevention of cardiovascular disease, preventing type II diabetes, preventing prediabetes, treating type I diabetes, treating type II diabetes, treating prediabetes, reducing IGF-1 levels, maintaining normal blood pressure, preventing hypertension, maintaining normal brain function, promoting healthy brain aging, preventing and treating dementia including Alzheimer's disease, preventing and treating stroke, preventing and treating Parkinson's disease, preventing and treating autoimmune diseases, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and damage, promoting skeletal muscle health, and preventing and treating sarcopenia, preventing and treating osteoporosis, preventing and treating osteoarthritis, and ameliorating undesirable animal behaviors associated with reduced caloric intake.

[0030] Additionally, by way of the present method, the animal can receive health benefits including preventing, treating, minimizing, and/or reducing the risk of the following conditions/diseases: hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, oxidative stress, age-related diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,

neurodegenerative diseases, tissue damage, high blood pressure, inflammatory conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Lafora disease, fragile X disorder, sickle-cell diseases, lichen planus, vitiligo, autism, infections, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, and/or Asperger syndrome.

[0031] In another embodiment, a method for feeding an animal to impart a health benefit to the animal, can comprise feeding the animal a diet without limiting caloric intake for an ad libitum period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric reduction period. Generally, the ad libitum period and the caloric reduction period are in a ratio of about 4:3. Additionally, in one embodiment, the ad libitum period and the caloric reduction period can be consecutive.

[0032] Notably, the present inventor has unexpectedly discovered that animals fed a specific intermittent feeding pattern, a 4:3 period ratio, with a specific caloric reduction will provide health benefits, such as weight loss benefits and weight maintenance, without limiting calories during an ad libitum period. For example, an animal can be fed any diet for a period of 4 days and a reduction diet for a period of 3 days. Generally, the reduction diet contains from about 40% to about 80% of calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements. In one aspect, the caloric reduction diet can contain from about 40% to about 60% of the calories needed to meet the animal's daily maintenance requirement for energy. In another aspect, the caloric reduction diet can contain about 50% of the calories needed to meet the animal's daily maintenance requirement for energy. In another aspect, the reduction in caloric intake can be exclusively from reduced dietary carbohydrates.

[0033] In another embodiment, a method for feeding an animal to impart a health benefit to the animal via intermittent caloric restriction dieting can comprise feeding the animal a caloric maintenance diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric maintenance period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of the calories contained in the caloric maintenance diet for a caloric reduction period, where the caloric maintenance period and the caloric reduction period are in a ratio of about 4:3 or about 5:2. In one aspect, the ratio can be 4:3. Other aspects are discussed herein.

[0034] In still another embodiment, a method for feeding an animal to impart a health benefit to the animal via intermittent caloric restriction dieting can comprise feeding the animal a diet without limiting caloric intake for an ad libitum feeding period and feeding the animal a caloric reduction diet containing from about 40% to about 80% of calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements for a caloric reduction period, where the ad libitum period and the caloric reduction period are in a ratio of about 4:3 or about 5:2. In one aspect, the ratio can be 4:3. Other aspects are discussed herein.

[0035] While feeding for the caloric reduction period, the caloric maintenance period, and/or the ad libitum period as described can be sufficient, the present methods also include embodiments where the feeding pattern is repeated for at least two cycles, for several cycles, for as long as the animal benefits from the feeding pattern (e.g., achieves a desired weight loss), or for the life of the animal.

[0036] While the present methods contemplate the use of the present methods over any cycle of time, such as a 5 day, 7 day, 10 day, 14 day, etc., where, within the cycle, individual maintenance or ad libitum periods and restrictions periods are in a ratio of 4:3, generally the caloric maintenance period or ad libitum period can be 4 days and the caloric reduction period can be 3 days. Additionally, while the individual feedings/days can be spread throughout the cycle in a non-consecutive manner, e.g. cycle of 1 week having 2 days maintenance or ad libitum, then 2 days restricted, then 2 days maintenance or ad libitum, then 1 day restricted, generally, the individual periods can be consecutive, e.g., cycle of 1 week having 4 days maintenance or ad libitum, then 3 days restricted. As such, in one aspect, the 4 days and the 3 days can be consecutive and in another aspect, the 4 days and the 3 days can be non- consecutive.

[0037] As discussed herein, while the present intermittent dieting can be for any amount of time and for any amount of cycles, in one embodiment, the feeding for the caloric maintenance period or the ad libitum period and the feeding for the caloric reduction period are repeated over a combined period of at least 1 month. In one aspect, the feeding for the caloric maintenance period or the ad libitum period and the feeding for the caloric reduction period can be repeated over a period of at least 6 months.

[0038] In one embodiment, the methods of the invention are implemented in conjunction with the administration of a weight loss agent, or any other agent that imparts a health benefit. Any such agents that are compatible with the feeding patterns of the invention can be used in the invention. In various embodiments, the agent can be carnitine, isoflavones, pyruvate, fish oil, DHA, EPA, fibers, calcium, resistant starch, medium chain triglycerides, green tea extract, phentermine, diethylpropion, orlistat, sibutramine, megestrol, phenylpropanolamine, oxandrolone, oleoylethanolamide, probiotics, ephedra, conjugated linoleic acid, glucomannan, and mixtures thereof.

[0039] The methods described herein can be useful for managing weight loss and related functions described herein for any animal. In one aspect, such methods can be directed to companion animals, including those whose diet is controlled by an owner or caregiver. In one specific aspect, the animals can be dogs and/or cats.

[0040] In a further aspect, the invention provides kits suitable for implementing the methods of the invention. The kits comprise in separate containers in a single package or in separate containers in a virtual package, as appropriate for the kit component, (1) a complete and balanced first food composition containing calories that meet an animal's maintenance energy requirements; (2) a complete and balanced second food composition containing calories that do not meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements; and (3) instructions for using the food compositions for at least one of promoting weight loss by an animal, promoting weight loss by an animal while preventing or minimizing loss of lean body mass by the animal, preventing a reduction in energy metabolism by an animal, reducing the risk of regaining weight by an animal after weight loss, maintaining ideal body weight, increasing longevity, reducing incidence of cancer, treating cancer, preventing cancer, reducing incidence of cardiovascular disease, treating cardiovascular disease, preventing cardiovascular disease, preventing type II diabetes, preventing prediabetes, treating type I diabetes, treating type II diabetes, treating prediabetes, reducing IGF-1 levels, and ameliorating undesirable animal behaviors associated with reduced caloric intake by feeding the animal for a first period the first food composition and feeding the animal for a second period the second food composition. In certain embodiments, the kits further comprise one or more of one or more weight loss or other health imparting agents.

[0041] When the kit comprises a virtual package, the kit is limited to instructions in a virtual environment in combination with one or more physical kit components. Generally, the kit contains the food compositions and other physical components in amounts sufficient to implement the methods of the invention and the virtual package contains the instructions relating to using the physical components to implement the methods of the invention.

[0042] In another aspect, the invention provides a means for communicating information about or instructions for one or more of promoting weight loss by an animal, promoting weight loss by an animal while preventing or minimizing loss of lean body mass by the animal, preventing a reduction in energy metabolism by an animal, reducing the risk of regaining weight by an animal after weight loss, maintaining ideal body weight, increasing longevity, reducing incidence of cancer, treating cancer, preventing cancer, reducing incidence of cardiovascular disease, treating cardiovascular disease, preventing cardiovascular disease, preventing type II diabetes, preventing prediabetes, treating type I diabetes, treating type II diabetes, treating prediabetes, reducing IGF-1 levels, and ameliorating undesirable animal behaviors associated with reduced caloric intake, or other health benefits as discussed herein, by feeding the animal for caloric maintenance period a caloric maintenance diet containing calories that meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements and feeding the animal for a caloric reduction period a caloric reduction diet containing calories that do not meet the animal's maintenance energy requirements, and optionally a weight loss or other health imparting agent. The means comprises a document, digital storage media, optical storage media, audio presentation, or visual display containing the information or instructions. In certain embodiments, the communication means is a displayed web site, visual display, brochure, product label, package insert, advertisement, handout, public announcement, audiotape, videotape, DVD, CD-ROM, computer readable chip, computer readable card, computer readable disk, computer memory, or combination thereof containing such information or instructions.

[0043] Useful information includes one or more of (1) recommended feeding schedules for the animal, particularly based on the animal's species and body condition (e.g., overweight or obese), (2) recommended weight loss or health imparting agent to be administered in conjunction with the use of the recommended feeding pattern, and (3) contact information for animals or their caregivers to use if they have a question about the invention and its use.

EXAMPLES

[0044] The invention can be further illustrated by the following examples, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.

Example 1

[0045] Eight weeks old rats were fed a high fat diet to promote weight gain for 2 months, and then the rats were fed a standard AIN93M diet (Product D10012M available from Research diets, Inc.) for 3 week to determine each rat's maintenance energy requirement (MER). The rats were randomized into 11 groups. The rats were put on the weight loss regimens to induce weight loss for 6 months as shown in Table 1 with one of the diets as shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Table 2 Fat % 4.00 5.32 8.00 15.10

Ash % 2.80 3.73 5.60 11.20

C. Fiber % 5.00 5.60 7.20 10.50

Moisture % 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

Carbohydrate% 65.63 58.59 44.06 3.97

[0046] The invention can be further illustrated by the following examples, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.

[0047] As shown in Table 1, the 11 groups were fed as listed below.

[0048] Control group: the rats that received the ΑΓΝ-93Μ diet (Control) continued with the same feeding pattern for 6 months.

[0049] The 25% Caloric Restriction group (CR), were fed daily with the 25% CR diet to meet 75% of maintenance energy requirement (MER) for 6 months.

[0050] A group with 25% intermittent caloric restriction once per week (6:1-25CR): The rats were fed 75% of their MER one day with the 25% CR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for six days.

[0051] A group with 25% intermittent caloric restriction twice per week (5:2-25CR): The rats were fed 75% of their MER two days with the 25% CR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 5 days.

[0052] A group with 25% intermittent caloric restriction three per week (4:3-25CR): The rats were fed 75% of their MER 3 days with the 25% CR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 4 days.

[0053] A group with 50% intermittent caloric restriction once per week (6:1-50CR): The rats were fed 50% of their MER one day with the 50% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for six days.

[0054] A group with 50% intermittent caloric restriction twice per week (5:2-50CR): The rats were fed 50% of their MER two days with the 50% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 5 days.

[0055] A group with 50% intermittent caloric restriction three per week (4:3-50CR): The rats were fed 50% of their MER 3 days with the 50% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 4 days. [0056] A group with 75% intermittent caloric restriction once per week (6:1-75CR): The rats were fed 25% of their MER one day with the 75% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for six days.

[0057] A group with 75% intermittent caloric restriction twice per week (5:2-75CR): The rats were fed 25% of their MER two days with the 75% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 5 days.

[0058] A group with 75% intermittent caloric restriction three per week (4:3-75CR): The rats were fed 25% of their MER three days with the 75% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 4 days.

[0059] Rats were lodged individually per cage, in 12-h light/dark cycles, and given water ad libitum. Body composition were measured using the EchoMRI-700 Body Composition Analyzer (Echo Medical Systems, Houston, Texas). Blood were collected (0.5 ml) for the measurements of biochemical parameters from rats in all groups at end of the study. After 6 months of dietary intervention, after 12 h of overnight fasting, samples were collected including blood collection (week 24) and tissues dissection and weighing were performed. Serum Insulin (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) and IGF- 1 (R&D systems, Minneapolis, USA) levels were quantified using a rat ELISA kits. Serum glucose was determined using TRUE result™ (Florida, USA) Blood glucose meter. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was calculated using the values from insulin and glucose. The results are presented in Tables 3-5.

Table 3

Baseline 2 months 4 months 6 months

Diets*

Body Weight (g) Body Weight (g) Body Weight (g) Body Weight (g)

Control 469.46 475.28 502.50 497.16

CR 473.97 419.23 409.55 386.21

6:1-25CR 474.93 469.14 491.78 486.42

5:2-25CR 485.93 476.05 499.32 483.53

4:3-25CR 474.23 449.48 471.52 469.94 6:1-50CR 488.98 467.61 491.35 493.33

5:2-S0CR 487.28 462.65 476.78 460.60

4:3-50CR 471.40 425.42 407.47 396.22

6.1-75CR 501.62 475.35 485.25 484.12

5:2-75CR 475.98 423.75 425.51 414.90

4:3-75CR 500.47 423.16 401.73 378.21 diets are described using following format (maintenance days):(restricted days)-(percent restricted) as describe i paragraphs [0037-47]

Table 4

Baseline 2 months 4 months 6 months

Diets*

Fat Mass (g) Fat Mass (g) Fat Mass (g) Fat Mass (g)

Control 51.67 46.48 61.71 59.04

CR 62.04 31.38 31.08 21.95

6:1-25CR 61.17 59.16 71.98 71.07

5:2-25CR 63.38 56.72 66.54 56.59

4:3-25CR 60.84 49.03 64.43 55.14

6:1-50CR 63.20 55.38 70.15 60.40

5:2-50CR 62.88 49.41 57.97 43.83

4:3-50CR 59.91 31.16 30.54 16.47

6:1-75CR 64.56 49.22 60.72 51.03

5:2-75CR 61.21 35.92 42.32 30.73

4:3-75CR 64.06 21.60 23.81 11.45

* diets are described using following format (maintenance days): (restricted days)-(percent restricted) as described in paragraphs [0037-47]

Table 5 IGF1 Glucose Insulin

Diets*

(ng/mL) (mg/dL) (ng/mL)

Control 1.20 109.45 0.55

CR 0.73 115.18 0.65

6:1-25CR 1.01 115.50 1.27

5:2-25CR 1.00 122.45 0.97

4:3-25CR 0.97 134.50 0.91

6:1-50CR 1.08 141.92 0.95

5:2-50CR 0.93 119.58 0.80

4:3-50CR 0.78 120.00 0.57

6.-1-75CR 1.10 123.75 1.12

5:2-75CR 0.82 130.33 0.81

4:3-75CR 0.64 129.25 0.52

* diets are described using following format (maintenance days):(restricted days)-(percent restricted) as described in paragraphs [0037-47]

[0060] Tables 3-5 show that the rats in the CR group significantly lost body weight, and body fat compared with the baseline and control (Tables 3-4). In addition, rats in the CR group had significantly lower fasting blood insulin and IGF-1 at the end of the study compared with the control group (Table 5).

[0061] Unexpectedly, the three intermittent fasting (IF) regimens (once per week, twice per week, and three times per week) at 25% reduction from baseline MER failed to reduce body weight and body fat compared with baseline and control significantly (Tables 3-4). These treatments also did not significantly reduce insulin and IGF-1 compared with control (Table 5). These data show that 25% IF up to three days per week is not effective in mimicking CR phenotype (lower body weight and body fat) and biomarkers (IGF-1 and insulin).

[0062] When IF is introduced at 50% restriction from baseline MER, once per week failed to reduce body weight and body fat compared with baseline and control (Tables 3-4). Also, once per week IF at 50% did not reduce insulin and IGF-1 compared with control (Table 3). Twice per week IF at 50% failed to significantly reduce body weight, but significantly reduced body fat compared with baseline and control (Tables 3-4). Twice per week IF at 50% failed to reduce IGF-1, but significantly reduced insulin compared with control. Three times per week IF at 50% significantly reduced body weight and body fat compared with baseline and control (Tables 3-4) and significantly reduced insulin and IGF-1 compared with control (Table 5). In fact, three times per week IF (i.e. the 4:3-50CR) completely mimicked both CR phenotype (lower body weight and body fat) and biomarkers (insulin and IGF-1) by inducing the same degrees of changes in those parameters as the CR.

[0063] When IF is introduced at 75% restriction from baseline MER, once per week failed to significantly reduce body weight and body fat compared with baseline and control (Tables 3-4). Also, once per week IF did not reduce insulin and IGF-1 compared with control (Table 5). Twice per week IF at 75% significantly reduced body weight and body fat compared with baseline and control (Tables 3-4). Twice per week IF also significantly reduced IGF-1 and insulin compared with control (Table 5). But the reduction in body fat, insulin and IGF-1 did not match the reduction induced by CR, indicating the 5:2-75CR regimen is not as effective as CR.

[0064] Three times per week IF at 75% significantly reduced body weight and body fat compared with baseline and control (Tables 3-4) and significantly reduced insulin and IGF-1 compared with control (Table 5). Three times per week IF (i.e., the 4:3-75CR) induced lower body weight and body fat than CR, but the biomarkers (insulin and IGF-1) mduced by three time per weeks at 75% was compared with those induced by CR (Table 5). As such, IF at 75%, while more restrictive than CR, does not provide any better insulin or IGF-1.

[0065] In summary, IF at 25% (up to three days per week) failed to mimic any CR phenotype or biomarker. Twice per week IF at 75% partially mimicked CR phenotype. Three days per week IF at 75% induced more severe phenotype change than CR with comparable CR biomarkers. 50% IF at the frequency of 3 days per week mimic the CR phenotype and biomarkers completely.

Example 2

[0066] Five month-old male C57BL6J mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 45%fat) for 5 month to develop obesity. After this feeding period, mice were separated into groups and fed diets based on percentages of MER using a standard AIN-93M diet (Product D10012M available from Research diets, Inc.) as described in Table 6.

Table 6

[0067] Mice were lodged individually per cage, in 12-h light/dark cycles, and given water ad libitum. Body composition were measured on Dayl and every 30 days using the EchoMRI-700 Body Composition Analyzer (Echo Medical Systems, Houston,Texas). Samples were collected, after which, homeostasis was confirmed by visual inspection.

[0068] After 6 months of dietary intervention, blood and tissue samples were collected after 12 h of overnight fasting as well as final weight measurements. Resulting data is provided in Table 7.

Table 7

[0069] While both 4:3 ad lib regimens (IF2 and IF4) led to much smaller reduction in both body weight and % body fat as compared to traditional CR and previously described 4:3 maintenance regimens (IFl and IF3), both IF2 and IF4 provided weight loss and, surprisingly superior lean body mass reservation. On the other hand, 4:3 maintenance regimens (IFl and IF3) mimic CR 100%. Example 3

[0070] Male post-weaned rats were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 45% fat) for 14 weeks to induce overweight in the rats. After this feeding period, the rats were separated into groups with 12 rats per group for 6 months and fed diets based on percentages of MER using a standard AIN- 93M diet (Product D10012M available from Research diets, Inc.) as follows:

[0071] Control group: the rats that received the ΑΓΝ-93Μ diet (Control) continued with the same feeding pattern for 6 months.

[0072] A group with 25% intermittent caloric restriction once per week (6: 1 -25CR): The rats were fed 75% of their MER one day with the 25% CR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for six days.

[0073] A group with 25% intermittent caloric restriction twice per week (5:2-25CR): The rats were fed 75% of their MER two days with the 25% CR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 5 days.

[0074] A group with 25% intermittent caloric restriction three per week (4:3-25CR): The rats were fed 75% of their MER 3 days with the 25% CR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 4 days.

[0075] A group with 50% intermittent caloric restriction once per week (6:1-50CR): The rats were fed 50% of their MER one day with the 50% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for six days.

[0076] A group with 50% intermittent caloric restriction twice per week (5:2-50CR): The rats were fed 50% of their MER two days with the 50% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 5 days.

[0077] A group with 50% intermittent caloric restriction three per week (4:3-50CR): The rats were fed 50% of their MER 3 days with the 50% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 4 days.

[0078] A group with 75% intermittent caloric restriction once per week (6:1-75CR): The rats were fed 25% of their MER one day with the 75% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for six days.

[0079] A group with 75% intermittent caloric restriction twice per week (5:2-75CR): The rats were fed 25% of their MER two days with the 75% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 5 days. [0080] A group with 75% intermittent caloric restriction three per week (4:3-75CR): The rats were fed 25% of their MER three days with the 75% ICR diet and 100% of their MER with the control diet for 4 days.

[0081] During the 6 months of feedings study, the rats in all test groups consumed same amount of protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals as the rats in the control group. The reduced calories came only from reduced carbohydrates intake from the specially-formulated diets. The test diet compositions are provided in Table 8.

Table 8

[0082] Rats were lodged individually per cage, in 12-h light/dark cycles, and given water ad libitum. Blood was collected (0.5 ml) for the measurements of blood triglycerides (TG) and for metabolomics study from rats in all groups at end of the study. Serum TG level was determined using the Abaxis Piccolo Xpress™ Lipid Panel Reagent Disc. Results of the blood triglyceride levels (TAG) are shown in Table 9.

Table 9

[0083] The results (Table 9) showed that the rats in the test group with only one-day per week reduction in caloirc intake from dietary carbohydrate failed to significantly lower blood TG compared with that of the control rats. Even 25% reduction from baseline MER two days per week failed to reduce blood TG significantly compared with the control group (Table 9). Rats fed 50% and 75% reduction from baseline MER two days per week significnatly reduced blood TG compared with the control rats. Rats fed 25%, 50% and 75% reduction from baseline MER significantly reduced blood TG compared with the control rats.

[0084] As shown in Table 10, the 5:2 25% and 4:3 25% regimens increased indole acrylate (IA) and indole-3- propionic acid (IP A) to similar levels. However, 4:3 50% regimen increased IA and IPA more than 5:2 50% regimen. Both 5:2 75% and 4:3 75% regimens maximzied IA increase, while 4:3 75% regimen enhanced IPA more than 5:2 75% regimen. Indole-3- propionic acid (IPA), is a deamination product of tryptophan, present in biological fluids including blood and CSF, and function an antioxidant and effective free radical scavenger.

Table 10

* Statisically significant increase (p<0.05) over the control group

[0085] As shown in Table 11, the 4:3 50%, 6:1 75% and 4:3 75% regimens decreased 13- Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) to similar levels. The 4:3 25% regimen slightly decreased 13-HODE and 9-HODE. As such, the data provides a surprising discovery that even with identical dietary intake of omega-6 PUFAs, blood lipid inflammatory mediators, 13-HODE and 9-HODE, were reduced in rats when they were maintained on nutritional regimens of consuming 25% less of MERs by reducing dietary carbohydrate three days per week or between 50% and 75% less of MERs by reducing dietary carbohydrates one to three days per week while consume 100% MERs during the remaining days of the week. Table 11

* Statisically significant increase (p<0.05) over the control group

[0086] In the specification, there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention. Although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The scope of the invention is set forth in the claims. Obviously many modifications and variations of the invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.