Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for cooling and a method thereof. In particular, the present invention is directed to a frit based pump or electroosmotic pump with on-frit electrode and method of manufacturing thereof.

Background of the Invention High density integrated circuits have evolved in recent years including increasing transistor density and clock speed. The result of this trend is an increase in the power density of modern microprocessors and an emerging need for new cooling technologies. At Stanford, research into 2-phase liquid cooling began in 1998, with a demonstration of closed- loop systems capable of 130W heat removal. One key element of this system is an electrokinetic pump, which was capable of fluid flow on the order of ten of ml/min against a pressure head of more than one atmosphere with an operating voltage of 100V.

This demonstration was carried out with liquid-vapor mixtures in the microchannel heat exchangers, because there was insufficient liquid flow to capture all the generated heat without boiling the liquid. Conversion of some fraction of the liquid to vapor imposes a need for high-pressure operation, and increases the operational pressure requirements for the pump. Furthermore, two phase flow is less stable during the operation of a cooling device and can lead to transient fluctuations and difficulties in controlling the chip temperature.

In such small electrokinetic pumps, the position as well as the distance of the electrodes in relation to the porous structure is very important. Inconsistency in the distances between electrodes on each side of the porous structure pump result in variations in the electric field across the porous structure. These variations in the electric field affect the flow rate of the fluid through the pump and cause the pump to operate inefficiently. In prior art electroosmotic pumps 10 as shown in Figure 6, the electrodes 12,14 are spaced apart periodically along the top and bottom surface 18,20 of the pump. Voltage provided to the electrodes 12,14 from a power source (not shown) creates an electric field across the pump 10, whereby the electrical field generated by the electrodes 12,14 forces the fluid to travel through the channels from the bottom side to the top side. Thus, variations in the electric field causes the porous structure to pump more fluid in areas where there is a stronger electric field and pump less fluid through areas where the electric field is weaker.

Periodically spaced electrodes 12,14 along the surfaces 18,20 of the pump 10 can create a non-uniform electric field across the porous structure 10. As shown in Figure 6, cathodes 12A-12F are placed apart from one another on the top surface 18 of the pump 10, whereas anodes 14B-14F are placed apart from one another on the bottom surface of the pump 10. However, as shown in Figure 6, the anode 14B is directly below the cathode 12B, but not directly below the cathode 12A. Thus, an electric field is generated between the electrodes 12A and 14B as well as the electrodes 12B and 14B. It is well known that the electric field in between a pair of electrodes becomes greater as the distance between the pair of electrodes becomes smaller. Thus, the electrical field is dependent on the distance between electrodes 12,14. In the pump shown in Figure 6, the distance between electrodes 12A and 14B is greater than the distance between electrodes 12B and 14B. Therefore, the electrical field between the electrodes 12A and 14B is weaker than the electrical field between the electrodes 12B and 14B. Since, the variation in the electrical field across the porous structure 10 causes inconsistencies in the amount of fluid pumped through different areas of the pump 10 more fluid will be pumped through the areas of the pump 10 where the electrical field is greater than the areas in the pump 10 where the electrical field is weaker.

For instance, electrodes 12E and 14C are located directly across the pump 10 from one another and have a high electrical field therebetween. However, the electrode 12D is located proximal to, but not directly above, the anode 14C, whereby current passes between anode 14C and cathode 12D and the voltage generates an electrical field therebetween. However, there may be little or no electrical field in the porous structure 10 between cathode 12D and anode 14E. The absence or lack of electrical field between the electrodes 12D and 14E leaves the areas between electrodes 12D and 14E of the pump 10 with less current passing therethrough. As a result, less fluid is pumped through the portion between electrodes 12D and 12E in the pump 10.

What is needed is an electrokinetic or electroosmotic pumping element that provides a relatively large flow and pressure within a compact structure and offers better uniformity in pumping characteristics across the pumping element.

Summary of the Invention In one aspect of the invention, an electroosmotic pump comprises at least one porous structure which pumps fluid therethrough. The porous structure preferably has a first roughened side and a second roughened side. The porous structure has a first continuous layer of electrically conductive material with an appropriate first thickness disposed on the first side as well as a second continuous layer of electrically conductive material with a second thickness disposed on the second side. The first and second thicknesses is within the range between and including 200 Angstroms and 10,000 Angstroms. At least a portion of the first layer and the second layer allows fluid to flow therethrough. The pump also includes means for providing electrical voltage to the first layer and the second layer, thereby producing an electrical field therebetween. The providing means is coupled to the first layer and the second layer. The pump also includes an external means for generating power that is sufficient to pump fluid through the porous structure at a desired rate. The means for generating is coupled to the means for providing.

In another aspect of the invention, an electroosmotic porous structure is adapted to pump fluid therethrough. The porous structure preferably includes a first rough side and a second rough side and a plurality of fluid channels therethrough. The first side has a first continuous layer of electrically conductive material that is deposited thereon. The second side has a second continuous layer of electrically conductive material that is deposited thereon. The first layer and the second layer are coupled to an external power source, wherein the power source supplies a voltage differential between the first layer and the second layer to drive fluid through the porous structure at a desired flow rate.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing electroosmotic pump comprises the steps of forming at least one porous structure which preferably has a first rough side and a second rough side and a plurality of fluid channels therethrough. The method includes the step of depositing a first continuous layer of electrically conductive material of appropriate thickness to the first side which is adapted to pass fluid through at least a portion of the first layer. The method also includes the step of depositing a second continuous layer of electrically conductive material of appropriate thickness to the second side adapted to pass fluid through at least a portion of the second layer. The method further comprises the steps of coupling a power source to the first continuous layer and the second continuous layer and applying an appropriate amount of voltage to generate a substantially uniform electric field across the porous structure.

In one embodiment, the electrically conductive material is disposed as a thin film electrode. Alternatively, the electrically conductive material is disposed as a screen mesh which has an appropriate electrically conductivity. Each individual fiber in the screen mesh is separated by a distance that is smaller or larger than a cross-sectional width of the porous structure. Alternatively, the electrically conductive material includes a plurality of conductive beads which have a first diameter and are in contact with one another to pass electrical current therebetween. In an alternative embodiment, at least one of the plurality of beads has a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter beads. Alternatively, a predetermined portion of the continuous layer of electrically conductive material has a third thickness, whereby the predetermined portion of the continuous layer is disposed on the surface of the porous structure in one or more patterns. In an alternative embodiment, at least a portion of an non-porous outer region of the porous structure is made of borosilicate glass, Quartz, Silicon Dioxide, or porous substrates with other doping materials. The electrically conductive material is preferably made of Platinum, but is alternatively made of other materials. In one embodiment, the first layer and the second layer are made of the same electrically conductive material. In another embodiment, the first layer and the second layer are made of different electrically conductive materials. The electrically conductive material is applied by variety of methods, including but not limited to: evaporation; vapor deposition; screen printing; spraying; sputtering; dispensing; dipping; spinning; using a conductive ink; patterning; and shadow masking.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after reviewing the detailed description of the preferred embodiments set forth below.

Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1A illustrates a perspective view of the pumping element in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 1B illustrates a perspective view of the pumping element in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 2 illustrates a cross sectional view of the pump in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 3 illustrates the preferred embodiment frit having non-parallel pore apertures in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 4 illustrates a closed system loop including the pump of the present invention.

Figure 5A illustrates a schematic of an embodiment of the pump including the applied electrode layer in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 5B illustrates a schematic of an alternative embodiment of the pump including the applied electrode layer in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 5C illustrates a perspective view of the alternative embodiment of the pump including the applied electrode layer in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 5D illustrates a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of the pump including the applied electrode layer in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 5E illustrates a perspective view of the alternative embodiment of the pump including the applied electrode layer shown in Figure 5D.

Figure 5F illustrates a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the pump including the applied electrode layer in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 6 illustrates a schematic of a prior art pump having spaced apart electrodes.

Figure 7 illustrates a flow chart detailing a method of manufacturing the pump of the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred and alternative embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which are included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention.

However, it should be noted that the present invention is able to be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.

The basic performance of an electrokinetic or electro-osmotic pump is modeled by the following relationships: As shown in equations (1) and (2), Q is the flow rate of the liquid flowing through the pump and AP is the pressure drop across the pump and the variable a is the diameter of the pore aperture. In addition, the variable y is the porosity of the pore apertures, 4 is the zeta potential, s is the permittivity of the liquid, V is the voltage across the pore apertures, A is the total Area of the pump, T is the tortuosity"u is the viscosity and L is the thickness of the pumping element. The terms in the parenthesis shown in equations (1) and (2) are corrections for the case in which the pore diameters approach the size of the charged layer, called the Debye Layer, iD, which is only a few nanometers. For pore apertures having a diameter in the 0.1 micrometer to 0.1 mm range, these expressions simplify to be approximately: (3) (4) As shown in equations (3) and (4). The amount of flow and pressure are proportional to the amount of voltage potential that is present. However, other parameters are present that affect the performance of the pump. For example, the tortuosity (z) describes the length of a channel relative to the thickness of the pumping element and can be large for pumps with convoluted, non-parallel channel paths. The length (L) is the thickness of the pumping element. As shown in equations (3) and (4), the tortuosityu and thickness L of the pumping element are inversely proportional to the flow equation (4) without appearing at all in the pressure equation (4). The square of the diameter a of the pore apertures is inversely proportional to the pressure equation (4) without appearing at all in the flow equation (3).

Figure 1A illustrates one embodiment of the pump 100 in accordance with the present invention. It should be noted the individual features of the pump 100 shown in the figures herein are exaggerated and are for illustrative purposes. The pump 100 includes a pumping element or body 102 and a support element 104. The pumping element 102 includes a thin layer of silicon with a dense array of cylindrical holes, designated as pore apertures 110. Alternatively, the pumping element 102 is made of any other appropriate material. The pumping element has a thickness range of 10 microns to 10 millimeters and the pore apertures 110 have a diameter of 0.1-2. 0 microns. In addition, the pumping element 102 includes electrode 118 on its surface, whereby the electrodes on either sides of the pumping element 102 drive the fluid through the pumping element 102. In particular, the voltage applied to the pumping element 102 causes the negatively electrically charged ions in the liquid to be attracted to the positive voltage applied to the top surface of the pumping element 102. Therefore, the voltage potential between the top and bottom surface of the pumping element drives the liquid through the pore apertures 110 to the top surface, whereby the liquid leaves the pump 100 at substantially the same temperature as the liquid entering the pump.

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the pumping element 102 is alternatively supported by the support element 104 having a less dense array of much larger holes or support apertures 108. It should be noted that the support element 104 is not required, whereby the pump 100 is operational without the support element 104. The optional support element 104 provides mechanical support to the pumping element 102. The optional support element 104 made of Silicon has a thickness of 400 microns. The support apertures 108 are at least 100 microns in diameter. It is apparent to one skilled in the art that other thicknesses and diameters are contemplated. The illustration of the support structures 108 in Figure 1A is only one type of configuration and it should be noted that other geometric structures is alternatively used to balance mechanical strength with ease of fabrication. Such alternative structures include a honeycomb lattice of material, a square lattice of material, a spiderweb-lattice of material, or any other structural geometry that balances mechanical strength with ease of fabrication. Figure 1B illustrates an example of a square lattice structure 100'.

Figure 2 illustrates a cross sectional view of the pump 100 of the present invention. As shown in Figure 2, the pumping element 102 includes a dense array of pore apertures 110 and the support element 104 attached to the pumping element 102, whereby the support element 104 includes an array of support structures 106. The pore apertures 110 pass through the pumping element 102 between its bottom surface 114 to its top surface 112. In particular, the pore apertures 110 channel liquid from the bottom surface 114 to the top surface 112 of the pumping element 102 and are substantially parallel to each other, as shown in Figure 2. The liquid used in the pump 100 of the present invention is water with an ionic buffer to control the pH and conductivity of the liquid. Alternatively, other liquids are used including, but not limited to, acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, alcohol, ethanol, water having other additives, as well as mixtures thereof. It is contemplated that any other suitable liquid is contemplated in accordance with the present invention.

The support structures 106 are attached to the pumping element 102 at predetermined locations of the bottom surface 114 of the pumping element 102.

These predetermined locations are dependent on the required strength of the pump 100 in relation to the pressure differential and flow rate of the liquid passing through the pumping element 102. In between each support structure 106 is a support aperture 108, whereby the liquid passes from the support apertures 108 into the pore apertures 110 in the bottom surface 114 of the pumping element 102. The liquid then flows from the bottom pore apertures 110 through the channels of each pore apertures and exits through the pore apertures 110 opening in the top surface 112 of the pumping element 102. Though the flow is described as liquid moving from the bottom surface 114 to the top surface 112 of the pumping element 102, it will be apparent that reversing the voltage will reverse the flow of the liquid in the other direction.

The liquid passes through the pumping element 102 under the process of electo-osmosis, whereby an electrical field is applied to the pumping element 102 in the form of a voltage differential. As shown in Figure 2, electrode layers 116,118 are disposed on the top surface 112 and bottom surface 114 of the pumping element 102, respectively. The voltage differential supplied by the electrodes 118,116 between the top surface 112 and the bottom surface 114 of the pumping element 102 drives the liquid from the area within support apertures 108 up through the pore apertures 110 and out through top surface 112 of the pumping element 102. Although the process of electro-osmosis is briefly described here, the process is well known in the art and will not be described in any more detail.

Figure 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the pumping element of the present invention. Preferably, the pumping element 300 shown in Figure 3 includes a body having a top surface 308 and a bottom surface 306. The body 302 includes pore apertures 316 in the top surface 308 and pore apertures 314 in the bottom surface 306.

The body 302 includes several non-parallel conduits 304 that channel fluid from the pore apertures 314 in the bottom surface 306 to the pore apertures 316 in the top surface 308. In one embodiment, the pore apertures 314 and the pore apertures 316 are not evenly spaced to be aligned across the height dimension of the pump body 302. In another embodiment, the pore apertures 314 and 316 are aligned across the height dimension of the pump body 302.

In one embodiment, at least one of the conduits 304 has a uniform diameter between the pore apertures 314,316. In another embodiment, at least one of the conduits 304 has a varying diameter between the pore apertures 314,316. In another embodiment, two or more conduits 305 in the pump body 302 are cross connected, as shown in Figure 3. The pump structure 300 in Figure 3 is advantageous, because it is manufacturable at a very low cost using a glass sintering process which is well known in the art. Once the basic porous glass body 302 has been produced, it is possible to deposit or form the electrodes 312, 310 directly on the top and bottom surfaces 308, 306 of the pumping structure 300 using any appropriate method as discussed below.

Figure 5A illustrates a schematic view of the pump 500 having the electrode layer applied thereto in accordance with the present invention. The pump 500 includes the pump body 502 with a dense array of pore apertures 501 in the bottom surface 506 and pore apertures 503 in the top surface 508. The pump body 502 includes conduits 504 which channel fluid from the bottom side 506 and the top side 508 of the body 502. The pump 500 in Figure 5A is shown to have straight and parallel pore apertures 504 for exemplary purposes. However, as stated above, the pump 500 preferably has a pump body which includes non-parallel and non straight pore apertures and conduits, as shown in Figure 3.

A layer of the electrode 510 is disposed upon the bottom side 506 of the body 502. In addition, a layer of the electrode 512 is applied to the top side of the body 502. The pump 500 is coupled to an external power source 514 and an external control circuit 516 by a pair of wires 518A and 518B. Alternatively, any other known methods of coupling the power source 514 and circuit 516 to the pump 500 are contemplated. The power source is any AC or DC power unit which supplies the appropriate current and voltage to the pump 500. The control circuit 516 is coupled to the power source 514 and variably controls the amount of current and voltage applied to the pump 500 to operate the pump at a desired flowrate.

The electrode layer 510 on the top surface 508 is a cathode electrode and the electrode layer 512 on the bottom surface 506 is an anode electrode. The electrode layers 510,512 are made of a material which is highly conductive and has porous characteristics to allow fluid to travel therethrough. The porosity of the electrode layers 510,512 are dependent on the type of material used. The electrode layers 510, 512 also have a sufficient thickness which generate the desired electrical field across the pump 500. In addition, the thickness and composition of material in the electrode layers 510,512 allow the electrode layers 510,512 to be applied to the pump body surfaces 506,508 which have a particular roughness. Alternatively, the pump body surfaces 506,508 are smooth, whereby the electrode layers 510,512 are applied to the smooth surfaces 506,508. The electrode layers 510,512 preferably provide a uniform surface along both sides of the pump body 502 to generate a uniform electric field across the pump 500.

The electrode layers 510,512 are disposed on the surfaces 506,508 of the pump body 502 as a thin film, as shown in Figure 5A. Alternatively, the electrode layers 510,512 are disposed on the surfaces 506,508 as a stratum of multiple layers of film, as shown in Figure 5B. In another embodiment, the electrode layers 510, 512 include a several small spheres aligned along the surface and in contact with one another, as shown in Figure 5D. It should be noted that other configurations of the electrode layers are contemplated by one skilled in the art, wherein the electrode layer generates a substantially uniform electrical field and allows fluid to pass therethrough.

As shown in Figure SA, the thin film of electrode has an even, consistent thickness along the entire surfaces of the pump body 502. In one embodiment, the thin film is continuous along the entire surface of the pump body 502, whereby there are no breaks, cracks, or discontinuity in the films 510,512. In one embodiment, the thin films of electrodes 510,512 are evenly spaced apart from each other across the pump body 502. In addition, the thin films of electrodes 510,512 have the same thickness so that the electrode layers 510,512, when charged, generate a uniform electric field across the pump body 502. The thin film electrodes 510,512 have a thickness such that the electrode is continuous over the pump body 502 surface and also allows fluid to travel through the pump body 502. The thickness of the electrode is within the range of and including 200 and 100,000 Angstroms and preferably has a thickness of 1000 Angstroms. However, it is preferred that the electrodes 510,512 has a thickness to provide a modest resistance path, such as less than 100 ohms, from one edge of the pumping element to the other edge.

Alternatively, the pump body 502 is configured with multiple layers of electrodes 618,620 as shown in Figure 5B. Figure 5C illustrates a perspective view of the pump 600 shown in Figure 5B. As shown in Figure 5C, the pump 500 has a disk shape. However, it is contemplated that the pump 500 alternatively has any other shape and is not limited to the shape shown in Figure 5C. The pump 600 in Figure 5B is shown to have straight and parallel pore apertures 604 for exemplary purposes. However, as stated above, the pump 600 includes non-parallel and non straight pore apertures, as shown in Figure 3.

The pump 600 includes a thin film electrode 612 disposed on the top surface 608 as well as another thin film electrode 610 disposed on the bottom surface 606. In addition, as shown in Figures 5B and 5C, the pump 600 includes a second electrode layer 618,620 disposed on top of the thin film electrode 610,612. The combined thin film electrode 612 and additional electrode layer thereby forms a multi-layer electrode 618,620. In one embodiment, the additional electrode layer applied to the thin film electrode 610,612 is made of the same material, thereby forming a homogeneous multi-layer electrode 618,620. Alternatively, the additional electrode layer applied to the thin film electrode 610,612 is made of a different material, thereby forming a composite multi-layer electrode 618,620.

The multi-layer electrodes 618,620 are disposed at predetermined locations along the top and bottom surfaces 610,612 of the pump 600. As shown in Figure 5B, the multi-layer electrodes 618B, 620B disposed on the bottom surface 606 of the pump 600 are disposed to be in the same location opposite of the multi-layer electrodes 618A, 620A. Alternatively, the multi-layer electrodes 618B, 620B on the bottom surface 606 are disposed not to be in the same location opposite from the multi-layer electrodes 618A, 620A.

As shown in Figure 5C, the multi-layer electrodes are disposed as two concentric rings or circles 618A, 618B, 620A, 620B on the top surface 608 and the bottom surface 606 (Figure 5B). It is apparent to one skilled in the art that the multi- layer electrodes 618, 620 are alternatively disposed as any number of concentric circles. Alternatively, any number of concentric circles are contemplated on the top and bottom surfaces 608, 606 of the pump 600. It is apparent to one skilled in the art that it is not necessary that the multi-layered electrodes 618, 620 be disposed as concentric circles, and alternatively have any other appropriate design or configuration. In addition, the electrode layers disposed on top of the thin film electrodes 610,612 are shown in Figures 5B and 5C as having a semi-circular cross section. However, the additional electrode layers disposed on the thin film 610,612 alternatively have any other cross-sectional shape, including but not limited to square, rectangular, triangular and spherical.

In one embodiment, the additional electrode layer is disposed on the surface of the pump as a circular ring with respect to the center. Alternatively, the additional electrode layer is disposed along the surface of the pump 700 in any other configuration, including, but not limited to, cross-hatches, straight line patterns and parallel line patterns. In another embodiment, the pump 600 alternatively has the multi layer electrodes 618, 620 which cover a substantial area of the pump surface 606, 608, whereby the thin film electrodes 610,612 form notches or indents into the multi layer electrode surfaces 618, 620. Thus, a smaller electrical field is present proximal to the locations of the notches, whereas a larger electrical field is present elsewhere across the pump body 600.

In comparison to the thin film electrodes 610,612, the multilayer electrodes 618 are capable of distributing larger total currents without generating large voltage drops. In some cases, these currents are as large as 500 mA, whereby the total resistance of the electrode is less than 10 ohms. The multilayer electrodes 618 provide a number of very low-resistance current paths from one edge of the pumping element to other locations on the surface of the pumping element. The thicker electrodes in this design will block a portion of the pores within the pump body, thereby preventing fluid to flow through the pump at those pore locations. It should be noted that all of the pores are not blocked, however. In one embodiment, the thicker electrode regions occupy no more than 20% of the total area of the pumping element. Therefore, at least 80% of the pores in the pumping element are not blocked and are available to pump the fluid therethrough.

Figure 5D illustrates another alternative embodiment of the pump of the present invention. The electrode layer 710,712 include several spherical beads in contact with the top and bottom surface 708,706 of the pump 700 as well as in contact with one another. The power source 714 and control circuit 706 are coupled to the beaded electrode layer 711 to supply current and voltage thereto. The pump 700 in Figure 5D is shown to have straight and parallel pore apertures 701,703 and conduits 704 for exemplary purposes. However, as stated above, the pump 700 alternatively includes non-parallel and non straight pore apertures, as shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 5D, a pair of connecting wires 718A, 718B are coupled to the beaded electrode layers, whereby the connecting wires 718A, 718B deliver current to electrode layers 711. The wires 718A, 718B are coupled to an external power source 714 as well as a control circuit 716.

The beads 711 are made of an electrically conductive material and are in contact with one another along the entire surface of the pump body 702.

Alternatively, the beaded electrode layer 711 is disposed partially on the surface of the pump body 702. The beads 711 allow electrical current to pass along the top and bottom surface 712,710 of the pump body 702 to form a voltage potential across the pump 700. The beads 711 are spherical and have a diameter range in between and including 1 micron and 500 microns. In one embodiment, the diameter of the beads 711 is 100 microns such that the beads do not block the pores in the pumping element while providing uniform distribution of the electric field and current which is larger than 1 millimeter in area. The beads 711 in the electrode layers 710,712 are in contact with the corresponding top and bottom surfaces 708,706 of the pump body 702. Due to the spherical shape of the beads 711, small gaps or openings are formed in between the beads 711 when placed in contact with one another. Fluid is thereby able to flow through the pump body 702 by flowing through the gaps in between the beads 711 in the bottom and top electrode layers 710,712. It is preferred that the beads 711 are securely attached to the top and bottom surfaces 706,708 of the pump body 702 and do not detach from the pump body 702 due to the force from the fluid being pumped therethrough. However, it is understood that the beads 711 are alternatively placed in any other appropriate location with respect to the pump body 702. For instance, the beads 711 are not attached to surfaces 706,708, but are alternatively packed tightly within an enclosure (not shown), such as a glass pump housing, which houses the pump body 702.

Alternatively, the beaded electrode layer 711 is configured to have a predetermined number of larger diameter beads 713 among the smaller diameter beads in the beaded electrode layer 711. The larger beads 713 are within the range and including 100 microns and 500 microns, whereas the smaller beads (not shown) are within the range and including 1 micron and 25 microns. With respect to the surface of the pump body, the larger diameter beads 713 will present a thicker electrode layer than the smaller diameter beads. As with the multi-layer electrodes 618,620 (Figure 5C), the larger diameter beads 713 are placed in predetermined locations of the pump body 702 such that the fluid is able to sufficiently flow through the pump body 702. As shown in Figure 5E, the larger beads 713 are disposed in a circular ring among the smaller beads 711. Alternatively, the larger beads 713 are disposed along the surface of the pump 700 in any other configuration. It should be noted that the spherical beads 711 are alternatively disposed on the thin film electrodes 510, 512 in Figure 5A.

In the above figures, the cathode electrode 512 and anode electrodes 510 are charged by supplying voltage from the power source 514 to the electrodes 510,512.

As shown in Figures 5A and 5D, the power source is coupled to the pump 500 by a pair of wires 518A, 518B, whereby the wires 518A, 518B are physically in contact with the electrode layers 510,512. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 5B, the outer perimeter of the pump in Figure 5B is made of solid fused-glass 622, whereby the wires 624A, 624B are physically coupled to the conducting surface on the fused glass portion 622 and provide electrical current to the electrodes 610,612 through the conducting surface on fused glass portion 622.

The fused glass portion 622 of the pump 600 provides one or more rigid non- porous surfaces to attach the pump 600 to a pump housing (not shown) or other enclosure. The fused glass portion 622 is attached to one or more desired surfaces by soldering, thereby avoiding the use of solder wicking through the frit and shorting out the pump 600. It is apparent to one skilled in the art that other methods of attaching the fused glass portion 622 to the desired surfaces are contemplated. The fused glass is preferably made of borosilicate glass. Alternatively, other glasses or ceramics are used in the outer perimeter of the pump including, but not limited to Quartz, pure Silicon Dioxide and insulating ceramics. In one embodiment, the pump 600 includes the fused glass portion 622 along the entire outer perimeter. In another embodiment, the pump 600 includes the fused glass portion 622 along one side of the pump body 602. In addition, it is contemplated that the fused glass portion 622 is not limited to the embodiment in Figure 5B, and are also be applied to the other pump embodiments.

It is apparent to one skilled in the art that other electrode layer configurations are contemplated in accordance with the present invention. For instance, as shown in Figure 5F, the pump 800 includes a dense screen or wire mesh 804 coupled thereto.

In particular, the screen electrode 804 is made or treated to be electrically conductive and is coupled to the top and/or bottom surface 812 of the pump body 802. In one embodiment, the screen electrode 804 is mechanically coupled to the surface 812 of the pump body 802. In another embodiment, the screen electrode 804 is coupled to the surface of the pump body 802 by an adhesive material 814. Alternatively, the screen electrode 804 is disposed on the thin film electrode (Figure 5A). As shown in Figure 5F, the screen electrode 804 includes several apertures within the lattice configuration of fibers, whereby the fluid flows through the apertures. In one embodiment, the individual fibers in the screen electrode 804 are separated by a distance smaller than the distance in between the top 812 and bottom surfaces 810 of the pump body 802. In another embodiment, the individual fibers in the screen electrode 804 are separated by a distance larger than or equal to the distance in between the top 812 and bottom surfaces 810 of the pump body 802.

The method of manufacturing the pump of the present invention will now be discussed. The pumping structure is formed initially by any appropriate method, as in step 200 in Figure 7. The pump of the present invention is manufacturable several different ways. Preferably, non-parallel, complex shaped pore apertures 511 shown in Figure 3 in the frit pump are fabricated by sintering or pressing powders into the pump element material. For example, sintered borosilicate glass disks are fabricated for industrial water filtration applications, and are suitable for this application. Other sintered powders including but not limited to Silicon Nitride, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Carbide, ceramic materials such as Alumina, Titania, Zirconia are alternatively used.

In these cases, the pores are irregular and nonuniform, but the fabrication process is extremely inexpensive. Alternatively, the pump is made by a series of lithographic/etching steps, such as those used in conventional integrated circuit manufacturing, to make parallel pore apertures (Figures 5A-5D) or non-parallel pore apertures 511 (Figure 3). Details of these manufacturing steps are discussed in co- pending U. S. Patent Application, Serial No. 10/366,121, filed February 12,2003 and entitled, "MICRO-FABRICATED ELECTROKINETIC PUMP, "which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Once the pumping element is formed by any of the above processes, the electrodes are formed onto the pump. Referring to Figures 5A-5D, the electrodes 510,512 are fabricated from materials that do not electrically decompose during the operation of the pump. The electrode layers are preferably made from Platinum.

Although the electrodes are made from other materials including, but not limited to, Palladium, Tungsten, Nickel, Copper, Gold, Silver, Stainless Steel, Niobium, Graphite, any appropriate adhesive materials and metals or a combination thereof. It is preferred that the cathode electrodes 512 are made from the same material as the anode electrodes 510, although it is not necessary. For instance, in some pumped fluid chemistries, the cathode electrodes and anode electrodes are made of different materials to properly support operation of the pump.

In the preferred embodiment, the electrode layer 312 is formed on the top surface 308 of the pumping element body 302 as in step 202. In addition, the electrode layer 314 is formed on the bottom surface 306 of the pumping element body 302 as in step 204. Some application methods of the electrode layer onto the pump include but are not limited to: sputtering, evaporating, screen printing, spraying, dispensing, dipping, spinning, conductive ink printing, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma vapor deposition (PVD) or other patterning processes.

The multi-layer electrodes described in relation to Figures 5B and 5C are applied to the pump by disposing additional electrode layers at desired locations on the surface or surfaces of the pumping structure as in step 206 in Figure 7. Additional electrode layers are applied to the pump 600 by depositing metal or silver epoxy onto the thin film electrode 610,612. Other conventional methods include, but are not limited to, using conductive ink, screen printing, patterning, shadow masking, and dipping.

In relation to Figures 5D and 5E, the beaded electrode layers 710,712 are applied to the pump 700 using a variety of conventional methods, including, but not limited to, screen printing, sputtering, evaporating, dispensing, dipping, spinning, spraying or dense packing in the package. The above mentioned methods are well known in the art and are not discussed in detail herein. It should be noted that the electrodes coupled to the pumping element of the present invention are not limited to the methods described above and encompass other appropriate methods known in the art.

Relating back to Figure 3, once the electrodes 310,312 are formed onto the pump 300, the electrical connectors 318A, 318B are coupled to the electrodes 310, 312 respectively, as in step 208. Preferably, the electrical connectors are 318A, 318B are placed in physical contact with the electrode layers 310,312. Alternatively, the electrical connectors 318A, 318B are coupled to the conducting surface on the fused glass portion 622 of the pump body (Figure 5B). Following, the power source 314 is coupled to the electrode layers 310,312, as in step 210, whereby the control circuit 320 controls the amount of current and voltage supplied to the electrode layers 310, 312.

Figure 4 illustrates a cooling system for cooling a fluid passing through a heat emitting device, such as a microprocessor. As shown in Figure 4, the system is a closed loop whereby liquid travels to an element to be cooled, such as a microprocessor 602, whereby heat transfer occurs between the processor and the liquid. After the leaving the microprocessor 602, the liquid is at an elevated temperature of more than 55° C and enters the heat exchanger 604, wherein the liquid is cooled to less than 45 °C. The liquid then enters the pump 600 of the present invention at a lower temperature. Again, referring to Figure 2, within the pump 100, the cooled liquid enters the support apertures 108 and is pumped through the pore apertures 110 by the osmotic process described above.

The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of the principles of construction and operation of the invention. Such reference herein to specific embodiments and details thereof is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made in the embodiment chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.