CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application relies for priority on U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/623,894, entitled “MICROSTRUCTURES FOR TRANSFORMING LIGHT HAVING LAMBERTIAN DISTRIBUTION INTO BATWING DISTRIBUTIONS,” filed January 30, 2018, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD

[002] The present invention is related to micro light transmitting optics and microstructures for transforming light having a Lambertian distribution into batwing distributions for large area uniform illumination.

BACKGROUND

[003] Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have quickly become the primary light generating device for current applications. Intrinsically, an LED emits the light in a Lambertian distribution, characterized by the strongest intensity at the emitting direction (zero degrees or“nadir”). Light intensity decreases following the cosine function of the angles deviated from the zero-degree (nadir) emitting direction and reduces to zero as the angle reaches 90 degrees from nadir, as illustrated in Figure 1 . When an LED is used to illuminate a flat surface target, the light traveling path length varies for different target locations. Typically, the path length is the shortest at the zero-degree direction where the LED emits the highest light intensity, which forces designers to increase the light source density to achieve a good illumination uniformity.

[004] For applications that require uniform or even illumination over a desired area of a flat plane with low light source density, such as the back light units for displays or lighting projects for a large area, the light source should deliver light energy in the reverse fashion of a Lambertian distribution, i.e. reduced intensity at zero degrees (nadir) and high intensity at angles away from nadir, as shown in Figure 2, for example. Such a distribution profile (illustrated in Figure 2) is often referred as a“batwing” distribution and is more desirable for achieving uniform illumination. [005] Transforming a Lambertian distribution emitted by, for example, an LED light source into a batwing distribution may be achieved efficiently for some applications, such as some lighting applications, by using bulk optical lenses with specifically designed shapes. Such structures may not be feasible for many applications in which LEDs are used, such as in displays of cell phones, smart phones, tablets, laptop computers, etc., due to the structure bulkiness of implanting such solutions. It is desirable to transform a Lambertian distribution into a batwing distribution with structures that are more compact than current optical lenses.

SUMMARY

[006] It has been found that micro optical transmissive structures that are fabricated on a light transmissible substrate may be used to perform the desired transformation functions to transform a Lambertian distribution into a desired batwing distribution so that a substantially uniform illumination may be provided to a large area relative to the size of an LED light source. Embodiments of the present invention are described below.

[007] According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution. The light transmissive substrate includes a first surface comprising a plurality of m icrostructures, and a second surface on a side of the substrate opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface. The batwing distribution has a peak intensity at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes and a minimum intensity at nadir.

[008] In an embodiment, each of the plurality of microstructures has a shape of a pyramid extending in a direction away from the second surface. In an embodiment, at least the microstructures are made from material having a refractive index of about 1.5, and the pyramid has a roof angle of between about 70° and about 95°.

[009] In an embodiment, each pyramid has a base portion and a top portion connected to the base portion. The top portion includes a tip of the pyramid and has sides disposed at different angles than sides of the base portion.

[010] In an embodiment, at least the microstructures are made from material having a refractive index of about 1.5, the sides of the base portion are disposed at angles of about 55° relative to a plane substantially parallel to the second surface, and the top portion has a roof angle of between about 85° and about 90°.

[011] In an embodiment, each of the plurality of microstructures has a shape of a frustum of a pyramid and a recess in a shape of a reverse pyramid. In an embodiment, at least the microstructures are made from material having a refractive index of about 1.5, sides of the frustum are disposed at angles of about 55° relative to a plane substantially parallel to the second surface, and the reverse pyramid has a roof angle of between about 85° and about 90°.

[012] In an embodiment, each of the plurality of microstructures has a shape of a corner cube.

[013] In an embodiment, the second surface is substantially planar.

[014] In an embodiment, the second surface comprises a texture.

[015] These and other aspects, features, and characteristics of the present invention, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and“the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[016] The components of the following figures are illustrated to emphasize the general principles of the present disclosure and are not necessarily drawn to scale, although at least one of the figures may be drawn to scale. Reference characters designating corresponding components are repeated as necessary throughout the figures for the sake of consistency and clarity.

[017] Figure 1 is a two-dimensional polar chart of a Lambertian intensity distribution;

[018] Figure 2 is a two-dimensional polar chart of a batwing-type intensity distribution;

[019] Figure 3 is a schematic side view of a light transmissive substrate in accordance with embodiments of the invention; [020] Figure 4A is an isometric schematic view of an LED light source and a pair of light transmissive substrates with microstructures;

[021] Figure 4B is an isometric schematic view of a single microstructure of the substrates of Figure 4A;

[022] Figure 5A is an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 4A having microstructures with roof angles of 90 degrees;

[023] Figure 5B is a top view of the three-dimensional polar chart of Figure 5A;

[024] Figure 5C is a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 4A having microstructures with roof angles of 90 degrees;

[025] Figure 5D is an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 4A having microstructures with roof angles of 85 degrees;

[026] Figure 5E is a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 4A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1.5 and roof angles of 85 degrees;

[027] Figure 5F is a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 4A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1.6 and roof angles of 85 degrees;

[028] Figure 6A is an isometric schematic view of an LED light source and a single light transmissive substrate with microstructures in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[029] Figure 6B is an isometric schematic view of a single microstructure of the substrate of Figure 6A;

[030] Figure 6C is a top schematic view of the single microstructure of Figure 6B;

[031] Figure 7A illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 90 degrees;

[032] Figure 7B illustrates a top view of the three-dimensional polar chart of Figure 7A; [033] Figure 7C illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 6A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1.5 and roof angles of 90 degrees;

[034] Figure 7D illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 6A with the microstructures a refractive index of 1 .6 and roof angles of 90 degrees;

[035] Figure 7E illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 80 degrees;

[036] Figure 7F illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 80 degrees;

[037] Figure 7G illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 70 degrees;

[038] Figure 7H illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 70 degrees;

[039] Figure 7I illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 60 degrees;

[040] Figure 7J illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 60 degrees;

[041] Figure 7K illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 100 degrees;

[042] Figure 7L illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 6A having microstructures with roof angles of 100 degrees; [043] Figure 8A is an isometric schematic view of an LED light source and a single light transmissive substrate with microstructures in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[044] Figure 8B is an isometric schematic view of a single microstructure of the substrate of Figure 8A;

[045] Figure 8C is a top schematic view of the single microstructure of Figure 8B;

[046] Figure 9A is an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 8A;

[047] Figure 9B is a top view of the three-dimensional polar chart of Figure 9A;

[048] Figure 9C is a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 8A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1.5;

[049] Figure 9D illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 8A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1.6;

[050] Figure 10 is an isometric schematic view of a microstructure in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[051] Figure 11 is an isometric schematic view of a microstructure in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[052] Figure 12A illustrates an LED light source and a single light transmissive substrate with microstructures in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[053] Figure 12B illustrates a single microstructure of Figure 12A;

[054] Figure 13A illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 12A;

[055] Figure 13B illustrates a top view of the three-dimensional polar chart of Figure 13A;

[056] Figure 13C illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 12A;

[057] Figure 14A illustrates an isometric view of a light transmissive substrate with microstructures in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; [058] Figure 14B illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 14A;

[059] Figure 14C illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 14A;

[060] Figure 15A illustrates an isometric view of a light transmissive substrate with microstructures in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[061] Figure 15B illustrates an isometric view of a transferred batwing intensity distribution three-dimensional polar chart for the embodiment of Figure 15A;

[062] Figure 15C illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 15A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1 .5; and

[063] Figure 15D illustrates a two-dimensional polar chart of the transferred batwing intensity distribution for the embodiment of Figure 15A with the microstructures having a refractive index of 1 .6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[064] Embodiments of the present invention provide light transmissive substrates having microstructures that may provide the desired effect of transforming a Lambertian intensity distribution received from a light source, such as an LED, into a batwing intensity distribution that has maximum intensity away from nadir and at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes, and minimum intensity at nadir.

[065] Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a light transmissive substrate 100 for transforming a Lambertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution in accordance with embodiments of the invention. The substrate 100 includes a first surface 1 10 that includes a plurality of microstructures 1 12, and a second surface 120 on a side of the substrate 100 opposite the first surface 1 10.

[066] As discussed in further detail below, the substrate 100 is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface 1 10 and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface 120. The resulting batwing distribution desirably has a peak intensity in a range of about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes and a minimum intensity at nadir. In an embodiment, the light transmissive substrate 100 may provide a batwing distribution that has a peak intensity at about ±45 from X and Y axes and a minimum (near zero) intensity at nadir. In some embodiments of the invention, at least the light transmissive microstructures are made from a material having a refractive index of about 1 .5, although materials having different refractive indices may also be used as long as the desired effect can be achieved. In some embodiments of the invention, the rest of the substrate is a film made of a material that also has a refractive index of about 1.5, or a refractive index that matches or substantially matches the refractive index of the microstructures. For light sources that emit infrared beams, infrared transmitting materials that may not be transparent in the visible range of light may be used. Various embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below.

[067] Figure 4A illustrates two light transmissive substrates 400A, 400B, each having a plurality of microstructures 412 on first surfaces 410A, 41 OB thereof, that are oriented orthogonally to each other and placed above a light source 430 that outputs light in a Lambertian distribution. The first surfaces 410A, 41 OB of the light transmissive substrates 400A, 400B are oriented towards the light source 430 and second surfaces 420A, 420B of the substrates 400A, 400B are oriented away from the light source 430. Figure 4B illustrates a single microstructure 412 in further detail. As illustrated, the microstructure 412 is in the form of a ridge that has a so-called roof angle or vertex a (see Figure 3) of 90 degrees.

[068] Light emitting from the light source 430 enters the first substrate 400A closest to the light source 430 via its first surface 410A, exits the first substrate 400A at its second surface 420A, enters the second substrate 400B at its first surface 410B, and exits the second substrate 400B at its second surface 420B. The different orientations of the microstructures 412 (i.e. being substantially perpendicular to each other) cause the light to bend and spread in two different directions and result in a net spread that is that is stronger and in a different direction relative to X and Y axes than if only one of the light transmissive substrates 400A, 400B is used.

[069] Figures 5A-5C illustrate three dimensional and two-dimensional representations of the light distribution provided by the combination of the two light transmissive substrates 400 having a refractive index of 1.5 and arranged as illustrated in Figure 4A. As illustrated, light energy is not only steered away from the 0 degree (nadir) emitting direction, but also pushed toward four directions approximately 45 degrees from the primary X and Y axes as shown in Figures 5A and 5B. Along those directions, light typically travels the longest path length reaching the target area where stronger intensity is desired. Such a distribution may be desirable when there are multiple light sources arranged in a substantially square array, such as in back-lit displays or large area lighting applications (such as when lighting a warehouse). Figure 5C is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distributions represented by Figures 5A and 5B.

[070] The prism angles a on both substrates 400 may be adjusted to optimize the output distribution. For example, in an embodiment, the roof angle a of the ridges 412 on the substrates 400 may be 85 degrees. Figure 5D illustrates a three dimensional representation of the light distribution provided by the combination of the two light transmissive substrates 400 having a refractive index of 1 .5 with the ridges 412 having a roof angles of 85 degrees, and arranged as illustrated in Figure 4A. Figure 5E is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distribution represented by Figure 5D. Figure 5F is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distribution provided by the combination of the two light transmissive substrates 400 having a refractive index of 1 .6 with the ridges 412 having a roof angles of 85 degrees, and arranged as illustrated in Figure 4A. A comparison of Figures 5E and 5F shows the influence the refractive index has on the batwing spreading performance of the substrates.

[071] Textures may be added to the second surface 420 of either or both substrates to fine tune the distribution profile and to enhance the optical transmission efficiencies.

[072] Figure 6A illustrates an embodiment of a light transmissive substrate 600 that has a plurality of microstructures 612 on a first surface 610 thereof. In this embodiment, the microstructures 612 are in the form of an array of micro-pyramids, each having four faces, that are placed above an LED light source 630 that outputs light in a Lambertian distribution. As depicted in Figure 6A, the light enters the substrate 600 via the first surface 610 having the array of micro-pyramids 612 and exits a second surface 620 on an opposite side of the substrate 600 as the first surface 610. Each of the microstructures 612 has a roof angle a (see Figure 3) of 90 degrees, and is shown in further detail in Figures 6B (perspective view) and 6C (top view). Pyramid roof angles may be adjusted to optimize the output distribution, and textures may be added to the second surface 620 of the substrate 600 to fine tune the distribution profile and to enhance the optical transmission efficiencies.

[073] A representation of the three dimensional transformation of the light distribution provided by the substrate 600 having a refractive index of 1 .5 is shown in Figures 7A and 7B. In this embodiment, light energy is not only steered away from the 0 degree emitting direction, but also pushed toward four directions approximately 45 degrees from the primary X and Y axes as shown. Along those directions, light typically travels the longest path length reaching the target area where stronger intensity is desired. Figure 7C is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distributions represented by Figures 7A and 7B.

[074] Figure 7D is a 2D polar plot of a representation of the light intensity distribution provided by the substrate 600 having a refractive index of 1 .6 with the micro-pyramids having a roof angle a of 90 degrees. A comparison of Figures 7C and 7D shows the influence the refractive index has on the batwing spreading performance of the substrate 600.

[075] The roof angle a of the micro-pyramids 612 affects the light distribution provided by the substrate 600 having a refractive index of 1 .5, as illustrated by Figures 7A-7C and 7E-7L. As illustrated, roof angles a of 80 degrees (represented by Figures 7E and 7F) and 70 degrees (represented by Figures 7G and 7H) as compared to 90 degrees (represented by Figures 7A-7C) provide different zero degree light intensities as well as shapes of the batwing distribution. Roof angles a of 60 degrees (represented by Figures 7I and 7J) and 100 degrees (represented by Figures 7K and 7L) provide different zero degree light intensities, but do not provide batwing distributions. According to embodiments of the invention, the roof angle a of the micro-pyramids 612 is in the range of 70 degrees to 95 degrees for substrates having a refractive index of 1 .5.

[076] Figure 8A illustrates a light transmissive substrate 800 that has an array of microstructures 812 on a first surface 810 thereof. In this embodiment, the microstructures 812 are in the form of an array of hybrid micro-pyramids that are placed above an LED light source 830 that outputs light in a Lambertian distribution. As illustrated in Figure 8A, the light enters the substrate 800 via the first surface 810 having the array of hybrid micro-pyramids 812 and exits a second surface 820 on an opposite side of the substrate 800 as the first surface 810. Figures 8B and 8C illustrate the hybrid micro-pyramid 812 in further detail. As illustrated, a top portion 814 of the hybrid micro- pyramid 812 may have a roof angle a (see Figure 3) of 85 degrees, and a bottom portion (frustum) 816 of the hybrid micro-pyramid 812 may have a roof angle a of 70 degrees. In embodiments in which the roof angle a of the bottom portion 816 is 70 degrees, sides 818 of the bottom portion 816 are each disposed at an angle b (see Figure 3) of 55 degrees. In an embodiment, the top portion 814 may have a roof angle a of between 85 degrees and 90 degrees.

[077] A representation of the three dimensional transformation of the light distribution provided by the substrate 800 having a refractive index of 1 .5 is shown in Figures 9A and 9B. As illustrated, the hybrid micro-pyramid may provide enhanced performance when compared to a“simple” pyramid, such as the pyramid 612 described above. In this embodiment, light energy is not only steered farther away from the 0 degree emitting direction, but also pushed toward four directions approximately 45 degrees from the primary X and Y axes as shown. Along those directions, light typically travels the longest path length reaching the target area where stronger intensity is desired. Figure 9C is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distributions represented by Figures 9A and 9B.

[078] Figure 9D is a 2D polar plot of a representation of the light intensity distribution provided by the substrate 800 having a refractive index of 1.6 with the hybrid micro- pyramids 812 having the top portion 814 with a roof angle a (see Figure 3) of 85 degrees, and the bottom portion 816 with a roof angle a of 70 degrees. A comparison of Figures 9C and 9D shows the influence the refractive index has on the batwing spreading performance of the substrate 600.

[079] Pyramid roof angles a for the top portion 814 and the bottom portion 816 may be adjusted to optimize the output distribution. Textures may be added to the second surface 820 of the substrate 800 to fine tune the distribution profile and to enhance the optical transmission efficiencies. Although Figures 9A-9C illustrate a hybrid pyramid that has two portions and sharp edges and transitions between the two portions, it is contemplated that the hybrid pyramid may have more than two portions and/or facets of the hybrid pyramid may be curved, thereby adding flexibilities for further transformation fine tuning and performance optimizations. For example, Figure 10 illustrates a three- section hybrid micro-pyramid 1000 that may be used for the microstructure 812 of Figure 8A, and Figure 1 1 illustrates a curved-facet hybrid micro-pyramid 1 100 that may be used for the microstructure 812 of Figure 8A.

[080] Figure 12A illustrates a light transmissive substrate 1200 that has an array of microstructures 1212 on a first surface 1210 thereof. In this embodiment, the microstructures 1212 are in the form of an array of“folded” micro-pyramids that are placed above an LED light source 1230 that outputs light in a Lambertian distribution. As illustrated in Figure 12A, the light enters the substrate 1200 via the first surface 1210 having the array of folded micro-pyramids 1212 and exits a second surface 1220 on an opposite side of the substrate 1200 as the first surface 1210. Figure 12B illustrates the folded micro-pyramid 1212 in further detail. As illustrated, the folded micro-pyramid has a frustum or base section 1214 and a recess 1216 having the shape of a micro-pyramid in the base section 1214, thereby giving the pyramid a configuration that looks as though the tip of a simple pyramid was pressed downward and into the base section 1214 or “folded” into the base section 1214. Both the base section 1214 and the recess 1216 may have roof angles a (see Figure 3) of 90 degrees.

[081] Folded pyramids may enhance the manufacturability of the light transmissive substrate to overcome a restriction on the height of the microstructures in the Z-direction (represented by‘h’ in Figure 3) for many microstructure fabrication processes. Folded pyramids also offer possibilities of achieving functionalities of structures of larger heights (h in Figure 3) than the fabrication process may allow. In an embodiment, the height h of the microstructures may be in the range of about 10 micrometers to about 50 micrometers. Pyramid roof angles may be adjusted to optimize the output distribution. Textures may be added to the second surface 1220 of the substrate 1200 to fine tune the distribution profile and to enhance the optical transmission efficiencies.

[082] A representation of the three dimensional transformation of the light distribution provided by the substrate 1200 is shown in Figures 13A and 13B. In this embodiment, light energy is not only steered away from the 0 degree emitting direction, but also pushed toward four directions approximately 45 degrees from the primary X and Y axes as shown. Along those directions, light typically travels the longest path length reaching the target area where stronger intensity is desired. Figure 13C is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distributions represented by Figures 13A and 13B. [083] Figure 14A illustrates an embodiment of a light transmissive substrate 1400 with an array of microstructures 1412 in the form of corner cubes having square shaped faces that may be used in place of the light transmissive substrates described above. A representation of the three dimensional transformation of the light distribution provided by the substrate having a refractive index of 1 .5 and the microstructures 1412 is shown in Figure 14B. Figure 14C is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distribution represented by Figures 14B.

[084] Figure 15A illustrates an embodiment of a light transmissive substrate 1500 with an array of microstructures 1512 in the form of corner cubes having triangular shaped faces. A representation of the three dimensional transformation of the light distribution provided by the microstructures 1512 having a refractive index of 1 .5 is shown in Figure 15B. Figure 15C is a 2D polar plot of the light intensity distribution represented by Figures 15B.

[085] Figure 15D is a 2D polar plot of a representation of the light intensity distribution provided by the microstructures 1512 having a refractive index of 1.6. A comparison of Figures 15C and 15D shows the influence the refractive index has on the batwing spreading performance of the substrate 1500.

[086] The light transmissive structures according to any of the embodiments described herein may be created using many techniques known in the art. For example, in an embodiment, the shape of the microstructures may be cast onto a substrate using a suitable master mold, and thermally-curing polymer or ultraviolet (UV) light curing polymer, or the shape may be impressed into a thermoplastic substrate through compression molding or other molding, or may be created at the same time as the substrate using extrusion-embossing or injection molding. The microstructures may be produced by replicating a master. For example, an optical diffuser may be made by replication of a master containing the desired shapes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7, 190,387 B2 to Rinehart et al. , entitled“Systems And Methods for Fabricating Optical Microstructures Using a Cylindrical Platform and a Rastered Radiation Beam”; U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,695 B2 to Freese et al., entitled “Methods for Mastering Microstructures Through a Substrate Using Negative Photoresist”; and/or U.S. Pat. No. 7, 192,692 B2 to Wood et al., entitled“Methods for Fabricating Microstructures by Imaging a Radiation Sensitive Layer Sandwiched Between Outer Layers”, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if set forth fully herein. The masters themselves may be fabricated using laser scanning techniques described in these patents, and may also be replicated to provide diffusers using replicating techniques described in these patents.

[087] In an embodiment, laser holography, known in the art, may be used to create a holographic pattern that creates the desired microstructures in a photosensitive material. In an embodiment, projection or contact photolithography, such as used in semiconductor, display, circuit board, and other common technologies known in the art, may be used to expose the microstructures into a photosensitive material. In an embodiment, laser ablation, either using a mask or using a focused and modulated laser beam, may be used to create the microstructures including the indicia in a material. In an embodiment, micromachining (also known as diamond machining), known in the art, may be used to create the desired microstructures from a solid material. In an embodiment, additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing), known in the art, may be used to create the desired microstructure in a solid material.

[088] For any of the embodiments of the light transmissive substrate described herein, roof angles of the microstructures may be adjusted, and or textures may be added to the second surface of the substrate to fine tune the distribution profile and to enhance the optical transmission efficiencies. As described above, the refractive index of the microstructures also has an influence on the batwing spreading performance and may be adjusted to optimize performance.

[089] The embodiments described herein represent a number of possible implementations and examples and are not intended to necessarily limit the present disclosure to any specific embodiments. Instead, various modifications can be made to these embodiments, and different combinations of various embodiments described herein may be used as part of the invention, even if not expressly described, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[090] For example, although four-sided pyramids have been described, it is contemplated that other geometries, such as microstructures having 3, 5 or 6 sides or circular (cone) geometries may be used. Also, it is contemplated that the surfaces of the microstructures may have variations and either in a pattern or random variations or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microstructures may have asymmetrical instead of symmetrical shapes and arrays of microstructures may include microstructures having different shapes and/or sizes, either in a pattern or random variations or combinations thereof. Any such modifications are intended to be included within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure and protected by the following claims.