Molecules having pesticidal utility, pesticidal compositions, and processes, related thereto

Field of this disclosure

This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests.

Background of this disclosure

In WO2013/162716 A9 the following molecules having pesticidal utility, and intermediates, compositions, and processes, related thereto are disclosed.

Definitions used in this disclosure

The examples given in these definitions are generally non-exhaustive and must not be construed as limiting this disclosure. The phrase "pesticidally effective amount" means the amount of a pesticide needed to achieve an observable effect on a pest, for example, the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and/or activity of a pest in a locus. This effect may come about when pest populations are repulsed from a locus, pests are incapacitated in, or around, a locus, and/or pests are exterminated in, or around, a locus. Of course, a combination of these effects can occur. Generally, pest populations, activity, or both are desirably reduced more than fifty percent, preferably more than 90 percent, and most preferably more than 99 percent. In general, a pesticidally effective amount, for agricultural purposes, is from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 10000 grams per hectare, preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 1000 grams per hectare, and it is even more preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 100 grams per hectare.

The term "locus" means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, material, or environment, in which a pest is growing, may grow, or may traverse. For example, a locus may be: where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants, are growing ; where domesticated animals are residing ; the interior or exterior surfaces of buildings (such as places where grains are stored) ; the materials of construction used in buildings (such as impregnated wood) ; and the soil around buildings.

The term "pest" means an organism that is detrimental to humans, or human concerns (such as, crops, food, livestock, etc.), where said organism is from Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, or Nematoda . Particular examples are ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, bristletails, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies,

grasshoppers, grubs, hornets, jassids, leafhoppers, leaf miners, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, moths, nematodes, plantbugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scales, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphylans, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, and wireworms.

Additional examples are pests in

(1) Subphyla Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda.

(2) Classes of Arachnida, Symphyla, and Insecta.

(3) Order Hemiptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adelges spp., Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Brevicoryne spp., Cacopsylla spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chionaspis spp.,

Chrysomphalus spp., Coccus spp., Diaphorina spp., Dysaphis spp., Empoasca spp., Erythroneura spp., Euschistus spp., Hyalopterus spp., Jacobiasca spp., Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lagynotomus spp., Lygus spp., Macrosiphum spp., Myzus spp., Nasonovia spp., Nephotettix spp., Nezara spp., Nilaparvata spp., Paracoccus spp., Parathoza spp., Philaenus spp., Phytocohs spp., Piezodorus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp.,

Therioaphis spp., Toumeyella spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes spp., Triatoma spp., and Unaspis spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva frimbiolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Parat oza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae,

Physokermes piceae, Phytocohs calif ornicus , Phytocohs relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola,

Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus,

Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, and Zulia entrerriana.

(4) Order Diptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Cu/e spp., Culicoides spp., Dasineura spp., Delia spp., Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Hylemya spp., Liriomyza spp., Musca spp., Phorbia spp., Pollenia spp. , Psychoda spp. , Simulium spp. , Tabanus spp., and Tipula spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana, and Stomoxys calcitrans.

(5) Order Lepidoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adoxophyes spp., Agrotis spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia spp., Chilo spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Colias spp., Crambus spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea spp., Earias spp., Ephestia spp., Epimecis spp., Feltia spp., Gortyna spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Indarbela spp., Lithocolletis spp., Loxagrotis spp.,

Malacosoma spp., Nemapogon spp., Ostrinia spp., Peridroma spp., Phyllonorycter spp., Pseudaletia spp., Plutella spp., Scirpophaga spp., Sesamia spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp., and Yponomeuta spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias insulana, Earias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella , Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera cof eae, and Zeuzea pyrina.

(6) Order Thysanoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips spp., Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips spp., and Thrips spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis,

Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips

haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi, and Thrips tabaci.

(7) Order Coleoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aca nth oscel ides spp., Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Araecerus spp. , Aulacophora spp., Bruchus spp., Cerosterna spp., Cerotoma spp., Ceutorhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., Cyclocephala spp., Diabrotica spp., Dinoderus spp. , Gnathocerus spp.,

Hemicoelus spp. , Heterobostruchus spp., Hypera spp., Ips spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis spp., Meligethes spp., Mezium spp. , Niptus spp. , Otiorhynchus spp., Pantomorus spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta spp., Ptinus spp. , Rhizotrogus spp., Rhynchites spp., Rhynchophorus spp., Scolytus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sitophilus spp., Tenebrio spp., and Tribolium spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Aca nth oscel ides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci,

Anthrenus falvipes, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor,

Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum, and Zabrus tenebrioides.

Detailed description of this disclosure

The following molecules having pesticidal utility are used herein

M-III.

M-I, M-II, and M-III, each of which is a pesticide, each of which is an active ingredient, and all of which are collectively defined as "AIGA."

Formulations

A pesticide is many times not suitable for application in its pure form. It is usually necessary to add other substances so that the pesticide may be used at the required concentration and in an appropriate form, permitting ease of application, handling, transportation, storage, and maximum pesticide activity. Thus, pesticides are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulations, seed treatments, suspension

concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water soluble liquids, water dispersible granules, soluble granules, wettable powders, and ultra-low volume solutions.

Pesticides are applied most often as aqueous suspensions or oil in water emulsions prepared from concentrated emulsion formulations (EW) of such pesticides. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable formulations are either solids, usually known as wettable powders, water dispersible granules (WG), or liquids usually known as emulsifiable concentrates (EC), or aqueous suspension concentrates (SC) . Wettable powders (WP), which may be compacted to form water dispersible granules, comprise an intimate mixture of the pesticide, a carrier, and adjuvants, and/or surfactants. The concentration of the pesticide is usually from about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrier is usually selected from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorillonite clays, the diatomaceous earths, kaolinite clay, or the purified silicates. Effective surfactants, comprising from about 0.5% to about 15% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensed naphthalenesulfonates,

naphthalenesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and non-ionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of C-4 and longer carbon chain length alcohols.

Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides comprise a convenient concentration of a pesticide, such as from about 50 grams per liter to about 500 grams per liter of liquid dissolved in a carrier that is either a water miscible solvent or a mixture of an essentially water-immiscible organic solvent and emulsifiers. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, such as the terpenic solvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2- ethoxyethanol. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants.

Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration in the range from about 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier comprised of water and surfactants. Ingredients, such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums may, also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is often most effective to wet mill and mix the pesticide at the same time by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in an implement such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer.

Oil dispersions (OD) comprise suspensions of organic solvent-insoluble pesticides finely dispersed in a mixture of organic solvent and emulsifiers at a concentration in the range from about 2% to about 50% by weight. One or more pesticide might be dissolved in the organic solvent. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha . Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils. Suitable emulsifiers for oil dispersions are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Thickeners or gelling agents are added in the formulation of oil dispersions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets.

Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions that are particularly useful for applications to the soil . Granular compositions (GR) usually contain from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide, dispersed in a carrier that comprises cellulosic materials, naturally occurring minerals including gypsum or limestone, or similar substances. Such compositions are usually prepared by melting the pesticide or dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier such as a granular fertilizer such as urea, which has been pre-formed to the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm . Such compositions may also be formulated by making a dough or paste of the carrier and molecule, and then crushing and drying to obtain the desired granular particle size. Another form of granules is a water emulsifiable granule (EG) . It is a formulation consisting of granules to be applied as a conventional oil-in-water emulsion of the active ingredient(s), either solubilized or diluted in an organic solvent, after disintegration and dissolution in water. Water emulsifiable granules comprise one or several active ingredient(s), either solubilized or diluted in a suitable organic solvent that is (are) absorbed in a water soluble polymeric shell or some other type of soluble or insoluble matrix.

Dusts containing a pesticide are prepared by intimately mixing the pesticide in powdered form with a suitable dusty agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. Dusts may be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliage application with a dust blower machine.

It is equally practical to apply a pesticide in the form of a solution in an appropriate organic solvent, usually petroleum oil, such as the spray oils, which are widely used in agricultural chemistry.

Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol composition. In such compositions, the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure- generating propellant mixture. The aerosol composition is packaged in a container from which the mixture is dispensed through an atomizing valve. Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide is mixed with food or an attractant or both. When the pests eat the bait, they also consume the pesticide. Baits may take the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. Baits may be used in pest harborages.

Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and hence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations to kill pests in soil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of the fumigant is proportional to its concentration and the exposure time. They are characterized by a good capacity for diffusion and act by penetrating the pest's respiratory system or being absorbed through the pest's cuticle. Fumigants are applied to control stored product pests under gas proof sheets, in gas sealed rooms or buildings, or in special chambers.

Pesticides may be microencapsulated by suspending the pesticide particles or droplets in plastic polymers of various types. By altering, the chemistry of the polymer or by changing factors in the processing, microcapsules may be formed of various sizes, solubility, wall thicknesses, and degrees of penetrability. These factors govern the speed with which the active ingredient within is released, which in turn, affects the residual performance, speed of action, and odor of the product. The microcapsules might be formulated as a capsule suspension (CS) concentrates or water dispersible granules.

Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving pesticide in a solvent that will hold the pesticide in solution. Oil solutions of a pesticide usually provide faster knockdown and kill of pests than other formulations due to the solvents themselves having pesticidal action and the dissolution of the waxy covering of the integument increasing the speed of uptake of the pesticide. Other advantages of oil solutions include better storage stability, better penetration of crevices, and better adhesion to greasy surfaces.

Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the emulsion comprises oily globules which are each provided with a lamellar liquid crystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous phase, wherein each oily globule comprises at least one molecule which is agriculturally active, and is individually coated with a monolamellar or oligolamellar layer comprising : (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surface-active agent, (2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surface-active agent, and (3) at least one ionic surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a mean particle diameter of less than 800 nanometers.

Applications

Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied to any locus. General loci to apply such molecules include loci where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants, are growing or may be planted . Particular loci to apply such molecules include loci where alfalfa, almonds, apples, barley, beans, canola, citrus (for example Grapefruit and Lemons), corn, cotton, crucifers (for example, Broccoli,

Cabbage, and Cauliflower), cucurbits (for example, Cantaloupe, Cucumber, Squash, and various melons), flowers, fodder species (Rye Grass, Sudan Grass, Tall Fescue, Kentucky Blue Grass, and Clover), fruits, grapes, leaf vegetables (for example Salad Greens and Pigweed), lettuce, oats, oil seed crops, oranges, papayas, peanuts, peaches, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, strawberries, sugarcane, sugarbeets, sunflowers, teas, tobacco, tomatoes, wheat (for example, Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, White Winter Wheat, Hard Red Spring Wheat, and Durum Spring Wheat), and other valuable crops are growing or the seeds thereof are going to be planted .

Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where plants, such as crops, are growing and where there are levels of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such locus. Such phytotonic benefits, may include, but are not limited to: helping the plant grow a better root system; helping the plant better withstand stressful growing conditions; improving the health of a plant; improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients) ; improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves) ; improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients); and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant.

Specifically, molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where rice plants are growing and where there are levels of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such a locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such a locus. Such phytotonic benefits, may include, but are not limited to: a reduction of deadhearts (a yellowing and drying of the central shoot) ; and a reduction in whiteheads (a rice panicle not filled with grain).

Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where plants, such as crops, are growing and where there are low levels (even no actual presence) of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such locus. Such phytotonic benefits, may include, but are not limited to: helping the plant grow a better root system ; helping the plant better withstand stressful growing conditions; improving the health of a plant; improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable

ingredients) ; improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves) ; improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients) ; and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant. Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied to the foliar and/or fruiting portions of plants to control pests. Either such molecules will come in direct contact with the pest, or the pest will consume such molecules when eating the plant or while extracting sap or other nutrients from the plant.

Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to control pests on one portion of the plant by applying (for example by spraying a locus) molecules selected from AIGA to a different portion of the plant. For example, control of foliar-feeding or stem feeding pests may be achieved by flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, or drip (trickle) irrigation, by sprinkler methods, by treating the soil with a drench or an injection, by treating the seeds of a plant before planting. For these types of applications, a pesticide may be diluted in water to the target dilution rate to achieve the desired rate of active ingredient per hectare, after which time the solution is evenly distributed in the growing area among all plants or in the growing area prior to introduction of the plants

(seedlings) or seeds. These types of applications may be performed using, ditches with siphon tubes, ditches with spiles (small straight pipes), irrigation pipes with outlets, buried pipe with vertical pipe outlets, sprinkler systems, sprayers such as backpack sprayers or mist sprayers, or simple containers such as watering cans.

Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied to the soil via the process of chemigation, and when applied in this manner, root and stem feeding pests may be controlled. For example, control of root and stem feeding pests may be achieved by flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, or drip (trickle) irrigation, by sprinkler methods, by treating the soil with a drench or an injection, by treating the seeds of a plant before planting . For these types of applications, a pesticide may be diluted in water to the target dilution rate to achieve the desired rate of active ingredient per hectare, after which time the solution is evenly distributed in the growing area among all plants or in the growing area prior to introduction of the plants (seedlings) or seeds. These types of applications may be performed using, ditches with siphon tubes, ditches with spiles (small straight pipes), irrigation pipes with outlets, buried pipe with vertical pipe outlets, sprinkler systems, sprayers, or simple containers. The roots may absorb such active ingredients thereby taking it up into the foliar portions of the plant (leaves and stems) to control above ground chewing and sap feeding pests. Soil applications may be performed prior to the transplant of plants.

Chemigation is an application of a pesticide by an irrigation method. Chemigation offers a series of advantages over foliar spray application methods including but not limited to uniform distribution of pesticide throughout the plant; a reduction in pesticide application inputs including man-power and machinery fuel ; and a reduction in soil compaction, plant disturbance, and applicator exposure to pesticides. Foliar applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In a foliar application, the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture is then deposited on the foliar and/or fruiting portions of plants to control pests using a sprayer, such as a backpack sprayer or a sprinkler, or by dipping.

Granular applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In certain granular applications, the concentrated pesticide is diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The desired concentration is then added to a granular carrier and the resulting composition is then dried to form a granular composition. The granular composition may be applied by a scattering method such as by hand or any type of granular spreader. Drench applications are performed either prior to the transplants of plants, during the transplant of plants, after the plants have already been transplanted into the field, or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. A drench application may be a residual drench or a soil or root drench.

In a residual drench, the desired amount of a residual pesticide and water mixture is deposited to the soil prior to the transplant of plants or planting of seeds. Residual pesticides remain active in pesticidally effective amounts from about 1 week to about 3 weeks after application. A residual drench is useful when insects are a continual problem or chemical application needs to be performed in advance of an expected infestation. Residual pesticides in soil offers other benefits such as at-planting treatment, soil shank injection at planting (direct seeded or at-planting), in-furrow spray at planting and/or surface band at planting. Residual pesticide in soil in many cases reduces the number of foliar sprays to control pests.

In a soil or root drench, the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture may be deposited in the transplant hole followed by the transplant of the plant allowing the pesticide to be close to the root zone of the treated plant. Alternatively, the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture may be deposited at the base of the plant sometime after the transplant of the plant allowing the pesticide to be close to the root zone of the treated plant.

Injection applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In an injection application, the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture is then deposited into the soil via injection apparatus at the base of the plant. Root soak applications are routinely preformed prior to the transplant of plants. In a root soak (seedling drench, transplant drench, or tray drench) ; the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The transplant seedling roots are then immersed into the solution for a specified period of time to allow the solution to be translocated into the growing media of the transplant seedlings as well as to allow the seedlings to uptake by the root system some of the pesticide being applied by this method . The period of time may be from about 1 hour to about 24 hours. The seedlings are then planted .

Drip (trickle) irrigation applications are performed after the plants have already been transplanted or seeded into the field, or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In a drip irrigation application the desired amount of the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The application is made using a network of plastic pipes or drip tape to carry a low flow of the pesticide and water mixture under low pressure to plants either above or below the soil surface. The pesticide and water mixture is applied through orifices called emitters much more slowly than with sprinkler irrigation.

Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied as seed treatments. Seed treatments may be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically modified to express specialized traits will germinate. Representative examples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, those expressing herbicide tolerance, such as "Roundup (glyphosate) Ready" seeds or glyphosate and 2,4-D tolerant Enlist™ seeds, or those with "stacked" foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins in both crystal and vegetative stage, herbicide tolerance, nutrition-enhancement, drought tolerance, or any other beneficial traits. Furthermore, such seed treatments with molecules of Formula

One may further enhance the ability of a plant to withstand stressful growing conditions better. This results in a healthier, more vigorous plant, which can lead to higher yields at harvest time. Generally, about 1 gram of such molecules to about 500 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide good benefits, amounts from about 10 grams to about 100 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide better benefits, and amounts from about 25 grams to about 75 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide even better benefits.

Consequently, in light of the above, the following embodiments (D) are envisioned .

ID. A process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein : (a) said applying is by foliar application, granular application, drench application, injection application, root soak application, drip irrigation application, or seed treatment application;

(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 10 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 420 grams of active ingredient per hectare;

(c) said pesticidal composition comprises

(1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M- II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and

(2) a carrier;

(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted; and

(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata,

Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva frimbiolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae,

Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris calif ornicus , Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola,

Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus,

Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, Zulia entrerriana, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Stomoxys calcitrans, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea

grandiosella, Farias insulana, Farias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta,

Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens,

Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae, Zeuzea pyrina, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis,

Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Ahasverus advena,

Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci, Anthrenus falvipes, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum, and Zabrus tenebrioides.

2D. A process according ID, wherein :

(a) said applying is by foliar application or root soak application;

(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;

(c) said pesticidal composition comprises

(1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M- II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and

(2) a carrier;

(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted; and

(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae,

Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum , Empoasca vitis, Erythroneura elegantula, Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Spodoptera exigua, Caliothrips phaseoli, Meligethes aeneus, and Oulema melanopus. 3D. A process according to I D or 2D, wherein:

(a) said applying is by foliar application;

(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;

(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;

(d) said locus comprises rice plants; and

(e) said pest is Scirpophaga incertulas.

4D. A process according I D or 2D, wherein :

(a) said applying is by root soak application;

(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;

(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;

(d) said locus comprises rice plants; and

(e) said pest is Scirpophaga incertulas.

EXAMPLES

Method 1: Foliar Application of M-I to control yellow stemborer {Scirpophaga incertulas) on rice plants

Foliar application of M-I at rates of 100 and 150 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) was evaluated. These solutions were prepared from a water dispersible granule formulation and applied using a backpack sprayer. The area of the plot treated was 25 m ² . Two applications were done at 15 and 69 days after transplanting .

Assessments were done at 24 days after first application and 12 days after second application.

Table 1: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to control yellow stemborer {Scirpophaga incertulas) on rice plants

DAAA= Days After First Application

DAAB= Days After Second Application

This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against repeated infestations of Scirpophaga incertulas on rice plants.

Method 2: Root Soak Application of M-I to control yellow stemborer

{Scirpophaga incertulas) on rice plants

Root soak application of M-I at rates of 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) was evaluated prepared from a water dispersible granule formulation (WG) or emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Rice seedlings (800 per plot), air dried for one hour after picking, were separately soaked in the above solutions for 4 hours. The seedlings were removed from the solution and air dried to remove excess water. The resultant seedlings were transplanted into plots. The area of the plot treated was 25 m ² .

Table 2: Percent Control of root soak application of M-I to control yellow stemborer {Scirpophaga incertulas) on rice plants

DAA = Days After Application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules

This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against repeated infestations of Scirpophaga incertulas on rice plants.