Technical Field

This invention was made with United States govern- ment support awarded by the National Institute of Health (NIH), Grant # P01 HL292586. The United States Govern¬ ment has certain rights in this invention.

The invention relates generally to a plasma protein known as high molecular weight ("HMW") kininogen. More particularly, it relates to use of a proteinaceous material present in kinin-free HMW kininogen to reduce surface adhesion on surfaces exposed to blood components and/or animal cells, and to improved methods for purify¬ ing kinin-free HMW kininogen.

Background Art

High molecular weight ("HMW") kininogen and low molecular weight ("LMW") kininogen are known kininogens in blood plasma. Both of these kininogens carry a kinin protein moiety in their polypeptide chain. This region is in turn bridged by a disulfide bond so as to form a looped structure. Upon liberation of the kinin protein (through the operation of an enzyme known as kallikrein) dimer variants of these compounds are formed. In the HMW variant, liberation of kinin results in a disulfide

bonded dimer of an amino-ter inal H-chain and a carboxyl L-Chain. See generally Y. Takagaki e_t a_l. 260 J. Biol. Chem. 8601-8609 (1985). The disclosure of this article and of all other articles recited herein are incorporated by reference as fully set forth herein.

The H-chains of HMW and LMW kininogens are identical. However, the L-Chains are different. The L-Chain of the HMW kininogen is larger than the L-Chain of the LMW kininogen, and is known to contain a region rich in histidine, a region rich in basic residues, and a region rich in acidic acid residues. It is also known that two other plasma proteins (pre-kallikrein and blood coagulation Factor XI) bind to HMW kininogen via the acidic region in the L-Chain (J. Tait e_t a]L. , 261 J. Biol. Chem. 15396-15401 (1986)); and that binding of HMW kininogen to negatively charged surfaces is enhanced by cleavage to form the two chain kinin-free form (C. Scott et al., 73 J. Clin. Invest. 954-962 (1984)).

The mechanism of cleavage is thought to involve binding of HMW kininogen and pre-kallikrein (and HMW kininogen Factor XI complexes) to surfaces alongside blood coagulation Factor XII. This is referred to as "contact activation". Reciprocal activation of the surface generates the enzyme kallikrein, which then in turn cleaves the HMW kininogen to yield a polypeptide previously named "kinin-free HMW kininogen" (herein referred to as "passifin"). See also L. Vroman et al. , 55 Blood 156-159 (1980) and A. Schmaier et al. , 33 Thromb. Res. 51-67 (1983). While considerable research has been run on the function and structure of kinin-free HMW kininogen, there has to date been no suggestion in the art that a conduit or other surface normally exposed to blood and/or animal cells could first be exposed to an exogenous (from outside the host) supply of a proteinaceous material

present in kinin-free HMW kininogen to reduce the tendency of the blood to block the conduit or surface.

Disclosure Of Invention

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for reducing the tendency of animal cells and/or blood compo¬ nents to adhere to a surface. The method involves exposing the surface to an exogenously supplied proteinaceous material present in passifin. The material preferably has at least 50 amino acids, of which at least 5 are histidine. The best currently known material for this purpose is the entire passifin polypeptide. For example, one can coat the interior of a plastic (or other material) tube used to transport blood into and/or out of the body with passifin. This will reduce clogging problems.

In another aspect, the invention provides a means to separate out passifin from histidine rich glycoprotein and/or antithrombin III. One uses passifin's binding affinity to a sulfated polysaccharide for this purpose. Preferably, the sulfated polysaccharide is heparin and during the separating step the heparin has been immobi¬ lized on a column (e.g. heparin-sepharose; heparin agarose) . The mixture can be eluted through the column using a linear salt gradient. To obtain even higher yields, the mixture can be formed by exposing animal plasma to dextran sulfate or other substances that enhance contact activation (e.g. kaolin).

In yet another aspect, surfaces treated with such proteinaceous materials are provided. It is expected that only a portion of passifin will be needed to reduce the tendency of blood components and/or animal cells to adhere to surfaces in some environments. In this regard, the histidine rich part of the L-Chain of passifin appears to be required.

It will also be appreciated that heparin (and perhaps other sulfated polysaccharides such as dextran sulfate or fucoidan) has an ability to distinguish passi¬ fin vis a vis certain other contaminants found in plasma. This permits efficient purification of passifin. The objects of the present invention therefore include providing methods of the above kind to pretreat surfaces in order to reduce the tendency of blood components and/or animal cells to stick to them, and methods to more efficiently purify passifin. Another object is to provide surfaces (e.g. conduits) that have been treated in this manner. Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the description which follows. The following description is merely of the preferred embodiments. The claims should be looked at in order to understand the full scope of the invention.

Best Modes For Carrying Out The Invention

In order to obtain kinin-free HMW kininogen ("passifin") one previously followed the procedure of D. Kerbiriou et al. , 254 J. Biol. Chem. 12020-12027 (1979). This procedure can be modified by the use of dextran sulfate to improve production yields. See K. Kurachi et al., 19 Bioche . 1322-1330 (1980). This method can be improved even further as follows. One begins with fresh frozen plasma. For purposes of precipitating out vitamin K dependent factors, one adds BaCl ₂ to a final concentration of 90 mM at 4°C and stirs for one hour. After centrifuging for 20 minutes at 500 g, the supernatant is saved. One then adds dextran sulfate to a final concentration of .1% and stirs for 30 minutes at 4°C.

One then precipitates out a mixture of proteins (including passifin) with 20-60% saturated ammonium

sulfate, and takes the precipitate and runs extensive dialysis against a slightly acidic buffer with high salt concentration (e.g. 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.3 and .47 M NaCl) . In accordance with the present invention, one then separates out passifin from the mixture on a column of immobilized heparin agarose prepared in accordance with K. Fujikawa et al. , 12 Biochem. 4938-4945 (1973). The column is developed with a linear salt gradient. Sur- prisingly, it has been learned that passifin binds to the column and elutes in linear salt gradients (0.4-1.0 M) prior to elution of histidine rich glycoprotein and antithrombin III. The desired fraction can be detected by i munoassays with anti-HMW kininogen antibodies, distinctive patterns in SDS PAGE, or anti-adhesive activity as described below.

Experiment 1

Polystyrene cell culture plates were precoated with vitronectin (a plasma protein which supports cell adhesion to the plates) (and/or a passifin/vitronectin mixture) . Three types of tumor cells and one endothelial cell type were then spread on the plates. Cells did not spread on plates having the mixture, whereas they did spread on plates coated only with vitronectin.

Experiment 2

Similar experiments were tried by coating plates with fibrinogen (another blood plasma protein that supports adhesion) (and/or fibrinogen/passifin mixtures), using blood platelets or mononuclear blood cells, and/or using endothelial cells. Similar results were obtained.

Experiment 3

Prior to placement in an arteriovenous shunt, segments of polyethylene tubing were coated with one of the following: a. nothing b. vitronectin (10 μg/ml) c. fibrinogen (100 μg/ml) d. passifin (30 μg/ml) e. vitronectin (100 μg/ml) and passifin f. fibrinogen (100 μg/ml) and passifin

The surfaces coated with passifin, or a combination of passifin/vitronectin accumulated significantly less platelets than the uncoated surface, or the surface coated with fibrinogen.

Experiment 4

A very preliminary test was performed on a canine coronary artery using a mechanically damaged artery that had been filled with passifin for a very short period of time. The results under these conditions did not show a reduction in thrombogenic activity. However, additional tests will be made with respect to canine (and human) arteries (and other blood conduits).

Sequence Information

Seq. No. 1 described hereafter shows the previously known amino acid sequence of HMW kininogen. The Arg-Pro- ...-Arg sequence at 363-371 is the sequence that is cleaved out to form passifin. The disulfide bond is between the Cys ^' at 10 and the Cys at 596. The light chain starts at 372 and runs to the end. The heavy chain

starts at 1 and runs to 362. The histidine rich region is between 372 and 553 (e.g. 407-505).

It will be appreciated that the above description provides a description of the preferred embodiments. Other embodiments of the invention are also intending to be within the spirit and scope of the claims. For exam¬ ple, recombinant clones may be able to express just portions of the proteinaceous material of passifin (e.g. the histidine rich section). Also, while circular HMW kininogen itself does not have the property of interest, cleaved dimer forms having the histidine rich section (and even also the kinin sequence) may work. Thus, many modifications to the invention are intended to be included within scope of the claims.

Sequence Listing

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

(i) APPLICANTS: Mosher, Deane F.;

Asakura, Shinji (n.m.i.) (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Methods To Make And

Use Proteinaceous Material Present In Kinin-Free High Molecular Weight Kininogen

(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 1 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:

(v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM:

(A) MEDIUM TYPE: Diskette 5.25 Inch, 1.2 Mb Storage

(B) COMPUTER: Compaq Deskpro 280/

IBM Compatible

(C) OPERATING SYSTEM: MS-DOS Version 3.20

(D) SOFTWARE: Microsoft Word Version 5.0A, "Text Only"

(vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA

(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 07/

(B) FILING DATE: 8 June 1990 (vii) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS (A) LENGTH: 626

(B) TYPE: amino acid chain

(C) STRANDEDNESS: single with disulfide link

(D) TOPOLOGY: circular due to disulfide link

Sequence Description: Seq Id No:l:

5'—

CAG GAA UCA CAG UCC GAG GAA AUU GAC UGC AAU GAC AAG 39 Gin Glu Ser Gin Ser Glu Glu lie Asp Cys Asn Asp Lys 1 5 10

GAU UUA UUU AAA GCU GUG GAU GCU GCU CUG AAG AAA UAU 78 Asp Leu Phe Lys Ala Val Asp Ala Ala Leu Lys Lys Tyr 15 20 25

AAC AGU CAA AAC CAA AGU AAC AAC CAG UUU GUA UUG UAC 117 Asn Ser Gin Asn Gin Ser Asn Asn Gin Phe Val Leu Tyr 30 35

CGC AUA ACU GAA GCC ACU AAG ACG GUU GGC UCU GAC ACG 156 Arg lie Thr Glu Ala Thr Lys Thr Val Gly Ser Asp Thr 40 45 50

UUU UAU UCC UUC AAG UAC GAA AUC AAG GAG GGG GAU J GU 195 Phe Tyr Ser Phe Lys Tyr Glu lie Lys Glu Gly Asp Cys 55 60 65

CCU GUU CAA AGU GGC AAA ACC UGG CAG GAC UGU GAG UAC 234 Pro Val Gin Ser Gly Lys Thr Trp Gin Asp Cys Glu Tyr

70 75

AAG GAU GCU GCA AAA GCA GCC ACU GGA GAA UGC ACG GCA 273 Lys Asp Ala Ala Lys Ala Ala Thr Gly Glu Cys Thr Ala 80 85 90

ACC GUG GGG AAG AGG AGC AGU ACG AAA UUC UCC GUG GCU 312 Thr Val Gly Lys Arg Ser Ser Thr Lys Phe Ser Val Ala 95 100

ACC CAG ACC UGC CAG AUU ACU CCA GCC GAG GGC CCU GUG 351 Thr Gin Thr Cys Gin lie Thr Pro Ala Glu Gly Pro Val 105 110 115

GUG ACA GCC CAG UAC GAC UGC CUC GGC UGU GUG CAU CCU 390 Val Thr Ala Gin Tyr Asp Cys Leu Gly Cys Val His Pro 120 125 130

AUA UCA ACG CAG AGC CCA GAC CUG GAG CCC AUU CUG AGA 429 lie Ser Thr Gin Ser Pro Asp Leu Glu Pro lie Leu Arg

135 140

CAC GGC AUU CAG UAC UUU AAC AAC AAC ACU CAA CAU UCC 468 His Gly lie Gin Tyr Phe Asn Asn Asn Thr Gin His Ser 145 150 155

UCC CUC UUC AUG CUU AAU GAA GUA AAA CGG GCC CAA AGA 507 Ser Leu Phe Met Leu Asn Glu Val Lys Arg Ala Gin Arg 160 165

CAG GUG GUG GCU GGA UUG AAC UUU CGA AUU ACC UAC UCA 546 Gin Val Val Ala Gly Leu Asn Phe Arg lie Thr Tyr Ser 170 175 180

AUU GUG CAA ACG AAU UGU UCC AAA GAG AAU UUU CUG UUC 585 lie Val Gin Thr Asn Cys Ser Lys Glu Asn Phe Leu Phe 185 190 195

UUA ACU CCA GAC UGC AAG UCC CUU UGG AAU GGU GAU ACC 624 Leu Thr Pro Asp Cys Lys Ser Leu Trp Asn Gly Asp Thr

200 205

GGU GAA UGU ACA GAU AAU GCA UAC AUC GAU AUU CAG CUA 663 Gly Glu Cys Thr Asp Asn Ala Tyr lie Asp lie Gin Leu 210 215 220

CGA AUU GCU UCC UUC UCA CAG AAC UGU GAC AUU UAU CCA 702 Arg lie Ala Ser Phe Ser Gin Asn Cys Asp lie Tyr Pro 225 230

GGG AAG GAU UUU GUA CAA CCA CCU ACC AAG AUU UGC GUG 741 Gly Lys Asp Phe Val Gin Pro Pro Thr Lys lie Cys Val 235 240 245

GGC UGC CCC AGA GAU AUA CCC ACC AAC AGC CCA GAG CUG 780 Gly Cys Pro Arg Asp lie Pro Thr Asn Ser Pro Glu Leu 250 255 260

GAG GAG ACA CUG ACU CAC ACC AUC ACA AAG CUU AAU GCA 819 Glu Glu Thr Leu Thr His Thr lie Thr Lys Leu Asn Ala

265 270

GAG AAU AAC GCA ACU UUC UAU UUC AAG AUU GAC AAU GUG 858 Glu Asn Asn Ala Thr Phe Tyr Phe Lys lie Asp Asn Val 275 280 285

AAA AAA GCA AGA GUA CAG GUG GUG GCU GGC AAG AAA UAU 897 Lys Lys Ala Arg Val Gin Val Val Ala Gly Lys Lys Tyr 290 295

UUU AUU GAC UUC GUG GCC AGG GAA ACC ACA UGU UCC AAG 936 Phe lie Asp Phe Val Ala Arg Glu Thr Thr Cys Ser Lys 300 305 310

GAA AGU AAU GAA GAG UUG ACC GAA AGC UGU GAG ACC AAA 975 Glu Ser Asn Glu Glu Leu Thr Glu Ser Cys Glu Thr Lys 315 320 325

AAA CUU GGC CAA AGC CUA GAU UGC AAC GCU GAA GUU UAU 1014 Lys Leu Gly Gin Ser Leu Asp Cys Asn Ala Glu Val Tyr

330 335

GUG GUA CCC UGG GAG AAA AAA AUU UAC CCU ACU GUC AAC 1053 Val Val Pro Trp Glu Lys Lys lie Tyr Pro Thr Val Asn 340 345 350

UGU CAA CCA CUG GGA AUG AUC UCA CUG AUG AAA AGG CCU 1092 Cys Gin Pro Leu Gly Met lie Ser Leu Met Lys Arg Pro 355 360

CCA GGU UUU UCA CCU UUC CGA UCA UCA CGA AUA GGG GAA 1131 Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Arg Ser Ser Arg lie Gly Glu 365 370 375

AUA AAA GAA GAA ACA ACU GUA AGU CCA CCC CAC ACU UCC 1170 lie Lys Glu Glu Thr Thr Val Ser Pro Pro His Thr Ser 380 385 390

AUG GCA CCU GCA CAA GAU GAA GAG CGG GAU UCA GGA AAA 1209 Met Ala Pro Ala Gin Asp Glu Glu Arg Asp Ser Gly Lys

395 400

GAA CAA GGG CAU ACU CGU AGA CAU GAC UGG GGC CAU GAA 1248 Glu Gin Gly His Thr Arg Arg His Asp Trp Gly His Glu 405 410 415

AAA CAA AGA AAA CAU AAU CUU GGC CAU GGC CAU AAA CAU 1287 Lys Gin Arg Lys His Asn Leu Gly His Gly His Lys His 420 425

GAA CGU GAC CAA GGG CAU GGG CAC CAA AGA GGA CAU GGC 1326 Glu Arg Asp Gin Gly His Gly His Gin Arg Gly His Gly 430 435 440

CUU GGC CAU GGA CAC GAA CAA CAG CAU GGU CUU GGU CAU 1365 Leu Gly His Gly His Glu Gin Gin His Gly Leu Gly His 445 450 455

GGA CAU AAG UUC AAA CUU GAU GAU GAU CUU GAA CAC CAA 1404 Gly His Lys Phe Lys Leu Asp Asp Asp Leu Glu His Gin

460 465

GGG GGC CAU GUC CUU GAC CAU GGA CAU AAG CAU AAG CAU 1443 Gly Gly His Val Leu Asp His Gly His Lys His Lys His 470 475 480

GGU CAU GGC CAC GGA AAA CAU AAA AAU AAA GGC AAA AAG 1482 Gly His Gly His Gly Lys His Lys Asn Lys Gly Lys Lys 485 490

AAU GGA AAG CAC AAU GGU UGG AAA ACA GAG CAU UUG GCA 1521 Asn Gly Lys His Asn Gly Trp Lys Thr Glu His Leu Ala 495 500 505

AGC UCU UCU GAA GAC AGU ACU ACA CCU UCU GCA CAG ACA 1560 Ser Ser Ser Glu Asp Ser Thr Thr Pro Ser Ala Gin Thr 510 515 520

CAA GAG AAG ACA GAA GGG CCA ACA CCC AUC CCU UCC CUA 1599 Gin Glu Lys Thr Glu Gly Pro Thr Pro lie Pro Ser Leu

525 530

GCC AAG CCA GGU GUA ACA GUU ACC UUU UCU GAC UUU CAG 1638 Ala Lys Pro Gly Val Thr Val Thr Phe Ser Asp Phe Gin 535 540 545

GAC UCU GAU CUC AUU GCA ACU AUG AUG CCU CCU AUA UCA 1677 Asp Ser Asp Leu lie Ala Thr Met Met Pro Pro lie Ser 550 555

CCA GCU CCC AUA CAG AGU GAU GAC GAU UGG AUC CCU GAU 1716 Pro Ala Pro lie Gin Ser Asp Asp Asp Trp lie Pro Asp 560 565 570

AUC CAG AUA GAC CCA AAU GGC CUU UCA UUU AAC CCA AUA 1755 lie Gin lie Asp Pro Asn Gly Leu Ser Phe Asn Pro lie 575 580 585

UCA GAU UUU CCA GAC ACG ACC UCC CCA AAA UGU CCU GGA 1794 Ser Asp Phe Pro Asp Thr Thr Ser Pro Lys Cys Pro Gly

590 595

CGC CCC UGG AAG UCA GUU AGU GAA AUU AAU CCA ACC ACA 1833 Arg Pro Trp Lys Ser Val Ser Glu lie Asn Pro Thr Thr 600 605 610

CAA AUG AAA GAA UCU UAU UAU UUC GAU CUC ACU GAU GGC 1872 Gin Met Lys Glu Ser Tyr Tyr Phe Asp Leu Thr Asp Gly 615 620

CUU UCU -3' 1911

Leu Ser

625

Industrial Applicability

This invention may be useful in treating industrial pipes or surfaces to prevent clogging or sticking. It may also have utility to prevent clogging of medical equipment or perhaps even mamalian conduits.