DEPTH VALUES

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[01] Three dimensional point clouds can be used to determine dimensions of various objects. In the context of moving freight, point clouds can capture freight and a freight-moving vehicle in motion. Dimensions of the freight can be improved by separating the freight-moving vehicle from the freight and determining the dimensions of the separated freight. However, this leads to delays in moving the freight.

[02] Accordingly, there is a need for methods and systems for high precision locationing with depth values.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[03] The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.

[04] FIG. 1 depicts a method, in accordance with some embodiments.

[05] FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a computer processing system, in accordance with some embodiments.

[06] FIG. 3A depicts a view a floor and overhead surface, in accordance with some embodiments. [07] FIG. 3B depicts an arrangement of depth sensors, in accordance with some embodiments.

[08] FIG. 3C depicts an overview of a system, in accordance with some embodiments.

[09] FIG. 4A depicts an overview of a system, in accordance with some embodiments.

[010] FIG. 4B depicts a view of an overhead surface, in accordance with some embodiments.

[011] FIG. 4C depicts a view of an overhead surface, in accordance with some embodiments.

[012] FIG. 5A depicts an overview of a system, in accordance with some embodiments.

[013] FIG. 5B depicts a view of a geometric shape, in accordance with some embodiments.

[014] FIG. 5C depicts a view of a geometric shape, in accordance with some embodiments.

[015] Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.

[016] The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[017] One embodiment takes the form of a method that includes receiving multiple depth values that correspond respectively to depth readings from multiple depth sensors positioned on a freight-moving vehicle and oriented towards an overhead surface, wherein different portions of the overhead surface are positioned at different heights above a floor surface, wherein each of the multiple depth values is representative of a distance between a respective one of the depth sensors and a respective different portion of the overhead surface; determining a position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle at least in part by querying a lookup table using the received multiple depth values, wherein the lookup table maps respective heights of the respective different portions of the overhead surface to known positions of the different portions of the overhead surface; and outputting the determined position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle.

[018] Another embodiment takes the form of a system that includes a communication interface, a processor, and data storage containing instructions executable by the processor for carrying out at least the functions described in the preceding paragraph.

[019] In one embodiment, the overhead surface is a planar surface oriented at an angle with respect to the floor surface, and the multiple depth sensors include a first and a second depth sensor, and a third depth sensor not in line with the first and second depth sensors. [020] In one embodiment, the different portions of the overhead surface include a grid of depth elements, the multiple depth sensors comprise a first and a second depth sensor, a first depth value of the multiple depth values is associated with the first depth sensor, and a second depth value of the multiple depth values is associated with the second depth sensor. In one such embodiment, each depth element is located at a different height than each of the other depth elements; in another such embodiment, at least one depth element is located at the same height as at least one other depth element; in another such embodiment, the depth elements are spaced one centimeter apart.

[021] In one embodiment, at least one of the multiple depth sensors is a LIDAR sensor.

[022] In one embodiment, the multiple depth sensors are arranged in a known configuration. In one such embodiment, querying a lookup table using the received multiple depth values includes querying the lookup table using a combination of the multiple depth values to obtain the position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle.

[023] In one embodiment, the method further includes: determining a collective geometric shape of (i) freight being carried by the freight-moving vehicle and (ii) at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle, isolating a geometric shape of the freight at least in part by segmenting the geometric shape of the at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle from the collective geometric shape based at least in part on the determined position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle, and dimensioning the freight based on the isolated geometric shape of the freight. In one such embodiment isolating a geometric shape of the freight further comprises: determining an identity of the freight-moving vehicle, and receiving a geometric shape of the freight-moving vehicle based on the determined identity, wherein segmenting the geometric shape of the at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle from the collective geometric shape is further based on the received geometric shape of the freight-moving vehicle.

[024] One embodiment is a system that includes: an overhead grid comprising a plurality of depth elements of varying depths; a freight-moving vehicle comprising at least three depth sensors positioned on the freight-moving vehicle and oriented towards the overhead grid and configured to measure a respective depth to a respective depth element currently positioned above the respective depth sensor, and a processor configured to: receive respective depth values from the plurality of depth sensors; determine a position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle at least in part by querying a database using the received multiple depth values, wherein the database maps respective depths of respective depth elements in the overhead grid to known Cartesian positions of the depth elements in the overhead grid; determine a collective geometric shape of (i) freight being carried by the freight-moving vehicle and (ii) at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle; isolating a geometric shape of the freight at least in part by segmenting the geometric shape of the at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle from the collective geometric shape based at least in part on the determined position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle, and outputting the isolated geometric shape of the freight.

[025] Moreover, any of the variations and permutations described herein can be implemented with respect to any embodiments, including with respect to any method embodiments and with respect to any system embodiments. Furthermore, this flexibility and cross-applicability of embodiments is present in spite of the use of slightly different language (e.g., process, method, steps, functions, set of functions, and the like) to describe and or characterize such embodiments.

[026] Before proceeding with this detailed description, it is noted that the entities, connections, arrangements, and the like that are depicted in— and described in connection with— the various figures are presented by way of example and not by way of limitation. As such, any and all statements or other indications as to what a particular figure "depicts," what a particular element or entity in a particular figure "is" or "has," and any and all similar statements— that may in isolation and out of context be read as absolute and therefore limiting— can only properly be read as being constructively preceded by a clause such as "In at least one embodiment,...." And it is for reasons akin to brevity and clarity of presentation that this implied leading clause is not repeated ad nauseum in this detailed description.

[027] FIG. 1 depicts a method, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 1 depicts the method 100. The method 100 includes receiving multiple depth values at step 102, determining position and orientation at step 104, and outputting the determined position and orientation at step 106.

[028] At step 102, multiple depth values are received. The multiple depth values correspond respectively to depth readings from multiple depth sensors positioned on a freight-moving vehicle and oriented towards an overhead surface. Different portions of the overhead surface are positioned at different heights above a floor surface, and each of the multiple depth values is representative of a distance between a respective one of the depth sensors and a respective different portion of the overhead surface. [029] In some embodiments, the at least one depth sensor is a LIDAR sensor. In some embodiments, the multiple depth sensors are arranged in a known configuration.

[030] At step 104, the position and orientation is determined. In one embodiment, the position and orientation of a freight-moving vehicle is determined at least in part by querying a lookup table using the received multiple depth values. The lookup table may take many forms, one of them being a database, and maps respective heights of the respective different portions of the overhead surface to known

[031] At step 106, the determined position and orientation is output. Outputting the position and orientation may include outputting the determined position and orientation to an application, a different computer, a user interface, or the like.

[032] FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a computer processing system, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 2 depicts the computer processing system 200. The computer processing system 200 includes a communications interface 202 (that includes a transceiver 204), data storage 206 (that contains program instructions 208 and operational data 210), a processor 212, a user interface 214, peripherals 216, and a communication bus 218. This arrangement is presented by way of example and not limitation, as other example arrangements could be described here.

[033] The computer processing system 200 may be found in portions of the disclosed invention, to include the depth sensors or the scanners, or may be programed to perform the methods disclosed herein. Not all elements depicted as part of the computer processing system 200 are required in all elements. As just one example, the computer processing system in one of the depth sensors may be equipped with a transceiver 204 if it connects wirelessly to a different computer processing system, however in some embodiments, the depth sensor may be wired to a different computer processing system and the transceiver 204 is not required.

[034] As stated above, the communication interface 202 includes the transceiver 204. The transceiver 204 may be configured (e.g., tuned) to receive and transmit on one of a set of channels. The transceiver 204 may be a single component, or realized as a separate transmitter and receiver, as known by those with skill in the art. The communication interface 202 may be configured to be operable for communication according to one or more wireless-communication protocols, some examples of which include LMR, LTE, APCO P25, ETSI DMR, TETRA, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and the like. The communication interface 202 may also include one or more wired- communication interfaces (for communication according to, e.g., Ethernet, USB, and/or one or more other protocols.) The communication interface 202 may include any necessary hardware (e.g., chipsets, antennas, Ethernet interfaces, etc.), any necessary firmware, and any necessary software for conducting one or more forms of communication with one or more other entities as described herein.

[035] The data storage 206 may take the form of any non-transitory computer- readable medium or combination of such media, some examples including flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), and random-access memory (RAM) to name but a few, as any one or more types of non-transitory data-storage technology deemed suitable by those of skill in the relevant art could be used. As depicted in FIG. 2, the data storage 206 contains program instructions 208 executable by the processor 212 for carrying out various functions described herein, and further is depicted as containing and operational data 210, which may include any one or more data values stored by and/or accessed by the computing device in carrying out one or more of the functions described herein.

[036] The processor 212 may include one or more processors of any type deemed suitable by those of skill in the relevant art, some examples including a general-purpose microprocessor and a dedicated digital signal processor (DSP).

[037] The user interface 214 may include one or more input devices (a.k.a. components and the like) and/or one or more output devices (a.k.a. components and the like.) With respect to input devices, the user interface 214 may include one or more touchscreens, buttons, switches, microphones, and the like. With respect to output devices, the user interface 214 may include one or more displays, speakers, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and the like. Moreover, one or more components (e.g., an interactive touchscreen and display) of the user interface 214 could provide both user-input and user-output functionality. Other user interface components could also be present, as known to those of skill in the art.

[038] The peripherals 216 may include any computing device accessory, component, or the like, that is accessible to and useable by the computing device during operation. Example peripherals 216 include a GPS receiver, an altimeter, an RSSI sensor, a motion sensor and the like.

[039] In an embodiment, the various components of the computer processing system 200 are all communicatively coupled with one another via a communication bus 218 (or other suitable communication network, or the like.)

[040] FIG. 3A depicts a view a floor and overhead surface, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 3A depicts the view 300. The view 300 includes a floor surface 302, an overhead surface 304, projections of the x, y, and z- axis, 306A, 308A, and 310A, respectively, projections of the x, y, and z-axis, 306B, 308B, and 310B, respectively, a first angle 312, and a second angle 314.

[041] In one embodiment, the overhead surface is a planar surface oriented at an angle with respect to the floor surface. In FIG. 3A, the floor surface is a planar surface and intersects both the x-axis projection 306A and the z-axis projection 310A. The overhead surface 304 is a planar surface. However, the overhead surface 304 is oriented at an angle to the floor surface 302. Here, the overhead surface 304 is at the first angle 312 with the z-axis projection 310B and the second angle 314 with the x- axis projection 306B. Different portions of the overhead surface 304 are located at different heights above the floor surface 302.

[042] FIG. 3B depicts an arrangement of depth sensors, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 3B depicts the arrangement 330. The arrangement 330 includes a portion of a vehicle portion 332, a first depth sensor 334A, a second depth sensor 334B, a third depth sensor 334C, and a line 336.

[043] In one embodiment, the multiple depth sensors include a first and a second depth sensor, and a third depth sensor not in line with the first and second depth sensors. In FIG. 3B, the depth sensors 334A-C are arranged on the vehicle portion 332. The first and second depth sensors 334A and 334B are arranged along the line 336, and the third depth sensor 334C is not along the line 336.

[044] FIG. 3C depicts an overview of a system, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 3C depicts the system 350. The system 350 includes the floor surface 302 and the overhead surface 304 from FIG. 3A, the depth sensors 334A-C from FIG. 3B, depth readings 352A-C, a freight moving vehicle 354, and freight 356. [045] The freight-moving vehicle 354 carries the freight 356 as it drives over the floor surface 302. The multiple depth sensors are positioned on the freight-moving vehicle and oriented towards the overhead surface 304. The multiple depth sensors are configured to obtain depth values to the overhead surface, wherein each of the received depth values is representative of a distance between a respective one of the depth sensors and a respective different portion of the overhead surface. Here, the depth readings 352A-C are representative of the distances between the depth sensor 334A-C, respectively, and the portions of the overhead surface 304 above the respective depth sensor 334A-C.

[046] The position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle 354 can be determined at least in part by querying a lookup table using the received multiple depth values.

[047] FIG. 4A depicts an overview of a system, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 4A depicts the system 400. The system 400 includes the freight-moving vehicle 354 and the freight 356 from FIG. 3C, a floor surface 402, an overhead surface 404, a first portion of the overhead surface 404A, a second portion of the overhead surface 404B, depth sensors 406 A and 406B, and depth readings 408A and 408B.

[048] In some embodiments, the different portions of the overhead surface comprise a grid of depth elements. For simplicity, only a single column of the overhead surface 404 is depicted in FIG. 4A. The overhead surface 404 may include a plurality of columns of depth elements. In some embodiments, each depth element is located at a different height than each of the other depth elements. In some embodiments, at least one depth element is located at the same height as at least one other depth element. In some embodiments, the depth elements are 1 cm apart. In some embodiments, the depth elements are spaced apart to give a desired positional accuracy.

[049] Similar to the system 300 depicted in FIG. 3C, FIG. 4A depicts the freight- moving vehicle 354 carrying freight 356 over the floor surface 402 and under the overhead surface 404. The depth readings 408A-B are representative of the distances between the depth sensors 406A-B and the portions of the overhead surface above the depth sensors 404 A-B, respectively.

[050] FIG. 4B depicts a view of an overhead surface, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 4B depicts the view 430. The view 430 includes the grid 432. The grid 432 comprises nine columns and nine rows of depth elements, with each depth element being one of 81 different heights. The view depicts square depth elements, with the number indicating a height above a floor surface or a depth sensor.

[051] In particular, the grid 432 depicts the depth values for grid elements in the column 404 depicted in FIG. 4A. The respective heights of the depth elements in column 404, from left to right, are 59, 41, 23, 77, 50, 5, 14, 68, and 32. Grid elements with a larger the respective height are located higher above the floor surface the grid element.

[052] In the example depicted in FIG. 4A the depth sensor 406A measures the depth reading 408A to the grid element 404A, and the depth sensor 406B measures the depth reading 408B to the grid element 404B. As depicted in FIG. 4B, the height associated with the depth element 404A is "23", and the height associated with the depth element 404B is "68". A lookup table mapping the respective heights of the respective different portions of the overhead grid is queried with the depth readings of "23" and "68" to determine the position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle.

[053] FIG. 4C depicts a view of an overhead surface, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 4C depicts the view 450. The view 450 includes the grid of depth elements 452. The grid 452 is similar to the grid 432 of FIG. 4B, however, the grid includes 81 different depth elements of 27 different heights, each height repeated three times. When querying a lookup table with the received depth values, each depth value may map to any one of three different depth elements where that height is located. However, when querying a lookup table with a combination of depth measurements, the position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle can be further narrowed down, using the configuration of the depth sensors on the freight- moving vehicle. For example, in a configuration where two depth sensors are positioned at a distance of one depth element, and the two depth sensors measure heights of "1" and "20", there is only one position and orientation possible in the grid 452 that satisfies the configuration, in the top left corner.

[054] Certainly other grid sizes and different sample heights can be used to determine the position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle. In one embodiment, the overhead grid is size of nine meters by nine meters.

[055] In some embodiments, each individual depth measurement corresponds to a unique position over the floor surface. In such an embodiment, with the depth sensors arranged in a known configuration, a first depth measurement associated with a first depth sensor and a second depth measurement associated with a second depth sensor provides enough information to determine a position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle. [056] In some embodiments, querying the lookup table using the received multiple depth values comprises querying the lookup table using a combination of the multiple depth values to obtain the position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle. In such an embodiment, the combination of depth measurements corresponds to a position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle.

[057] In one embodiment, determining the position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle is based at least on a plurality of depth measurements representative of a height to an overhead surface from a single depth sensor. In such an embodiment, the freight-moving vehicle drives in a straight line. The position of the freight-moving vehicle is determined with each depth measurement. The orientation of the freight-moving vehicle can be determined by fitting a straight line through the plurality of determined positions.

[058] In one embodiment, the multiple depth sensors are oriented to measure depths to the overhead surface at different angles. In such an embodiment, at least one of the multiple depth sensors is oriented to measure directly upwards towards the overhead surface and a second one of the multiple depth sensors is oriented to measure at an angle off of the vertical. The lookup table maps respective heights of the respective different portions of the overhead grid, as measured by the depth sensors scanning at different angles, to respective different portions of the overhead surface.

[059] FIG. 5A depicts an overview of a system, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 5A depicts the system 500. The system 500 includes a scanner 502, a scanner field-of-view 504, and depth sensors 506A-B. [060] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining a collective geometric shape of (i) freight being carried by the freight-moving vehicle and (ii) at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle. In the system 500, the scanner 502 determines the geometric shape of objects within the field-of-view 504. Here, the freight 356 and portions of the freight-moving vehicle 354 are within the field-of- view 504. It may be appreciated that while FIG. 5A depicts the scanner 502 as a single scanner, it may be an array of scanners configured to determine a collective geometric shape of all objects in each scanner's field-of-view.

[061] FIG. 5B depicts a view of a geometric shape, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 5B depicts the view 530. The view 530 includes the geometric shape 532. The geometric shape 532 is representative of the freight and the portion of the freight-moving vehicle 354 that was within the scanner field-of-view in FIG. 5A. The geometric shape 532 is depicted as an two-dimensional outline, however, those with skill in the art can appreciate that the geometric shape 532 may also be three-dimensional.

[062] FIG. 5C depicts a view of a geometric shape, in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 5C depicts the view 550. The view 550 includes the geometric shape 552. In some embodiments, the method further includes isolating a geometric shape of the freight at least in part by segmenting the geometric shape of the at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle from the collective geometric shape based at least in part on the determined position and orientation of the freight- moving vehicle. [063] Here, based at least on the determined position of the freight moving vehicle 354 in FIG. 5A, the portion of the collective geometric shape 532 attributed to the freight-moving vehicle 354 can be separated from the freight 356.

[064] In some embodiments, the collective geometric shape is point cloud data, or 3D (three dimensional) point cloud data. Segmenting the geometric shape of the at least a portion of the freight-moving vehicle may include deleting, filtering, or resetting point cloud points associated with the freight-moving.

[065] The freight may then be dimensioned based on the isolated geometric shape of the freight.

[066] In some embodiments, the method further includes calibrating the depth sensors. The profile of the freight-moving vehicle may change based on various factors, to include loading conditions of the freight. For example, heavier loads may lower the freight-moving vehicle, thus affecting the depth readings between the depth sensor and the overhead surface. The calibration may be performed in many different methods or combinations of methods. One method includes orienting a depth sensor to measure downward, measuring a height to the floor surface. The depth readings from the depth sensors orientated towards the overhead surface can then be calibrated based on the depth reading measuring the height above the floor surface.

[067] In another embodiment, pitch and yaw angles of the freight-moving vehicle are used to calibrate the depth sensors. The pitch and yaw angles, as determined by onboard sensors or other methods known by those with skill in the art, are used to calibrate the depth sensors.

[068] In another embodiment, the freight-moving vehicle is first driven under a portion of the overhead surface that is at a reference height above the floor surface. Next, the freight-moving vehicle is driven under portions of the overhead surface that are at different heights above the floor surface. The depth sensors are calibrated based on the measured heights to the portion of the overhead surface that is at the reference height.

[069] In some embodiments, isolating a geometric shape of the freight further includes determining an identity of the freight-moving vehicle and receiving a geometric shape of the freight-moving vehicle based on the determined identity. Here, a freight-moving vehicle can be identified as it approaches the system that determines the freight-moving vehicle location and the collective shape. The identification may be manual (operator entered), preset, of done via a secondary scanner reading a barcode, optical tag, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag associated with the freight-moving vehicle, by a trigger from a navigation system, or the like.

[070] The received geometric shape of the freight-moving vehicle includes data necessary to attribute points in the collective geometric shape to the freight-moving vehicle, and not the freight, based on the determined position and orientation of the freight-moving vehicle.

[071] The dimension of freight can be output to another server for use in tracking of the freight. Example methods of tracking include calculating a volume of the freight, a density of the freight, and the like.

[072] In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings.

[073] The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.

[074] Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms "comprises," "comprising," "has", "having," "includes", "including," "contains", "containing" or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by "comprises ...a", "has ...a", "includes ...a", "contains ...a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms "a" and "an" are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms "substantially", "essentially", "approximately", "about" or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the term is defined to be within 10%, in another embodiment within 5%, in another embodiment within 1% and in another embodiment within 0.5%. The term "coupled" as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is "configured" in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.

[075] It will be appreciated that some embodiments may be comprised of one or more generic or specialized processors (or "processing devices") such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the method and/or apparatus described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the two approaches could be used.

[076] Moreover, an embodiment can be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer (e.g., comprising a processor) to perform a method as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) and a Flash memory. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions and programs and ICs with minimal experimentation.

[077] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.