TECHNICAL FIELD

Described are compositions containing at least one zinc compound and an antioxidant and associated methods useful in treating skin inflammation due to contact with an irritant.

BACKGROUND Many skin diseases and disorders are accompanied by an inflammation of the epithelium. This often leads to symptoms of burning, redness, itching, swelling and pain at the site. Plant or animal poison, such as poison ivy, mosquitoes, jellyfish and the like, causes the inflammation. For example, the jellyfish-stinging problem is prominent in the tropical and subtropical regions. In the United States, the stinging problem is particularly troublesome along the shores of the Eastern United States and Gulf Coast. Two species are responsible for most of the reported stings, the sea nettle, which is extremely abundant in the Chesapeake Bay, and the Portuguese man-of-war, which is blown by winds into beach areas, especially in Florida and Texas. Although the root cause of the disorder varies with the disease, inflammation represents a cascade of physiological and immunological reactions that nature has designed as the first cellular response to noxious stimuli in an effort to localize foreign materials and prevent infection or tissue injury. Clinically, inflammation is a primary disease under acute conditions or is a manifestation of underlying pathophysiological abnormalities in chronic disease, characterized by classic signs of redness, pain, swelling and loss of function.

SUMMARY The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and various methods including those to mitigate the effects of viral infections, jelly fish stings, contact dermatitis including contact with poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and other members of genus Toxicondendron and other irritants. The pharmaceutical compositions contain at least two active ingredients, a zinc containing compound and an antioxidant that reduce and/or prevent lesions, rashes, contact dermatitis and other skin disorders associated with poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and other members of genus Toxicondendron and other irritants, viral infections, or irritant reactions, and/or mitigate the transmission of viruses. The pharmaceutical compositions may be topically applied to areas of concern on a subject, such as on the skin and/or mucous membranes, or administered orally, enterically, intravenously, peritoneally, or by injection. In addition to the zinc containing compound and antioxidant, the pharmaceutical compositions optionally contain a vehicle or pharmaceutical carrier to deliver the two active ingredients to a human or animal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions or zinc containing compositions that have anti-viral uses and/or anti-inflammatory uses. Anti-viral uses include the ability to reduce or stop the replication of virus, the ability to reduce or eliminate the symptoms caused by the viruses, and/or the ability to inactivate or reduce the activity of the viruses. Anti- inflammatory uses include the ability to reduce, mitigate, inhibit, prevent, eliminate, or block any of the symptoms associated with inflammatory conditions, including, but not limited to, inflammation, redness, itching, pain, swelling, contact dermatitis due to contact with poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and other members of genus Toxicodendron and the like, and/or the ability to reduce or discontinue other medications, e.g., steroids or other antiinflammatory medications. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be used to simply treat the symptoms caused by viruses or symptoms associated with inflammatory, especially to treat topically skin manifesting symptoms (such as lesions, pimples, blisters, redness, inflammation, itching, swelling, and the like), fatigue, and to treat mucous membrane manifesting symptoms.

The invention provides pharmaceutical composition for treating a variety of symptoms, diseases or disorders, including inflammation and irritation, such as inflammation and irritation of the skin. As used herein, the term "irritation" includes conditions medically recognized as pruritus (itching) or prurigo, such as simple or acute pruritis. As used herein, the term "inflammation" includes conditions medically recognized as dermatitis. In one specific embodiment, the treatment methods involve applying the compositions described herein to treat urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, or the symptoms of urushiol-induced contact dermatitis by contacting skin affected with urushiol-induced contact dermatitis with the compositions described herein. The irritation or inflammation treatable using compositions of the invention may accordingly include such conditions as caused by a wide variety of chemical irritants, including plant poison and animal poison. Examples of plant poison include substances that are or are derived from poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, or other forms of plant allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, and members of genus Toxicodendron. The antigenic component of poison ivy, oak and sumac is called urushiol. These plants produce contact dermatitis due to the production of urushiol which is a complex mixture of catechols with long, hydrophobic, carbon (alkyl) side chains at the three position of the catechol ring. For example, poison ivy contains predominantly 3-n-pentadececylcatechols (C-15) and poison oak contains predominantly 3-n-heptaecylcatechols (C-17).

When poison ivy urushiol comes in contact with the skin of a sensitive individual, it is dissolved by the oils of the skin and carried into the outer layers of the skin. When the urushiol is dissolved, it starts a body reaction that is known as an allergic response. In the case of urushiol, this begins with itching in the contacted area. The itching is followed by redness of the skin. The redness (rubor) of the skin is followed by a raised area (macular and papular) and this red raised area grows in size as the allergic reaction develops, until a water-like blister (vesicular and bullous) develops. In days to weeks, the water-like blister gradually subsides or is broken, and the skin gradually returns to normal. The abovementioned process is known medically as rubor, erythema, macular, papular, vesicular and bullous reactions, all or any of which may occur in allergic response to poison ivy or poison oak.

Examples of poison-producing animal include cold-blooded animals, amphibians, and insects such as arthropods. Specific examples of poison producing animals include venomous reptiles such as snakes, lizards, fish, Cnidaria such as jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war, poisonous frogs, fire ants, scorpions, spiders, mosquitos, chiggers, ticks, hornets, bees, spiders, fleas and flies. Animal poison is derived from such poison-producing animals. More specifically, animal poison includes animal saliva and/or venom that comprise proteins capable of producing an allergic.

The term "irritant" is defined as one or more of plant poison and animal poison. Examples of irritants include urushiol, jelly fish venom, and the like.

As to viral infection, pain or unusual tenderness of the skin may begin between one to several days before both primary and recurrent infections develop. This is called a prodrome. In treating herpes or other viral infections, prodrome may signal when to begin applying the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.

Viruses are infectious agents composed of protein, nucleic acids, and in some instances a lipid coating (lipid-capsid viruses). Generally speaking, the anti-viral zinc compositions of the invention are particularly effective against lipid-capsid viruses. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are also particularly effective against viruses that cause commonly associated skin symptoms, such as lesions, rashes, blisters, pimples, redness, tingling sensations, itchiness, burning sensations, and the like. More specifically, the pharmaceutical compositions are effective against one or more of herpes viruses, such as HSV type 1 , HSV type 2, acyclovir-resistant HSV type 1 , acyclovir-resistant HSV type 2, Human Herpes virus 6-8 (HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8), varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and papilloma viruses. The pharmaceutical compositions may be effective against various hepatitis (B, C) viruses. The pharmaceutical compositions contain at least one zinc compound. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the zinc compound (or zinc ion) contributes to the elimination or reduction of inflammatory symptoms and the inhibition, inactivation, reaction with, or otherwise interruption of the activity of the target virus.

A zinc compound contains at least one atom of zinc. Zinc compounds include zinc, zinc ions such as divalent zinc ions, zinc salts such as divalent zinc salts, zinc hydrates such as zinc salt hydrates, such as zinc sulfate heptahydrate, and zinc oxides. Zinc salts include inorganic zinc salts and organic zinc salts. Organic zinc salts include zinc carboxylic acid salts, zinc hydroxycarboxylic acid salts, and zinc aminocarboxylic acid salts.

Examples of zinc compounds include zinc, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zinc citrate, zinc sudoxicam, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, zinc carbonate, zinc tartrate, zinc maleate, zinc lactate, zinc aminoacetate, zinc aspartate, zinc glutamate, zinc propionate, zinc oleate, zinc benzoate, zinc gluconate, zinc butyrate, zinc formate, zinc glycerate, zinc glycolate, zinc oxide, zinc ethylenediamine tetraacetate, and hydrates thereof.

In another embodiment, the zinc compound is a zinc complex of polysulfated polysaccharide, such as zinc pentosan polysulfate and the like. In another embodiment, the zinc compound is zinc oxyacetate. Zinc oxyacetate may be prepared by slowly distilling powdered anhydrous zinc acetate in a high vacuum. Zinc oxyacetate sublimes gradually and is collected as crystalline crust on a cool place in the distillation vessel. Alternatively, zinc oxyacetate can be made by reacting zinc, a carboxylic acid, and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous mixture and then recovering zinc oxyalkylate as a precipitate.

The pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of at least one zinc compound. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.005% by weight or more and about 20% by weight or less of at least one zinc compound. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.01% by weight or more and about 10% by weight or less of at least one zinc compound. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.05% by weight or more and about 5% by weight or less of at least one zinc compound. In still yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.1 % by weight or more and about 2% by weight or less of at least one zinc compound.

As used herein, "an effective amount" means the concentration or quantity or level of the active compound(s) of the invention that can attain a particular medical end, such as reduction or elimination of any of the symptoms associated with inflammatory conditions, or control or destruction of virally-infected cells, or viruses without producing unacceptable toxic symptoms. The term "effective amount" also refers to the quantity of an active compound(s) which is sufficient to yield a desired therapeutic response without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio when used in the manner of this invention. The specific "effective amount" can vary with such factors as the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the patient, the type of mammal being treated, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and the specific formulations employed.

The pharmaceutical compositions contain at least one phenolic antioxidant. The phenolic antioxidant has antioxidant properties and contains a phenol moiety or is derived from a compound containing a phenol moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the phenolic antioxidant contributes to the stability of the pharmaceutical composition and/or promotes the destruction of the lipid coating of a target virus (or separates the lipid coating from the nucleic acid sequence of a virus). In this connection, the phenolic antioxidant may act as an active hypolipidemic compound, thereby making the virus more vulnerable to other ingredients and/or the human immune system. The phenolic antioxidant may be liposoluble. Examples of phenolic antioxidants include butylated hydroxytoluenes (BHTs) including modified BHTs, butylated hydroxyanisoles (BHAs), butylated phenols, and sterically hindered phenolics. The most common BHT is 2,6-di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, while the most common BHA is 2+3-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenol. In one embodiment, the phenolic antioxidants include butylated phenolic antioxidants.

Sterically hindered phenolics are generally obtained by the alkylation of phenol, or a methylene bisphenol, with olefins which may be mixtures such as: isobutylene, alphamethylstyrene, cyclopentene, diisobutylene, nonenes, etc. Specific examples of these phenolic antioxidants are: 2 , 6-d i-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-cumyiphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol; 2,6-dicumylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isooctylphenol; 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6- di-tert-butylphenol); 2+3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol; propyl gallate; 2-t- butylhydroquinone; and 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol). Modified BHT compounds such as BHT-omega pyridyl ethers may be employed as the phenolic antioxidant compound. Pharmaceutically-active BHT-omega pyridyl ethers are ethers of a BHT-derivative (a butylated hydroxy toluene derivative) and an omega-pyridylalkyl-, -alkenyl-, or -alkinyl-alcohol. More particularly, ether compounds of the Formula I:

(D wherein m=1 , 3 wherein (CH ₂ ) _n may optionally include a double bond or a triple bond conjugated to the 3-position of the pyridine ring, that is, the bond between the two carbon atoms of the (CHa) _n moiety most closely adjacent the pyridine ring may be a single, double, or triple bond, and a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof.

The preparation of the BHT-omega pyridyl ethers can be carried out starting from an omega-pyridylalkyl-, alkenyl-, or alkynyl-alcohol, which is reacted with 3,5-ditert.-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol in the form of its acetate.

The omega-pyridyl-alkyl-alcohol is prepared by a Wittig reaction starting from pyridyl-3-aldehyde and a phosphonium salt, synthesized from the corresponding halo-alkylalcohol. The resulting unsaturated omega- pyridyl-alkyl-alcohol is directly, or after hydrogenation, converted into an ether (the modified BHT).

Alternatively, the starting omega-pyridyl-alkyl-alcohol can be prepared by reacting 3-bromopyridine and the corresponding omega-alkynyl alcohol. The resulting omega-pyridylalkynyl-alcohol is converted directly, or after hydrogenation to an omega-pyridyl-alkenyl- or omega-pyridyl-alkyl-alcohol- into the modified BHT. The BHT-omega pyridyl ethers further include acid addition salts of the above compounds.

The compounds of Formula I include specifically the following compounds: 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[8-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxaoctylJphenol; 2,6-Di-tert- butyl-4-[6-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxahexyl]phenol; 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[7-(3-pyridyl)-2- oxaheptyl]phenol; (Z)-2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(8-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxaoct-7-enyl]- phenol; 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[9-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxanonyl]phenol; 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4- (5-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxapentyl]phenol; 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[7-(3-pyridyl)-4- oxaheptyljphenol; 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[9-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxanonyl)phenol; and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[8-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxaoct-7-ynyl]phenol. Specific methods of making these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,254,549, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The compounds having Formula Il of the invention may contain a group R which is an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, with or without oxygen, having a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain with C1 -C12.

(H) where x is from 1 to 3, y is from 0 to 3, and z is from 1 to 3. However, x + y + z is 6 or less. In another embodiment, x is from 1 to 2, y is from 1 to 2, and z is from 1 to 2, and x + y + z is 5 or less.

When R is a non-oxygenated aliphatic residue it may represent an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group having no more than 12 atoms of carbon. C1 - C12 include the following: methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, s- butyl, t-butyl, amyl, isoamyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl and decyl. C2 -C12 alkenyl groups include the following: - CH=CH ₂ , -CH=CHCH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH=CH ₂ , -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH=CHCH ₃ , - CH=CHCH=CH ₂ , -C(CH ₃ )=CHCH=CH ₂ and -CH ₃ CH=CHCH ₃ . C2 -C12 alkynyl groups include the following: -C=CH, -CH ₂ C=CH, -CH ₂ C=CCH ₃ and - CH(CH ₃ )C=CCH ₃ .

When R is an oxygenated aliphatic residue with C1 -C12, it may have one or more ether, carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl functions. R groups with C1 -C12 alkoxy groups include the following: methyloxy, ethyloxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, butyloxy, isobutyloxy, s-butyloxy, t-butyloxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy, 2,2-dimethylpropyloxy, n-hexyloxy, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyloxy and decyloxy. R groups with C1 -C12 carbonyl function (CO) groups include the following: -CHO, -COCH ₃ , -COCH ₂ CH ₃ , -COCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -COCH(CH ₃ ) ₂ , - COC(CH ₃ ) ₃ , -COCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ and COC(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH ₂ (CH ₃ ) ₃ . R groups with C1 -C12 having a hydroxyl function (OH) include the omega-hydroxylated groups: -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ OH, -

C(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₂ OH, -CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, CH(CH ₃ )CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )OH and -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH ₂ OH. R groups with C1 -C12 having an omega-carboxyl function include -COOH and -A-COOH groups in which A is an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue with C1 -C11 , such as - COOH, -CH ₂ COOH, -CH(CH ₃ )COOH, -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ COOH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH, - CH(CHS) ₂ CH ₂ COOH, -CH=CHCOOH and -C(CH ₃ )=C(CH ₃ )COOH. Without departing from the scope of the invention, the oxygenated aliphatic group R may have (i) at its end linked to the phenol residue, an ether --0-- or carbonyl -CO-- function, and (ii) at its other end, an omega-OH or omega-COOH function, with the two ends being linked together by a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain such that the total number of carbon atoms in R is no more than 12.

Salts of the compounds having Formula II, where R is COOH or A- COOH, include the mineral salts obtained by the reaction of the acid having Formula Il where R=COOH or A-COOH with a mineral base. These mineral salts are the compounds having Formula Il in which R=COOX, where X represents NH ₄ cation 1/mM ^m+ , M is a metal from Groups Ia, Ib, Na and lib of the periodic table, and m is its valence, notably Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , 1/2Ca ²⁺ , 1/2Zn ²⁺ , 1/2Mg ²⁺ , Cu ⁺ or 1/2Cu ²⁺ .

Addition salts obtained by reacting a compound having Formula Il where R=COOH or A-COOH with an organic base, such as the alkylamines and dialkylamines (where each alkyl fragment is a C1 -C8 radical with a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain), the N-hydroxyalkylamines in which the alkyl fragment is a divalent C1 -C8 radical with a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain, such as 2-hydroxyethylamine); the single-ring saturated or unsaturated cyclic amines (e.g., pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, A- methylpiperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, 4-methylpiperazine, 4-phenylpiperazine, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine, A- (2hydroxyethyl)piperazine and hexamethyleneimine), and the amino acids (e.g., Arg, His, Om, Lys, GIy, Ala, Phe, GIu, Leu, He, NIe, VaI, Nva, MeGIy, Pro, 4Hyp or 3Hyp, where each acid function of the said amino acids is capable of being blocked by a known method of peptide synthesis). The esters of the acid compounds having Formula Il where R is COOH or A-COOH may be represented by the formulae COOZ or A-COOZ, where A is defined as above and Z is a hydrocarbon residue capable of being aminated. Advantageously, Z includes an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue with C1 -C5, and the amino group it may contain will be NH ₂ , or one of the following groups: monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, N-hydroxyalkylamino and cyclic amino, as defined in the context of the addition salts above.

Esters of acid components having Formula Il where R is COOH or A- COOH, include the alkyl and aminoalkyl esters in which each alkyl fragment is a linear or branched hydrocarbon residue with C1 -C5.

Specific examples include 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (a compound of Formula Il where R is OCH ₃ , x is 2, y and z are 1); 2+3-t-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole (a compound of Formula Il where R is OCH ₃ , x, y, and z are all 1); (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methanol (a compound of Formula Il where R is CH ₂ OH, x is 2, y and z are 1); 3,5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxybenzaldehyde (a compound of Formula Il where R is CHO, x is 2, y and z are 1); 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (a compound of Formula Il where R is COOH, x is 2, y and z are 1); 2,6-di-t-butylphenol (a compound of Formula Il where R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, x is 2, y and z are 1); 2,6-di-t-butylparacresol (a BHT of Formula Il in which R is methyl, x is 2, y and z are 1); 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-butylphenol (a BHT of Formula Il in which R is n- butyl, x is 2, y and z are 1); 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenol (a BHT of Formula Il in which R is t-butyl, x is 3, y is O, and z is 1); 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-(2,2- dimethylpropyl)phenol (a BHT of Formula Il in which R is CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₃ , x is 2, y and z are 1); 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-hexylphenol (a BHT of Formula Il in which R is n-hexyl, x is 2, y and z are 1); and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4- (1 ,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol (a BHT of Formula Il in which R is C(CH ₃ ) ₂ CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₃ , x is 2, y and z are 1); and 2-t-butylhydroquinone (x is 1 , y is O, and z is 2).

The pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of at least one phenolic antioxidant. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.001 % by weight or more and about 20% by weight or less of at least one phenolic antioxidant. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.005% by weight or more and about 10% by weight or less of at least one phenolic antioxidant. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.01 % by weight or more and about 5% by weight or less of at least one phenolic antioxidant. In still yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.1% by weight or more and about 2% by weight or less of at least one phenolic antioxidant.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain one phenolic antioxidant. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain at least two phenolic antioxidants or two phenolic antioxidants.

In one embodiment, the weight ratio of phenolic antioxidant to zinc compound in the pharmaceutical compositions is from about 0.75:1 to about 4:1. In another embodiment, the weight ratio of phenolic antioxidant to zinc compound in the pharmaceutical compositions is from about 1 :1 to about 3:1. In yet another embodiment, the weight ratio of phenolic antioxidant to zinc compound in the pharmaceutical compositions is from about 1.25:1 to about 2.5:1. In some instances, pharmaceutical compositions with the above- described weight ratios provide particular effectiveness against herpes viruses and/or inflammatory symptoms.

As used herein, a "pharmaceutical carrier" is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or vehicle for delivering the pharmaceutical composition to the animal or human. Pharmaceutical carriers include water, organic compounds, hydrocarbyl compounds, fatty acid esters, waxes and petrolatum, organic oils and organic thickeners as defined herein. The carrier can be liquid or solid and is selected with the planned manner of administration in mind.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may contain a pharmaceutical carrier or pharmaceutical adjuvant(s) suitable for administering the phenolic antioxidant to zinc compound to a human or animal, such as by topical application. In this connection, the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of one or more of tinctures, liquids, solutions, creams, ointments, gels, emulsions, suspensions, pills, gel-caps, capsules, and the like. Typically, tinctures, solutions, creams, ointments, gels, emulsions, suspensions, pills, gel-caps, capsules, may contain purified water and/or other components.

The pharmaceutical composition may be applied locally or topically to an area of inflammation on the skin or mucous membrane. Such is particularly the case where the pharmaceutical composition takes the form of tinctures, solutions, creams, ointments, gels, emulsions, and suspensions. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered systemically either by oral administration or by intravenous or intramuscular injection. Such is particularly the case where the pharmaceutical composition takes the form of liquids, solutions, pills, gel-caps, and capsules. Pharmaceutical carriers include water and organic compounds. In this sense, generally speaking, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain water and/or an organic carrier, such as an alcohol or a hydrocarbyl containing compound. The pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of a pharmaceutical carrier. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain from about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of a pharmaceutical carrier. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain from about 60% to about 99% by weight of a pharmaceutical carrier. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain from about 75% to about 95% by weight of a pharmaceutical carrier.

Water preferably includes purified water. The amount of water in the pharmaceutical compositions can vary greatly, from no water to a substantial amount. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.01% by weight or more and about 99% by weight or less of water. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.5% by weight or more and about 90% by weight or less of water. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 1% by weight or more and about 50% by weight or less of water.

As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl" means that the group being described has predominantly hydrocarbon character within the context of this invention. These include groups that are not only purely hydrocarbon in nature (containing only carbon and hydrogen), but also groups containing substituents or hetero atoms which do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon character of the group. Such substituents may include halo-, carbonyl-, ester-, ether-, alkoxy, nitro-, etc. These groups also may contain hetero atoms. Suitable hetero atoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for example, sulfur, nitrogen and particularly oxygen. Therefore, while remaining mostly hydrocarbon in character within the context of this invention, these groups may contain atoms other than carbon present in a chain or ring otherwise composed of carbon atoms provided that they do not adversely affect the anti-viral activity and/or anti-inflammatory activity of the zinc containing compositions of the invention.

In general, no more than about three non-hydrocarbon substituents or hetero atoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for every five carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl based groups. The term "hydrocarbyl" includes C2 -C60, or C3-C30 alkyl and alkyloxy groups such as t-butyl, t- butoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, t-amyl, s-butyl, isopropyl, octyl, nonyl, dodecyl and octadecyl. Alternatively the hydrocarbyl group may be derived from a polyolefin, for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene or a polyolefin copolymer, for example an ethylene/propylene copolymer, preferably derived from a polyisobutene.

The hydrocarbyl containing compound is a compound that contains at least one hydrocarbyl group, or contains at least a hydrocarbyl portion, and typically is one or more of an alcohol, organic oil, a petroleum based compound, an organic thickener, or an organic emulsifier. General examples include carboxylic acids, fatty acids, alcohols, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters (made of a fatty acid and an alcohol or polyol) including triglycerides and glycol esters, polyalcohols (polyols), waxes, and petrolatum.

Alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, polyols such as glycerol, and the like. The pharmaceutical carrier may be a water-alcohol mixture, such as water and ethanol, water and isopropanol, and water, ethanol, and isopropanol.

Fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid esters include compounds represented by Formula III

R ¹ COOR ² (III) wherein R ¹ and R ² are independently a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms, such as an alkyl group having from 1 to about 50 carbon atoms, an oxyalkyl group having from 2 to about 50 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms, an ester or ether containing group having from 2 to about 50 carbon atoms, and an aromatic containing group having from 6 to about 50 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, alkenyl group, and oxyalkyl group may be one or more of straight, branched, or cyclic. The fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid esters represented by Formula III are derived from natural sources or can be made from a carboxylic acid (R ¹ COOH) and an alcohol (R ² OH). The carboxylic acid may be monoacid or polyacid and the alcohol may be monoalcohol or a polyhydric alcohol. Examples of fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid esters include ascorbyl myristate, isopropyl myristrate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, glyceryl monostearate, tocopherol acetate, sorbitan monostearate, isopropyl palmitate, tocopheryl propioniate, tocopheryl butyrate, octyl salicylate, octyl methoxycinnamate, glyceryl linoleate, glyceryl linolenate, glyceryl arachidonate, glycerol monostearate, and stearyl lactylate. Fatty acid esters or carboxylic acid esters often act as an emulsifier or as a thickener.

Fatty acid esters include glyceride compounds represented by Formula IV CH ₂ (OOCR ³ )CH(OOCR ⁴ )CH ₂ (OOCR ⁵ ) (IV) wherein R ³ , R ⁴ , and R ⁵ are independently H, a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, such as an alkyl group having from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, an oxyalkyl group having from 2 to about 25 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and an aromatic containing group having from 6 to about 25 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, alkenyl group, and oxyalkyl group may be one or more of straight, branched, or cyclic. General examples include monoglycerides (wherein two of OOCR ³ , OOCR ⁴ , and OOCR ⁵ are OH), diglycerides (wherein one of OOCR ³ , OOCR ⁴ , and OOCR ⁵ is OH), and triglycerides (wherein none of R ³ , R ⁴ , and R ⁵ is H). Specific examples include short chain (wherein R ³ , R ⁴ , and R ⁵ are <C8), medium chain (wherein R ³ , R ⁴ , and R ⁵ are C8-C16), and long chain (wherein R ³ , R ⁴ , and R ⁵ are >C16) monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides. Fatty acid esters can oft en be derived from plant oils including coconut oil, palm oil, peanut oil, corn oil, and the like. Medium chain triglycerides are particularly derived from coconut oil. Glyceride compounds in some instances can act as a dermal transfer agent. In other instances, glyceride compounds can act as an emulsifier.

Fatty acid esters further include salts of fatty acid esters. Examples include sodium stearoyl lactylate and potassium stearoyl lactylate. Fatty acids include C5-C60 and preferably C8-C22 carboxylic acids

(mono-, di- and other polyacids) such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, hypogeic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, elaidic acid, abietic acid, dihydroabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, tall oil fatty acids, erucic acid, brassidic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, tridecoic acid, arachidic acid, eicosenoic acid, behenic acid, enicic acid, tetracosanoic acid, stearic acid, and salts thereof. Fatty alcohols include C2- C60 and preferably C5-C22 alcohols such as lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, capryl alcohol, alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, lanolin alcohols, cetostearyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol. Polyalcohols include propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, butylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerin, polyethylene glycols, and polypropylene glycols. Waxes and petrolatum are hydrocarbon compounds and include liquid waxes, solid waxes, petroleum jelly (petrolatum), paraffin oil and/or hard paraffins, which may contain preferably hydroxy compounds suitable for improving the water-absorption, wool wax alcohol, wool wax, candelilla wax, ceresine wax, camauba wax, polawax, and bees-wax. Waxes and petrolatum often act as a thickener.

Organic oils include mineral oil, essential oils, and fatty vegetable oils. Examples of organic oils include jojoba oil, soya oil, sesame oil, groundnut oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, castor oil, cocoa oil, coconut oil, corn oil, canola oil, almond oil, wheatgerm oil, rosemary oil, lavender oil, balm mint oil, sage oil, garlic oil, juniper berry oil, aniseed oil, rice bran oil, hemp seed oil, grapeseed oil, safflower oil, spearmint oil, cardamon oil, pimento oil, aniseed oil, rose oil, true rose oil, true Melissa oil, feverfew extract, germanium extract, caraway oil, lemon oil, orange oil, peppermint oil, camphor oil, clove oil, pine-needle oil, eucalyptus oil, Vegelatum® available from Natunola Health Inc., and the like. Oils generally can often act as an emulsifying agent, and some oils can exhibit anti-viral and/or antimicrobial activity. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain one or more organic oils and petrolatum. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain one or more organic oils but no petrolatum.

Examples of organic thickeners which may be used in the preparation of the peroxide gel component optionally in combination with one or more inorganic thickeners include natural and synthetic gums such as carrageenan (Irish moss), powdered cellulose, acacia (also called gum arabic), agar, alginic acid and its salts (such as sodium alginate), gum tragacanth, xanthan gum, lanolin (an exudate secreted by sheep into wool fibers), gelatin (a mixture containing collagen, a protein), carboxypolymethylene, glyceryl monostearate and other monoglycerides, diglycerides, polyacrylamide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxyethylpropylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxyvinyl polymers and partially neutralized carboxyvinyl polymers.

The amount of organic compound or hydrocarbyl containing compound in the pharmaceutical compositions can also vary greatly, from none to a substantial amount. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 1 % by weight or more and about 99% by weight or less of at least one hydrocarbyl containing compound or organic compound. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 10% by weight or more and about 80% by weight or less of at least one hydrocarbyl containing compound or organic compound. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 15% by weight or more and about 70% by weight or less of at least one hydrocarbyl containing compound or organic compound.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain one hydrocarbyl containing compound. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain at least two hydrocarbyl containing compounds or organic compounds or two hydrocarbyl containing compounds. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain at least three hydrocarbyl containing compounds or three hydrocarbyl containing compounds. In still yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain at least four hydrocarbyl containing compounds or four hydrocarbyl containing compounds.

The pharmaceutical carrier may be a liquid (such as water and/or alcohol, by drops or spray), a tincture, a cream, a lotion, a liniment, a lubricant, an ointment, a gel, a suspension, an emulsion, or a solid.

Tinctures and solutions generally contain an aqueous ethanolic base, at least one polyalcohol and/or lower polyethylene glycols, optionally a humectant for reducing water loss, and optionally fat-restoring substances, such as fatty acid esters of lower polyethylene glycols polypropylene glycols, including polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Creams are oil-in-water emulsions which contain more than about 50% of water (purified water). Fatty alcohols may be used as an oleaginous base, alternatively or additionally fatty acids, liquid to solid waxes, for example isopropyl myristinate, wool wax or bees-wax, and/or hydrocarbons may be used. Suitable emulsifiers are surface-active substances with primarily hydrophilic properties, such as corresponding non-ionic emulsifiers, for example fatty acid esters of polyalcohols or ethylene oxide adducts thereof, such as polyglycerin fatty acid esters or polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens); polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers or esters; or corresponding ionic emulsifiers, such as alkali metal salts of fatty alcohol sulfates, for example sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium cetyl sulphate or sodium stearyl sulphate, which are customarily used in the presence of fatty alcohols. Additives to the water phase include agents which reduce water less through evaporation, for example polyalcohols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycols.

Ointments are water-in-oil emulsions which contain up to about 70%, but typically from about 10% to about 50% by weight, of water or aqueous phase. The oleaginous phase comprises chiefly hydrocarbons, for example petrolatum, paraffin oil and/or hard paraffins, which may contain hydroxy compounds suitable for improving the water-absorption, such as fatty alcohols or esters thereof, for example cetyl alcohol or wool wax alcohols, or wool wax. Emulsifiers are corresponding lipophilic substances, such as sorbitan fatty acid esters, for example sorbitan oleate and/or sorbitan isostearate. Optional additives to the water phase include humectants, such as polyalcohols. Creams or ointments may contain a highly cross-linked polymer such as highly cross-linked polymethacrylate copolymer particles.

Gels are aqueous solutions of the active substances in which gel formers, such as those of the group of cellulose ethers, for example methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose, or of the vegetable hydrocolloids, such as sodium alginate, tragacanth or gum arabic, are dispersed and swelled. The gels optionally also contain humectants from the group of the polyalcohols and/or wetting agents, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, monolaurate or monooleate, in concentrations from about 0.02% to about 5%. As further adjuvants, the gels may contain conventional preservatives, for example benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, phenoxyethanol, lower alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid such as the methyl and/or propyl esters, sorbic acid or organic mercury compounds such as merthiolate.

In suspensions and emulsions, additives can often be used to prevent insoluble particles or immiscible droplets from coalescing, settling to the bottom, or floating to the surface. In soluble gels, such agents are used to thicken the mixture and help ensure that all of the molecular components remain in a stable suspended condition and do not separate into layers based on density differences. Such additives may be termed suspending agents or thickening agents. The pharmaceutical compositions optionally contain an effective amount of at least one analgesic. Analgesics mitigate pain and/or discomfort due to the action of the pharmaceutical compositions or due to symptoms of plant or animal poison reaction, or the viral infection. Analgesics include analgesic compounds and anesthetic compounds. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the analgesic contributes to the ability to frequently use the pharmaceutical compositions. For example, when mild pain is attributable to the action of the pharmaceutical compositions, the analgesics mitigate such pain. Also an increase in pain several hours after application generated by plant or animal poison or viral activity may signal the need for additional applications of the pharmaceutical compositions to affected areas of a subject.

Examples of analgesics include salicylic type compounds including salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, aloe compounds such as aloe juice extract and aloe vera, antipyrine (phenazone), benzocaine (ethyl aminobenzoate), bromfenac, fenoprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, lidocaine, naproxen, piroxicam, tolmetin, tramadol, and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.1 % by weight or more and about 50% by weight or less of at least one analgesic. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 1 % by weight or more and about 40% by weight or less of at least one analgesic. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 2% by weight or more and about 35% by weight or less of at least one analgesic.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain one analgesic. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain at least two analgesics or two analgesics. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions contain at least three analgesics or three analgesics.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may optionally contain one or more supplemental antioxidants. Examples of supplemental antioxidants include vitamin C such as ascorbyl palmitate, and vitamin E including tocopherols and tocotrienols,

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may optionally contain one or more lubricating agents. Lubricating agents include glycerin (including glycerine, glycerol, 1 ,2,3-propanetriol, and trihydroxypropane) and certain types of polyethylene glycol (PEG), such as PEG 200 or PEG 400, polypropylene glycol, polyisobutene, polyoxyethylenes, behenic acid, behenyl alcohol, sugar-alcohols such as sorbitol, and silicon compounds such as polydimethylsiloxane.

Other optional additives include preservatives (such as chlorhexidine gluconate), anti-inflammatory compounds, anti-crystallization agents (such as glucono-delta-lactate), fragrances, coloring agents, alkaline or acidic agents to maintain a desired pH, skin conditioning agents, and soothing or anti-swelling agents such as lanolin, or hydrocortisone. Skin conditioning agents include glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol, lanolin, lanolin derivatives, acyl lactylates, polyethylene glycol, allantoine, alginates, monoester salts of sulfosuccinates, alphahydroxy fatty acids, ceramides, and mixtures thereof. Many cosmetics, shampoos, and other topically applied mixtures contain alcohols, detergents, or other chemicals that would irritate the skin if applied in concentrated form, but which are acceptable in low concentration, especially if any irritating effects are suppressed or masked by soothing or anti-swelling agents. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions may contain a relatively small quantity of compounds (including anti-viral agents) that might be irritants if present in concentrated form, provided that the resultant composition does not cause substantial irritation (a relatively small quantity to mitigate irritation). Thickeners may also be included in the pharmaceutical compositions as an additive or as the pharmaceutical carrier. Thickeners may be the pharmaceutical carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in pill form. Examples of compounds useful in thickening the pharmaceutical compositions include inorganic thickeners such as fumed silicas, clays such as Laponite, talc, bentonite, kaolin, and the like, amorphous silicas, alumina and mica, other solids such as cyclodextrins, corn starch, gelatine, lactose, sucrose, celluloses including methyl cellulose, hydroxy cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, mannitol, calcium carbonate, and sodium chloride.

In addition to containing the conventional preservatives, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may contain additional active compounds, for example antiphlogistics or antimicrobials, such as antibacterials, antifungals, additional anti-inflammatories, or additional anti- virals. Additional anti-inflammatories include, for example, steroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and sulfasalazine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone. Representative examples of antiviral agents include acyclovir, ganciclovir, zidovudine. Additional anti-virals include, for example, cyclomarin-A, flumethasone, penciclovir, famciclovir, ganciclovir, acyclovir, valtrex, cyclovir, valacyclovir, ribavirin, beta globulin, neomycin, gentamycin, sorivudine, foscarnet, lactic acid, adefovir, lamivudine, or mikonazole. The pharmaceutical compositions are made by simply mixing the ingredients. The order in which the ingredients are added together is not critical to the invention. Generally however, the zinc compound is combined with water while the phenolic antioxidant is combined with a hydrocarbyl containing compound. Other organic components may be combined with the phenolic antioxidant and hydrocarbyl containing compound (organic phase) while water-soluble optional components can be combined with the zinc compound and water (aqueous phase). The organic and aqueous phases may be mixed together to form the pharmaceutical compositions. Alternatively, all ingredients may be together within a short period of time. The combined composition may be heated, whereby one or both of the aqueous and organic phase components may be removed.

The pharmaceutical compositions are applied to a subject by contacting the pharmaceutical compositions with skin and/or mucous membranes, or introducing the pharmaceutical compositions orally, enterically, intravenously, peritoneally, by injection (injection includes intravenous, intraocular, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular), or by an impregnated bandage or transdermal patch. With topical administration, a thin film of the pharmaceutical composition is formed by gently rubbing and spreading the composition across skin and/or mucous membranes. In one embodiment, the thickness of film may vary from about 0.1 μm to about 1 mm. In another embodiment, the thickness of film may vary from about 1 μm to about 0.5 mm. Since a portion of the pharmaceutical composition may be absorbed by skin and/or mucous membranes, the lower limit of the thickness range may further vary beyond the ranges provided. The pharmaceutical compositions may be applied as often as necessary to prevent viral-induced lesions/breakouts or poison-induced symptoms, such as every few hours.

Another aspect of the invention is the administration of pharmaceutical compositions to a subject while the subject is on a low arginine diet. A low arginine diet involves avoiding foods and beverages containing relatively large amounts of arginine, or avoiding foods and beverages that upon digestion, lead to the production of relatively large amounts of arginine. Combining a low arginine diet with the administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may serve to further inhibit the occurrences of viral induced lesions/breakouts or poison induced symptoms. Foods high in arginine are chocolate, gelatine, peanuts, seeds and nuts. Yet another aspect of the invention is the administration of pharmaceutical compositions to a subject while the subject is on a high lysine diet. A high lysine diet involves consuming foods and beverages containing relatively large amounts of lysine, or consuming foods and beverages that upon digestion, lead to the production of relatively large amounts of lysine. Combining a high lysine diet with the administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may serve to further inhibit the occurrences of viral induced lesions/breakouts or poison induced symptoms. Foods high in lysine are vegetables, fish, turkey and chicken, star fruit, papaya, grapefruit, apricot, pear, apple, fig, black beans, lentils, soybeans, and dairy products. Lysine supplements also provide high levels of lysine.

The administration of the pharmaceutical compositions to a subject may be performed therapeutically or prophylactically.

The following examples illustrate the invention. Unless otherwise indicated in the following examples and elsewhere in the specification and claims, all parts and percentages are by weight, all temperatures are in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric pressure.

Example 1

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 10% purified water, 18% medium chain triglyceride oil, 30% petrolatum, 5% bees-wax, 0.6% BHT, 0.1% vitamin E, 4% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4% glyceryl monostearate, 20% aloe vera extract, and 8% benzocaine.

Example 2

A thick emulsion is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 10% purified water, 18% medium chain triglyceride oil, 23% petrolatum, 5% bees-wax, 0.6% BHT, 0.1% vitamin E, 4% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4% glyceryl monostearate, 20% aloe vera extract, and 15% benzocaine.

Example 3

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 18% purified water, 18% medium chain triglyceride oil, 26% petrolatum, 5% bees-wax, 0.7% BHT, 4% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4% glyceryl monostearate, 20% aloe vera extract, and 4% benzocaine.

Example 4

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.5% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 17% purified water, 20% medium chain triglyceride oil, 20% petrolatum, 10% bees-wax, 3% BHT, 4.5% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4.5% glyceryl monostearate, and 20.5% aloe vera extract.

Example 5

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.5% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 20% purified water, 30% medium chain triglyceride oil, 10% petrolatum, 5% bees-wax, 5% BHT, 4.5% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4.5% glyceryl monostearate, and 20.5% aloe vera extract.

Example 6

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.5% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 20% purified water, 28% medium chain triglyceride oil, 10% petrolatum, 5% bees-wax, 5% BHT, 2% vitamin E, 4.5% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4.5% glyceryl monostearate, and 20.5% aloe vera extract.

Example 7

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 10% purified water, 18% medium chain triglyceride oil, 30% petrolatum, 5% bees-wax, 0.6% BHT, 0.1% vitamin E, 4% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4% glyceryl monostearate, 20% aloe vera extract, and 8% benzocaine. The emulsion is heated to about 120 ⁰ F where separation between the aqueous and organic phase occurs. The aqueous phase is removed from the composition. Example 8

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 15% purified water, 18% medium chain triglyceride oil, 23% petrolatum, 0.6% BHT, 0.1 % vitamin E, 4% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 4% glyceryl monostearate, 20% aloe vera extract, and 15% benzocaine.

Example 9

A mixture is prepared by combining 2% zinc aspartate, 15% purified water, 20% medium chain triglyceride oil, 3% true Melissa oil, 27% petrolatum, 10% BHA, and 23% salicylic acid. Example 10

A mixture is prepared by combining 5% zinc oleate, 20% purified water, 20% propylene glycol, 8% BHA, 17% isopropyl myristate, 10% propylene glycol monostearate, 5% silica, and 15% acetylsalicylic acid.

Example 1 1 A mixture is prepared by combining 9% zinc benzoate, 30% purified water, 11 % glycerine, 20% paraffin, 0.9% BHT, 1.1% tocotrienol, 5% stearyl alcohol, 5% glyceryl monostearate, and 18% aloe vera extract.

Example 12

An emulsion is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc acetate, 22% purified water, 18% mineral oil, 5% bees-wax, 0.1% BHT, 0.9% tocotrienol, 4% magnesium stearate, 4.7% isopropyl myristate, 25% petrolatum, 15% aloe vera extract, and 5% benzocaine.

Example 13

An emulsion is prepared by combining 1 % zinc lactate, 25% purified water, 20% medium chain triglyceride oil, 20% petrolatum, 1% BHT ₁ 13% propylene glycol monostearate, 11 % aloe vera extract, and 9% benzocaine.

The compositions of Examples 1 to 7 are applied to herpes induced outbreaks on the genitalia of a designated number of subjects, as reported in Table 1. In particular, the compositions are simply spread over the effected area, for example using a sterile instrument or Q-tip. Table 1 reports the average time to shutdown (shutdown meaning a substantial and/or complete remission of a blisterous herpes outbreak) for the subjects. A complete shutdown involves an end to the viral activity that induced the outbreak. A substantial shutdown means that some residual redness and/or minor tingling may persist, but viral activity is inhibited.

TABLE 1

Example # Subjects Time to Shutdown

1 3 24 hours

2 3 24 hours

3 1 24 hours

4 3 48 hours

5 3 48 hours

6 3 48 hours

7 1 24 hours

The compositions of Examples 1 to 7 are applied to poison ivy dermatitis on the upper arm of a designated number of subjects, as reported in Table 2. In particular, the compositions are simply spread over the effected area, for example using a sterile instrument or Q-tip. Table 2 reports the average healing time (healing time meaning time to substantial and/or complete remission of inflammatory symptoms) for the subjects. A complete remission involves an elimination of inflammatory symptoms. A substantial remission means that some residual redness and/or minor tingling may persist, but substantial pain and/or itching is eliminated. TABLE 2

Example # Subjects Healinq Time

1 X 24 hours

2 X 24 hours

3 X 24 hours 4 X 24 hours

5 X 24 hours

6 X 24 hours

7 X 24 hours

Example 14

An liquid is prepared by combining 0.4% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.6% BHT, 40% purified water, and 59% isopropanol.

Example 15

A thick emulsion is prepared by combining 0.2% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.8% BHT, 19% medium chain triglyceride oil, 40% petrolatum, 10% bees-wax, 5% sodium stearoyl lactylate, and 25% glyceryl monostearate.

Example 16

A liquid is prepared by combining 0.5% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 3% BHT, and 96.5% ethanol.

Example 17

A capsule is filled with a powder prepared from a mixture of 0.5% zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 5% BHT, 5% sodium stearoyl lactylate, 5% glyceryl monostearate, and 34.5% silica, and 50% gelatine. Example 18

A mixture is prepared by combining 2% zinc aspartate, 15% purified water, 20% PEG 200, 6% rose oil, 27% petrolatum, 10% BHA, and 20% salicylic acid.

Example 19 A gel-cap is prepared by combining 5% zinc oleate, 20% purified water,

30% glycerine, 8% BHA, 27% gelatine, and 10% propylene glycol monostearate.

Example 20 A topical mixture is prepared by combining 9% zinc benzoate, 15% purified water, 35% of a highly cross-linked polymethacrylate copolymer, 20% paraffin, 0.9% BHT, 1.1% tocotrienol, 5% glyceryl monostearate, and 15% aloe vera extract. Example 21

A pill is prepared by combining 0.3% zinc acetate, 0.1% BHT, 0.6% tocotrienol, 5% benzocaine, 70% cyclodextrin, and 24% silica, and pressing the combination into pils.