Susumu, Sakihara
Akio, Kumazawa
Kinya, Tabata
Hiroshi
MOTOR
CO., LTD.
Tanaka
Kikinzoku
Kogyo
K.K.
Shimizu, Susumu
Sakihara, Akio
Kumazawa, Kinya
Tabata, Hiroshi
| 1. | A minute structure for producing a color, comprising: at least one first part, said first part producing a first color with first wavelengths in a visible light area by physical actions, said first part including lamellas disposed in layers at predetermined intervals; and a second part disposed adjacent to said first part, said second part absorbing a part of light with second wavelengths in said visible light area and reflecting the rest of light, said second part comprising a coloring compound. |
| 2. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said first part includes a portion for interconnecting said lamellas. |
| 3. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein said first part is connected to said second part through said interconnecting portion. |
| 4. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said first part comprises a thermoplastic polymer. |
| 5. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said first and second parts are formed to have a predetermined shape. |
| 6. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said coloring matter of said second part comprises a chromatic coloring compound. |
| 7. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein said chromatic coloring compound comprises at least one inorganic or organic chromatic coloring compound. |
| 8. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein said inorganic chromatic coloring compound comprises at least one of: an oxide selected from the group consisting of iron oxide red (Fe203), zinc white (ZnO) and chromium oxide (Cr203), hydroxide selected from the group consisting of chrome yellow (PbCr04), viridian and alumina white, a sulfide selected from the group consisting of cadmium red (CdS ■ CdSe) and cadmium yellow (CdS), or a chromic acid selected from the group consisting of chrome yellow and zinc chromate. |
| 9. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein said organic chromatic coloring compound comprises at least one of: an azo compound, a phthalocyanine compound, a condensed polycyclic compound selected from the group consisting of perylene, quinacridone and thioindigo, or a pteridine compound. |
| 10. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said second part is constructed so that a maximum reflection peak value of a visible light reflection spectrum thereof is more than 40 %. 1 1. |
| 11. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said second part is constructed so tiiat a maximum reflection peak value of a visible light reflection spectrum thereof is more than 60 %. |
| 12. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said first part is connected to said second part through one of said lamellas. |
| 13. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein an outermost lamella of said lamellas disposed in layers includes a protrusion. |
| 14. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said lamellas comprise first and second lamellas, and wherein said first and second lamellas have different refractive indexes disposed alternately. |
| 15. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said first part includes a portion surrounding said lamellas, the refractive index of said portion being different from that of said lamellas. |
| 16. | A minute structure for producing a color, comprising: at least one first part, each first part producing a first color with first wavelengths in visible light by at least one of reflection, interference, diffraction or light scattering, each first part including lamellas disposed in layers at predetermined intervals; and a second part disposed adjacent to said first part, said second part absorbing light possessing second wavelengths in said visible light and reflecting light not possessing said second wavelength, said second part comprising a coloring compound, said first parts being radially disposed around said second part. |
| 17. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein said lamellas of each first part have a length increased gradually to an outermost of said lamellas disposed in layers. |
| 18. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: a third part surrounding said first and second parts, said third part having a predetermined refractive index. |
| 19. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 18, wherein said predetermined refractive index of said third part is not 1.00. |
| 20. | A minute structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein said coloring compound of said second part comprises an achromatic coloring compound. |
| 21. | A spinneret for manufacturing an islandinasea type filament from first and second islandportion polymers, and a seaportion polymer, comprising: a partition comprising at least one first opening for forming the first islandportion polymer, and a second opening disposed adjacent to said first opening for forming the second islandportion polymer, said first opening comprising first slits disposed in layers; and passage means arranged at least at a periphery of said first opening for receiving the seaportion polymer. |
| 22. | A spinneret as claimed in claim 21 , wherein said first opening of said partition further comprises a second slit arranged perpendicular to said first slits for interconnecting said first slits. |
| 23. | A spinneret for manufacturing an islandinasea type filament from first and second islandportion polymers, and a seaportion polymer, comprising: a partition, said partition having first openings for shaping the first islandportion polymer and a second opening arranged adjacent to said first openings and at a central portion of said partition for shaping the second islandportion polymer, said first openings being disposed around the exterior of said second opening, each of said first openings including first slits disposed in layers; and passage means arranged at least at a periphery of said first openings for receiving the seaportion polymer. |
| 24. | A minute structure for producing a color, comprising: means for producing a first color with first wavelengths in a visible light area by physical actions, said producing means including lamellas disposed in layers at predetermined intervals; and means disposed adjacent to said producing means for absorbing a part of light with second wavelengths in said visible light area and reflecting the rest of light, said absorbing means containing a coloring compound. |
| 25. | A spinneret for manufacturing an islandinasea type filament out of first and second islandportion polymers and a seaportion polymer, comprising: means for defining passages for the first and second island portion polymers, said defining means including at least one first opening for shaping the first islandportion polymer and a second opening disposed adjacent to said first opening for shaping the second islandportion polymer, said first opening including first slits disposed in layers; and means arranged at least at a periphery of said first opening for guiding the seaportion polymer. |
| 26. | A minute structure which is capable of producing a compound color comprising: a first coloring part producing a first color, a second part adjacent to said first part and comprising a chromatic coloring compound which reflects light at particular wavelengths, said second part being configured such that when said stray light emitted from said first part penetrates said second part, at least a portion of said stray light is emitted at a wavelength of said chromatic coloring compound to produce a second color. |
| 27. | A method for producing a minute structure comprising: supplying at least one first island part polymer and a second island part polymer to a spinning head, said first and second island part polymers being different, said first island part polymer being oriented within a sectioned partition formed in said spinning head, said second island part polymer being oriented within said spinning head adjacent to said first island part polymer; supplying sea part fluid to said spinning head; spinning said spinning head. |
| 28. | A method according to claim 27, further comprising, after said spinning step, removing said said sea part fluid from said island part polymers. |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to minute structures for producing
colors which are applied to fabrics, coating fibers and chips, etc. The
present invention also relates to spinnerets for manufacturing the minute
structures.
Conventionally, a method of adopting inorganic or organic dyes
and pigments or scattering bright members such as aluminum and mica
flakes in paints has been in general use for providing various fibers and car
coatings with desired colors or improved visual quality.
Recently, with an user's tendency to a high fabric quality, etc.,
there are increasing demands on graceful and quality minute structures
which have tones varying with a change in the angle of view and having high
chromas. Some minute structures are developed and proposed to satisfy
the above demands. One is such as to produce a color by reflection,
interference, diffraction or scattering of light without using coloring matters
such as dyes and pigments. The other is such as to produce a brighter color
by combining the above optical action and the dyes and pigments.
JP 43-14185 and JP-A 1-139803 disclose coated-type composite
fibers with iridescence which are made of two or more resins having
different refractive indexes.
A journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan (Vol. 42, No.
2, pp. 55-62, published in 1989 and Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 60-68, published in
1 989) describes laminated photo-controllable polymer films for producing
colors by optical interference, wherein a film with anisotropic molecular
orientation is interposed between two polarizing films.
JP-A 59-228042, JP-B2 60-24847 and JP-B2 63-64535 disclose
fabrics with iridescence conceived, e.g. from a South American morpho-
butterfly which is well-known by its bright tone varying with a change in the
angle of view.
JP-A 62-170510 and JP-A 63-120642 disclose fibers and sheet¬
like articles which produce interference colors due to recesses with a
predetermined width formed on the surface thereof, respectively. Each
document describes that formed objects are fast and permanent in color
due to no use of dyes and pigments.
The minute structures as disclosed in JP 43-14185 and JP-A 1 -
139803 have an advantage of producing colors irrespective of the incident
direction of light, but are imperfect in view of tone brightness and visual
quality due to the fact that the optical thickness (geometrical thickness of a
covering layer x refractive index thereof) is not always constant when
viewed from the incident direction of light.
The minute structure as described in the journal of the Textile
Machinery Society of Japan is difficult to be formed in fine fibers and minute
chips or pieces, and are still imperfect in view of tone brightness.
The minute structures as disclosed in JP-A 59-228042, JP-B2
60-24847, JP-B2 63-64535, JP-A 62-170510, and JP-A 63-120642 are
difficult to give desired coloring function due to no precise teachings of the
dimension thereof.
For solving such inconveniences, U.S. Patent No. 5,407,738 and
U.S. Patent No. 5,472,798 propose new minute structures, with concrete
dimension, for producing colors which have bright tones varying with a
change with the angle of view by reflection and interference of light, and no
change with time. The teachings of U.S. Patent No. 5,407,738 and U.S.
Patent No. 5,472,798 are hereby incorporated by reference.
The minute structures as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,407,738,
which produce colors by reflection and interference of light, i.e. when
satisfying the interference condition with regard to the refractive index and
thickness of two component substance layers, are inferior in diversity than
the conventional minute structures comprising generally coloring matters
which can produce various colors by mixing coloring matters of different kinds.
Moreover, the above minute structures, which are made of
materials having optical penetrability, may be out of the coloring condition
when contacting a transparent substance layer, not determined. That is,
when an environment of the minute structures is determined to be an air
layer, the phenomenon occurs that the above minute structures give
excellent coloring function in the air layer, but do not give sufficient coloring
function in an environment with no air layer.
By way of example, when clothes made of fibers of minute
structure are wet with oil (refractive index n = 1.34 to 1.54) or water
(refractive index n = 1.33), or put in a solvent, the clothes have a substance
layer with different refractive index formed on the fiber surface, etc.,
resulting in no production of desired colors, and occasionally, an occurrence
of see-through.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide minute
structures of high quality which produce, by reflection and interference of
light, colors with various bright and clear tones and without any possible
occurrence of see-through.
Another object of the present invention is to provide spinnerets
for manufacturing the above minute structures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a minute structure for producing a color, comprising:
at least one first part, said first part producing a first color with
first wavelengths in a visible light area by physical actions, said first part
including lamellas disposed in layers at predetermined intervals; and
a second part disposed adjacent to said first part, said second
part absorbing a part of light with second wavelengths in said visible light
area and reflecting the rest of light, said second part containing a coloring
matter.
Another aspect of the present invention lies in providing a minute
structure for producing a color, comprising:
first parts, each first part producing a first color with first
wavelengths in a visible light area by physical actions, each first part
including lamellas disposed in layers at predetermined intervals; and
a second part disposed adjacent to said first parts, said second
part absorbing a part of light with second wavelengths in said visible light
area and reflecting the rest of light, said second part containing a coloring
matter,
said first parts being radially disposed around said second part.
Still another aspect of the present invention lies in providing a
spinneret for manufacturing an island-in-a-sea type filament out of first and
second island-portion polymers and a sea-portion polymer, comprising:
a partition, said partition including at least one first opening for
shaping the first island-portion polymer and a second opening disposed
adjacent to said first opening for shaping the second island-portion polymer,
said first opening including first slits disposed in layers; and
passage means arranged at least at a periphery of said first
opening for guiding the sea-portion polymer.
Still another aspect of the present invention lies in providing a
spinneret for manufacturing an island-in-a-sea type filament out of first and
second island-portion polymers and a sea-portion polymer, comprising:
a partition, said partition having first openings for shaping the first
island-portion polymer and a second opening arranged adjacent to said first
opening for shaping the second island-portion polymer, said first openings
being disposed around said second opening, each of said first openings
including first slits disposed in layers; and
passage means arranged at least at a periphery of said first
openings for guiding the sea-portion polymer.
The other aspect of the present invention lies in providing a
minute structure for producing a color, comprising:
means for producing a first color with first wavelengths in a visible
light area by physical actions, said producing means including lamellas
disposed in layers at predetermined intervals; and
means disposed adjacent to said producing means for absorbing
a part of light with second wavelengths in said visible light area and
reflecting the rest of light, said absorbing means containing a coloring matter.
A further aspect of the present invention lies in providing a
spinneret for manufacturing an island-in-a-sea type filament out of first and
second island-portion polymers and a sea-portion polymer, comprising:
means for defining passages for the first and second island-
portion polymers, said defining means including at least one first opening for
shaping the first island-portion polymer and a second opening disposed
adjacent to said first opening for shaping the second island-portion polymer,
said first opening including first slits disposed in layers; and
means arranged at least at a periphery of said first opening for
guiding the sea-portion polymer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a sectional view showing a first preferred embodiment
of a minute structure for producing a color according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1 , showing a melt spinning device;
Fig. 3A is a bottom view showing a spinneret of the melt spinning
device;
Fig. 3B is a perspective view showing a polymer extrusion side
of the spinneret;
Fig. 3C is a view similar to Fig. 3B, showing a polymer receiving
side of the spinneret;
Figs. 4A and 4B are graphs illustrating production of a compound
color;
Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view showing twisted yarns using the
minute structure;
Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5, showing a fabric using the minute
structure;
Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig. 2, showing a variant of the first
preferred embodiment;
Figs. 8A and 8B are views similar to Fig. 7, showing another
variant of the first preferred embodiment;
Figs. 9A and 9B are views similar to Fig. 8B, showing the other
variant of the first preferred embodiment;
Fig. 10 is a view similar to Fig. 9B, showing a second preferred
embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 1 1 is a view similar to Fig. 10, showing a variant of the
second preferred embodiment;
Figs. 12A and 12B are views similar to Fig. 1 1 , showing another
variant of the second preferred embodiment;
Figs. 13A and 13B are views similar to Fig. 12B, showing the
other variant of the second preferred embodiment;
Fig. 14 is a view similar to Fig. 13B, showing a third preferred
embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 15 is a view similar to Fig. 3B, showing a spinneret of the
melt spinning device;
Fig. 16 is a view similar to Fig. 14, showing a filament obtained
by the melt spinning device;
Fig. 17 is a view similar to Fig. 16, illustrating the incident
direction of light upon evaluation of coloring of the minute structure;
Figs. 18A and 18B are views similar to Fig. 17, showing a variant
of the third preferred embodiment; and
Fig. 19 is a view similar to Fig. 18B, showing a fourth preferred
embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings, a description will be made with regard
to preferred embodiments of the present invention.
Figs. 1 -6 show a first embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to Fig. 1 , a minute structure 1 for producing a color comprises a
first coloring part 10 and a second coloring part 20 having a rectangular
section and one side on which the first coloring part 10 is disposed.
The first coloring part 10, which is formed in a layer structure
comprising alternate laminations of a substance layer with a predetermined
refractive index and an air layer, produces a color with wavelength in a
visible light area (wavelengths of 380 to 780 nm) by reflection and
interference of light resulting therefrom.
A concrete structure of the first coloring part 10 may be similar
to a structure as disclosed, e.g. in U.S. Patent No. 5,407,738. Specifically,
the first coloring part 10 comprises lamellas 11 disposed in layers and
parallel to a surface of the second coloring part 20 and with a predetermined
slit or space 13 between two adjacent lamellas 1 1 , and a core portion 12
extending perpendicularly from the one side of the second coloring part 20
to interconnect the lamellas 11. The lamellas 11 of the first coloring part 10
have the same length, and a width substantially equal to a width S of the
second coloring part 20, so that an assemblage of the first coloring part 10
and the second coloring part 20 has a substantially rectangular section.
A material for forming the first coloring part 10 is preferably a
thermoplastic polymer in view of its easy forming and material values such
as optical penetrability and refractive index which enable effective
occurrence of reflection and interference of light. Examples of thermoplastic
polymers are polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nylon,
polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polystyrene (PS),
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyether et erketone,
polyparaphenylene terephthalamid, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), etc.
Copolymers and mixed polymers having two or more of the above polymers
are also applicable.
The layer structure of the lamellas 1 1 serves to not only reflect
ultraviolet ray and infrared ray, but produce a color with wavelength in the
visible light area by reflection and interference of light. Referring to Fig. 1 ,
suppose that the direction of placing the lamellas 1 1 one upon another is a
longitudinal direction of a section of the first coloring part 10, and the
direction perpendicular thereto is a cross direction thereof. When the width
of the core portion 12 in the cross direction is Wa, and the width of the
lamellas 1 1 in the cross directieon is Wb, the first coloring part 10 is
constructed to meet the following relationship:
Wb ≥ 3Wa
Moreover, when the thickness of the slit 13 or air layer in the
longitudinal direction is da, and the thickness of each lamella 1 1 in the
longitudinal direction is db, and the refractive index of a material for forming
the lamellas 1 1 is nb, the first coloring part 10 is constructed to meet the
following relationship:
0.02 μm < da < 0.4 μm
0.02 μm ≤ db
1 .2 ≤ nb ≤ 1 .8
and to have a dispersion of the thickness db of each lamella 1 1 in the
longitudinal direction, i.e. a maximum value of a manufacturing error with
respect to a reference value of the thickness db, being less than 40 %. The
above relationship meets the fundamental formula of coloring of a multilayer
model comprising two substances or polymers with different refractive indexes
by reflection and interference of light: λ =2 ( n d +n • d ) wherein λ is
a peak wavelength of reflecting spectrum, n Λ , n b are refractive indexes of
the two substances, and d a , d b are thicknesses thereof (see, e.g. U.S. Patent
No. 5,472,798). That is, under such condition, a designed peak wavelength
which corresponds to a tone, a greater refractive index which corresponds
to a tone brightness, etc. can be obtained. It will be thus understood that
coloring of the first coloring part 10 by reflection and interference of light
provides a brighter tone and a higher visual quality than ordinary coloring
resulting from coloring matters.
The second coloring part 20 produces a color resulting from a
chromatic coloring matter. Note that, contrary to so-called black coloring
matters having absorption in the whole visible light area, the chromatic
coloring matter absorbs a part of light with given wavelengths in the visible
light area, and reflects the rest of light. As for the definition of "chromatic
color", see, e.g. Japanese Industrial Standard Z8105 "Terminology for
Colors", which is incorporated herein by reference.
By way of example, when absorbing parts of light with
wavelengths corresponding to both ends of the visible light area, and
reflecting the rest of light with wavelengths in the vicinity of 550 nm, a green
color is obtained. When absorbing a part of light with wavelengths less than
600 nm, and reflecting the rest of light with wavelengths more than 600 nm,
a red color is obtained. Note that it is unpreferable to adopt dark coloring
matters having lightness generally less than 4, but to adopt coloring matters
having lightness more than 4, practically, more than 6. As for "dark
coloring matters", see Japanese Industrial Standard Z8721 "Method of
Specifying Colors by Three Attributes".
The chromatic coloring matter may be either of inorganic and
organic types which produces a desired color. Moreover, practically, the
chromatic coloring matter may be a pigment made of a colored powder
material which is not soluble in water and most of organic solvents, or a dye
made of an organic powder compound which is soluble in water and oil to
disperse in single molecules which are combined with molecules of fibers,
etc. to produce a color.
Examples of applicable inorganic coloring matters or pigments
are oxides such as iron oxide red (Fe 2 0 3 ), zinc white (ZnO) and chromium
oxide (Cr 2 0 3 ), hydroxides such as chrome yellow (PbCrO , viridian and
alumina white, sulfides such as cadmium red (CdS CdSe) and cadmium
yellow (CdS), chromic acids such as chrome yellow and zinc chromate, etc.
Examples of applicable organic coloring matters are various azo
compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, condensed polycyclic compounds
such as perylene, quinacridone and thioindigo, pteridine compounds, etc.
As will be described later, when using a thermoplastic polymer as a
component material, the chromatic coloring matter is preferably of the
organic type in view of not only dispersiibility and colorability, but spinnability.
In this case, one of the organic coloring matters is selected which can fully
resist a forming temperature (or decomposition temperature) of the
thermoplastic polymer.
A material for forming the second coloring part 20 is not specified
particularly. However, as will be described later, when integrally forming the
minute structure 1 , the second coloring part 20 is preferably made of a
thermoplastic polymer in the same way as the first coloring part 10, and is
manufactured, e.g. according to a composite spinning method. The second
coloring part 20 can be obtained by adding a proper amount of one of the
above coloring matters to the thermoplastic polymer. Alternatively, the
second coloring part 20 can be obtained by placing or printing an ink-like
coloring matter on the thermoplastic polymer.
Referring next to Fig. 2, a description will be made with regard to
a melt spinning device 100 for manufacturing the minute structure 1 .
The melt spinning device 100 comprises a spinneret 120 held
between a first block 1 10 and a second block 130. Supplied independently
to the spinneret 120 are a first island-portion polymer A as a material of the
first coloring part 10, a second island-portion polymer B as a material of the
second coloring part 20, and a sea-portion polymer C as a material for
surrounding an island portion consisting of the first and second coloring parts
10, 20. The three polymers A, B, C are joined to each other on the
extrusion side of the spinneret 120, which is then reduced in diameter
through a funnel-shaped portion 131 of the second block 130, and is taken
out, as an island-in-a-sea type filament, from an outlet 132 of the melt
spinning device 100. This filament is wound on a take-up device, not shown.
The first block 110 is formed with supply passages 111 , 112, 113
for independently leading to the spinneret 120 the two island-portion
polymers island-portion polymers A, B, and the sea-portion polymer C. In
order to enable simultaneous forming of island-in-a-sea type fibers, the
spinneret 120 comprises sets of parallel partitions 121 for controlling island-
portion passages as will be described later. The first and second block 110,
130 comprise sets of corresponding supply passages 111 , 1 12, 113 and
funnel-shaped portions 131.
Referring to Figs. 3A-3C, the spinneret 120 will be described in
detail. As best seen in Figs. 3A and 3B, the spinneret 120 comprises, on the
extrusion side thereof facing the second block 130, a partition 121 for
defining two island portions through openings 122A, 122B. The opening
122A of the partition 121 through which the first island-portion polymer A
passes has first slits 123 arranged parallel to each other, and a second slit
124 arranged perpendicular thereto for interconnecting the first slits 123.
The opening 122B of the partition 121 through which the second island-
portion polymer B passes is shaped to have a rectangular portion arranged
parallel to an outer one of the first slits 123. The openings 122A, 122B of
the partition 121 communicate with each other in the vicinity of an extrusion
side end thereof. The slits 123, 124 are adapted to correspond with the
desired configuration of the lamellas, core portion, and rectangular portion
of the minute structure to be produced therewith.
Referring to Figs. 2 and 3C, the spinneret 120 is formed, on the
intake side thereof facing the first block 1 10, with polymer receiving portions
125, 126 corresponding to the supply passages 1 1 1 , 1 12 for the first and
second island-portion polymers A, B. Each polymer receiving portion 125,
126 is shaped like a rectangle to cover an outer periphery of the
corresponding opening 122A, 122B of the partition 121 , communicating with
the corresponding opening 122A, 122B. Moreover, the spinneret 120 is
formed, on the extrusion side thereof, with a supply passage 128 which
communicates with intake passages 127 corresponding to the supply
passage 1 13 for the sea-portion polymer C.
Referring to Fig. 2, the second block 130 comprises a funnel-
shaped portion 131 having outlet 132 with small diameter with respect to the
shape ofthe openings 122A, 122B of the partition 121. The diameter of an
inlet of the funnel-shaped portion 131 is determined to cover the partition
121 , and communicate with the supply passage 128 at least at the periphery
of the opening 122A through which the first island-portion polymer A is
introduced.
The second island-portion polymer B has a coloring matter
added. The first island-portion polymer A proceeds from the supply
passage 111 of the first block 110 to the polymer receiving portion 125 of
the spinneret 120, then to the opening 122A with layer portion 123 of the
partition 121. The second island-portion polymer B proceeds from the
supply passage 112 of the first block 110 to the polymer receiving portion
126, then to the opening 122B with rectangular portion of the partition 121.
On the other hand, the sea-portion polymer C proceeds from the supply
passage 1 13 of the first block 1 10 to the intake passages 127 of the
spinneret 120, then to the supply passage 128 thereof.
The first island-portion polymer A extruded from the opening
122A form lamellas 11 interconnected by the core portion 12, whereas the
second island-portion polymer B extruded from the opening 122B form
rectangular portion or second coloring part 20 connected to the core portion
12. The sea-portion polymer C extruded from the supply passage 128
surrounds the lamellas 11 and rectangular portion to form a circular section
composite. The circular section composite enters the funnel-shaped portion
131 of the second block 130 to undergo a diameter reduction with the
sectional shape kept in a similar figure, which is taken out, as an island-in-a-
sea type filament, from the outlet 132 of the melt spinning device 100.
The sea-portion polymer C is dissolved by a solvent for its
removal from the island-in-a-sea type filament, obtaining the fiber-like minute
structure 1 consisting of the first coloring part 10 of the first island-portion
polymer A and the second coloring part 20 of the second island-portion
polymer B only.
The operation of the first embodiment will be described. In the
state that an air layer is placed around the first coloring part 10, light incident
on the first coloring part 10 produces a color with wavelength determined in
accordance with the coloring dimension or interference condition. If
reflection on the first coloring part 10 is a total reflection, light does not reach
the second coloring part 20, so that only the first coloring part 10 is active in
coloring, producing a bright tone and a characteristic visual quality.
On the other hand, if reflection on the first coloring part 10 is not
a total reflection, but, e.g. approximately 50 % in reflectivity, a part of the
rest of light forms stray light such as scattered light, and another part of the
rest of light penetrates the first coloring part 10, and reaches the second
coloring part 20 for reflection and emission with wavelengths proper to a
chromatic coloring matter thereof. Thus, viewer's eyes perceive a
"compound color" of a color derived from the first coloring part 10 and a
color derived form the second coloring part 20. This "compound color" is
due to synergistic effect of coloring of the first coloring part 10 based on
interference of light and that of the second coloring part 20, having a bright
and deep tone, and a characteristic visual quality which cannot be obtained
by so-called ordinary colors resulting from coloring matters.
Specifically, when the wavelengths or reflection spectrum of light
emitting from the first coloring part 10 correspond to those of light emitting
from the second coloring part 20, an extremely bright and deep tone is
obtained due to synegistic effect of the two. Moreover, when the
wavelengths or reflection spectrum of light emitting from the first coloring part
10 do not correspond to those of light emitting from the second coloring part
20, a compound color is obtained which cannot be realized by the first
coloring part 10 only. Even if the first coloring part 10 produces no color due
to some change in conditions, the second coloring part 20 produces a color,
preventing total colorlessness.
Thus, individual control of colors of the first and second coloring
parts 10, 20 enables production of various colors or compound colors. If the
first and second coloring parts 10, 20 produce both, e.g. blue, an output
color is blue. Moreover, referring to Fig. 4A, a synegistic effect of the two
not only produces an effect similar to improved reflectivity, but contributes
to an improvement of deepness corresponding approximately to the
reflectivity.
Further, if the first coloring part 10 produces green, while the
second coloring part 20 produces red, an output color or compound color is
generally yellow. Referring to Fig. 4B, a reflection spectrum shows that
yellow is obtained from production of green and that of red. Furthermore,
if the first coloring part 10 produces green, while the second coloring part 20
produces blue, an output color or compound color is generally cyan. These
phenomena are explained by the three principles of colors or additive
mixture of colors. In the former case, due to lack of blue of the three
principles consisting of red, green and blue, yellow or complementary color
of blue is seen. In the latter case, due to lack of red of the three principles,
cyan or complementary color of red is seen.
On the other hand, coloring of the conventional coloring matters
is carried out in accordance with subtractive mixture of colors. In case of oil
colors or watercolors, for example, when mixing yellow and magenta
appropriately, red is obtained; when mixing cyan and yellow appropriately,
green is obtained; and when mixing yellow, magenta and cyan, black is
obtained.
It is understood that the minute structure 1 produces a color in
accordance with additive mixture of colors, and not subtractive mixture thereof.
Note that the first coloring part 10 only needs to produce a color
with wavelength in the visible light area by one of the physical actions such
as reflection, interference, diffraction and scattering of light, or a
combination of two or more thereof. Also note that light is not specified
particularly, and may be natural light of the sun, moon, etc., or artificial light
of fluorescent, xenon and mercury lamps.
Consideration will be made with regard to the case that a
transparent substance layer with refractive index different from that of the
air layer is placed around the minute structure 1 . In this case, due to
divergence of the optical thickness (geometrical thickness of a substance
layer x refractive index thereof) from a set value, the first coloring part 10
is out of the interference condition, not only producing no desired color, but
allowing most of incident light to reach the second coloring part 20 according
to the condition.
However, when reaching the second coloring part 20, light is
reflected thereby with wavelengths proper to a coloring matter contained
therein, which is perceived by viewer's eyes as a color proper to a chromatic
coloring matter. Therefore, even when contacting a transparent substance
with different refractive index, the minute structure 1 has no see-through due
to existence of the second coloring part 20.
Note that a maximum reflection peak value or reflectivity R of the
reflection spectrum of the second coloring part 200 is more than 40 %,
preferably, more than 60 % in view of color perceptibility of viewer's eyes.
This corresponds approximately to the lightness more than 4 as described
above. Thus, the amount of chromatic coloring matter contained in the second
coloring part 20 is adjusted so that the reflectivity or maximum reflection
peak value R of the second coloring part 20 is more than 40 %. In such a
way, even when contacting a transparent substance with different refractive
index, the minute structure 1 has no see-through due to existence of the
second coloring part 20.
According to its application, etc., the minute structure 1 may have
a sea-portion polymer C positively left without being removed from an
island-in-a-sea type filament manufactured by the melt spinning device 100.
An example of manufacturing the minute structure 1 will be
described. The following materials are prepared: pellets of polyethylene
terephtalate (PET; refractive index n = 1.56) for the first coloring part 10,
pellets of polyethylene terephtalate containing as a chromatic coloring
matter copper phthalocyanine (blue) of an organic coloring matter for the
second coloring part 20, and pellets of polystyrene (PS) for the sea-portion
material for holding the first and second coloring parts 10, 20. The melt
spinning device 100 is used for spinning. Spinning is carried out at a
spinning temperature of 280 °C and a winding speed of 6,000 m/min. Then,
the sea-portion polymer C is removed from an island-in-a-sea type filament
as obtained by a solvent of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), obtaining the minute
structure 1 with sectional shape as shown in Fig. 1. The thicknesses of a
PET layer and air layer of the minute structure 1 are 0.08 μ m and 0.16
μ m, respectively. The total number of layers is 15 (PET : 8; air : 7).
A color of the minute structure 1 is evaluated in the air and the
water. Upon evaluation in the air, the minute structure 1 is disposed as
shown in Fig. 1 with respect to light, a reflection spectrum of which is
measured at an incident angle of 0° and a receiving angle of 0° by a
microspectrophotometer of Model U-6000 manufactured by Hitachi, Co.,
Ltd. Upon evaluation in the water, the coloring condition of the minute
structure 1 is observed visually.
The results of evaluation are as follows. In the air, with the
reflectivity of 90 %, the reflection spectrum is obtained having a peak at
wavelength of 0.48 μ m, producing deep blue. The tone and deepness of
this blue is clearly different from those of blue coloring by reflection and
interference of light only, having a high visual quality. In the water, the minute
structure 1 also produces blue with no occurrence of see-through.
In such a way, according to the first embodiment, the minute
structure 1 produces a color having various bright, clear and deep tones,
and a characteristic visual quality with no occurrence of see-through when
contacting a transparent substance with different refractive
index.
Note that the shape and size of the second coloring part 20 are
not specified particularly, and may be selected optionally without lowering
an effect of the first coloring part 10. Likewise, the size and number of the
first coloring part 10 may be determined appropriately. Also note that, when
the minute structure 1 serves as a fabric and a bright member, the flatness
(transverse length/longitudinal length) of the minute structure 1 is preferably
more than 3 so that the first coloring part 10 is disposed in the incident
direction of light as stably as possible.
The minute structure 1 can be used to form a twisted yarn or
fabric. Specifically, two or more minute structures 1 as single yarns are
twisted to form a twisted yarn. Referring to Fig. 5, twisted yarns 7A, 7B are
obtained by carrying out S twist of two minute structures 1 and Z twist
thereof, respectively. A pitch of the minute structures 1 when forming a
twisted yarn and a manner of twisting such as S twist or Z twist are
determined appropriately in accordance with the size and shape of the
minute structure 1. Note that two or more first coloring parts 10 and known
structures or ordinary single yarns may be twisted to obtain a twisted yarn.
In order to obtain a bright tone and a characteristic visual quality
of the minute structure 1 , the first coloring part 10 should be arranged in the
incident direction of light. With such twisted yarn of the minute structures 1 ,
even if a plane of incidence having the first coloring part 10 is disposed only
one side of the second coloring part 20, this plane surely faces on the side
of light at predetermined intervals. Thus, with increased frequency of facing
in the incident direction of light, a twisted yarn of the minute structures 1
produces the above tone and visual quality.
Referring to Fig.6, a fabric 8 such as plain weave can be formed
out of a twisted yarn of the minute structures 1 . The fabric 8 formed out of
the twisted yarns 7A, 7B produces a bright, clear and deep tone, and a
characteristic visual quality, and is excellent in practical use due to possible
maintaining of its effect even when contacting or being wet with a substance
with different refractive index such as a solvent, oil and water.
Fig. 7 shows a variant of the first embodiment. The structure of
this variant is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment of Fig.
1 . In this variant, three first coloring parts 10a are connected to a second
coloring part 20a. In the same way as the first coloring part 10, each first
coloring part 10a comprises lamellas 1 1 a disposed in layers, and a core
portion 12a extending perpendicularly through the lamellas 1 1 a and having
an end connected to the one side of the second coloring part 20a.
According to this variant, an arrangement of a plurality of first coloring parts
1 0a contributes to increased density of portions for carrying out reflection
and interference of light, obtaining a deeper tone and a higher visual quality.
Figs. 8A and 8B show another variant of the first embodiment.
Referring to Fig. 8A, a first coloring part 10b made of a thermoplastic
polymer with a predetermined refractive index comprises two parallel
lamellas 14, 15, and two connections 16 for interconnecting the lamellas 14,
15 to form a box-like structure. The lamella 14 is provided with a protrusion
17 which outwardly perpendicularly protrudes from a center portion thereof.
Each connection 16 is disposed inwardly from an end of the lamellas 14, 15
by a predetermined amount. The first coloring part 10b is connected to a
second coloring part 20b through the lamella 15 joined to the entirety of one
side of the second coloring part 20b.
According to this variant, though simple in sectional shape, the
first coloring part 10b for producing a color resulting from its layer structure
can produce the same effect as those of Figs. 1 and 7 through interaction
with the second coloring part 20b for producing a color resulting from a
chromatic coloring matter. Referring to Fig. 8B, an arrangement of a
plurality of first coloring parts 10b on the second coloring part 20b
contributes to a further increase in coloring effect.
Figs. 9A and 9B show the other variant of the first embodiment.
Referring to Fig. 9A, two first coloring parts 10 are disposed on both sides
of the second coloring part 20, each part being the same as a corresponding
part of Fig. 1 . Referring to Fig. 9B, two sets of three first coloring parts 10a
are disposed on both sides of the second coloring part 20a, each part being
the same as a corresponding part of Fig. 7. According to this variant, a light
active side of this minute structure is not only one side thereof, so that a
twisted yarn of this minute structure always ensures a deep tone and a high
visual quality by reflection and interference of light regardless of the angle
of view.
The above variants can be formed by changing the shape of the
openings 122A, 122B of the partition 121 of the melt spinning device 120 as
shown in Figs. 3A-3C.
Fig. 10 shows a second embodiment of the present invention.
A minute structure 2 for producing a color comprises a first coloring part 30,
and a second coloring part 40 defined by an arc surface and a flat surface
on which the first coloring part 30 is disposed. The first coloring part 30 is
formed in a layer structure comprising alternate laminations of substance
layers 31 , 32 with predetermined refractive indexes. A concrete structure
of the first coloring part 30 may be similar to a structure as disclosed, e.g.
in U.S. Patent No. 5,472,798. Specifically, when the refractive index of the
substance layer 31 is na, and the refractive index of the substance layer 32
is nb, the first coloring part 30 is constructed to meet the following relationship:
1 .3 ≤ na
1 .1 ≤ nb/na ≤ 1 .4
The substance layers 31 , 32 are made of preferably a
thermoplastic polymer in the same way as in the first embodiment.
Moreover, the second coloring part 40 contains a chromatic coloring matter
in the same way as the second coloring part 20 in the first embodiment. The
first coloring part 30 as formed in a layer structure has an arc surface which
is continuous with the arc surface of the second coloring part 40, forming a
circular section as a whole. Thus, the minute structure 2 produces a color
with wavelength in the visible light area by reflection and interference of light
based on lamination of the substance layers 31 , 32 with different refractive
indexes.
An example of manufacturing the minute structure 2 will be
described. The following materials are prepared: pellets of poly vinylidene
fluoride (PVDF; refractive index n = 1.41 ) and polystyrene (PS; refractive
index n = 1 .60) for the first coloring part 30, and pellets of polystyrene
containing as a chromatic coloring matter an organic coloring matter or lake
red C (red) for the second coloring part 40.
Used for spinning is a melt spinning device with a spinneret for
enabling a diameter reduction of the above three melt polymers which join
each other therein. Spinning is carried out at a spinning temperature of 200
°C and a winding speed of 5,000 m/min, obtaining the fiber-like minute
structure 2 with sectional shape as shown in Fig. 10. The thicknesses of a
PVDF layer and PS layer of the minute structure 2 are 0.08 μ m and 0.09
μ m, respectively. The total number of layers is 41 (PVDF : 21 ; PS : 20).
This melt spinning device, not shown, only needs a spinneret
having slits for PVDF and PS alternately arranged and a partly arc-shaped
opening which correspond to the openings 122A, 122B for the first and
second island-portion polymers A, B of the spinneret 120 of the melt
spinning device 100 as described in connection with the first embodiment,
and which have a periphery shaped like a circle. This melt spinning device
needs no system for the sea-portion polymer C.
A color of the minute structure 2 is evaluated in the air and the
water. Upon evaluation in the air, the minute structure 2 is disposed as
shown in Fig. 10 with respect to light, a reflection spectrum of which is
measured at an incident angle of 0° and a receiving angle of 0° by a
microspectrophotometer of Model U-6000 manufactured by Hitachi, Co.,
Ltd. Upon evaluation in the water, the coloring condition of the minute
structure 2 is observed visually.
The results of evaluation are as follows. In the air, with the
reflectivity of 70 %, yellow with deepness is observed which is a compound
color of a color (green; dominant wavelength λ = 0.52 μ m) derived from
the first coloring part 30 and a color (red; dominant wavelength λ = 0.65
μ m) derived from the second coloring part 40. In the water, the minute
structure 2 produces red with no occurrence of see-through.
Fig. 1 1 shows a variant of the second embodiment. In this
variant, a first coloring part 30a formed in a layer structure is disposed on a
second coloring part 40a to form an elliptical or oval section as a whole.
According to this variant, the width of the first coloring part 30a is increased
to enlarge the area of the layer structure for carrying out reflection and
interference of light, resulting in an advantage of further improved depth of
the color.
Figs. 12A and 12B show another variant of the second
embodiment. In this variant, a first coloring part 30b, 30c includes a latticed
portion 35, 35a made of a material with a first refractive index and having
slits 36 filled with a material 37 with a second refractive index. A second
coloring part 40b, 40c is connected to the first coloring part 30b, 30c.
Specifically, referring to Fig. 12A, the first coloring part 30b includes latticed
portion 35 having a rectangular external form. The plate-like second
coloring part 40b is connected to the entirety of a long side of the first
coloring part 30b which is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the slits 36,
forming a rectangular section as a whole. The latticed portion 35 and the
slits 36 filled with the material 37 form lamellas, respectively.
Referring to Fig. 12B, the first coloring part 30c includes latticed
portion 35a having an elliptical or oval section. The slits 36 are arranged to
have the longitudinal direction corresponding to the direction of a major axis
of the ellipse. The arc second coloring part 40c is connected to a side of the
first coloring part 30c in the direction of the major axis of the ellipse.
According to this variant, forming of a plurality of layer structures contributes
to achievement of a deep tone and a high visual quality.
Figs. 13A and 13B show the other variant of the second
embodiment. Referring to Fig. 13A, two first coloring parts 30d comprising
alternate laminations of substance layers 31 a, 32a with predetermined
refractive indexes are arranged on both sides of a second coloring part 40d,
forming as a whole a circular section with the second coloring part 40d
disposed substantially in the center thereof. Referring to Fig. 13B, two first
coloring parts 30e are arranged on both sides of a second coloring part 40e,
forming as a whole an elliptical or oval section with the second coloring part
40e disposed substantially in the center thereof in the direction of a minor
axis of the ellipse. According to this variant, effective reflection and
interference of light is ensured with respect to light in the direction of two
sides of the minute structure.
Figs. 14-17 show a third embodiment of the present invention.
In the third embodiment, for achieving no dependence on the incident
direction of light, first coloring parts 50 are radially arranged around a
second coloring part 60. Specifically, referring to Fig. 14, a minute structure
3 for producing a color comprises first coloring parts 50 which are radially
equidistantly arranged around the second coloring part 60 having a circular
section. The first coloring part 50 comprises lamellas 51 disposed in layers
and with a predetermined slit or space 53 between two adjacent lamellas,
and a core portion 52 extending perpendicularly therethrough and having an
end and connected to the second coloring part 60.
In the third embodiment, the lamellas 51 interconnected by the
core portion 52 constitute an unit 70 of first coloring part 50. Eight units 70
are radially equidistantly arranged around the second coloring part 60 having
a circular section, and are connected to the second coloring part 60. With
each unit 70 of first coloring part 50, the length of the lamellas 51 is
gradually increased from the lamella 51a disposed the nearest to the second
coloring part 60 to the lamella 51b disposed the most distant therefrom. A
material of the first coloring part 50 is a thermoplastic polymer in the same
way as the first coloring part 10 in the first embodiment. Moreover, a
material of the second coloring part 60 is the same as that of the second
coloring part 20 in the first embodiment.
Note that a maximum reflection peak value or reflectivity R of the
reflection spectrum of the second coloring part 60 is more than 40 %,
preferably, more than 60 % in view of color perceptibility of viewer's eyes.
This corresponds approximately to the lightness more than 4 as described
above. Thus, the amount of chromatic coloring matter contained in the second
coloring part 60 is adjusted so that the reflectivity or maximum reflection
peak value R of the second coloring part 60 is more than 40 %.
The minute structure 3 can be manufactured by a spinneret 220
as shown in Fig. 15 in place of the spinneret 120 as shown in Figs. 3A-3C.
Refeπing to Fig. 15, the spinneret 220, which is circular as viewed in a plan,
includes a partition 221 for controlling island-portion passages which is
formed with openings 222A for the first island-portion polymer A arranged
radially around a circular opening 222B for the second island-portion
polymer B. Each opening 222A includes first slits 223 disposed
equidistantly, and a second slit 224 extending radially from the opening 222B
to cross the first slits 223 at right angles. The first slits 223 are parallel to
each other, the length of which is larger as the distance from the opening 222B
is greater. Moreover, the spinneret 220 has openings 228 for the sea-
portion polymer C formed at the periphery thereof.
The spinneret 220 includes, on the reverse side thereof, a
polymer receiving portion communicating with the openings 222A, 222B for
the first and second island-portion polymers A, B in the same way as the
spinneret 120 as shown in Fig. 2. The spinneret 220 also includes a polymer
receiving portion communicating with the opening 228 for the sea-portion
polymer C. The spinneret 220 is arranged in a melt spinning device
equivalent to the melt spinning device 100 as shown in Fig. 2 to receive, in
the polymer receiving portions, the first and second island-portion polymers
A, B and the sea-portion polymer C for melt spinning, obtaining an island-in-
a-sea type filament 4 as shown in Fig. 16 consisting of a first island portion
or first coloring part 50, a second island portion or second coloring part 60,
and a sea portion 80 surrounding the two. The sea portion 80 is dissolved
by a solvent for its removal from the filament 4, obtaining the minute
structure 3 as shown in Fig. 14.
According to the third embodiment, even when contacting a
transparent substance with different refractive index, the minute structure 3
has no see-through due to existence of the second coloring part 60.
Moreover, due to radial arrangement of a plurality of first coloring parts 50,
the minute structure 3 produces a bright tone and a characteristic visual
quality by reflection and interference of light regardless of the incident
direction thereof.
In the third embodiment, the length of the lamellas 51 is gradually
increased from the lamella 51 a disposed the nearest to the second coloring
part 60 to the lamella 51 b disposed the most distant therefrom, resulting in
effective reflection and interference of light incident thereon even with a
certain angle, and not peφendicularly. Note that all the lamellas 51 may be
the same in length. Also note that the number of units 70 of first coloring
part 50, eight in the third embodiment, is preferably as larger as possible to
increase the density thereof in the section in view of achievement of
substantially the same reflection spectrum and reflectivity regardless of the
incident direction of light.
An example of manufacturing the minute structure 3 will be
described. The following materials are prepared: pellets of polyethylene
terephtalate (PET; refractive index n = 1.56) for the first coloring
part 50, pellets of polyethylene terephtalate containing as a chromatic
coloring matter an organic coloring matter or lead phthalocyanine (green) for
the second coloring part 60, and pellets of polystyrene (PS) for the sea-
portion material for holding the first and second coloring parts 50, 60. The
melt spinning device with the spinneret 220 as shown in Fig. 15 is used for
spinning. Spinning is carried out at a spinning temperature of 280 °C and a
winding speed of 5,000 m/min. The sea-portion polymer C is removed from
an island-in-a-sea type filament as obtained by a solvent of methyl ethyl
ketone (MEK), obtaining the minute structure 3 as shown in Fig. 14. The
thicknesses of a PET layer and air layer of the minute structure 50 are 0.08
μ m and 0.13 μ m, respectively. The total number of layers is 15 (PET : 8;
air : 7).
A color of the minute structure 3 is evaluated in the air and the
water. Referring to Fig. 17, upon evaluation in the air, the minute structure
3 is rotated every 30° up to 180° to vary the incident direction of light, a
reflection spectrum of which is measured at an incident angle of 0° and a
receiving angle of 0° by a microspectrophotometer of Model U-6000
manufactured by Hitachi, Co., Ltd. Upon evaluation in the water, the
coloring condition of the minute structure 3 is observed visually.
The results of evaluation are as follows. In the air, with the
reflectivity of approximately 80 %, the reflection spectrum is obtained having
a peak at wavelength of 0.52 μ m at each angle of rotation within a range
of 0 to 180° , producing green. The tone and deepness of this green is
clearly different from those of green coloring obtained without the second
coloring part 60, having a high visual quality. In the water, the minute
structure 3 also produces green with no occurrence of see-through.
According to the third embodiment, the minute structure 3
produces a color by reflection and interference of light regardless of the
incident direction of light with a bright tone and a characteristic visual quality.
Moreover, the minute structure 3 is excellent in practical use due to possible
maintaining of its effect even when contacting or being wet with a substance
with different refractive index such as a solvent, oil and water.
Figs. 18A and 18B shows variants of the third embodiment.
Referring to Fig. 18A, the minute structure is the same in shape as that one
as shown in Fig. 16, and comprises first and second coloring parts 50, 60,
the periphery of which is filled with a substance 90 with refractive index n ≠
1 .00 in place of air, forming a fiber-like structure with a circular section.
Referring to Fig. 18B, the minute structure is substantially the same as that
of the variant as shown in Fig. 18A except no existence of the core portion
52 of the first coloring part 50. According to those variants, also, the minute
structure produces a color by reflection and interference of light regardless
of the incident direction of light, having various tones without lowering of
brightness, clearness and deepness. Moreover, the minute structure is
excellent in practical use due to no quality deterioration by the influence of
an external environment such as contact with a substance with different
refractive index.
Fig. 19 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The
structure of the fourth embodiment is substantially the same as that of the
third embodiment as shown in Fig. 14 except that a second coloring part 60a
of a minute structure 5 contains an achromatic coloring matter having uniform
absorption in the visible light area. Note that the "achromatic coloring
matter" is such as to show uniform absorption, i.e. have practically no
reflection in the visible light area, including principally black and grey coloring
matters. As for the definition of "achromatic color", see, e.g. Japanese
Industrial Standard Z8105 "Terminology for Colors". Examples of
achromatic coloring matters are carbon black (C), iron oxide black (Fe304),
zinc white (ZnO), etc. as inorganic coloring matters or pigments, and aniline
black, etc. as organic coloring matters. According to the fourth
embodiment, light incident on the minute structure 5 is subjected to
reflection and interference at units 70 located on the side of a plane of
incidence, given wavelengths of which are perceived by viewer's eyes as a
color. The units 70 are radially arranged around the second coloring part
60a, allowing coloring regardless of the incident direction of light.
As described above, in an environment with air layer, the first
coloring part 50 receives light incident on the minute structure 5, producing
a color with wavelength determined in accordance with the interference
condition. If reflection on the first coloring part 50 is a total reflection, light
does not reach the second coloring part 60a, so that only the first coloring
part 50 is active in coloring, producing a bright tone and a characteristic
visual quality. On the other hand, if reflection on the first coloring part 50 is
not a total reflection, but, e.g. approximately 50 % in reflectivity, a part of the
rest of light is scattered, and another part of the rest of light penetrates the
first coloring part 50, and reaches the second coloring part 60a. When
being reflected thereby, another part of the rest of light operates as stray
light with various wavelengths, which may harm a bright color derived from
the first coloring part 50. However, according to the fourth embodiment,
such stray light and penetrating light are absorbed by the second coloring
part 60a containing an achromatic coloring matter, so that viewer's eyes
perceive a bright color derived from the first coloring part 50 without being
decreased by half.
Likewise, when an periphery of the minute structure 5 is filled with
a transparent substance with equivalent refractive index, the first coloring
part 50 is out of the interference condition, allowing most of incident light to
reach the second coloring part 60a according to the condition. However,
according to the fourth embodiment, light reaching the second coloring part
60a is subjected to absorption in the whole visible light area by an
achromatic coloring matter contained therein, which is perceived by viewer's
eyes as black with no occurrence of see-through.
An example of manufacturing the minute structure 5 will be
described. The following materials are prepared: pellets of polyethylene
terephtalate (PET; refractive index n = 1.56) for the first coloring part 50,
pellets of polyethylene terephtalate containing as an achromatic coloring
matter aniline black (black) of an organic coloring matter for the second
coloring part 60a, and pellets of polystyrene (PS) for the sea-portion
material for holding the first and second coloring parts 50, 60a. The melt
spinning device with the spinneret 220 as shown in Fig. 15 is used for
spinning. Spinning is carried out at a spinning temperature of 280 °C and a
winding speed of 5,000 m/min. Then, the sea-portion polymer C is removed
from an island-in-a-sea type filament as obtained by a solvent of methyl
ethyl ketone (MEK), obtaining the minute structure 5 as shown in Fig. 19.
The thicknesses of a PET layer and air layer of the minute structure 5 are
0.08 μm and 0.15 μm, respectively. The total number of layers is 15 (PET
: 8; air : 7).
A color of the minute structure 5 is evaluated in the air and the
water. Upon evaluation in the air, in the same way as in the example in the
third embodiment, the minute structure 5 is rotated every 30° up to 180° to
vary the incident direction of light, a reflection spectrum of which is
measured at an incident angle of 0° and a receiving angle of 0° by a
microspectrophotometer of Model U-6000 manufactured by Hitachi, Co.,
Ltd. Upon evaluation in the water, the coloring condition of the minute
structure 5 is observed visually.
The results of evaluation are as follows. In the air, with the
reflectivity of approximately 85 %, the reflection spectrum is obtained having
a peak at wavelength of 0.48 μ m at each angle of rotation within a range
of 0 to 180° , producing blue. The tone and deepness of this blue is clearly
different from those of blue coloring obtained without the second coloring
part 60a, having a high visual quality. In the water, the minute structure 5
produces a dark color or black with no occurrence of see-through.
Note that, in the same way as the variants of the third
embodiment as shown in Figs. 18A and 18B, the fourth embodiment can be
constructed such that the periphery of the first and second coloring parts 50,
60a is filled with a substance with refractive index n ≠ 1.00, or only the
lamellas 51 are disposed radially and in layers in a substance with refractive
index n ≠ 1.00 placed at the periphery of the second coloring part 60a.
In the fourth embodiment, the first coloring part 50 which
produces a color resulting from its layer structure may contain an achromatic
coloring matter. However, kinds of pigments and content thereof can cause
an increase in absoφtion in the visible light area, so that light incident on the
minute structure 5 reaches the lower lamellas 51 insufficiently. In view of
possible deterioration of coloring of the first coloring part 50 due to the
above fact, the first coloring part 50 contains preferably no achromatic
coloring matter.
In the above embodiments wherein the second coloring part
contains a chromatic coloring matter, the first coloring part which produces
a color resulting from its layer structure is constructed to have optical
penetrability, but not constructed particularly to contain a chromatic coloring
matter. As described above, kinds of pigments and content thereof can
cause an increase in absorption in the visible light area. However,
considering attenuation of light incident on the first coloring part due to the
above absorption, the first coloring part can be constructed to contain a
chromatic coloring matter within predetermined limits, producing a color in
a certain extent.
Moreover, in the above embodiments, the minute structures for
producing colors are formed like a fiber. Alternatively, the minute structures
may be formed like a chip, which are obtained, e.g. by shredding filaments
of the minute structures for addition to coating materials. Moreover, the
minute structures described in connection with the variants of the first
embodiment as shown in Figs. 7-9B and those of the second embodiment
as shown in Figs. 11-13B may be spread on two or three dimensional
surfaces with the second coloring parts being disposed thereon, which are
usable for car coating, etc.
Next Patent: POLYARYLENE SULFIDE MELT BLOWING METHODS AND PRODUCTS