BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Models are frequently formed from polymeric material, sometimes being a foam material having a dense skin, and although not limited to such covering material this invention is applicable thereto. However previously formed models have not been suitably arranged to provide articulation between the joints in a way which will satisfactorily simulate human or animal movement/ and in some cases very crude hinge means have existed, for example between the torso and arms or legs of a doll.

In the case of a "shop model" used for display purposes for garments, it is extremely desirable that the positions of the limbs can be arranged in the best manner for such purposes, and this involves at least some articulation of the limbs with respect to one another and with respect to the torso in a way in which human or animal attitudes can be simulated.

Another problem which can be encountered in the construction of a model is that the foam plastics material which encases the torso and limbs will tend to flow between the moving parts in such a way that

articulation is at least partly inhibited, and another object of the invention is to provide an articulation hinge which will inhibit such flow such that the model skeleton can be encased in moulded polymeric material and still allow articulation of the joints. In an embodiment of the invention, a model skeleton comprises a plurality of interconnected elements, hinge joints joining some at least of adjacent said elements for relative articulation between those elements such as to effect partial simulation of animal movements, each said hinge joint comprising a projection projecting from one element engaging walls of an adjacent element for relative rotation, a barb on the projection retaining that engagement, and sealing surfaces surrounding the projection and effecting a friction imparting seal between those elements.

In some embodiments the sealing surfaces comprise a resilient flange or skirt of one element which is deflected by the other element upon engagement, and in other instances comprise an 0-ring, formed of rubber or other polymeric material which has appropriate snubbing characteristics.

By selecting O-ring size, freedom of relative rotary movement is effectively snubbed, being partly inhibited by the O-ring. Thus it is possible to so arrange the articulating elements that they will remain in a position

in which they are placed. Similar results can be achieved by suitable interference fits between mating parts. As said above, one of the problems encountered heretofore has been the tendency for the fluent polymeric material to flow between the articulating surfaces and inhibit articulation, and in another embodiment of this invention there is such an interengagement between the surfaces of the elements of each articulated joint that the space in which an annular flange or skirt, or the 0- ring, is contained is protected against influx of fluent foaming polymeric material when the body is moulded over the skeleton of the model. If the elements are formed from a slightly resilient material such as nylon 6, glass-filled polycarbonate or the like, an interference can exist between the hinged elements and the O-ring (if selected) can be housed in an annular space which is protected by that interference against any such influx. Furthermore, the assembly can be quickly and easily effected by a "snap in" movement. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are described hereunder with reference to and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a front elevation of a model skeleton, but showing some elements rotated 180° from their normal positions to better illustrate constructional details. Fig. 2 is a side elevation of Fig. 1,

Fig. 3 is a section taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 1, and showing an O-ring type seal.

Fig. 4 is an elevation of a limb upper portion. Fig. 5 is an elevational section taken on line 5-5 of Fig. 4,

Fig. 6 is an underside view of Fig. 5, Fig. 7 is a top view of a shoulder or hip joining element.

Fig. 8 is an end elevation of Fig. 7, Fig. 9 is a front elevation of Fig. 7,

Fig. 10 is a section at line 10-10 of Fig. 8, Fig. 11 is a fragmentary section showing an assembly of an arm to shoulder, utilising an interference fit type seal, Fig. 12 is a section on line 12-12 of Fig. 11 showing serrated snubbing means.

Fig. 13 is an "exploded" view of Fig. 11, but drawn to a larger scale.

Fig. 14 is an "exploded" perspective view which illustrates the neck elements, and

Fig. 15 illustrates an alternative O-ring sealing and snubbing configuration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A consideration of human attitudes will indicate that, if a model is to simulate those attitudes, it is necessary for the upper and lower elements of an arm not only to articulate but also to have relative rotation,

and for rotation in at least two axes of the upper arm upper portion with respect to the shoulder. These are the only hinge joints which are herein illustrated but that they can be duplicated at other locations in the skeleton of the model, the necessary changes being made.

Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate a complete skeleton as would be located in a mould, before injection of foaming polymeric materials. The skeleton comprises an I-shaped torso 11 having shoulder portions 12, a neck 13 surmounting the shoulder portions 12, and a pair of hip portions 14 at the spine lower end.

A pair of shoulder joining members 15 rotationally join the shoulder portions 12 of the spine to arm assemblies 17, as described below. Similarly, a pair of hip joining members 16 rotationally join the hip portions

14 to leg assemblies 18.

Reference is now made to Figs. 3 to 10 which illustrate an assembly wherein a shoulder joining element

15 is retained to an upper arm upper element 21 for articulation about an axis which is illustrated to be horizontal. A lower arm element 22 depends from the upper arm element 21.

The shoulder joining element 15 is also similar to the hip joining element 16, the difference being in the circumferential length of a stop portion 24 (Fig. 3).

The stop portion 24 is provided in each instance with stop faces 25 at the ends thereof which restrict the

degree of articulation with the mating element. The shoulder joining element 15 is provided with two barbed projections 28, and each barbed projection is shown in Figs. 11, 12 and 13, similar barbed projections 28 being used throughout the entire model. Each barbed projection 28 terminates in an end face 29, and has a spacer portion 40 which is of cruciform section (similar to Fig. 10), and the barb surface 30 is an annular surface of a barb head carried on the ends of the resilient spacer portion 40, and firmly engages the outer surface 31 of the upper arm upper element 21. The portion of the upper element which is engaged by the barb surface 30 abuts a flat annular surface 32 of a shoulder 33 (Fig. 3) which surrounds the root end of the barbed projection 28. The abutment in the other direction is between a flange 35 and an annular lip 36 of the shoulder joining member 15 and the upper arm upper element 21 respectively. These interengaging surfaces restrict influx of moulded material during the moulding portion of the process. However, in this configuration, the frictional engagement of the resilient materials is in-sufficient to provide the required degree of snubbing of articulation, and this is achieved by the use of a resilient O-ring 37 which is deformed as the barbed projection 28 is inserted into the receiving aperture of the upper arm upper element 21. O-ring 37 may be of circular or rectangular section material, and is retained

concentric with the projection 28 by the shoulder 33. While small tolerances are required to determine the right degree of deformation of the O-ring 37, these can be achieved in a moulding process inexpensively. It is necessary for there to be some relative rotation between the arm upper and lower arm elements 21 and 22, and this is achieved by the upper element 21 (Fig. 3) having a long resilient stem 40 which is of cruciform cross-section (similar to that shown in Fig.- 10) which enters a circular section sleeve 41 and is retained therein by barbed projection 28. The material used is nylon 6, acetyl, or glass-filled polycarbonate, having the facility to be able to flex and thereby restrict the forces which may be imposed upon the skeleton elements and otherwise damage the model. The lower end of the stem 40 is of similar shape to the above-described shoulder joining member 15, the necessary changes being made (mostly to the length of the stop portion 24 and consequential positioning of the stop fade 25).

Since the nylon 6, acetyl, or polycarbonate is resilient, it is possible to achieve sufficient snubbing against free rotation of the upper and lower elements 21 and 22 without the use of the' resilient O-ring method by causing deformation of the tubular element 21 by stem 40. Ankle, knee and elbow joints are similar to the joints described above.

Although of course dimensions and shapes will change to satisfy the necessary differences, most of the skeletal joints are as described above.

The fingers, toes and neck however do not require the same type of articulation and in those joints use can be made of iron wire over which the polymeric material is moulded.

In order to achieve snubbing between the relatively rotating parts without the use of an O-ring, the arrangement of Figs. 11, 12 and 13 may be used. In that arrangement (corresponding approximately to the assembly shown in Fig. 3) like elements have similar designations, but in lieu of the annular shoulder there is provided a cruciform section projection 44 wherein two opposite arms are shorter than the other two opposite arms and the longer arms slightly distort the skirt 45 of a cup-like receiving portion 46. This can either be by bearing against the smooth inner surface of the skirt 45, but preferably is against serrations 47 engaged by pointed ends 48 of one at least of the arms of the projection 44..

In order to achieve a seal against ingress of foaming plastics material, as best seen in Fig. 13, the end of the circular projection 44 terminates in an annular surface 13 which engages the inner surface of the skirt 45 at its mouth with an interference fit.

To inhibit continuous rotation of the upper arm upper element 21, there is provided a projection 52 which abuts the stop face 25 (not shown in these three figures). Although upon formulating of a body part of the skeletal frame some foam polymeric material will necessarily embody the projection 52, that foam material can be removed by initial rotation of the element 21.

The snub means provided for the neck assembly 13, comprises four discoid portions, the lower most of which is designated 54 and which is hinged at 55 to the upper end of the torso 11. This contains a central aperture 56 and two radially spaced apertures 57.

The next upper discoid is designated 58 and this will, upon assembly, co-operate with portion 54 to retain the upper-most portion of the body section therebetween. For retaining barbs, discoid portion 58 has a pair of oppositely directed hooks 59 which enter the spaced apertures 57 and engage the undersurfaces of discoid portion 54, being retained thereto both by the barbed spigot 60 which depends from the portion 58 and by foam moulded within the body (and adhesive if required). Portion 58 also has a barbrd spigot 61 which extends upwardly ,and its upper surface also has two projections 62 which project into the central aperture 63 of the snub plate 64 which is the third discoid portion. The snub plate 64 has three radially spaced but circumferentially extending slots 65 which define flexible ribs 66 with the

surface which itself defines central aperture 63, and upon relative rotation of snub plate 64 with respect to discoid portion 58, one rib at least will always be slightly distorted by one of the projections 62. Snub plate 64 is slightly dished in shape to provide a pressure facility against an inturned flange of P.V.C. in the base of a head moulding.

Finally, the upper most discoid portion 68 retains the assembly by engagement of the upstanding barbed spigot 61 of portion 58, and co-operates with snub plate 64 to retain the head of the doll to the neck. Both these elements 64 and 68 have circular ribs which assist in retention of the P.V.C. flange (itself not shown). Fig. 15 illustrates an arrangement which is an alternative to Figs. 3, 11, 12 and 13, using an O-ring 73 and a cruciform shaped projection 44 having arms of unequal length to bear against and distort an axially extending rib 72 to provide local radial compression to O-ring 73 against an outer skirt 74 of receiving portion 46. This prevents rubbing sufaces against the O-ring, and thereby a smooth hinging action is achieved without loss of the snubbing feature.

The desirable radial compression is achieved when the width of the rectangular section annular cavity is less than its depth, as shown in Fig. 15, but when a rectangular section washer-like O-ring is used, the above described cavity shape is not always necessary to achieve

such radial compression. The inner curved surface of rib 17 can also be serrated.

All the above ^" cruciform sections are described as being similar to stem 40 of Fig. 10, or the cruciform projection 44 of Fig. 12, but clearly such cross- sectional shape can be substituted with a 'Y', or other section comprising radiating ribs.

The torso may also incorporate flexible resilient joints between its ends, and the neck, forearm and palms can also utilise flexible resilient joints. The hinge for the shoulder to the torso can in some instances be of an elongate type wherein plastics material has a reduced thickness strip, so as to resist damage in the event of the torso being moved too far with respect to the shoulder. This hinge method may also apply to neck, forearm and palm.

In all instances wherein the cruciform cross-section of Fig. 10, or a substitute therefor is used, the dimensions are so chosen that excessive force applied against the relevant stop faces 25 can be accommodated by flexure of that portion.

After assembly of a skeleton (which can be extremely fast because of the simple assembly methods) the skeleton is placed within a cavity of a mould and moulded with a suitable polymeric material. One particularly suitable polymeric material is a polyurethane latex "alloy" which is found to provide ideal resilience upon deformation.