CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/178,272, filed May 14, 2009, which is incorporated by reference as if disclosed herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Since the industrial revolution, the amount of CO ₂ in the atmosphere has risen from 280 ppm in 1800 to 370 ppm in 2000, mainly due to the consumption of fossil fuels. More than half of the energy used in the United States comes from the use of coal, and it is mostly used to generate electricity. Unfortunately, CO ₂ is one of the greenhouse gases considered to be responsible for global warming. Moreover, the increased atmospheric CO ₂ concentration will acidify the ocean and will change the chemistry of the surface ocean, leading to a potentially detrimental impact on the ecosystem. In order to meet the ever- increasing global energy demands, while stabilizing the atmospheric CO ₂ level, current carbon emissions should be significantly reduced.

[0003] There have been significant research and development activities in the area of carbon capture and storage (CCS), including a number of integrated technologies (e.g., chemical looping processes) to combine CO ₂ capture with electricity/chemical/fuel production. Chemical looping processes involve a sorbent, typically a metal, or more likely a low oxidation state metal oxide that can be oxidized in air. The oxide is reduced by carbonaceous fuels in a subsequent step. A variation of this approach oxidizes the metal not in air but in a chemical reaction with steam to produce a pure stream of H ₂ . The chemical looping processes also allow the inherent generation of the sequestration-ready CO ₂ stream at higher pressures.

[0004] Once captured, CO ₂ can be stored via geological sequestration, ocean disposal, mineral carbonation, and biological fixation. The mineral sequestration scheme is particularly attractive, since this process converts CO ₂ into thermodynamically stable carbonates via the reaction of CO ₂ with widely available non-carbonate minerals, such as serpentine and olivine. Therefore, the mineral sequestration process eliminates the risk of accidental CO ₂ releases. The reaction underlining mineral carbonation mimics natural chemical transformations of CO ₂ , such as the weathering of rocks. The main challenges of this storage method have been the slow dissolution kinetics and large energy requirement associated with the mineral processing.

SUMMARY

[0005] The previously developed pH swing carbon mineral sequestration immobilizes the gaseous CO ₂ into a thermodynamically stable solid, MgCO ₃ , using Mg-bearing minerals such as serpentine. This mineral carbonation technology is particularly promising since it generates value-added solid products: high surface area silica, iron oxide, and magnesium carbonate, while providing a safe and permanent storage option for CO ₂ . By carefully controlling the pH of the system, these solids products can be produced with high purity. The disclosed subject matter focuses on the synthesis of iron oxide particles as a chemical looping sorbent in order to achieve the integration between carbon capture and storage technologies. The synthesized iron-based chemical looping sorbent has been found to be as effective as commercially available iron oxide nanoparticles at converting syngas/carbonaceous fuel into high purity H ₂ , while producing a sequestration-ready CO ₂ stream.

[0006] The disclosed subject matter utilizes the iron component of magnesium-bearing minerals, e.g., olivine and serpentine, during carbon mineral sequestration. These minerals often contain 5-10 percent by weight of iron, and the recovery and utilization of iron during the mineral processing increases the economic feasibility of carbon mineral sequestration technology. Among many applications of iron-based materials, the disclosed subject matter focuses on the synthesis of iron-based chemical looping sorbents, which can be used for carbon dioxide capture and hydrogen production, as well as the syntheses of iron-based catalysts to be used in the production of synthetic liquid fuels and hydrogen from carbonaceous materials including coal, biomass, and municipal solid wastes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The drawings show embodiments of the disclosed subject matter for the purpose of illustrating the invention. However, it should be understood that the present application is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein: [0008] FIG. 1 is a chart of a method according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; and

[0009] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a system according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0010] Some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter include methods and systems for sequestering carbon dioxide and generating hydrogen. Methods and systems according to the disclosed subject matter include combining pH swing carbon sequestration processes with chemical looping processes. pH swing processes are employed, which can sequestrate CO ₂ while generating solid products: high surface area silica; iron oxide; and magnesium carbonate. Iron-based chemical looping sorbents are synthesized during the pH swing carbon mineral sequestration process. Thus, two CCS technologies are integrated. Processes including carbon mineral sequestration are used to generate a supply of Fe ₂ O ₃ , which is used by chemical looping processes for H ₂ production. The CO ₂ produced during chemical looping processes is then sequestered via mineral carbonation.

[0011] As shown in equations [1] and [2], pH swing processes are used to both consume a first source of carbon dioxide to produce carbonated minerals and thus sequester the carbon dioxide and also generate iron-based chemical looping sorbents from minerals, respectively:

[1] 1/3(Mg ₅ Fe) ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ + CO ₂ = MgCO ₃ + Fe + 2/3SiO ₂ + 2/3H ₂ O; and

[2] Fe + NH ₄ OH → Fe(OH) ₃ (and ultimately Fe ₂ O ₃ ).

[0012] As shown in equations [3] and [4], the iron-based chemical looping sorbents are then reduced via oxidation with a carbonaceous fuel to generate a second source of carbon dioxide for consumption in the pH swing processes. Finally, as shown in equations [5] and [6], the iron-based chemical looping sorbents are regenerated via oxidation with steam to generate hydrogen:

[3] 3CO + Fe ₂ O ₃ → 3CO ₂ + 2Fe;

[4] 3H ₂ + Fe ₂ O ₃ → 3H ₂ O + 2Fe;

[5] 3Fe + 4H ₂ O → Fe ₃ O ₄ + 4H ₂ ; and

[6] 4Fe ₃ O ₄ + O ₂ → 6Fe ₂ O (ultimately to Fe ₂ O ₃ ). [0013] Referring now to FIG. 1, some embodiments include a method 100 of sequestering carbon dioxide and generating hydrogen. At 102, an iron-based material such as a magnesium or calcium-bearing mineral or other carbonate-forming element or industrial wastes containing iron and a carbonate-forming element such as calcium or magnesium is dissolved to form a solution including a carbonate-forming element, e.g., magnesium and/or calcium, and iron. Magnesium-bearing minerals, e.g. olivine and serpentine, often contain 5- 10 percent by weight of iron.

[0014] At 104, a chelating agent that targets magnesium, calcium, and iron is added to the solution before increasing a pH of the solution. The chelating agent is selected so as to be effective at leaching out iron content from the solution while allowing fast precipitation of iron oxide during the pH swing processes. Examples of chelating agents include acetic acid, citric acid, iminodiacetic acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, phthalic acid, a salt thereof, and a combination thereof. Citric acid has been found to provide higher dissolution as compared other chelating agents.

[0015] At 106, a pH of the solution is increased to cause precipitation of iron oxide from the solution thereby generating a first source of Fe ₂ O ₃ . In some embodiments, precipitation of iron oxide is conducted in the presence of support materials such as commercially available Fe ₂ O ₃ particles. The support materials can be commercially available materials or high surface area silica produced during dissolution of minerals and/or wastes during method 100.

[0016] At 108, the carbonate-forming element, e.g., magnesium or calcium, in the solution is reacted with a first source of carbon dioxide to produce a carbonate, e.g., magnesium or calcium carbonate, thereby sequestering the carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the first source of carbon dioxide is anthropogenic produced, e.g., emissions from coal-burning power plants and other man-made sources of carbon dioxide.

[0017] At 110, the first source OfFe ₂ O ₃ is oxidized with a carbonaceous fuel thereby generating a second source of carbon dioxide and iron. The second source of carbon dioxide can then be utilized in step 108 to produce magnesium carbonate thereby sequestering the carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous fuel includes gaseous fuels such as synthetic gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) and methane. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous fuel includes solid fuels including coal, biomass, and municipal solid wastes. [0018] At 112, the iron is oxidized with steam thereby generating hydrogen and an iron oxide. At 114, the iron oxide is fully oxidized with oxygen thereby generating a second source of Fe ₂ O ₃ , which can be reacted with the carbonaceous fuel in 110 to generate additional carbon dioxide and iron.

[0019] Although not illustrated in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, iron-based catalysts, e.g., iron oxide, are produced. The produced iron oxide can also be used as catalysts for various industrial processes such as Fischer-Tropsch, water-gas-shift, and biomass conversion processes. These catalysts are currently produced using pure systems but can be produced utilizing methods and systems according to the disclosed subject matter from the waste stream of the carbon mineral sequestration process.

[0020] Referring now to FIG. 2, some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter include a system 200 for sequestering carbon dioxide and generating hydrogen. System 200 includes a mineral and waste carbonation module 202 and a chemical looping module 204.

[0021] Mineral carbonation module 202 produces iron-based chemical looping sorbents 206 from minerals and industrial wastes 208 using pH swing processes. Iron-based chemical looping sorbents 206 include iron oxides such as Fe ₂ O ₃ or similar. Minerals and industrial wastes 208 are carbonate-forming minerals and wastes including carbonate- forming minerals, e.g., magnesium and calcium-bearing minerals that include iron 210. The pH swing processes also consume a first source of carbon dioxide 212 to produce carbonated minerals 214 such as magnesium or calcium carbonate or similar. In some embodiments, the pH swing processes include the use of a chelating agent 216 to facilitate the extraction of iron 210 from minerals or industrial wastes 208.

[0022] In some embodiments, chemical looping module 204 includes a fuel reactor 218 and a hydrogen production reactor 220. In fuel reactor 218, chemical looping processes are utilized to reduce the iron-based chemical looping sorbents 206 via oxidation with a carbonaceous fuel 222 to generate a second source of carbon dioxide 224 for consumption by the pH swing processes in mineral carbonation module 202 and iron 226 (Fe, FeO). In hydrogen production reactor 220, iron-based chemical looping sorbents 206 are regenerated by reducing iron 226 via oxidation with steam 228 to generate hydrogen 230.

[0023] In some embodiments, system 200 includes a module for producing iron-based catalysts, e.g., iron oxide. The iron-based catalysts can be used for various industrial processes including Fischer Tropsch synthesis, waster-gas-shift reactions, and biomass conversion.

[0024] Methods and systems according to the disclosed subject matter offer benefits and advantages over known technologies. Technology according to the disclosed subject matter can be used for carbon dioxide capture and mineral sequestration, while also being used for hydrogen production.

[0025] Synthesized iron-based catalysts can be used in the production of synthetic liquid fuels and/or hydrogen from carbonaceous materials including coal, biomass, and municipal solid wastes. Synthesized iron oxide can also directly be used in the steel industry once it is recovered.

[0026] Technology according to the disclosed subject matter ties carbon storage technology with carbon capture technology as well as other sustainable energy conversion systems to improve the overall life cycle of carbon management technologies.

[0027] By controlling the pH of the system, technology according to the disclosed subject matter can be used to generate solid products from the mineral carbonation process: Siθ ₂ -rich solids; iron oxide; and MgCC> ₃ *3H ₂ O. The iron oxide and MgCC> ₃ produced would be highly pure.

[0028] Although the disclosed subject matter has been described and illustrated with respect to embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that features of the disclosed embodiments can be combined, rearranged, etc., to produce additional embodiments within the scope of the invention, and that various other changes, omissions, and additions may be made therein and thereto, without parting from the spirit and scope of the present invention.