Cellulose ethers, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, are employed in a wide variety of applications to treat the rheological properties of aqueous solutions in particular.

Objects of use include, for example, foods, medicines, cosmetic preparations, deter- gents, agricultural chemicals, textiles, printing inks, paper coating agents, construc- tion materials, adhesives, paints, ceramic materials, and additives of polymerisation.

Cellulose ethers can be modified by attaching different substituents to hydroxyl groups in cellulose. In this way, the solubility or the hydrophobicity of cellulose ether in particular can be affected.

There is a lot of literature concerning the hydrophobic modification of polysaccha- rides.

US Patent No. 4228277 describes the modification of non-ionic cellulose ethers, such as methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and particularly hydroxyethyl cellulose, by using epoxyalkanes having a length of the alkyl group of 10 to 24 carbons. According to the patent, one advantage of the modification is that even small amounts of hydrophobically modified cellulose ether make the viscosity of an aqueous solution increase so that the dosage of the cellu- lose ether can be decreased. The cellulose ether thus modified can be used in paints.

The modification is carried out by using a cellulose ether as a starting material, and the reaction times are long, 2 to 5 hours. However, it is uncomfortable to use epoxy compounds because they are detrimental to health.

In FI Patent No. 95138, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose is modified by an al- kyl group having 8 to 25 carbons in an amount of 0.1 to 4 % by weight. This prod- uct is also applied to paints. The alkyl reagent can be halide, halohydride, or epox- ide, all of which are hazardous to environment and health. Hydroxyethylation, hy- drophobic modification, and carboxymethylation are carried out in sequence, there- fore the reaction time is long, more than 4 hours.

US Patent No. 5302196 describes cellulose ethers which are modified by a fluorine- containing alkyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, the fluorine content being 0.05 to 5% by weight. The cellulose ether is especially hydroxyethyl cellulose, hy- droxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose or methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. The fluorine- containing alkyl reagent is preferably epoxide, bromide or perfluoroolefin. This product is also developed for paints. The reaction is long, the modification requires a reaction time of 6 hours.

In EP Patent Application No. 384167, cellulose ether, especially hydroxyethyl cellu- lose, is modified with an aromatic alkyl group having at least 10 carbons, the con- tent being 0.001 to 0.1 moles per one mole of a glucose repeat unit of the cellulose ether. The alkyl reagent can be, for example, halide, oxirane, acid, (thio) isocyanate or halohydrin. The product can be used in latex paints. This manufacturing process also has a long reaction time, 6 or up to 12 hours.

General Description of the Invention According to the independent Claim 1, hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers have been invented. The dependent Claims disclose some preferred embodiments of the invention.

This invention introduces a new type of hydrophobically modified cellulose ether in which the modifying agent is alkylketene dimer. The cellulose ether is preferably carboxymethyl cellulose or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, NaCMC).

Cellulose ether modified with alkylketene dimer is easy to manufacture. The process is safe, simple, and quick. The modification can also improve the dispersability of cellulose ether in water.

The product is suitable to be used in any water-based application. The hydrophobic group renders the substance properties that are advantageous to, for example, deter- gents, paper coating mixtures, paints, dispersing agents, and oil drilling muds.

Detailed Description of the Invention According to the invention, alkylketene dimer (AKD) is used to modify the cellu- lose ether. The general formula of AKD is

in which Rl and R2 are alkyl or alkenyl chains having 5 to 22, preferably 13 to 20 carbons. Rl or R2 can also be substituted or they can contain heteroatoms in a chain.

Rl or R2 can in particular have a straight chain and contain 14 to 18 carbons.

AKD reacts with the hydroxyl group of cellulose or cellulose ether, forming the followingformula: cellulose (ether) Elevated temperatures, such as 30-120°C, preferably 50-90°C, and most preferably 60-85°C, enhance the reaction, so that at the elevated temperatures AKD is melted first. High temperature and alkaline pH improve the reactivity of AKD with cellu- lose ether. AKD can react with the substituent, for example carboxymethyl group in cellulose ether. AKD can also react with other compounds which contain an OH group. These include water, alcohol, and sodium glycolate which are generated in the preparation of CMC. The thus generated compounds also have an effect on the hydrophobicity of the product.

The reacted AKD concentration in the cellulose ether can be analysed by using gas chromatography. The unreacted AKD or AKD reacted with other OH containing compounds are extracted with a suitable solvent. The sample is hydrolysed causing the cleavage of alkyl ketene group. The reacted AKD is extracted with a suitable solvent and analysed with gas chromatograph.

The AKD can be in a solid state or dispersed in water or other solvents.

The content of AKD in the cellulose ether can be 0.001-10% by weight. The content is preferably 0.01-2% by weight.

The molecular weight (Mw) of the cellulose ether can be 10 000-1 000 000, pref- erably 20 000-700 000. The cellulose ether can be, for example, alkyl, hydroxyal- kyl or carboxyalkyl substituted or a mixed ether of these.

According to the invention, cellulose ether that is modified by AKD can be used in any water-based application. It can be used, for example, in paper or board coating mixtures, in the wet end in paper or board manufacturing, paints, construction ma- terials, adhesives, oil drilling mud, detergents, cosmetic products, and as a disper- sion agent.

The cellulose ether is preferably carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Its degree of substitution (DS, i. e., the average number of substituted hydroxyl groups in a glu- cose ring) can be, for example, 0.2-2.0, preferably 0.4-1.5, most preferably 0.4-1.2.

Its molecular weight is preferably 40 000-500 000. It can be applied to all the above-mentioned objects.

The cellulose ether can also be, e. g., hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Its molecular weight can be, for example, 90 000-1 300 000 and the molar substitution (MS) 1.5- 4. HEC can be used in coating, construction materials, and cosmetic preparations in particular.

The cellulose ether can also be, e. g., hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). Its molecular weight can be, for example, 80 000-1 150 000 and the molar substitution (MS) 1.5- 4. HPC can be used in foods, medical preparations, and coating in particular.

There is a lot of literature about the manufacture of cellulose ethers. Generally, cellulose ethers are prepared by mixing wood-based or cotton wool-based raw ma- terial with a reaction medium, such as alcohol or acetone, and by mercerising it with an alkalic substance, such as sodium hydroxide, to activate the cellulose. An etheri- fying chemical is added and it is allowed to react. The complete product is neutral- ised. The viscosity can be reduced if needed. By-products, such as salts generated in the reaction, are washed out with alcohol, for example, when purified cellulose ether is manufactured, but they can also be left in the product or only remove partly (technical or crude cellulose ether). The solvent used is separated and the product is dried. The particle size and the bulk density can be adjusted by grinding the product into powder or by granulating it. The product can also be screened.

Cellulose ether can be modified with AKD by various methods. AKD can be added to the cellulose ether at any stage of the production, for example, in mercerisation, etherification, or drying. AKD can be added in a solid form or as a dispersion. High temperature and alkaline pH improve the reactivity of AKD with cellulose ether.

AKD can also be added to the cellulose ether as such. The cellulose ether can be coated, for example, with solid AKD or an AKD dispersion. In that case, a suitable

amount of AKD is sprayed onto the surface of the cellulose ether or mixed with it.

The product is treated with high temperature to initiate the reaction.

The manufacture of the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether according to the invention is simple and quick. Neither complex solvents nor long reaction times are needed. In addition, AKD is a safe chemical. It is neither combustible nor explosive; therefore, it neither causes a danger in a process nor is it dangerous to the environ- ment. AKD is not hazardous or irritating and it does not cause allergies; therefore, it does not present any danger to the process personnel or the end-user.

The hydrophobically modified cellulose ether is especially useful in detergent com- positions. The cellulose ether is preferably carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Its de- gree of substitution is most preferably 0.4-0.6. The compositions generally comprise about 0,1-5% by weight of cellulosic based fabric treatment components, preferably 0,5-4%, most preferably 0,75-3%. The detergent composition can be in liquid, paste or granular form. The compositions comprise about 1-80% by weight, preferably 5- 50% of detersive surfactants which can be of the anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic, ampholytic or cationic type. The compositions may also comprise about 0,1-80% by weight of a detergent builder, preferably 1-10% in liquid form and 1-50% in granu- lar form. Detergent builders can comprise, for example, phosphate salts as well as various organic and inorganic nonphosphorus builders. In addition to the surfac- tants, builders and cellulosic based materials, the detergent compositions can also include for example enzymes and enzyme stabilizing agents, suds boosters or suds suppressers, anti-tarnish and anticorrosion agents, soil suspending agents, soil re- lease agents, germicides, pH adjusting agents, non-builder alkalinity sources, chelating agents, organic and inorganic fillers, solvents, hydrotropes, optical bright- eners, dyes and perfumes.

Granular detergent compositions are generally made by combining base ingredients as a slurry and spray drying the resulting slurry to a low level of residual moisture.

The remaining ingredients can be admixed as dry or in case of liquid form, sprayed onto the resulting granules. Liquid detergent compositions can be prepared by ad- mixing the ingredients in any desired order.

Laundering of fabrics and textiles in washing solutions containing hydrophobically modified cellulose ether, followed by rinsing and drying, imparts fabric appearance benefits to the fabric and textile articles so treated. Such benefits can include im- proved overall appearance, pill/fuzz reduction, antifading, improved abrasion resis- tance, and/or enhanced softness.

Examples All examples employed alkylketene dimer, the length of the alkyl group being 16 to 18 carbons (Raisio Chemicals).

Example 1 100g of CMC (Metsa Speciality Chemicals) having an average molecular weight of 180 000 and a degree of substitution of 0.65 was put into a steel container. lg of al- kylketene dimer dispersion having an AKD content of 10% by weight, diluted with 50g of water, was sprayed on CMC, agitating the powder at the same time. The product was dried at 80°C to a moisture content of less than 8%. The AKD content of the end product was 0.1% by weight.

Examples 2-6 By using the procedure described above, the following hydrophobically modified CMC samples (examples 2-6) were prepared: Table 1

Example Molecular weight Degree of substi-AKD content in of CMC tution of CMC CMC, % by weight 2 60 000 0. 72 0.05 3000000. 800. 05 4 220 000 0. 87 0. 1 5 305 000 1. 15 1. 0 6 80000 0. 75 0. 01 Sample 5 contained 0.02% by weight of AKD which had reacted with CMC.

Example 7 100g of CMC having an average molecular weight of 40 000 and a degree of substi- tution of 0.79 was put into a steel cylinder. 5g of solid alkylketene dimer was added.

The powder was agitated in an oven at 60°C for 120 minutes and at 105°C for 15 min. The AKD content of the end product was 5.0% by weight.

Example 8 Hydrophobically modified CMC having an average molecular weight of 400 000 and a degree of substitution of 0.86, and an AKD content of 10.0% by weight, was prepared according to the procedure described in example 7.

Example 9 47g of wood pulp (Metsa-Botnia), 175g of ethanol, and 20g of water were mixed together in a closed glass flask which was provided with a mixer and a nitrogen at- mosphere as an option. The flask was placed in a water bath. 18g of sodium hydrox- ide, diluted with 18g of water, was added and the cellulose was mercerised for 30 minutes at 20°C. 22g of monochloracetic acid, diluted with 6g of water, and 1.25g of alkylketene dimer dispersion having an AKD content of 20% by weight were added and the temperature was raised in 55 minutes to 65°C. The cellulose was etherified for 60 minutes at 65°C. Ethanol was recovered and the product was dried at 80°C to a moisture content of less than 8%. The AKD content of the end product was 0.3% by weight, the average molecular weight 150 000, and the DS of the carboxymethyl group 0.57. The sample contained 0.02% by weight of AKD re- acted with cellulose.

Examples 10-15 Samples 10-15 were prepared according to the procedure described in example 9. In example 10 and 15 the product was neutralised after etherification with hydrochlo- ric acid. In example 10 AKD was added after neutralisation and allowed to react 5 minutes at 70 °C.

Table 2

Example Molecular weight Degree of substi-AKD content in CMC, of CMC tution of CMC % by weight 10 180 000 0, 46 0, 6 ll 120 000 0, 48 0, 6 12 140 000 0, 52 0,06 13 150 000 0, 55 1, 1 4 140 000 0, 56 2, 7 152700000, 520, 06 Sample 12 contained <0.01% by weight of AKD which had reacted with CMC.

Example 16 100g of wood pulp (Metsa-Botnia), 1270g of isopropanol, and 162g of water were mixed together in a closed glass flask which was provided with a mixer and a nitro- gen atmosphere. The flask was placed in a water bath. 40g of sodium hydroxide, diluted with 40g of water, was added and the cellulose was mercerised for 90 min- utes at 20°C. 44g of monochloracetic acid, diluted with llg of water, and Ig ofal-

kylketene dimer dispersion having an AKD content of 10% by weight were added, and the temperature was raised in 45 minutes to 70°C. The cellulose was etherified for 90 minutes at 70°C. CMC was neutralised with hydrochloric acid. The by- products of the reaction, sodium chloride and sodium glycolate, were washed out with 75% methanol, and the product was dried at 80°C to a moisture content of less than 8%. The AKD content of the end product was 0.08%, the average molecular weight 270 000, and the DS of the carboxymethyl group 0.59.

Examples 17-19 Samples 17-19 were prepared according to the procedure described in example 16.

In example 19 AKD was added during mercerisation.

Table 3 Example Raw material Molecular Degree of AKD content in weight of substitution of CMC, % by CMC CMC weight 17 wood pulp 60 000 0,77 0,07 (Metsa-Botnia) 18 wood pulp 240 000 0,89 0,07 (Borregaard) 19 cotton linter 380 000 0,80 0,7 (Buckeye, Temmmg)

Example 20 A granular detergent composition in accordance with the invention has the follow- ing basic formula: Table 4 Component Wt. % Cl Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate 9.31 C 15 aLkyl ether Zeolite Builder 27.79 Sodium Carbonate 27.31 PEG 4000 1.60 Dispersant 2.26 Cl Alcohol Ethoxylate (9 EO) 1. 5 Sodium Perborate 1.03 Soil Release Polymer 0.41 Enzymes 0.59 Hydrophobically modified cellulose ether 3.0 Perfume, Brightener, Suds Suppressor, Other Minors, Moisture, Sulfate Balance 100%