All subject matter of the Priority Application(s) and of any and all applications related to the Priority Applications by priority claims (directly or indirectly), including any priority claims made and subject matter incorporated by reference therein as of the filing date of the instant application, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. BACKGROUND

Focal correction can improve vision of a subject. For example, glasses, contact lenses, and Intraocular lenses (IOLs), such as pseudophakic IOLs, aphikic IOLs, or phakic IOLs (PIOLS), can be used to correct the vision of a subject. Typical IOLs can include monofocal, multifocal, or accommodative configurations. IOLs can include an optic element (e.g. , lens) and haptic elements (e.g. , arms or wings configured to aid in positioning the IOL).

Such configurations can be limited to focusing either on near or far vision without selectively modifiable adjustment therebetween. Therefore, manufacturers, users, and designers of IOLs continue to seek improved IOLs.

SUMMARY

Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to switchable- and/or modifiable-focus lens (MFL) devices, such as IOL devices, MFL devices (e.g., eyeglasses, goggles, face shields, visors, scopes, such as binoculars, microscopes, etc., with one or more MFLs), systems (including IOL systems), and methods that include determining relative tilt or vergence rotation of a subject's eyes and focusing one or more intraocular lenses based on the determined vergence rotation. In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can be utilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. An embodiment includes a system that includes an eye-vergence detection system configured to detect at least one IOL device that can be positioned in an eye of a subject, a sensor that can provide or generate an output related to the vergence rotation of the subject's eyes, and a controller that can direct the IOL device to change focal length. For example, the IOL system can include a field source that can establish an identifiable field that can be sensed or detected by the sensor. In an embodiment, the sensor and the identifiable field can have relative locations such that a change between a first eye and a second eye of a subject or a change in vergence between the eyes (e.g., vergence rotation of the eyes) of the subject produces a change in relative positions and/or orientations between the sensor and the identifiable field. For example, as the eyes of the subject tilt or pivot, the sensor and the identifiable field can move relative to each other, and the detected changes in the field can be related to a vergence rotation between the eyes of the subject.

An embodiment includes an IOL system. The IOL system includes a magnetic field source sized and configured to be placed in a first eye of a subject. The magnetic field source is configured to establish an identifiable magnetic field having a predetermined orientation relative to the first eye. The IOL system also includes an IOL device sized and configured to be placed in a second eye of the subject. The IOL can be configured to generate one or more detection outputs. The system also includes a switchable lens configured to selectively switch between a first focal length and at least a second focal length that is less than the first focal length. The IOL device further includes a sensor configured to detect a change in the established identifiable magnetic field corresponding to a vergence rotation between the first eye and the second eye. The sensor is configured to generate one or more detection outputs at least partially based on the detected change. Moreover, the system includes a controller operably coupled to the eye-vergence detection system to receive the one or more detection outputs therefrom. The controller includes control electrical circuitry configured to direct the switchable lens to selectively switch between the first focal length and the at least a second focal length responsive to the one or more detection outputs.

An embodiment includes a method of adjusting a focal length of one or more intraocular lens devices. The method includes establishing an identifiable magnetic field with a magnetic field source positioned in a first eye of the subject. The identifiable magnetic field has a predetermined orientation relative to the first eye. The method also includes, at a controller, receiving one or more detection outputs from a sensor. The one or more detection outputs based on a detected change in the established identifiable magnetic field corresponding to a vergence rotation between the first eye and a second eye of the subject. The method further includes, responsive to at least the one or more detection outputs, modifying the focal length of one or more intraocular lens devices positioned in one or more of the first eye or the second eye.

An embodiment includes an IOL system. The IOL system includes a magnetic field source configured to be positioned on a subject. The magnetic field source is configured to establish an identifiable magnetic field having a predetermined orientation relative to the first eye. The IOL system also includes a sensor configured to detect a change in the established identifiable magnetic field at least partially corresponding to a vergence rotation between the first eye and a second eye of the subject. The sensor is configured to generate one or more detection outputs on the detected change. The system further includes an IOL device sized and configured to be placed in the second eye of the subject. The IOL device includes a switchable lens configured to selectively switch between a first focal length and at least a second focal length that is less than the first focal length. The IOL device also includes a controller operably coupled to the sensor to receive the one or more detection outputs therefrom. The controller includes control electrical circuitry configured to direct the switchable lens to selectively switch between the first focal length and the second focal length responsive to the one or more detection outputs. An embodiment includes a system that includes an eye-vergence detection system configured to detect at least one of a vergence rotation between a first eye and a second eye of a subject or a change in the vergence rotation between the first eye and the second eye of the subject and to generate one or more detection outputs corresponding thereto. The system also includes a switchable lens configured to selectively switch between a first focal length and at least a second focal length that is less than the first focal length. Moreover, the system includes a controller operably coupled to the eye-vergence detection system to receive the one or more detection outputs therefrom. The controller includes control electrical circuitry configured to direct the switchable lens to selectively switch between the first focal length and the second focal length responsive to the one or more detection outputs. An embodiment includes a system that includes an eye-vergence detection system that has a field source removably positionable on a subject and configured to establish an identifiable field and at least one sensor configured to detect a change in the identifiable field in response to a change in a vergence rotation between a first eye and a second eye of the subject and to generate one or more detection outputs in response thereto. The system also includes at least one switchable lens configured to selectively switch between a first focal length and at least a second focal length that is less than the first focal length. Moreover, the system includes a controller operably coupled to the eye-vergence detection system to receive the one or more detection outputs therefrom. The controller includes control electrical circuitry configured to direct the switchable lens to selectively switch between the first focal length and the second focal length responsive to the one or more detection outputs. An embodiment includes a system that includes a distance detector positionable on a subject and configured to detect a distance from the subject to an object viewed by the subject and to generate one or more detection outputs corresponding thereto. The system also includes at least one switchable lens configured to selectively switch between a first focal length and at least a second focal length that is less than the first focal length. Moreover, the system includes at least one controller operably coupled to the distance detector to receive the one or more detection outputs therefrom. The at least one controller includes control electrical circuitry configured to direct the switchable lens to selectively switch between the first focal length and the second focal length responsive to the one or more detection outputs. An embodiment includes a method that includes an eye-vergence detection system detecting at least one of a vergence rotation between a first eye and a second eye of a subject or a change in the vergence rotation between the first eye and the second eye of the subject and generating one or more detection outputs corresponding thereto. The method also includes a switchable lens selectively switching between a first focal length and at least a second focal length that is less than the first focal length. Moreover, the method includes a controller operably coupled to the eye-vergence detection system and receiving the one or more detection outputs therefrom. The controller includes control electrical circuitry directing the switchable lens to selectively switch between the first focal length and the second focal length responsive to the one or more detection outputs. Features from any of the disclosed embodiments can be used in combination with one another, without limitation. In addition, other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art through consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a subject's eyes having a first vergence therebetween and focused on a first object at a first distance from the subject according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of the subject's eyes of FIG. 1, with the eyes having a second vergence therebetween and are focused on a second object at a second distance from the subject that is less than the first distance according to an embodiment. FIG. 3 is a schematic, side, cross-sectional view of a subject' s eye and an intraocular lens device located in the eye according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4A is a top view of an IOL device located in the eye according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4B is a side view of the IOL device of FIG. 4A. FIG. 5A is a schematic top view of an IOL system that includes two IOL devices oriented by the subject's eyes at a first vergence therebetween according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5B is a schematic top view of the IOL system of FIG. 5A in which the IOL devices are oriented by the subject's eyes at a second vergence therebetween according to an embodiment. FIG. 5C is a schematic top view of the IOL system of FIG. 5A in which the IOL devices are oriented by the subject's eyes co-tilted in a first direction according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5D is a schematic top view of the IOL system of FIG. 5A in which the IOL devices are oriented by the subject's eyes co-tilted in a second direction according to an embodiment. FIG. 6A is a schematic top view of an IOL system that includes two IOL devices oriented by the subject's eyes at a first vergence therebetween according to another embodiment.

FIG. 6B is a schematic top view of the IOL system of FIG. 6A in which the IOL devices are oriented by the subject's eyes at a second vergence therebetween according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7A is a schematic view of an IOL system that includes two IOL devices oriented by the subject's eyes at a first vergence therebetween according to yet another embodiment. FIG. 7B is a schematic view of the IOL system of FIG. 7A in which the IOL devices are oriented by the subject's eyes at a second vergence therebetween.

FIG. 8A is a schematic top view of a modifiable-focus lens (MFL) system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 8B is a schematic top view of an MFL system according to another embodiment.

FIG. 9A is a schematic front view of an MFL system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 9B is a schematic front view of an MFL system according to another embodiment.

FIG. 9C is a schematic front view of an MFL system according to yet another embodiment.

FIG. 9D is a schematic isometric view of an MFL system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 10A is a schematic isometric view of an MFL system and a viewable object positioned a first distance from a subject according to an embodiment. FIG. 10B is a schematic isometric view of the MFL system of FIG. 10A and a viewable object positioned at a second distance from the subject.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an MFL device operably coupled to a controller according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to switchable- and/or modifiable-focus lens (MFL) devices, such as IOL devices, MFL devices (e.g., eyeglasses, goggles, face shields, visors, scopes, such as binoculars, microscopes, etc., with one or more MFLs), systems (including IOL systems), and methods that include determining relative tilt or vergence rotation of a subject's eyes and focusing one or more intraocular lenses based on the determined vergence rotation. In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can be utilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here.

In one or more embodiments, the MFL systems, such an IOL system, can include at least one MFL device (e.g., IOL device that can be positioned in an eye of a subject), a sensor that can provide or generate an output related to a vergence rotation of the subject' s eyes, and a controller that can direct the MFL device to change focal length responsive to the output related to the vergence rotation. For example, the MFL system can include a field source that can establish an identifiable field that can be sensed or detected by the sensor. In an embodiment, the sensor and the identifiable field can have relative locations such that a change in vergence between the eyes (e.g., vergence rotation of the eyes) of the subject produces a change in relative positions or orientations between the sensor and the identifiable field. For example, as the eyes of the subject tilt or pivot, the sensor and the identifiable field can move relative to each other, and the detected changes in the field can be related to a vergence rotation between the eyes of the subject.

In an embodiment, the field can be an identifiable magnetic field established by a permanent or electromagnet. Furthermore, as discussed below in more detail, the field source (e.g., a magnetic field source) can be positioned in at least one eye of the subject. For example, the field source can be embedded in or mounted to an MFL device (e.g., to IOL device) that can be located in one of the subject' s eye. Alternatively or additionally, an MFL system can include a field source that is positioned near, but externally to one or both of the subject's eyes (e.g., on subject's eyeglasses). In an embodiment, one or more sensors positioned in one or both eyes of the subject can detect a change in the identifiable field or in a component thereof, during vergence rotation (e.g., as the vergence between the eyes changes), such as when the eyes converge or diverge. Hence, for example, the detected change in an identifiable magnetic field or a component thereof can correspond to a change in the vergence between the eyes.

The MFL system can include a controller. For example, the controller can be operably coupled to the sensor and can receive detection output from the sensor. More specifically, the detection output from the sensor can be based on the detected change in the field or based on the one or more components thereof, which can be related to vergence rotation between the eyes of the subject. In an embodiment, the control can distinguish between vergence rotation of the eyes and co-tilt rotation of the eyes (e.g., when the eyes of the subject tilt in the same direction, such as to view an object located peripherally or to a side of the subject). As a consequence of such distinguishing, in such embodiments each MFL or MFL device (e.g., IOL or IOL device) can act independently of the other, reaching an accurate vergence determination (and hence an accurate focal length determination) on its own, without a need for communication between both MFL devices (e.g., between IOLs). For example, controller can compare each IOL's determined tilt with that of the other IOL in order to decide or determine which portion of each IOL's tilt represents vergence and which represents co-tilt. In an embodiment, the MFL device (e.g., IOL device) can be switchable between two or more focal lengths (e.g., a first focal length for distance vision and a second focal length for close-up vision). For example, the MFL device can include one or more switchable lenses that can be directed or switched between two or more focal lengths by the controller. Moreover, the controller can be operably connected to the sensor(s) and can receive outputs therefrom, which can be related to the detected change in the field and, hence, to vergence rotation between the eyes. In an embodiment, the controller can switch or direct switching of the MFL device at least partially based on the outputs received from the sensor(s).

Generally, an MFL device can have a selectively modifiable focal length. For example, the MFL can include at least one material that can have electrically-modifiable index of refraction (including any birefringence associated therewith) and/or a diffraction surface defining a diffraction pattern therein, as described more fully in connection with IOLs in U.S. Patent Application No. 14/807,673, entitled "intraocular lens systems and related methods," the entire content of which is incorporated herein by this reference. In view of this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the materials, features, elements, and components described in connection with IOLs can be similar to or the same as materials, features, elements, and components of an MFL (e.g., of a lens of MFL in eyeglasses, goggles, face shields, etc.), including but not limited to liquid crystal and electro-active polymer materials.

In an embodiment, the MFL systems disclosed herein can include one or more sensors configured to detect one or more physiological indicia of the subj ect. For example, an IOL system can include one or more sensors configured to detect glucose concentration, such as in the eye of the subject; eye pressure, heart rate, biological proteins present in the eye, or any other biological indicia. The one or more sensors can be operably coupled to the controller. The controller of the MFL system can be configured to transmit the measurements of the physical indicia to a remote source such as a computer, a cellular phone, or other electronic device. In an embodiment, the measured physical indicia can be used to determine the health of a subject or eye thereof, customize the operation of the MFL device (e.g., of an IOL device) to the particular subject, determine if the MFL controller needs to be removed or adjusted, or determine if the focal adjustments of the MFL controller are suitable for the subject. The electronic device can then transmit instructions to the controller to selectively control or otherwise adjust the functioning of the MFL system, such as controllably changing the focal length of the MFL device.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates eyes 20 and 30 of a subject focused on a first object 10 that is positioned at a first distance from the subject. In particular, when the eyes 20, 30 are focused on the first object 10, an angle between respective optical axes thereof can be at a vergence angle φι. FIG. 1 also schematically illustrates an IOL system 100 according to an embodiment. For example, an IOL system 100 can include a first IOL device 1 10 positioned in a first eye 20 and a second IOL device 1 10' positioned in a second eye 30 of the subject.

Generally, the first IOL device 1 10 or the second IOL device 1 10' can be configured to augment or correct visual deficiencies of the subject or to replace the lenses in the respective first eye 20 or second eye 30 of the subject (e.g., in cataract surgeries). It should be appreciated that, in one or more embodiments, the IOL system 100 can include only a single IOL device (e.g., the first IOL device 1 10 or the second IOL device 1 10'), which can be positioned in the first eye 20 or in the second eye 30. The IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can be switched to or set at a first focal length, such that the light entering the eye from the distance of the first object 10 is focused on the retina of the respective eyes 20, 30, thereby focusing the eyes 20, 30 on the first object 10.

When the subject focuses on another object, such as an obj ect that is closer to the subject than the first object 10, the object's eyes 20, 30 can tilt such as to converge, thereby changing the angle between the optical axes thereof. FIG. 2 schematically shows the subject' s eyes 20, 30 focused on a second object 40, which is positioned at a second distance and closer to the subj ect than the first object 10 (FIG. 1). For example, when the eyes 20, 30 focus on the second object 40, the angle between the optical axis thereof can change to a second angle φ ₂ . More specifically, as the eyes 20, 30 focus on the closer, second object 40, the eyes 20, 30 converge or in-tilt, such that the second angle φ ₂ defined by the respective optical axis thereof is greater than the first angle φι. In an embodiment, responsive to the changed tilt between the eyes 20, 30, the IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can be switched to the second focal length, which can be shorter than the first focal length. The IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can include one or more sensors that can sense or detect a change in an identifiable field (e.g., magnetic field) and can correlate that change to the change vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30 (e.g., convergence to focus on a closer object or divergence to focus on a farther object). Similarly, as the subject attempts to focus eyes 20, 30 on an object at a distance that is greater than the distance to the second object 40 (e.g., on the first object 10 (FIG. 1)), the IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can be switched to the first focal length (longer than the second focal length).

Moreover, as described below in more detail, the IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can distinguish between vergence rotation from co-tilt rotation (e.g., when the eyes 20, 30 rotate in the same direction, such as to observe an object located peripherally from the user). As such, for example, the IOL device 1 10 or 1 10' can switch focal length responsive to detected vergence rotation. In an embodiment, the IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can maintain a previously set focal length during co-tilt of the eyes 20, 30. As mentioned above, the IOL devices 1 10 or 1 10' can be located in the subject' s eyes (e.g., in the eye 20 or in the eye 30). FIG. 3 is a side, cross-sectional view of the eye 20 with the IOL device 1 10 implanted therein, according to an embodiment. It should be appreciated that, while the description herein is related to the IOL device 1 10 and to the corresponding eye 20 of the subject, the IOL device 1 10' or its location in the eye 30 (FIGS. 1-2) can have the same or similar configuration. Generally, the eye 20 includes a cornea 21, an iris 22, a natural lens, and a retina 23 therebehind. One or more IOL device 1 10 can be implanted in the eye 20. For example, the IOL device 1 10 can be implanted over the natural lens, in front of (e.g., in the anterior chamber) or behind the iris 22 (e.g., in the posterior chamber), or internal to the natural lens such as in a capsular bag 24 of the natural lens. In an embodiment, the natural lens can be absent from the eye 20 (e.g., the IOL device

1 10 can replace the natural lens and can be placed in the anterior chamber, the posterior chamber, or internal to the capsular bag that is used to contain the natural lens).

Generally, as described below in more detail, the IOL device 1 10 can include a lens

1 1 1 and haptics 1 12 connected to or integrated with the lens 1 1 1. In an embodiment, the haptics 1 12 can be positioned on or secured to one or more structures in the eye 20, thereby positioning or securing the IOL device 1 10 in the eye 20. For example, the haptics 1 12 can be positioned on the ciliary body or muscles or in or on the capsular bag 24 of the natural lens. The lens 1 1 1 can be located laterally in the center of the eye 20 with the haptics 1 12 extending laterally therefrom. As mentioned above, the lens 1 1 1 of the IOL device 1 10 can be switched between two or more focal lengths, to focus light entering the eye from a selected distance on the retina 23 of the eye 20, thereby providing a focus on an object located at the selected focal length and augmenting or correcting the vision of the subject.

In an embodiment, the IOL device 1 10 can be substantially fixed within the eye 20 (e.g., the IOL device can be substantially immobile relative to the optical axis of the eye 20). As such, for example, movement of the eye 20 can result in a corresponding movement of the IOL device 1 10. In particular, as the eye 20 tilts or pivots in the eye socket, the IOL device 1 10 can correspondingly tilt or pivot together with the eye 20. Furthermore, one, some, or all of the elements or components of the IOL device 1 10 can have a predetermined orientation relative to the eye 20 or relative to the optical axis thereof, as described below in more detail.

FIGS 4A and 4B illustrate the IOL device 1 10 according to an embodiment. FIG. 4A is a top view of the IOL device 1 10 and FIG. 4B is a side view of the IOL device 1 10. As described above, the IOL device 1 10 can be configured to fit in or on one or more anatomical structures of the eye and can include the lens 1 1 1 and one or more haptics 1 12. As shown in FIG. 4A, in an embodiment, the IOL device 1 10 includes the lens 1 1 1. For example, the lens 1 1 1 can be configured to focus light onto the surface of the retina and can be substantially circular or elliptical. Furthermore, the lens 1 1 1 can be switchable between two or more focal lengths and, in an embodiment, three or more focal lengths. In an embodiment, the lens 1 1 1 can include or can be configured as a switchable diffractive lens. Additionally or alternatively, the lens 1 1 1 can include or can be configured as a refractive lens that can have a selectively modifiable index of refraction and focal length (e.g., a variable focus refractive lens). In any embodiment, the lens 1 1 1 can be switched at least between the first focal length and at least a second focal length. In an embodiment, a controller including control electrical circuitry can be operably coupled to the lens 1 1 1 and can switch or direct switching of the lens 1 1 1 between two or more focal lengths. In an embodiment, the controller can be positioned on or embedded in one or more portions of the IOL device 1 10. For example, a controller 130 can be mounted on or embedded in the haptics 1 12 (as shown in FIG. 4B), in the lens 1 1 1 of the IOL device 1 10, or in another part of the IOL device 1 10. Moreover, the controller 130 can receive a detection output from a sensor; the detection output can be related or correspond to the vergence rotation between the subj ect' s eyes. At least partially based on the received detection output, the controller 130 can switch the lens 1 1 1 to a suitable or predetermined focal length. For example, the controller 130 can be operably coupled to and can receive a detection output from a sensor 140 that can be positioned on or embedded in one or more portions of the IOL device 1 10. For example, the sensor 140 can be mounted on or embedded in the haptics 1 12 (as shown in FIG. 4B) or in the lens 1 1 1 of the IOL device 1 10. Generally, the sensor 140 can be any suitable sensor for detecting changes in the identifiable field, which can correspond to vergence rotation of the eyes, as described below in more detail.

In an embodiment, the identifiable field can be an identifiable magnetic field. Hence, for example, the sensor 140 can be a magnetic field sensor. Generally, the sensor 140 can be any suitable sensor or multiple sensors, which can be sufficiently miniaturized and can be configured for placement in the subject's eye (e.g., MEMS-based sensors that can be embedded in or mounted on one or more portions of the IOL device 1 10). Examples of suitable sensors include Hall effect sensors, magnetoresi stance sensors (e.g., AMR magnetometer, GMR magnetometer), induction coils, magneto-diodes, Lorentz force based sensors, an electron tunneling based sensor, or a MEMS compass. For example, the sensor 140 can generate a detection output (e.g., a measurable change in voltage or resonant frequency) that can be related to or based on the changes in the position of an identifiable magnetic field, which can be related to the change in vergence between the subject' s eyes. In an embodiment, the sensor 140 can generate a signal that can include detection output of the sensor 140.

In an embodiment, the IOL device 1 10 can include a field source 150 (e.g., a magnetic field source), which can establish an identifiable magnetic field that can be detectable by an additional sensor that can be operably coupled to an additional controller. The field source 150 can be a dipole magnet (e.g., a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, or combination of the foregoing) and can establish or generate a corresponding identifiable dipole magnetic field. Furthermore, the field source 150 can be mounted on or embedded in the IOL device 1 10. For example, the field source 150 can be embedded in the haptics 1 12 (as shown in FIG. 4B) or in the lens 1 1 1 of the IOL device 1 10.

In an embodiment, the field source 150 can be generally fixed in or stationary relative to the eye. Additionally or alternatively, the field source 150 can have a predetermine orientation relative to the eye or to the optical axis thereof. For example, the field source can be embedded within the IOL device 1 10 at a first predetermined orientation relative to the IOL device 1 10, and the IOL device 1 10 can be implanted within the eye at a second predetermined orientation relative to the eye. As such, for example, the identifiable field, such as an identifiable magnetic field can have a predetermined orientation relative to the eye or relative to the optical axis thereof.

Moreover, in an embodiment, the IOL device 1 10 can be positioned in the eye in a manner that movement of the eye results in a corresponding movement of the IOL device 1 10. Hence, for example, movement of the eye can produce a corresponding movement of the field source 150 and of the magnetic field established thereby. As such, a sensor detects the change in the established identifiable magnetic field, which can correspond to the movement of the identifiable magnetic field and of the eye (e.g., the movement of the eye can be tilting or pivoting of the eye that at least partially corresponds to a vergence rotation between the eyes). The IOL device(s) can be located in one or in both eyes of the subject. In an embodiment, an IOL device in the first eye can communicate with another IOL in the second eye, and vice versa (e.g., the IOL devices can be operably coupled together). For example, the IOL device in the second eye can send to the IOL device 1 10 in the first eye the detection output received from a first sensor in the IOL in the second eye, can send focal length determination, etc. In an embodiment, the IOL device 1 10 can include a communication device 160 (e.g., the controller 130 can be operably coupled to the communication device 160). The communication device 160 can be mounted on or embedded in the IOL device 1 10. For example, the communication device 160 can be embedded in the haptics 1 12 (as shown in FIG. 4B) or in the lens 1 1 1 of the IOL device 1 10.

The communication device 160 can be wireless (e.g., the communication device 160 can be a transmitter or a transceiver) or wired. For example, a wireless (e.g., RF -based or US-based) connection can be established between the communication device 160 and another or additional communication device. Alternatively, the communication device 160 and another communication device can have a wired connection therebetween. For example, an electrical conductor connecting the communication device 160 and another communication device can be implanted in or near the eyes of the subject. In any embodiment, the communication device 160 can be operably coupled to the additional communication device, such as to send data therebetween. In an embodiment, the controller 130, sensor 140, field source 150, or communication device 160 can be operably coupled or connected to a power source. For example, the power source can include a rechargeable energy storage device or battery (not shown) that can be mounted on or embedded in the IOL device 1 10. The battery can be wirelessly recharged (e.g., a wireless or inductive charger can recharge the battery). In an embodiment, the battery can be operably connected to a photovoltaic cell that can be mounted on or embedded in the IOL device 1 10. Alternatively or additionally, the battery can be operably connected or coupled to a charge port that can be configured to accept a charging device. In any event, the power source can power one or more of the controller 130, sensor 140, field source 150, or communication device 160. In an embodiment, the power source can include a parasitic power device, such as an induction coil, one or more photocells, thermoelectric device, or any other device configured to harvest energy from a subject or the environment. For example, the induction coil can include a channel having a magnet therein, the channel passing the induction coil upon movement of the subject (e.g., eye-movement or blinking). In an embodiment, an induction coil can be disposed in the eye of a subject (e.g., in or adjacent to the IOL) and a corresponding magnet can be positioned on an adjacent part of the subject (e.g., an eyelid or bridge of the nose) whereby movement of the eye or eyelid can cause a current in the induction coil.

Again, while the IOL device 1 10 is described as including the controller 130, sensor 140, field source 150, and communication device 160, configurations of the IOL device 1 10 can vary from one embodiment to the next. In particular, for example, the IOL device 1 10 can include only the controller 130 and sensor 140, and the sensor 140 can detect a change in the identifiable field (e.g., identifiable magnetic field) established by the field source positioned externally to the IOL device 1 10 or to the eye in which the IOL device 1 10 is located (e.g., the field source can be located in another eye, can be implanted near the eyes, such as on a nose, can be wearable, etc.). In an embodiment, the IOL device 1 10 can include only the field source 150, and as the eye together with the IOL device 1 10 tilt or pivot, a sensor in the second eye can detect the change in the identifiable magnetic field that is established by the field source 150 (e.g., another IOL device in the second eye can include a sensor operably coupled to a controller).

As described above, the IOL system can include a single IOL device or multiple IOL devices (e.g., an IOL device can be located in one or in both eyes of the subject). Generally, the IOL devices of the IOL system can be similar to or the same as the IOL device 1 10. It should be appreciated, however, that any of the IOL devices included in the IOL systems described herein can include or can be operably coupled to any number of controllers, sensors, field sources, communication devices, or combinations thereof, which can be similar to or the same as the controller 130, sensor 140, field source 150, and communication device 160.

FIGS. 5A-5D schematically illustrate an IOL system 100a that includes a first IOL device 1 10a in the first or right eye (not shown), and a second IOL device 1 10b in the second or left eye (not shown), according to an embodiment. It should be appreciated that designations, first eye/right eye and second eye/left eye are used for ease of description only and should not be read as limiting (e.g., the first IOL device 1 10a can be positioned in the second or left eye and the second IOL device 1 10b can be positioned in the first or right eye). Except as otherwise described herein, the first IOL device 1 10a, second IOL device 1 10b, and their elements and components can be similar to or the same as the IOL device 1 10 (FIGS. 3-4B) and its corresponding elements and components.

FIG. 5A illustrates the first IOL device 1 10a and the second IOL device 1 10b, with respective first and second optical axes 60a and 60b of the first and second eyes oriented to define a first angle φ ₁ therebetween, at which the eyes are focused on first object at first distance from the subject. In an embodiment, the first IOL device 1 10a includes a sensor 140a operably coupled to a controller 130a including control electrical circuitry (e.g., the sensor 140a or controller 130a can be embedded in the first IOL device 1 10a, such as in the haptics 1 12a of the first IOL device 1 10a). Moreover, the controller 130a can be operably coupled to first lens 1 1 l a of the first IOL device 1 10a, such as to switch or direct switch of the focal length of the first lens 1 1 la at least between to different focal lengths.

In an embodiment, the second IOL device 1 10b can include a magnetic field source 50b mounted thereon or embedded therein. The magnetic field source 150b can establish an identifiable magnetic field 50b that can be sensed by the sensor 140a. More specifically, for example, the sensor 140a can detect the change in orientation or location of the identifiable magnetic field 50b. It should be also appreciated that the magnetic field source 50b can be positioned or secured in the subject's second eye without the second IOL device 1 10b (e.g., the magnetic field source 50b can be implanted in the eye, such as in the sclera of the eye). In any event, in one or more embodiments, the magnetic field source 150b can move and tilt together with the second eye (correspondingly moving the identifiable magnetic field 50b), and the sensor 140a can detect the change in the orientation or location of the identifiable magnetic field 50b. It should be also appreciated that any of the elements or components described herein as included in one or more IOL devices can be directly implanted in the eye, without implanting an IOL device in that eye (e.g., a second, a controller, etc., can be implanted in the eye).

In an embodiment, the controller 130a is configured to correlate the detected change in the identifiable magnetic field 50b with the vergence rotation between the eyes. For example, the sensor 140a can generate a detection output that can correspond to a change at least partially corresponding to the vergence rotation by detecting a changed component of the identifiable magnetic field, which can be in a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of a dominant component of the identifiable magnetic field. Furthermore, the detection output can be received by the controller 130a, and based on the detection output, the controller 130a can determine the vergence rotation between the eyes.

In an embodiment, at least partially based on or from the vergence rotation, the controller 130a can determine an apparent object distance (e.g., the distance from the subject to the object on which the subject' s eyes are attempting to focus). In an embodiment, at least partially based on the determined distance, the controller 130a can determine the first or second focal length for the switchable lens (e.g., for the switchable lens 1 1 la or for the switchable lens of the second IOL 1 10b) and can switch or direct switch of the switchable lens to the determined focal length. Generally, the magnetic field source 50b can be any suitable magnet, which can establish any suitable magnetic field that can vary from one embodiment to the next. In the illustrated embodiment, the magnetic field source 50b is a dipole magnet, such as a permanent magnet (e.g., a ferromagnet). In an embodiment, the magnetic field source 50b can be a dipole electromagnet. In an embodiment, the magnetic field source 50b can generate a magnetic field having both a dipole and a non-dipole contribution. In such an embodiment, the non-dipole contributions generally weaken more with distance from the magnetic field source 50b than do the dipole contributions so that at a sufficient distance from the magnetic field source 50b (e.g., at the sensor location 140a), the dominant contribution is that of a magnetic dipole. In an embodiment, the electromagnet can be operably coupled to the controller 130a or to an additional controller (e.g., to a controller in the second IOL device 1 10b), which can turn on or off the electromagnet or can change an intensity of the magnetic field established or generated thereby. For example, the electromagnet can be pulsed in a manner that can distinguish or identify the magnetic field established thereby from other, interfering magnetic fields that can be present in the subject' s environment. Moreover, based on the detection output from the sensor 140a, the controller 130a can distinguish the identifiable pulsed magnetic field from other magnetic fields.

Generally, as mentioned above, the sensor 140a can be any suitable sensor or multiple sensors, which can be sufficiently miniaturized for placement in the subject's eye (e.g., MEMS based sensors that can be embedded in or mounted on the first IOL device 1 10a). Examples of suitable sensors include Hall effect sensors, magnetoresi stance sensors (e.g., AMR magnetometer, GMR magnetometer), induction coils, magneto-diodes, Lorentz force based sensors, Electron Tunneling based sensor, MEMS compass, etc. In any event, the sensor 140a can be or can include any suitable sensor or combination of sensors that can detect the change in the location or orientation of the identifiable magnetic field 50b.

In an embodiment, the first IOL device 1 10a can be positioned at a predetermined location or orientation relative to the first optical axis 60a of the first eye, and the second IOL device 1 10b or the identifiable magnetic field 50b or pole axis of the magnetic field source 50b or the identifiable magnetic field 50b can be oriented relative to the second optical axis 60b of the second eye at a predetermined pitch angle a. Generally, the predetermined pitch angle can be any suitable angle, which can vary from one embodiment to the next. For example, the pitch angle a can be a non-parallel angle relative to the first or second optical axes 60a or 60b, an obtuse angle, or an acute angle. Moreover, as described below in more detail, the pitch angle can be 0°, such that a magnetic field component of the identifiable magnetic field 50b is substantially parallel to the second optical axis 60b. Furthermore, the identifiable magnetic field 50b can be oriented such that the sensor

140a or the controller 130a can distinguish between in-tilt or convergence of the eyes (e.g., when the subj ect attempts to change focus on from a first object to a second object that is closer to the subject) from co-tilt of the eyes (e.g., when the subject tilts or pivots eyes to focus on an object located peripherally, such as to the left or to the right of the subject). For example, the identifiable magnetic field 50b can be oriented at about 45° relative to the second optical axis 60b (e.g., within less than 1° of the 45°, within less than 2° of the 45°, within less than 5° of the 45°).

It should be appreciated that the identifiable magnetic field 50b can have any suitable orientation relative to the second optical axis 60b. For example, the identifiable magnetic field 50b can be oriented relative to the second optical axis 60b such that convergence of the eyes results in an increased magnitude or changed direction of the magnetic field vector (e.g., Lorentz force vector), which can be distinguishable from the direction of the magnetic field vector sensed by the sensor 140a when the eyes co-tilt, as discussed below in more detail. In other words, the identifiable magnetic field 50b can be oriented such that the detection output received from the sensor 140a can be processed by the controller 130a to distinguish or identify the change in magnitude or direction of the Lorentz force vector of the identifiable magnetic field 50b in a manner that the controller 130a can distinguish convergence or in-tilt of the eyes from co-tilt.

It should be also appreciated that the sensor 140a of the first IOL device 110a can be configured to measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field, to measure the component of the magnetic field in a specific sensitivity direction, or to include multiple (collocated or not) magnetic sensors each of which is configured to measure separately directed components of the magnetic field. In an embodiment, the sensor 140a includes a sensor configured to measure a magnetic field component oriented at 0° relative to the first optical axis 60a. In an embodiment, the sensor 140a includes a sensor configured to measure a magnetic field component oriented at 90° relative to the first optical axis 60a (e.g., in the plane of the first IOL device 110a) directed to or away from the second IOL device 110b. The sensor 140a is mounted or embedded within the first IOL device 110a so that as the first eye tilts, changing the direction of first optical axis 60a and first IOL device 110a, the sensitivity direction of the sensor 140a also changes. Accordingly, the value of a specific directional component of magnetic field measured by the sensor 140a will change based on changes in the tilt of the first eye. It should be further appreciated, that the value of a specific directional component of magnetic field measured by the sensor 140a will also be changed by changes in the direction the magnetic field source 50b, and the accompanying changes in the field at the location of the sensor 140a. Since the magnetic field source 50b is implanted in the second eye (either directly, or indirectly via being mounted in the second IOL device 110b), then field values measured by the sensor 140a will change based on changes in the tilt of the second eye. Accordingly, field values measured by the sensor 140a will change based on changes in the tilt of both the first eye and the second eye.

It should be also appreciated that the second IOL device 110b can include multiple magnets that can establish multiple identifiable magnetic fields. Moreover, a single identifiable magnetic field oriented at an acute or obtuse angle relative to the second optic axis 60b can be represented by superpositioning two or more identifiable magnetic fields established by multiple magnets. Conversely, a single tilted identifiable magnetic field source (e.g., magnetic field source oriented at 45° relative to the second optic axis 60b) can be represented as two magnetic field sources: e.g., an in-plane field source m _\\ oriented parallel to the plane of the IOL (i.e., orthogonal to the optical axis 60b), and an out-of-plane field source m _L oriented perpendicular to the plane of the IOL (i.e., along the optical axis 60b). The sensor 140a can be configured to measure magnetic field at a specified angle relative to the optical axis 60a. In an embodiment, one or more sensors 140a can measure an in-plane magnetic field component and an out-of-plane magnetic field component b _L . For dipole-dominated magnetic fields, the relative magnetic field components measured by sensor 140a can be written in matrix form as

For a magnetic field generated by a dipole source, the dimensionless field b at a given distance depends on the orientation of the source, in, and that of the location f at which the field is being measured:

b = 3 (in ^■ f)f— fh

In this case, the four matrix elements are (using θι as the tilt of the first eye and for the second eye): fin = 2 sin θ ₁ sin θ ₂ — cos θ ₁ COS θ ₂

⁵ HI = 2 sin θ ₁ cos θ ₂ + cos 6^ sin #2

⁵ IU = 2 cos θ ₁ sin θ ₂ + sin 6^ cos #2

^B II II = 2 cos θ ₁ cos θ ₂ — sin 6^ sin #2

Since eye rotations are small, we can usefully approximate these relations as:

B _LL = -1 5±H = 2#i + θ ₂ fly. = 20 ₂ + 01 The dominant matrix elements; B _1± , the perpendicular field due to a perpendicular source and B _n , the parallel field due to a parallel source are not sensitive to eye tilts. However, the cross terms, B _L the perpendicular field due to a parallel source and B _\\L , the parallel field due to a perpendicular source are sensitive to eye tilts, depending on both of them. Neither one of these elements, by itself, is capable of distinguishing between vergence and co-tilt, but in combination, they are.

Vergence : φ = θ ₂ — θ _\ = B _n± — B ill

In an embodiment, the magnetic field source 50b in the second eye includes two magnetic field sources, one with dipole moment m _± oriented perpendicular to the plane of the second IOL (i.e., along the optical axis 60b), and the other with dipole moment m|| oriented parallel to the plane of the IOL (i.e., orthogonal to the optical axis 60b). In such an embodiment, the sensor 140a in the first eye is configured to measure magnetic fields in two orthogonal directions, measuring an in-plane magnetic field component bu and an out- of-plane magnetic field component b _L . As described above, in this embodiment, the cross terms B _in and 5mcan be determined, and used to determine the vergence between the two eyes; if desired, these can also determine the co-tilt. In some situations (e.g., when magnetic dipole moments m _± and m _\\ are produced with permanent magnets), the measured field component bu may include contributions from both m _± and m likewise for b _L . In such situations, the controller can separate these contributions (e.g., distinguish B _n from B _\\L , and distinguish B _L from B _LL ) by using the fact that B _n and 5 _1± are insensitive to eye tilts (and hence will remain substantially constant in time); changes in measured bn or b _± values correspond to the 5 _||± and ^^terms. In other embodiments, such potential ambiguities can be avoided by use of time variable magnetic field sources (e.g., pulsed electromagnets), such that m _± and m _\\ are active at different times.

In another embodiment, the magnetic field source 50b in the second eye can be tilted at an angle cc from the optical axis 60b. In this embodiment, the sensor 140a can be configured to measure the magnetic field component along a direction generally perpendicular to the magnetic field source 60b, i.e., at an angle (a-90°) from optical axis 60a, pointing back towards the second eye. In this situation, the proportionality B between the detected field and the dipole source is:

B =—0.5 sin φ — 1.5 sin 2a cos φ— 1.5 cos 2a sin 2ip In general, this depends upon both the vergence φ and the co-tilt ψ. However, by properly selecting the tilt angle a to be 45 degrees, the detected signal no longer depends on co-tilt, and can be directly used to determine vergence.

B = -0.5 sin φ - 1.5 cos φ « -1.5 - 0.5 φ

The controller 130a including the control electrical circuitry thereof can distinguish between co-tilt and in-tilt (vergence) using the above methodology and formulas. It is apparent that a similar arrangement of components (i.e., magnetic field source 50a in the first eye and sensor 140b in the second eye) can be employed to enable a controller 130b (located for example in the second eye) to independently determine vergence and/or co-tilt. It is also apparent that, for the above embodiment with field source and sensor oriented at 45° from the optical axes, the magnetic field source 50a can be oriented perpendicular to the sensitivity direction of sensor 140a, while the sensitivity direction of sensor 140b can be oriented perpendicular to magnetic field source 50b; such alignments may be advantageous for signal to noise purposes.

As described above, components of the first IOL device 110a can be oriented at a predetermined angle relative to an optical axis 60a of the first eye. For example, the sensor 140a can be positioned such that when the eyes converge (e.g., in a manner representative of the eyes changing focus to a closer object), the sensor 140a pivots with the eye to be more sensitive to the identifiable magnetic field 50b (as compared before eye movement); when the eyes co-tilt in a first direction (e.g., in a manner representative of the eyes looking to the left (as shown in FIG. 5C)), the sensor 140a moves together with the eye and can be aligned closer and be more sensitive to the second, south pole of the identifiable magnetic field 50b than to the north pole; when the eyes co-tilt in a second direction (e.g., in a manner representative of the eyes looking to the right), the sensor 140a can move with the eye and can be aligned closer to and be more sensitive to the north pole of the identifiable magnetic field 50b (as compared before eye movement (as shown in FIG. 5D)). In any event, in an embodiment, when the controller 130a receives the detection output generated by the sensor 140a, the controller 130a can identify vergence rotation between the eyes (e.g., convergence) and can distinguish the vergence rotation from co-tilt of the eyes. Moreover, the controller 130a can direct the first IOL device 1 10a to change the focal length from the first focal length to the second focal length at least partially based on the detection output(s) of the sensor 140a, which can correspond to vergence rotation between the eyes.

As mentioned above, in the illustrated embodiment, the magnetic field source 150b can be included in the second IOL device 1 10b that can be located in the subj ect's second eye. For example, the second IOL device 1 10b can include a second lens 1 1 lb that can be similar to or the same as the first lens 1 1 la of the first IOL device 1 10a. In an embodiment, the second IOL device 1 10b also can include an additional or second controller (not shown) that can switch or direct switching of the second IOL device 1 10b between two or more focal lengths. Moreover, the controller 130a can communicate with the second controller and can send the focal length indication thereto. For example, the controller 130a can be operably connected to a first communication device (not shown), and the second controller can be connected to a second communication device (not shown) that can be in communication with or configured to communicate with the first communication device. In other words, the first and second communication devices can be operably coupled. For example, via communication between the first and second communication devices, the controller 130a can send to the additional, second controller the controller data. Generally, controller data can include any data or any number of suitable parameters. In an embodiment, the controller data can include information or instructions for switching the first lens 1 1 la or the second lens 1 1 lb to the first focal length or to the second focal length (e.g., the controller data can associated with selected focal length for the first lens 1 1 la or for the second lens 1 1 lb). Additionally or alternatively, the controller data can include or can be associated with the detection output of the sensor 140a.

In an embodiment, the first IOL device 1 10a or the second IOL device 1 10b can include additional or alternative sensors that can detect eye movement in a manner that can aid the controller 130a or the additional, second controller to identify or determine vergence rotation between the eyes. For example, the first IOL device 1 10a or second IOL device 1 10b can include one or more accelerometers or gyroscopes. More specifically, outputs generated by the accelerometers or gyroscopes can indicate the direction of rotation or tilting for the first or second eyes.

In an embodiment, the direction of tilting or rotation detected or sensed by the accelerometers or gyroscopes in the first eye can be communicated to and compared with the direction of tilting or rotation detected or sensed by the accelerometers or gyroscopes in the second eye. For example, the controller 130a can communicate with the additional, second controller (as described above) and can send controller data thereto (e.g., the controller data can include processed or unprocessed output from the accelerometers or from the gyroscopes). The controller 130a or the additional, second controller can distinguish co-tilting or the eyes are tilting in the same direction from vergence rotation or the eyes are tilting in different directions (e.g., to focus on an object closer or farther away from previously viewed object). Moreover, based at least partially on the outputs received from the accelerometers or gyroscopes in the first and second eyes, the controller 130a or the additional, second controller can determine the focal lengths for the first lens 1 1 la or for the second lens 1 1 1b.

In an embodiment, the controller 130a or the second controller can use the detection outputs from the accelerometers or gyroscopes to cross-check or verify the determination on the change in vergence between the eyes, which can be based on the output from the sensor 140a. Conversely, the controller 130a or the second controller can use the detection outputs from the sensor 140a to cross-check or compare the determination or identification of the vergence rotation between the eyes, which can be based on the output from the accelerometers or gyroscopes. Moreover, in an embodiment, the accelerometers or gyroscopes can be initially or periodically calibrated (e.g., based on the detection outputs from the sensor 140a) to adjust for noise, drift, other errors, etc. FIG. 5B shows the first IOL device 1 10a and second IOL device 1 10b and corresponding eyes (not shown) tilted compared with the respective orientations thereof shown in FIG. 5A responsive to corresponding convergence of the first and second eyes of the subject. In particular, for example, the first IOL device 1 10a can remain substantially stationary relative to first optical axis 60a, and the second IOL device 1 10b can remain substantially stationary relative to the second optical axis 60b. Hence, as the first eye tilts toward or away from the second eye, the first IOL device 1 10a can correspondingly tilt toward the second IOL device 1 10b (e.g., vergence rotation between the first and second eyes can produce a corresponding change in relative orientations or positions of the first IOL device 1 10a and second IOL device 1 10b). In particular, the first and second eyes can converge to form the second angle φ ₂ between the respective first and second optical axes 60a, 60b thereof, and the first IOL device 1 10a and second IOL device 1 10b can correspondingly converge together.

As described above, for example, when the first IOL device 1 10a and second IOL device 1 10b converge, the sensor 140a can be reoriented or repositioned relative to the magnetic field source 150b and relative to the identifiable magnetic field 50b established thereby. More specifically, for example, the identifiable magnetic field 50b and the sensor 140a can be reoriented relative to each other such that the sensor 140a can generate an output related to a change in the direction of the magnetic field vector or magnitude thereof. Furthermore, at least partially based on the output from the sensor 140a, the controller 130a can distinguish vergence rotation between the eyes (e.g., convergence of the eyes) from co- tilt of the eyes, as described above. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5C, when the eyes tilt in the same direction or co- tilt towards the left, such that the respective first and second optical axes 60a, 60b thereof are generally parallel to each other, while the first IOL device 1 10a and the second IOL device 1 10b remain generally parallel to one another, the angular position of sensor 140a relative to the polar axis of magnetic field source 50b changes. The sensor 140a and the identifiable magnetic field 50b are reoriented, such that the relative position of the sensor 140a changes from being closer to the north pole of the identifiable magnetic field 50b to being closer to the south pole of the identifiable magnetic field 50b. Hence, for example, the detection output from the sensor 140a can correspond to a detected change in the direction of the magnetic field vector, and the controller 130a can correlate the detection output from the sensor 140a to the co-tilt of the eyes.

Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5D, the eyes can co-tilt towards the right, such that while the first IOL device 1 10a and the second IOL device 1 10b remain generally parallel to one another, the angular position of sensor 140a relative to the polar axis of magnetic field source 50b changes. For example, after repositioning or reorientation of the sensor 140a and of the identifiable magnetic field 50b (responsive to co-tilt of the eyes to the right), the detection output from the sensor 140a can correspond to a detected change in the magnetic field vector, and the controller 130a can correlate the detection output from the sensor 140a to the co-tilt of the eyes. In any event, the first IOL device 1 10a and second IOL device 1 10b can be positioned or oriented relative to the first optical axis 60a and second optical axis 60b such that the detection output from the sensor 140a can be correlated by the controller 130a to distinguish vergence rotation (e.g., convergence or in-tilt of the eyes) from the co-tilt of the eyes.

As described above, the IOL system can include multiple identifiable fields and multiple corresponding sensors that can detect relative change in position or orientation therebetween. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate an IOL system 100c that includes a first IOL device 1 10c and a second IOL device HOd and establishes multiple identifiable magnetic fields, according to an embodiment. In particular, FIG. 6A illustrates the first IOL device 1 10c and the second IOL device 1 lOd at first respective locations or orientations relative to each other when the subject's eyes (not shown) focus or attempt to focus at a first focal length, such that the respective first and second optical axes 60a, 60b of the first and second eye define the first angle φι therebetween. For example, the first IOL device 1 10c and the second IOL device HOd can be substantially fixed relative to the first and second optical axes 60a, 60b of the subject' s eyes. FIG. 6B illustrates the first IOL device 1 10c and the second IOL device 1 lOd at second respective locations or orientations relative to each other when the subject is attempting to focus or focusing the eyes (not shown) at a second focal length, such that the first optical axis the 60a and second optical axis 60b define the second angle φ ₂ therebetween. The following describes the IOL system 100c as the subject in-tilts and out-tilts the eyes (e.g., such that vergence rotation between the eyes tilts or pivots the first and second optical axis the 60a, 60b between defining first angle φι and second angle

Except as otherwise described herein, the IOL system 100c and its elements and components can be similar to or the same as any of the IOL systems 100, 100a (FIGS. 1- 5D) and their corresponding elements and components. For example, the first IOL device 1 10c can include a first sensor 140c and a first controller (not shown) including control electrical circuitry, which can be similar to or the same as the sensor 140a and controller 130a of the first IOL device 1 10a (FIGS. 5A-5D). Similarly, the second IOL device 1 lOd can include a second sensor 140d and a second controller (not shown) including control electrical circuitry, which also can be similar to or the same as the sensor 140a and controller 130a of the first IOL device 1 10a (FIGS. 5A-5D). In the illustrated embodiment, the first IOL device 1 10c includes a first field source 150c that can establish a first identifiable magnetic field 50c, and the second IOL device HOd includes a second field source 150d that can establish a second identifiable magnetic field 50d. Generally, the first identifiable magnetic field 50c and second identifiable magnetic field 50d can have any suitable orientation relative to the first optical axis 60a or to the second optical axis 60b of the first eye and second eye. In an embodiment, the first identifiable magnetic field 50c can be oriented at about 90° relative to the first optical axis 60b, and the second identifiable magnetic field 50d can be oriented generally parallel to the second optical axis 60b, or vice versa. Moreover, the first identifiable magnetic field 50c and second identifiable magnetic field 50d can have any suitable orientation relative to each other. For example, the first identifiable magnetic field 50c and the second identifiable magnetic field 50d can be oriented generally perpendicular to each other (e.g., when the first and second optical axes 60a, 60b are relatively oriented to define the first angle φι or the second angle φ ₂ ). In an embodiment, the first identifiable magnetic field 50c or the second identifiable magnetic field 50d can be oriented generally parallel to an axis extending between the eyes.

As described above, the first sensor 140c and second sensor 140d can detect change in the position or orientation of the respective second identifiable magnetic field 50d and first identifiable magnetic field 50c as the eyes together with the first IOL device 1 10c and second IOL device 1 lOd converge or diverge. For example, the first sensor 140c can sense the first identifiable magnetic field 50d and can generate a first detection output as the second identifiable magnetic field 50d and the first sensor 140c move relative to each other. In an embodiment, the first sensor 140c can detect a changed component of the second identifiable magnetic field 50d (e.g., in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the dominant component of the second identifiable magnetic field 50d). For example, the first detection output of the first sensor 140c can at least partially correspond to the vergence rotation between the eyes. The second sensor 140d can detect a changed component of the first identifiable magnetic field 50c (e.g., in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the dominant component of the first identifiable magnetic field 50c), which can at least partially correspond to the vergence rotation between the eyes. As such, a second detection output of the second sensor 140d also can at least partially correspond to a change in the vergence between the eyes or to vergence rotation. As described below in more detail, the first or second controllers can compare the first and second detection outputs to determine the vergence rotation between the eyes.

In one or more embodiments, the first and second controllers can receive the corresponding first and second detection outputs from the respective first and second sensors 140c, 140d and can process the detection outputs to generate controller data based thereon (e.g., can identify or determine vergence rotation between the eyes or can distinguish vergence rotation from co-tilt of the eyes). In an embodiment, the controller data can include the first and second detection outputs. Moreover, the first controller can send the controller data to the second controller (e.g., via corresponding communication devices), or vice versa. Hence, for example, the first or the second controller can receive first and second detection outputs. Furthermore, in an embodiment, the first or second controller can compare the first and second detection outputs to determine the vergence rotation between the eyes (e.g., to distinguish convergence, divergence, and co-tilt of the eyes).

In an embodiment, after determining the vergence rotation between the eyes, the first or second controller can determine the suitable or selectable focal length for the first IOL device 1 10c or for the second IOL device 1 lOd. For example, as described above, the first IOL device 1 10c or second IOL device 1 lOd can include one or more switchable lenses that can be switched between two or more focal lengths (e.g., the first or second controllers can switch or direct switching of the switchable lenses). The first controller can direct the first IOL device 1 10c to switch to a first focal length or to a second focal length based on the determined vergence rotation. Analogously, the second controller can direct the second IOL device HOd to switch to a first focal length or to a second focal length based on the determined vergence rotation. In an embodiment, the first controller can send controller data to the second controller (or vice versa), and the controller data can include the determined vergence rotation or change in the vergence between the eyes or the suitable or selected focal length for the first IOL device 1 10c or second IOL device 1 lOd.

As described above, in an embodiment, the IOL system can include a field source positioned externally to the subject' s eyes. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate an IOL system lOOe that includes IOL devices 1 lOe and 1 1 Of located in the respective first and second eyes 20, 30 of a subject 70 and a magnetic field source 150e positioned externally to the first and second eyes 20, 30, according to an embodiment. In particular, FIG. 7A illustrates the first and second eyes 20, 30 of the subject 70 at first tilt, positioned to focus on first object located at first distance from the subject 70. FIG. 7B illustrates the first and second eyes 20, 30 at second tilt, positioned to focus on second object located at second distance from the subject 70. The following describes the IOL system lOOe as the subject 70 tilts or pivots the first and second eyes 20, 30 between the first and second tilt positions (e.g., the vergence change between the eyes tilts the first and second eyes 20, 30 between the first and second tilt positions).

In an embodiment, the magnetic field source 150e can establish an identifiable magnetic field that can be detected by one or more sensors in the first IOL device 1 lOe or in the second IOL device 1 lOf, as the subject 70 changes tilt of the first and second eyes 20, 30 between the first tilt and the second tilt. Generally, the magnetic field source 150e can establish the identifiable magnetic field at any suitable angle relative to the first/or second eyes 20, 30 or to the optical axes thereof. For example, similar to the IOL system 100a (FIGS. 5A-5D), the magnetic field source 150e can establish the identifiable magnetic field that is oriented at approximately 45° angle relative to the optical axis of the second eye 30 when the first and second eyes 20, 30 are at the first tilt therebetween. In contrast to the IOL system 100a (FIGS. 5A-5D), the magnetic field established by the magnetic field source 150e can remain substantially stationary relative to the subj ect 70 (e.g., relative to the head of the subject 70). In an embodiment, movement or tilting of the first eye 20 or the second eye 30 can produce a corresponding relative movement or tilting between the magnetic field source 150e and the sensors of the IOL system lOOe (e.g., the identifiable magnetic field established by the magnetic field source 150e can remain stationary relative to the head of the subject, and the sensors of the IOL system lOOe can move together with the first and second eyes 20, 30, such as during vergence rotation therebetween).

In an embodiment, the first IOL device 1 lOe can include a first sensor. As the first IOL device 1 lOe pivots or tilts together with the first eye 20, the first sensor can detect a changed component of the identifiable magnetic field in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the dominant component of the identifiable magnetic field. Furthermore, the second IOL device 1 lOf can include a second sensor. As the second IOL device HOf pivots or tilts together with the second eye 30, the second sensor can detect a changed component of the identifiable magnetic field in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the dominant component of the identifiable magnetic field. As described above, the first IOL device l lOe or the second IOL device HOf can include one or more controllers including control electrical circuitry operably coupled to the respective first and second sensors. For example, the first IOL device l lOe can include a first controller operably coupled to the first sensor and configured to receive a first detection output therefrom (e.g., the first sensor can generate the first detection output based on the detected change in a component of the identifiable magnetic field). Similarly, the second IOL device 1 lOf can include a second controller operably coupled to the second sensor and configured to receive a second detection output therefrom (e.g., the second sensor can generate the second detection output based on the detected change in a component of the identifiable magnetic field in a similar manner as described above).

In an embodiment, the first controller can be operably coupled to or can be in communication with the second controller. For example, the first controller can be operably coupled to a first communication device and the second controller can be operably coupled to the second communication device, and the first and second communication devices can be configured to transmit data therebetween. Hence, the first controller can send controller data (which can include the detection output from the first sensor or determination of focal length) to the second controller. Additionally or alternatively, the second controller can send controller data (which can include the detection output from the second sensor or determination of focal length) to the first controller. Moreover, the first controller or the second controller is configured to distinguish vergence rotation from co-tilt rotation of the first and second eyes 20, 30 based on the first and second detection outputs.

As described above, the first or second controller also is adapted to determine a suitable or selectable focal length for one or more switchable lenses. For example, the first IOL device l lOe can include a first switchable lens that can be switched between two or more focal lengths. Alternatively or additionally, the second IOL device 1 lOf can include a second switchable lens that can be switched between two or more focal lengths. Hence, the first controller or second controller can direct or switch the first switchable lens or second switchable lens based on the first and second detection outputs.

In an embodiment, the IOL system lOOe can include multiple magnetic field sources that can generate multiple corresponding identifiable magnetic fields. Generally, each of the multiple magnetic field sources can be oriented relative to the first eye 20 or second eye 30 (e.g., as measured when the first and second eyes 20, 30 are at the first tilt therebetween). Likewise, multiple magnetic field sources can be oriented relative to one another at any number of suitable angles. For example, a first identifiable magnetic field can be oriented at a first predetermined angle relative to the optical axis of the first eye 20, and a second identifiable magnetic field can be oriented at a second predetermined angle relative to the second eye 30 (e.g., when the first and second eyes 20, 30 are at the tilt).

The magnetic field source 150e or additional or alternative magnetic field sources can be generally fixedly positioned relative to the subject 70 with any number of suitable mechanisms or configurations. For example, the magnetic field source 150e can be implanted near the first eye 20 or second eye 30 of the subject 70 (e.g., near or on the bridge of the nose of the subject 70). Additionally or alternatively, the magnetic field source 150e can be removably positioned on or secured to the subject 70 (e.g., with an adhesive, on a wearable object, such as glasses, etc.). In any embodiment, the magnetic field source 150e can be generally stationary relative to the head of the subject 70, such that tilting or pivoting of the first and second eyes 20, 30 can result in relative movement between the first eye 20 and the identifiable magnetic field and between the second eye 30 and identifiable magnetic field.

In another embodiment, the locations of field sources and field sensors described in conjunction with FIGS. 7A-7B, can be generally reversed. In such an embodiment, the IOL system HOe and the IOL system 1 1 Of can include implanted or embedded magnetic field sources, while one or more magnetic field sensors can be generally fixedly positioned relative to the subject 70 (e.g., in locations discussed above with reference to 150e). In this embodiment, the orientations of the magnetic fields change as the eyes tilt, resulting in changed values of magnetic field detected by the fixedly positioned sensor(s). A controller (e.g., a controller external to the IOLs) can receive the signals from the field sensor(s) and determine the tilts of one or both eyes. In particular, the controller can compare tilt values from both eyes to thereby determine vergence, and can distinguish vergence from co-tilt. The controller can then be operatively coupled (e.g., by wireless communication) with controllers in each IOL, which then direct focal length changes of their respective IOL optics. In this embodiment, each IOL only needs a communicative receiver, but does not necessarily require a transmitter.

As described above and as would be appreciated in view of the disclosure, MFL systems can include one or more wearable and/or removable elements that can be removed from the subject. Moreover, the wearable and/or removable elements can include any number of sensors and/or detectors that can form or define at least portion of eye-vergence detection system (or subsystem) that can determine the vergence and/or change in vergence between the eyes of the subject. For example, as described above and illustrated in FIG. 8A, one or more elements or components that can generate an identifiable magnetic field can be secured to or integrated with a wearable device, such as glasses. FIG. 8A is a schematic top view of MFL system lOOg that includes MFL device 200 (e.g., glasses), according to an embodiment. In FIG. 8A, the MFL device 200 is positioned in front of the first and second eyes 20, 30 of the subject. It should be appreciated that the right portion of the MFL device 200 (e.g., of the glasses) and/or of the MFL system can be substantially the same as the left portion (as shown in FIG. 8A) but can be a mirror image thereof. Alternatively, one portion of the MFL device 200 can be configured as shown in FIG. 8A, and another portion of the MFL device 200 can have any suitable configuration for detecting vergence between the eyes and/or movement of the right eye.

Except as otherwise described herein, the MFL system lOOg and its elements and components can be similar to or the same as any of the IOL systems described herein and their corresponding elements and components. For example, the MFL device 200 can be similar to or the same as any of the IOL devices described herein. In an embodiment, the MFL device 200 can include modifiable-focus or switchable lenses 210, 210' that can be similar to or the same as the lens of any of the IOL devices described herein (e.g., switchable lenses 210 and/or 210' can include at least one material that can have electrically-modifiable index of refraction).

In an embodiment, the 200 can include one or more field sources, such as field sources 150g, 150g' that can be similar to or the same as any of the field sources described herein (e.g., similar to or the same as the field source 150 (FIGS. 4A-4B)). For example, each of the one or more field sources 150g, 150g' can be associated with or can correspond to a respective eye of the subject (e.g., field source 150g can be associated with the first eye 20 and the field source 150g' can be associated with the second eye 30), including but not limited to a magnet.

Generally, the MFL system lOOg can include any suitable eye-vergence detection system. In an embodiment, the MFL system lOOg can include sensors 140g, 140g' that can be mounted to the respective eyes 20, 30 of the subject. For example, one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can be implanted or secured in a haptic or an IOL device, mounted to, embedded in, or integrated with a contact lens (e.g., removable contact lens), etc. Two sensors are shown in this particular embodiment. In any event, in an embodiment, the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can be positioned in the eyes 20, 30 or mounted thereto such that rotation or tilting of the eyes 20, 30 produces a corresponding tilting of the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' and a corresponding change in the fields sensed or detected thereby (e.g., as the fields remain substantially stationary relative to the eye sockets of the subj ect).

It should be appreciated that, in an embodiment, the one or more contact lenses can include the field source. For example, one or more contact lenses that can be worn by the subject can include at least one of a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, coils, etc., that can generate an identifiable magnetic and/or electric field. Moreover, the one or more of the contact lenses can include at least one switchable lens (e.g., contact lens can include a switchable lens and a non-switchable lens). As described above in more detail, the sensors 140g, 140g' can send one or more signals to a controller 130g; the signal(s) can correspond to and/or can be at least partially based on the vergence angle and/or a change in vergence between the eyes of the subject. The MFL system lOOg can include at least one communication device, such as communication device 160g, and at least one controller, such as controller 130g. The one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can be operably coupled to the controller 130g (e.g., directly or indirectly, such as via the communication device 160g). For example, the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can wirelessly send one or more signals to the communication device 160g that can send one or more corresponding signals to the controller 130g. Alternatively, the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can be connected directly to the controller 130g (e.g., at an I/O interface of the controller 130g).

For example, the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can be operably coupled to the communication device 160g that can be operably coupled to the controller 130g (e.g., the same as described above in connection with the communication device 160 (FIGS. 4A-4B). In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' can send one or more signals to the controller 130g. Furthermore, the controller 130g can generate and send one or more signals and/or instructions at least in part based on the signals received from the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' . In an embodiment, the controller 130g can determine the change in the vergence between the eyes 20, 30 of the subject at least in part based on the signal(s) received from the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' . In an embodiment, the MFL device can include one or more switchable lenses (e.g., switchable lenses 210, 210'). The controller 130g can change or direct change of the focal length of the switchable lenses 210, 210' . For example, the communication device 160g can receive signals from the controller 130g and can send one or more signals to the switchable lenses 210, 210' (e.g., signals received directly or indirectly from the communication device 160g can direct a change in the focal length of the switchable lenses 210 and/or 210'). In some embodiments, the controller 130g can be mounted on or secured to the MFL device 200. For example, as mentioned above, the MFL device 200 can be configured as a pair of glasses, and the controller 130g can be mounted on or incorporated into a frame of the glasses. Alternatively, the controller 130g can be positioned outside of or external to the MFL device 200. Generally, the switchable lenses 210, 210' can be mounted to or included in the MFL device 200, such that light entering the eyes 20, 30 passes through the switchable lenses 210, 210' before entering the eyes 20, 30. For example, the MFL device 200 can include the switchable lenses 210, 210' that can be positioned in front of the eyes 20, 30 such as to focus or redirect the light passing therethrough and entering the eyes 20, 30 to suitably focus the light on the respective retinas of the eyes 20, 30. In an embodiment, the MFL device 200 can include one or more non-switchable lenses, and the switchable lenses 210, 210' can be mounted thereto and/or integrated therewith.

As described above (e.g., in connection with switchable lenses of IOLs), the controller 130g can change or direct change of the focal length of the switchable lenses 210 and/or 210' based on the signal(s) received from the one or more sensors 140g and/or 140g' (e.g., at least in part based on the vergence angle and/or on the change in the vergence angle between the eyes 20, 30 of the subject). In particular, for example, the controller 130g can change the focal length of the switchable lenses 210 and/or 210' such as to suitably focus light on the retinas of the eyes 20, 30. It should be appreciated that the switchable lenses 210 and/or 210' can be the only lenses in the MFL device 200. Alternatively, the switchable lenses 210 and/or 210' can be mounted on or integrated with one or more additional lenses. For example, the switchable lenses 210 and/or 210' can be mounted on or otherwise secured to existing lenses (e.g., non- switchable lenses), correction lenses, tinted lenses, polarized lenses, etc. (e.g., existing lenses of MFL device 200 that is configured as glasses).

In an embodiment, modification of the focal length of the switchable or switchable lenses 210, 210' can be tuned or trained by the subject. For example, the subject can focus on an object and can provide inputs to the controller 130g to change the focal lengths of the switchable lenses 210, 210', such as produce suitable respective focal lengths of the switchable lenses 210, 210' . Moreover, the controller can correlate the focal lengths selected by the subject the vergence angle between the eyes 20, 30 (e.g., as detected by the eye-vergence detection system). After tuning or training, the controller 130g can produce (or reproduce) the suitable focal lengths on the switchable lenses 210, 210' based on one or more signals received from the one or more sensors 140g and/or 140g' . For example, signals received from the one or more sensors 140g, 140g', which can be related thereby to a vergence that similar to or corresponds to the vergence at which the subject provided a corresponding input to the controller 130g, indicating suitable focal lengths for the switchable lenses 210, 210' .

In an embodiment, the MFL system lOOg can include multiple sensors positioned in or on each of the eyes 20, 30 of the subject. Moreover, the sensors can be located on MFL device and one or more field sources can be located in or near the eye. FIG. 8B is a schematic illustration of MFL system lOOh according to an embodiment. Except as otherwise described herein, the MFL system lOOh and its elements and components are similar to or the same as the MFL system lOOg (FIG. 8A) and its corresponding elements and components. In an embodiment, the MFL system lOOh includes MFL device 200a that can have switchable lenses 210a, 210a' that can be similar to or the same as the switchable lenses 210, 210' (FIG. 8A). Moreover, the MFL system can include at least one communication device 160h and/or at least one controller 130h, which can be similar to or the same as the communication device 160g and controller 130g (FIG. 8A).

In an embodiment, the MFL system 200a can include one or more sensors 140h, 141h, 140h', 141h' . In an embodiment, the sensors 140h, 141h, 140h', 141h' can be operably coupled to the communication device 160h and to the controller 13 Oh. Moreover, the MFL system 200a can include one or more field sources 150h, 150h' that can be mounted on or implanted in the respective eyes 20, 30 of the subject (e.g., in a similar manner as described above in connection with the one or more sensors 140g, 140g' (FIG. 8A)). The one or more field sources 150h, 150h' can establish or generate identifiable fields for the respective eyes 20, 30. In an embodiment, the one or more field sources 150h, 150h' includes a magnet. For example, as the eyes 20 and 30 pivot or tilt toward or away from each other, the change in the identifiable field produced by the one or more field sources 150h, 150h', which move relative to the one or more sensors 140h, 141h, 140h', 141h' can be detected by the one or more sensors 140h, 14 lh, 140h', 14 lh' .

The one or more sensors 140h, 141h, 140h', 141h' can generate one or more signals related to the change in the tilt of the identifiable field and to the change in the vergence between the eyes 20, 30. As described above in more detail, based on the signals received from the one or more sensors 140h, 14 lh, 140h', 14 lh', the controller 13 Oh can determine the change in vergence between the eyes (e.g., based on the change in tilt of each of the two eyes). The controller can change or direct change of focal length of the switchable lenses 210a, 210a' (e.g., in the same manner as described above). The eye-vergence detection system can include any number of suitable sensors and/or detectors that can facilitate determining the vergence rotation between the eyes and/or change therein. For example, the vergence detection system can include one or more forward looking detectors, such as cameras, that can track the movements of one or more eyes of the subject. FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate an MFL system 100k according to an embodiment. Except as otherwise described herein, the MFL system 100k and its elements and components can be similar to or the same as any of the MFL systems lOOg, lOOh (FIGS. 8A-8B) and their corresponding elements and components. In an embodiment, the MFL system 100k can include MFL device 200b that includes switchable lenses 210b, 210b' that can be positioned in front of the eyes 20, 30 of the subject 70.

In an embodiment, the eye-vergence detection system of the MFL system 100k can include a one or more sensor feedback loops, and can include, for example, infrared light and sensor, laser and sensor, or one or more cameras (e.g., video cameras, infrared cameras, etc.), such as cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k', which can monitor movement of the eyes 20, 30. For example, the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can be mounted on and/or integrated with MFL device 200c. Furthermore, the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can be operably coupled to a controller 130k (e.g., directly or indirectly, such as via a communication device 160k) and can send one or more signals thereto. For example, the controller 130k can determine the vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30 and/or change in vergence therebetween and can determine suitable focal lengths for switchable lenses based thereon, thereby changing the power of the switchable lenses 210b, 210b' For example, the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can monitor the vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30 and/or change in the vergence rotation. For example, video camera 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can have a suitable field of view (FOV), such as FOV 145k and FOV 145k' to capture movement of the respective eyes 20 and 30. As the subj ect moves the eyes 20 and 30 and the vergence rotation therebetween changes, the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can detect the movement and can send one or more signals to the controller 130k. The controller 130k can process the signal(s) received from the one or more cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' to determine the vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30 and/or to determine a change in the vergence rotation.

For example, the one or more cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can detect a change in the shape of each iris (or pupil) of the eyes 20, 30, as the eyes 20, 30 pivot (e.g., as a two- dimensional projection or representation of the semi-spherical iris from the vantage point of each of the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k'). In an embodiment, the controller 130k can correlate the shape or change in shape of a projection of each iris onto a plane from the vantage point of each of the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' to a vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30 and/or to a change in the vergence rotation. For example, the shape of the iris in the two-dimensional images produced by each of the respective cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' can change as the eyes 20, 30 pivot, and the controller 130k can correlate the shapes of the irises in the two-dimensional images from the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' to a vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30, thus assessing the angle of the eyes relative to each other as determined by the focal point.

It should be appreciated that the MFL system can include any suitable number of cameras. Moreover, the cameras can be positioned and oriented relative to the eyes 20, 30 of the subject in a manner that allows the controller 130k to process images therefrom to produce a three-dimensional representation of one or more of the eyes 20, 30. In an embodiment, the controller 130k can use the three-dimensional representation of the eyes 20 and/or 30 to determine the vergence rotation therebetween and/or to determine a change in the vergence rotation. The MFL device 200 can include one or more switchable lenses, such as switchable lenses 210c, 210c' . As described above, the controller can modify or direct modification of the focal lengths of the switchable lenses 210c, 210c' based on the input received from the cameras 140k, 141k, 140k', 141k' that can be related to the vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30.

In the example shown in FIGS. 9A-9B, the camera 140k is positioned near the bridge of the nose and the camera 141k is position opposite thereto and toward the temple of the subject 70. Analogously, cameras 140k', 141k' can have mirrored locations relative to the cameras 140k, 141k (e.g., mirrored about the nose of the subject 70). Generally, however, the cameras can be positioned and/or oriented at any suitable locations and orientations to suitably capture the movement of the eyes 20, 30. For example, the FOV 145k and/or 145k' can have generally horizontal orientations.

FIG. 9C illustrates MFL system 100m according to an embodiment. Except as otherwise described herein, the MFL system 100m and its elements and components can be similar to or the same as the MFL system 100k (FIGS. 9A-9B) and its respective elements and components. In an embodiment, the MFL system 100m can include cameras positioned above and below the eyes 20, 30 of the subject 70. For example, the MFL system 100m can include cameras 140m, 141m that can have FOV 145m for tracking movement of the eye 20 and cameras 140m', 141m' that can have FOV 145m' for tracking movement of the eye 30. For example, the FOV 145m and/or 145m' can have generally vertical orientations.

In at least one embodiment, the eye-vergence detection system can include one or more cameras positioned in front of the eyes 20 and/or 30 and configured to capture movement thereof. In an embodiment, at least portion the entire eye-vergence detection system or the entire eye-vergence detection system can be positioned remotely from the subject. For example, FIG. 9D illustrates MFL system lOOp that includes a detection camera 140p positioned remotely from the subject 70.

The camera 140p can have a suitable FOV 145p that can capture movement of the eyes 20, 30 and the change in the vergence therebetween. For example, the camera 140p can send one or more signals to a controller, and the controller can determine the vergence rotation or change therein based on the signal(s) received from the camera 140p.

As described above, the MFL system lOOp can include MFL device 200d that can have switchable lenses 210d, 210d' . Moreover, the MFL system lOOp can include a controller, and the camera 140p can be operably coupled to the controller (e.g., via a communication device). In an embodiment, the controller can change or direct changing of the focal length of the switchable lenses 210d, 210d' to a suitable focal length (e.g., based at least in part on the determined vergence between the eyes 20, 30). In an embodiment, the camera 140p can detect light passing through the switchable lenses 210d, 210d' from the eyes 20, 30 to produce two-dimensional images. As the vergence rotation changes between the eyes 20, 30, the two-dimensional image produced by the camera 140p can change and the change can be correlated by the controller to a vergence rotation between the eyes 20, 30. Furthermore, while the images produced by the cameras described herein can be two-dimensional, it should be appreciated that the MFL system lOOp can include multiple cameras that can be used to generate three-dimensional images (or digital representations thereof) and can be processed by the controller to determine the vergence between the eyes 20, 30.

In an embodiment, the camera 140p or other sensor utilizes landmarks on or in the eyeball for reference points relating to detecting vergence rotation or the angle of the eyes 20, 30, as determined by the focal point. For example, the pattern of blood vessels, or iris pattern, or other unique identifying landmarks can be used as reference points for identifying the position of the eye with regard to focal length. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the vergence rotation of the eye can be determined with any number of suitable methods, devices, and systems, such as the with one or more methods, devices, or systems described in U. S. Patent No. 9,039, 179, entitled "Unobtrusive active eye interrogation," the entire content of which is incorporated herein by this reference.

Additionally or alternatively, MFL system can have a range finder that can assist in determining the distance to an object being viewed by the subject and to adjust the focal length based on the distance, such that the viewed object is in focus for the subject. FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate a first object 10 at a first distance from the subject 70 and a second object 40 at a second distance from the subject 70, the second object 40 being closer to the subject 70 than the first object 10. In an embodiment, MFL system lOOr can include a range finder or distance detector 140r (e.g., the distance detector 140r can include a light source and a detector that can detect reflected light and can determine distance to an object based thereon). For example, the distance detector 140r can be positioned at any suitable location and/or orientation, such that the distance detector 140r can detect distance from the subject 70 (e.g., from the eyes of the subject 70) to the object. Moreover, the distance detector 140r can be operably coupled to a controller that can determine the distance from the subject 70 to an object (e.g., to the first and/or second objects 10, 40).

In an embodiment, the MFL system lOOr can include MFL device 200e that can have switchable lenses. The controller can change the focal length of one or more of the switchable lenses based at least in part on the detected distance from the subject 70 to the object. For example, when the subject 70 looks at the object 10 (FIG. 10A), such that the MFL device 200e is generally oriented toward the object 10, the controller can determine focal length suitable for the switchable lenses based on the distance to the object 10 and can modify or direct modification of the focal length of the switchable lenses based at least in part on the distance to the object 10. For example, the subject 70 can move the MFL device 200e in a manner that aligns the distance detector 140r with the object 10. Similarly, when the subject 70 looks at the object 40 (FIG. 10B), the controller can determine focal length suitable for the switchable lenses based on the distance to the object 40 and can modify or direct modification of the focal length of the switchable lenses based at least in part on the distance to the object 40.

In an embodiment, the MFL device 200e can include switchable lenses 210e, 210e' . For example, the distance detector 140r can send one or more detection signals to a controller that can change or direct change of focal length of the switchable lenses 210e, 210e' (e.g., as described above). Moreover, the controller can send (directly or indirectly) one or more signals to the switchable lenses 210e, 210e', directing the switching lenses 210e, 210e' to change focal length. In an embodiment, the object viewed by the subject 70 (e.g., the object 10 and/or 40) can include one or more sensors or detectors that can be configured to determine or identify the portion of the object on which the gaze of the subject is focused and can adjust the focal length based thereon. For example, the object can include a camera that can send to a controller one or more signals related to the location of the gaze of the subject. Moreover, the controller can determine gaze location onto which the eyes of the subject 70 are focused and can change or direct change of the focal length(s) of the one or more switchable lenses 210e, 210e' based the gaze location and/or based on the distance between the subject 70 and the gaze location and the subject. For example, the object can be a personal computing devices, such as a smart phone, a tablet, a computer, etc., which can include a camera configured to track movement of the eyes of the subject 70. Furthermore, in an embodiment, the object can include the controller that can be operably coupled to the MFL device 200 and to the switchable lenses 210e, 210e' (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection), as described herein.

Generally, the distance detector 140r can be located at any suitable place, such as on or near the subject 70. In an embodiment, the MFL device 200e can have the distance detector 140r mounted thereon or incorporated therein. Alternatively or additionally, the distance detector 140r can be positioned on the subject 70 (e.g., as an implant). Moreover, any of the eye-vergence detection systems described herein can be included in the MFL system lOOr. It should also be appreciated that any of the eye-vergence detection systems and/or distance detection systems can be included in an IOL system (e.g., a controller can modify the focal length of an IOL device based at least in part on the signals received from one or more eye-vergence detection systems and/or distance detection systems described herein in connection with MFL systems and devices.

As can be understood from the description herein, the switchable lenses can be adjusted for need of the subject wearing the device, depending on the focal length as set forth herein. In an embodiment, the switchable lenses can be adjusted in real-time, as the sensing feedback loop occurs, or it can be set to a specific schedule or program. In an embodiment, the system includes at least one transmitter, receiver, and/or transceiver configured to transmit or receive data related to the adjustments for a particular subject wearing the device. Thus, data related to a particular subject with specific adjustment values for a focal length (e.g., an object at distance 10 or an object at distance 40) can be transmitted to the subject itself, a database or other entity (e.g., a computing system, or another user). In this way, the real-time collection of data over time allows for collection and comparison of data that includes specific adjustment values over time for a specific subject and can indicate if the vision of that specific subject is remaining constant or improving or deteriorating, and at what rate.

For example, as shown in FIG. 11, MFL device 200f can include or can be connected to a communication device 160t (e.g., at least one receiver, transmitter, transceiver, or combinations thereof) that can receive data or instructions related to modification of the focal length(s) of one or more switchable lenses of the MFL device 200f. As described above, MFL system can include a controller 130t (e.g., the controller 130t can receive one or more signals and can determine vergence rotation of the eye and/or suitable focal length for the switchable lenses of the MFL device 200f). In an embodiment, the controller 130t can include I/O interface 310, processor 320, and memory 330 operably coupled together. In an embodiment, the controller 130t can include a database 340 (e.g., the database 340 and can have data stored in a storage memory of the controller 130t). For example, the controller 130t can store one or more parameters in the database 340 (e.g., the controller 130t can store training or tuning data in the database 340).

In an embodiment, a communication device 160t' (e.g., at least one receiver, transmitter, transceiver, or combinations thereof) can be operably coupled to the controller 130t and/or integrated therewith. For example, the communication device 160t' can be operably coupled to the communication device 160t (e.g., via wired or wireless connection), such that the MFL device 200f and the controller 130t can transmit and receive data from one another. In an embodiment, display 350 and/or input device 360 (e.g., physical or virtual keyboard, microphone, etc.) can be operably coupled to the controller 130t and/or integrated therewith. For example, a user (e.g., a subject using and/or wearing the MFL device 200f) can enter input and/or data into the controller 130t, as described herein. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the controller 130t can be operably coupled to and/or incorporated with any number of suitable devices, such as personal electronic devices (e.g., personal computers, smart phones, tablets, etc.) and/or any other computing and/or input devices. It should be appreciated that any of the systems described herein (e.g., MFL and/or IOL systems) can have a similar or the same configuration as the system described above and illustrated in FIG. 11.

It will be understood that a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof can be used in the controllers described herein. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein can be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof. In addition, the reader will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. In a general sense, the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range of components that can impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, and electro-magnetically actuated devices, or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein "electro-mechanical system" includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical -electrical equipment), and any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. In a general sense, the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of "electrical circuitry." Consequently, as used herein "electrical circuitry" includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). The subject matter described herein can be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. The herein described components (e.g., steps), devices, and obj ects and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar herein is also intended to be representative of its class, and the non- inclusion of such specific components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects herein should not be taken as indicating that limitation is desired.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, the reader can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected," or "operably coupled," to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable," to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

In some instances, one or more components can be referred to herein as "configured to." The reader will recognize that "configured to" or "adapted to" are synonymous and can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications can be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the appended claims. In general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims can contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should typically be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense the convention (e.g. , "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). Virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

With respect to the appended claims, any recited operations therein can generally be performed in any order. Examples of such alternate orderings can include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. With respect to context, even terms like "responsive to," "related to," or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.