This application claims priority from United States patent application number 14/632,347 filed on 26 February 2015, which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to monitoring devices and systems and methods relating thereto. In particular, although not exclusively, the invention relates to monitoring devices for remotely monitoring conditions to which an object is exposed.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

There are currently various solutions for monitoring, tracking and identifying machinery, equipment or objects. These solutions may be referred to as machine-to-machine (or M2M) applications and may include monitoring devices that monitor a condition and communicate sensor module data relating to the condition to a remote server computer.

For example, these monitoring devices that communicate sensor module data to a server computer may include one or more sensors with which an environmental condition such as ambient temperature, or barometric pressure, and a physical condition such as acceleration and vibration can be monitored. Such monitoring devices can make use of either wired or wireless communications. Typically, wired devices are too limited and restrictive for M2M applications, especially where the equipment or object is not in a fixed location. Therefore stand-alone data loggers and wireless mobile monitoring devices may be more appropriate for M2M solutions.

There are currently several wireless solutions by which mobile monitoring devices can transmit sensor module data such as temperature and harsh handling data to a server computer. Some wireless solutions may use the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bandwidths. Exemplary solutions include active radio-frequency identification (RFID); Wi-Fi; Bluetooth™; Zigbee™; cellular networks; and other proprietary networks. Whilst most of the wireless protocols mentioned above may be known, and may be successfully used for certain communication solutions, they alone may not provide sufficient capabilities that are desirable for very large mobile M2M solutions. RFID and Bluetooth™, for example, both typically have a short radio range which may limit the M2M network coverage area, and whilst Wi-Fi, Bluetooth™ and Zigbee™ may provide mesh network functionality and may use the license-free ISM bandwidth, they may not be suitably scalable, potentially providing only limited functionalities for very large M2M networks. Furthermore, although cellular communication networks exist in many parts of the world, there is currently no convenient and/or cost effective method of permitting multiple M2M monitoring devices to move between various countries while communicating using cellular communication networks. This may either limit the use of monitoring devices to certain countries, or may dramatically increase the cost of deploying monitoring devices across various countries.

Furthermore, due to the relatively high power consumption associated with cellular communications, the battery life of these M2M monitoring devices may be limited. This can require that such monitoring devices be taken out of service in order for the batteries to be replaced or recharged.

The above-noted problems may become restrictive and can be significantly exasperated when thousands, or tens of thousands of M2M monitoring devices are deployed.

Furthermore, existing mobile monitoring devices may not be capable of adequately tracking location during transit. Existing solutions may for example be energy inefficient or may not be able to track their location throughout transit.

There is accordingly a need for a solution which alleviates these and/or other problems, at least to some extent.

The preceding discussion of the background to the invention is intended only to facilitate an understanding of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the discussion is not an acknowledgment or admission that any of the material referred to was part of the common general knowledge in the art as at the priority date of the application. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention there is provided a mobile monitoring device for monitoring a condition to which an object is exposed in transit, during which the monitoring device moves between multiple local networks, each of which at least including one or more fixed or mobile network managers, wherein the monitoring device is configured to dynamically join a network with a network manager which is local to the monitoring device, the mobile monitoring device comprising: a sensor module for monitoring the condition and periodically producing sensor module data relating to the condition, wherein the sensor module data includes inertial navigation data; a first transceiver component for receiving network manager data from the local network manager; an associator component for comparing the network manager data with the sensor module data and, if the network manager data equals or approximates the sensor module data, establishing an association with the local network manager, during which association geographical location data of the local network manager is included in the network manager data and for, if the network manager data does not approximate the sensor module data and if an association with the local network manager is established, dissolving the association with the local network manager; and, an inertial navigation component for, responsive to the associator component dissolving the association, incrementally estimating a geographical location of the monitoring device using, as an initial set-point, the geographical location data of the local network manager received immediately prior to the association being dissolved and the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module of the monitoring device.

Further features provide for the inertial navigation data to include magnetometer, angular rate, gravitational (MARG) and acceleration sensor data and for the sensor module data further to include one or more of the group of: vibration; temperature; barometric pressure, humidity, luminous intensity, and a measure of time.

Still further features provide for the received network manager data further to include one or both of: a data transmit permission indication; and inertial navigation data of the local network manager, for the inertial navigation data to include magnetometer, angular rate, gravitational (MARG) and acceleration sensor data of the local network manager.

Yet further features provide for the associator component to compare at least part of the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module with at least part of the inertial navigation data received from the local network manager; and for the associator component to compare at least part of the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module with at least part of the inertial navigation data received from the local network manager if a change of state of the monitoring device is detected. Further features provide for the monitoring device further to include a detecting component for detecting an event; and for the event to be one or more of the group including: the sensor module data exceeding a corresponding condition threshold, receiving an instruction from the local network manager to transmit sensor module data to the local network manager, and a reporting frequency event.

Still further features provide for the monitoring device to include a determining component for, if an event is detected and if the network manager data includes a data transmit permission indication, determining an optimal data path to the local network manager, and for the optimal data path to be either via one or more other monitoring devices or directly between the monitoring device and local network manager.

A yet further feature provides for the first transceiver component, responsive to the detecting component detecting an event and if the network manager data includes a data transmit permission indication, to transmit sensor module data to the local network manager via the optimal data path.

An even further feature provides for the monitoring device to include: an input module for receiving input from a user; and an output module for outputting data to the user, wherein the input received from the user is an instruction to display sensor module data, and wherein, in response to receiving the instruction, the output module is configured to prompt the user to connect an external power source prior to outputting sensor module data.

Further features provide for the monitoring device to include a secondary transceiver component for receiving a request to transmit sensor module data from a secondary device via a short-range communication link and for, responsive to receiving the request, transmitting sensor module data to the secondary device via the short-range communication link.

An even further feature provides for the monitoring device to include a data communication interface including at least one data port for connecting one or more of the group of: a universal serial bus (USB) cable from an external device to manually download the sensor module data; one or more sensor probes; an RS-232 cable to an external device to enable mini-network manager functionality; and, a power source or a power supply.

A still further feature provides for the monitoring device to be configured, responsive to an event being detected, to transmit an event message via the second radio frequency transceiver to neighboring monitoring devices within wireless range, the event message causing the neighboring monitoring devices to wake from a low power mode to enable a network to be established.

Still further features provide for the network to be a peer-to-peer ad hoc network and for the first transceiver component to use the received network manager data to establish the peer-to-peer network with the local network manager.

The invention extends to a system for monitoring a condition to which an object is exposed, the system comprising a plurality of monitoring devices as set forth above, and a plurality of local network managers, wherein each one of the local network managers includes a first transceiver component for transmitting network manager data to the monitoring devices, and wherein each monitoring device is operable to dynamically join or establish a network with a network manager, being local to the monitoring device, as it moves from one local network manager to another.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided a system for monitoring a condition to which an object is exposed, comprising a mobile monitoring device, a local network manager local to the monitoring device and a remotely accessible server,

wherein the monitoring device includes:

a digital memory having at least one configurable parameter stored therein;

a sensor module for monitoring the condition and periodically producing sensor module data relating to the condition; and,

a microcontroller including:

a sensor data component for receiving the sensor module data from the sensor module;

a detecting component for detecting an event;

a determining component for, if an event is detected, determining an optimal data path to the local network manager; and,

a first transceiver component for transmitting sensor module data to the local network manager via the optimal data path;

wherein the local network manager includes: a first transceiver component for receiving sensor module data from the monitoring device via the optimal data path; and,

a communication component for transmitting received sensor module data to the server;

and wherein the remotely accessible server includes:

a communication component for receiving sensor module data from the local network manager.

Further features provide for the local network manager to further include a geographical location monitoring component for monitoring a geographical location of the local network manager; for the first transceiver component of the local network manager to be further configured for transmitting, to the monitoring device via an optimal data path, geographical location data of the local network manager; and for the geographical location monitoring component to be one or more of the group including: a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a GLONASS receiver, or a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver.

Yet further features provide for the remotely accessible server to include a configuration receiving component for receiving configuration data; for the configuration data to include updates to the at least one configurable parameter; and for the communication component of the remotely accessible server to be further configured for transmitting the configuration data to the monitoring device via the local network manager and the optimal data path.

The communication component of the local network manager and the remotely accessible server may provide a wired or wireless communication link.

In embodiments of the invention the system may include a plurality of monitoring devices configured to establish a peer-to-peer ad hoc network via which each one of the plurality of monitoring devices may communicate with the local network manager. Each one of the plurality of monitoring devices may be configured to dynamically join the peer-to-peer ad hoc network and the first transceiver component of each one of the plurality of monitoring devices may be configured for transmitting sensor module data to and receiving sensor module data from another monitoring device in the peer-to-peer ad hoc network. Each one of the plurality of monitoring devices in the peer-to-peer ad hoc network may in turn be configured to identify a data path to the local network manager, wherein a data path from one monitoring device to the network manager is either via one or more other monitoring devices or directly between the monitoring device and local network manager, and wherein an upstream monitoring device is a monitoring device from which a particular monitoring device receives sensor module data and a downstream monitoring device is a monitoring device to which a particular monitoring device transmits sensor module data. Further features of embodiments of the system provide for the optimal data path to be one or more of the group including: a data path from a particular monitoring device to the local network manager which minimizes the number of other monitoring devices via which the sensor module data must be transmitted; an idle data path from a particular monitoring device to the local network manager; and a data path from a particular monitoring device to the local network manager which best utilizes signal strength of other monitoring devices via which the sensor module data must be transmitted.

Still further features provide for the system to include a plurality of local network managers, and for the determining component of each of the plurality of monitoring devices to be further configured to determine an optimal data path to a local network manager being one or both of the closest local network manager or the closest active local network manager; for the sensor module data to include one or both of sensor module data of a particular monitoring device and sensor module data of one or more upstream devices; for each one of the plurality of local network managers to further include a backhaul transceiver; and for the system to further include one or more repeater devices, each of which may include: a first transceiver component for receiving sensor module data from the plurality of monitoring devices and a backhaul transceiver component for transmitting sensor module data to one of the plurality of local network managers. Yet further features provide for the backhaul transceiver component of each one of the one or more repeater devices to be further configured to transmit sensor module data to one or more other repeater devices or one or more of the plurality of local network managers; for each one of the plurality of the local network managers to be located in either a fixed or a mobile location; for local network managers in fixed locations to be located in one or more of the group including: warehouses, manufacturing facilities, marshalling yards, sea-ports, airports and customs border posts; for the local network managers in mobile locations to be fitted in one or more of the group including: ships, trains, aircraft, delivery trucks, trailers, and intermodal containers. The invention extends to a method for monitoring a condition to which an object is exposed in transit, the method being conducted at a mobile monitoring device having a sensor module which monitors the condition and periodically produces sensor module data as the monitoring device moves between multiple local networks, each of which at least includes one or more fixed or mobile network managers, wherein the monitoring device is configured to dynamically join a network with a network manager which is local to the monitoring device, the method comprising: receiving sensor module data from the sensor module, the sensor module data including inertial navigation data; receiving network manager data from the local network manager; comparing the network manager data with the sensor module data; if the network manager data equals or approximates the sensor module data, establishing an association with the local network manager, during which association geographical location data of the local network manager is included in the network manager data and, if the network manager data does not approximate the sensor module data and if an association with the local network manager is established, dissolving the association with the local network manager; and, responsive to dissolving the association, incrementally estimating a geographical location of the monitoring device using, as an initial set-point, the geographical location data of the local network manager received immediately prior to the association being dissolved and the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module of the monitoring device.

Further features provide for the inertial navigation data to include magnetometer, angular rate, gravitational (MARG) and acceleration sensor data and for the step of comparing the network manager data with the sensor module data to include comparing the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module with the inertial navigation data received from the local network manager.

Still further features provide for the method to include steps of determining, from the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module, that the monitoring device is stationary and, responsive thereto, storing the estimated geographical location of the monitoring device.

A yet further feature provides for the method to include a step of detecting an event including one or more of the group of: the sensor module data exceeding a corresponding condition threshold, receiving an instruction from the local network manager to transmit sensor module data to the local network manager, and a reporting frequency event.

Even further features provide for the method to include steps of, if an event is detected and if the network manager data includes a data transmit permission indication, determining an optimal data path to a local network manager and transmitting sensor module data to the local network manager via the optimal data path. The sensor module data transmitted to the local network manager via the optimal data path may include a geographical location of the monitoring device.

A further feature provides for the method to include, responsive to detecting an event, transmitting an event message via a second radio frequency transceiver to neighboring monitoring devices within wireless range, the event message causing the neighboring monitoring devices to wake from a low power mode to enable a network to be established.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:-

Figure 1 A is a schematic diagram which illustrates a system including a plurality of monitoring devices, a plurality of network managers, and a remotely accessible loT platform;

Figure 1 B is a schematic diagram which illustrates an exemplary system which includes a secondary device and a number of monitoring devices;

Figure 2 is a block diagram which illustrates an exemplary system according to embodiments of the invention;

Figure 3 A is a flow diagram which illustrates an exemplary method according to embodiments of the invention;

Figure 3B is a flow diagram which illustrates additional steps of the method illustrated in Figure 3A;

Figure 3C is a flow diagram which illustrates another exemplary method conducted at a monitoring device; Figure 4 is a schematic diagram which illustrates a monitoring device according to embodiments of the invention which is connected to a computing device; Figure 5 is a schematic diagram which illustrates a monitoring device according to embodiments of the invention which has a probe hub and a plurality of sensor probes connected thereto; and,

Figure 6 is a block diagram which illustrates an exemplary computing device in which various aspects of the disclosure may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION WITH REFERENCE TO THE DRAWINGS

A mobile machine-to-machine (M2M) wireless monitoring device that is capable of monitoring one or more conditions and which can form a peer-to-peer wireless sensor network (WSN) with other monitoring devices is described herein. The monitoring device transmits sensor module data in a peer-to-peer ad hoc network to a network manager which is configured to forward the sensor module data to an Internet-based remotely accessible "Internet of Things" (loT) platform, from where the data is retrievable by selected users.

Figure 1 A is a schematic diagram which illustrates an exemplary system (100) according to one embodiment. The system (100) includes a plurality of monitoring devices (1 10), a plurality of network managers (130) and a remotely accessible loT platform (150).

Each monitoring device (1 10) is configured to monitor one or more conditionsusing a sensor module which produces sensor module data related to the one or more conditions. The conditions monitored are typically environmental or physical conditions associated with the environment in which the monitoring device (1 10) finds itself. The conditions may, for example, be rotation (such as tilt and pitch angles or an angle of rotation), acceleration, vibration, temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, magnetic field, luminous intensity, and a measure of time. Each monitoring device (1 10) is configured to transmit sensor module data to a network manager (130) and is uniquely identifiable by a 64-bit identification number. In some embodiments, the identification number may be graphically rendered as a barcode which may be displayed on a display screen of the monitoring device (1 10). As such, the monitoring device may be configured to monitor, record, transmit and display the environmental and physical status of an object with which it is associated. The monitoring devices (1 10) are attached to, embedded in, fastened to or otherwise closely associated with objects. Exemplary objects include those associated with the transportation of goods, such as goods packaging, containers, pallets, boxes, cartons and the like. In some cases, the monitoring device may be attached to or associated with the goods themselves. The goods may be cold supply chain goods, fast moving consumer goods and the like; goods such as pharmaceuticals, fruit, flowers, frozen foods, transplant organs, hazardous materials, passenger baggage, confidential documents, valuable artefacts such as paintings or other sensitive artworks, jewellery, products and the like. It may thus be essential (e.g. for the purposes of ensuring the integrity of the goods) that conditions to which the goods are exposed are monitored throughout transit of the goods, for example from a factory in which they were produced through to an end user or consumer of the goods.

In some embodiments, the objects may be vending machines; earth moving equipment; military equipment; smart meters for electricity, water and gas supplies; air-conditioning systems; pipelines; intermodal containers on ships or at custom border posts, and the like.

In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1 A, each one of the network managers (130) is associated with a truck (202), a warehouse (204) and an aircraft (206) respectively. For example, a mobile network manager (130) may be fitted in a cargo area or container of the truck (202) and may either receive electrical power from an electrical power system of the truck (202) or from the built-in battery of the network manager. Similarly, one or more fixed network managers (130) may be fitted in a warehouse (204), receiving electrical power from electrical power systems of the warehouse (204), or a back-up battery of the manager. In some embodiments the fixed network managers (130) may be installed in warehouses, receiving or shipping docks, marshalling yards, manufacturing plants, border control posts and oil rigs to name but a few. Similarly, embodiments provide for mobile network managers to be secured to or inside moving equipment such as rail road cars, transport trailers, delivery trucks, ships, aircraft, intermodal containers and the like. Each network manager (130) is in communication with the loT platform (150) via a communication component (134) and the communication network (208). The communication network (208) may be any appropriate communication network including, for example, the Internet, a virtual private network (VPN), a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a cellular communication network, a satellite communication network, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB or the like. A local network may be established between monitoring devices (1 10) and local network managers which are within wireless range of each other. The local network may be a peer-to- peer ad hoc network which may be established by any one of the monitoring devices (1 10) and which may be joined by any of the other monitoring devices. The local networks may include a plurality of network managers (130). The monitoring devices (1 10) may for example be configured to establish a peer-to-peer ad hoc network among themselves via which each one of the plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) may communicate with one or more network managers (130). An exemplary peer-to-peer ad hoc network (210) established between monitoring devices in the warehouse (204) is illustrated in Figure 1 A. The monitoring devices (1 10) in the warehouse (204) may communicate with the fixed network manager (130) of the warehouse (204) via the peer-to-peer ad hoc network (210). Similar peer-to-peer ad hoc networks may be established by the monitoring devices (1 10) in the truck (202) and the aircraft (206) respectively via which the monitoring devices (1 10) may communicate with the mobile network managers (130) of the truck (202) and the aircraft (206) respectively. In some embodiments, a peer-to- peer ad hoc network may only be established by a monitoring device (1 10) in response to the monitoring device detecting that an event has occurred.

Each one of the plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) is configured to dynamically join a peer-to- peer ad hoc network (e.g. 210). For example, as goods to which a monitoring device (e.g. 1 10.1 ) is attached are unloaded from the truck (202) into the warehouse (204), the monitoring device (1 10.1 ) attached to those goods is configured to dynamically join the peer-to-peer ad hoc network (210) established between the monitoring devices (1 10) in the warehouse (204) such that the monitoring device (1 10.1 ) is able to communicate with the loT platform (150) via the fixed network manager (130) of the warehouse (204).

The goods to which the monitoring device (e.g. 1 10.1 ) is attached may then be loaded from the warehouse (204) into the aircraft (206) and may thus dynamically join a peer-to-peer ad hoc network (212) established between the monitoring devices (1 10) in the aircraft (206) such that the monitoring device (1 10.1 ) is able to communicate with the loT platform (150) via the mobile network manager (130) of the aircraft (206). In some cases, the local network manager may prohibit monitoring devices from transmitting sensor module data, for example by withholding a data transmit permission indication when the monitoring devices are in an aircraft. This may ensure compliance with relevant aviation rules prohibiting the use of certain transmitters during flight, and so on.

Accordingly, each monitoring device (1 10) is provided with a first transceiver component, which will be described in greater detail below, for transmitting sensor module data to and receiving sensor module data from other monitoring devices in the peer-to-peer ad hoc network (210). Each one of the plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) in the peer-to-peer ad hoc network (210) is configured to identify a data path to a network manager (130) which may be via one or more other monitoring devices (1 10), or directly from the monitoring device (1 10) to the network manager (130).

An upstream monitoring device is defined as a monitoring device from which a particular monitoring device receives sensor module data while a downstream monitoring device is defined as a monitoring device to which a particular monitoring device transmits sensor module data. As such, sensor module data transmitted from a monitoring device (1 10) includes one or both of: sensor module data of that particular monitoring device and sensor module data of one or more upstream devices. Figure 1 A illustrates an exemplary optimal data path (dashed line) which is determined by a determining component of a particular monitoring device (1 10.1 ) in the warehouse (204). What exactly constitutes an optimal data path may be determined by a variety of factors including relative position and orientation of a monitoring device (1 10) to other monitoring devices or a local network manager (130), residual power of a monitoring device (1 10) and operational requirements of the overall system (100) to name but a few. The optimal data path may also be a data path from the particular monitoring device (1 10.1 ) to the network manager (130) which minimizes the number of other monitoring devices (1 10) via which the sensor module data must be transmitted, an idle data path from the particular monitoring device (1 10.1 ) to a network manager (130) or a data path from the particular monitoring device (1 10.1 ) to the network manager (130) which best utilizes signal strength of other monitoring devices (1 10) via which the sensor module data must be transmitted, to name but three. While only the optimal data path of one monitoring device (1 10.1 ) is illustrated, it should be noted that each one of the plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) is configured to determine its own optimal data path to the network manager (130).

In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1 A, the aircraft (206) includes a local repeater device (160). The local repeater device (160) is configured to receive sensor module data from monitoring devices (e.g. 1 10.2, 1 10.3) which are isolated from both the network manager (130) of the aircraft (206) and the peer-to-peer ad hoc network (212) established between the other monitoring devices (1 10) in the aircraft and the network manager (130). The local repeater device (160) is further configured to transmit the received sensor module data to the mobile network manager (130) of the aircraft (206). In the illustrated embodiment, the local repeater device (160) transmits the sensor module data to the mobile network manager (130) of the aircraft (206) using the backhaul transceiver components (138) of the local repeater device (160) and mobile network manager (130) respectively. The backhaul transceiver component (138) may enable the local repeater device (160) to communicate with the mobile network manager (130) of the aircraft (206) over a longer range than the first transceiver component.

The sensor module data is transmitted to the loT platform (150) via the network managers (130) and the communication network (208). Once received and compiled at the loT platform (150), a user (280) may then use a computing device (282) to view the sensor module data or a selected subset of the sensor module data that is stored on the loT platform (150).

The loT platform (150) may be any appropriate remotely accessible server and its functions are to, amongst others, configure parameters and sensor threshold limits for monitoring devices (1 10), to receive sensor module data from monitoring devices (1 10) via network managers (130), and to provide information, reports of conformity and shipping details to a user (280). During the transit process of an object that is associated with a monitoring device (e.g. 1 10.1 ), should an event be detected (such as a condition threshold being exceeded), the monitoring device (1 10.1 ) transmits an alert message via the network manager (130) to the loT platform (150), after which a short messaging service (SMS) message, email or other appropriate message may be transmitted to a user (280).

Although the monitoring devices (1 10) may be configured to monitor and record all sensor data continuously or periodically, transmitting the majority of the sensor module data may be unnecessary until an event is detected. An event can be any one or more of a number of environmental or physical conditions, but for the sake of this example it may include the monitored condition exceeding a threshold set for the condition, receiving an instruction from the local network manager (130) to transmit sensor module data to the local network manager (130), receiving an instruction from the remotely accessible loT platform (150) to transmit sensor module data to the remotely accessible loT platform (150) or a combination or variations of these.

In an attempt to extend the battery life of the monitoring device (1 10), the user (280) may specify a reporting frequency (without exception alerts), such as 10 minutes, 30 minutes, hourly, 6 hourly or the like, whereby the monitoring device (1 10) transmits the sensor module data to the network manager (130) at these specified times. However, sensor module data may continue to be stored on the device and may not be dependent on the reporting interval. At any time during transit, or once the transit of the object is completed, the user (280) is able to access selected data for audit purposes and print a certificate of conformity in accordance to the specified recording intervals. However, should the user (280) observe any discrepancy that occurred during transit of the item, the user (280) will be able to retrieve all the detailed sensor module data on, for example, a second-by-second basis from the monitoring device (1 10) via the loT platform (150), provided the monitoring device (1 10) is within range of a network manager (130). The user (280) may be any user of the system (100). In some embodiments, the user (280) may include different users acting in different capacities. For example and where applicable, users may include customs border officials, persons receiving the object, persons responsible for the upkeep of the object, persons transporting the object, persons maintaining or operating the system (100) and the like. Different users may be able to perform different functions and view different data according to capacities in which they act.

By providing a plurality of network managers (130) at various points along an object's transit route, the described systems and devices provide a monitoring device (1 10) which can continuously or periodically monitor conditions to which an associated object is exposed and produce related sensor module data which can then be transmitted to the loT platform (150) via an appropriate network manager (130).

As the monitoring devices (1 10) communicate with the loT platform (150) via network managers (130), the use of expensive communication links such as cellular or satellite communication links may be kept to a minimum. In cases where the network managers (130) are fixed in location, the local network managers (130) may be able to communicate with the loT platform (150) via, for example the Internet. Alternatively, mobile network managers (130) such as those which are provided in the aircraft (206) or the truck (204) may require use of wide area network (WAN) connections such as Wi-Fi, cellular or satellite communication links. However, when a plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) communicate through a single mobile network manager (130), the expense of cellular or satellite communication links in these instances may be reduced because the data from many monitoring devices (1 10) may be batched into a single cellular transmission. Naturally the monitoring information received by the network managers (130) from the monitoring devices (1 10) may be batched and transmitted to the loT platform (150) together. This may alleviate additional costs associated with the establishment of communication sessions between the network managers (130) and loT platform (150). Furthermore, the monitoring devices (1 10) may have to operate in various different countries as they travel from their source to their destination. As cellular communication network standards may vary from one country to the next, providing a monitoring device (1 10) which is able to communicate over a cellular communication link in a plurality of different countries may be a difficult and costly exercise. By providing the fixed network managers (130) described herein in different countries via which the monitoring devices (1 10) communicate with the loT platform (150), these complications and costs may be alleviated. The system described herein thus enables a plurality of monitoring devices to move between, and associate with or join multiple local networks, without human intervention, as they move from one location to the next. As mentioned above, each local network can include multiple repeaters and multiple mobile or fixed network managers and can be situated at any geographical location in the world. The local networks may enable the monitoring devices to communicate with the loT platform or other appropriate server computers, while avoiding incurring high data charges often associated with roaming telecommunications. The local networks may be maintained by a single entity or associated group of entities.

The mobile monitoring devices as described herein are further configured to communicate with a secondary device via a secondary transceiver component establishing a short-range wireless communication link. Figure 1 B is a schematic diagram which illustrates an exemplary system (101 ) which includes a secondary device (240) and a number of monitoring devices (1 10). The monitoring devices (1 10) may be in a receiving depot (230), for example, having been received from truck or an aircraft.

The secondary device (240) may be a smart phone, tablet computer or other appropriate electronic device capable of communicating with the monitoring devices (1 10) over the short- range communication link and also with the remotely accessible loT platform (150). The short- range communication link in this exemplary scenario is a Bluetooth™ communication link although any appropriate near field radio frequency standard may be used.

An operator (283) of the secondary device (240) may use the secondary device (240) to request sensor module data from one or more of the monitoring devices (1 10). The request is transmitted over the Bluetooth™ communication link. Responsive to receiving the request, the monitoring devices (1 10) transmit sensor module data to the secondary device (240) via the communication link. In this embodiment, the sensor module data is transmitted to the secondary device (240) in a star meshed network. The secondary device (240) may then transmit the received sensor module data to the remotely accessible loT platform (150) via the communication network (208), from where it can be accessed by other users. Figure 2 is a block diagram which illustrates exemplary devices of a system (200), such as that described above with reference to Figures 1 A or 1 B. The system (200) includes a mobile monitoring device (1 10), a network manager (130), a remotely accessible loT platform (150) and a local repeater device (160). The monitoring device (1 10) is preferably a portable, hand-held, battery powered device. The monitoring device (1 10) may include a digital memory (1 1 1 ) for storing device data.

The device data may include one or more of the group of: a synchronisation parameter, a condition threshold, configuration data, a reporting frequency and sensor module data. The digital memory (1 1 1 ) may also store network manager data received from a local network manager (130).

The condition threshold may include one or more of: a maximum permissible acceleration of the product, a minimum and/or maximum temperature to which the product may be exposed, a minimum and/or maximum barometric pressure to which the product may be exposed, a minimum and/or maximum humidity to which the product may be exposed, a minimum and maximum luminous intensity to which the product may be exposed, a time interval and the like.

The synchronisation parameter may include a network identifier, date and time references of the local network manager, local geographical references which may be time stamped acceleration and magnetometer altitude and heading reference system (AHRS) data and the like.

The configuration data of the monitoring device (1 10) may include local network forming data, which may include identifiers of available network managers (130) that the monitoring device is capable of communicating with and usable in establishing a local network (e.g. local area network (LAN) or peer-to-peer ad hoc network) with the relevant local network manager (130). The configuration data may also include a table of neighbouring monitoring devices (1 10) that may be used to form peer-to-peer links with other devices to communicate sensor module data and network messages. The digital memory (1 1 1 ) may include a first separate NAND flash memory which may store one or more configurable parameters. The digital memory (1 1 1 ) may also include a second NAND flash memory which may stores sensor module data. The NAND flash memory may also store the resultant calculations of various inertial navigation conditions such as magnetometer, accelerometer, tilt and pitch angle, gravity and temperature data that determines the geographical location of the device.

One or both of the first and second NAND flash memory may be removable, for example in the form of a Secure Digital™ (SD) or other removable memory card. The capacity of the NAND flash memory may be sufficiently large enough to store a minimum of 6 months of sensor module data. The sensor module data and other data may be stored in a B-tree format and may be fully encrypted.

The monitoring device (1 10) includes a sensor module (1 12) which monitors a condition to which the object is exposed and produces or outputs sensor module data relating to the condition. The sensor module (1 12) may include a plurality of sensors including one or more of an angular rate sensor such as a gyroscope (1 12A), a gravitational sensor, an accelerometer (1 12B), a temperature sensor (1 12C), a barometer (1 12D), a humidity sensor (1 12E), a magnetometer (1 12F), a digital luminosity sensor (1 12G), and a clock (1 12H). The sensors may be disposed in the monitoring device (1 10) or may be provided by an external sensor probe. In some embodiments of the invention, the external sensor probe may provide some sensors while the other sensors are disposed in the monitoring device (1 10). The sensors may be micro-electromechanical (MEMS) sensors and, the sensor module (1 12) may include a memory (1 121), such as NAND flash memory, which stores sensor module data received from the sensors.

Accordingly, the sensor module (1 12) may monitor conditions including one or more of: rotation (such as tilt and pitch angles or an angle of rotation), acceleration, vibration, temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, magnetic field, luminous intensity, and a measure of time to which the product associated with the sensor module (1 12) is exposed. The sensor module data output by the sensor module (1 12) may therefore include actual measurements and/or estimates of one or more conditions. The angular rate sensor may be used to correct pitch or roll of the monitoring device while it is in a stationary acceleration environment (e.g. standing still). In some cases, the data produced by the sensor module (1 12) is raw data which requires processing. In some embodiments, the sensor module (1 12) may include three different accelerometers. Two accelerometers may be used to monitor and detect free-fall and movement, whilst the third accelerometer may be included in an integrated circuit providing the magnetometer, angular rate and acceleration (gravity and dynamic acceleration) sensors. This integrated circuit may be used for association and inertial navigation functions which are described in greater detail below.

In some embodiments, the sensors included in the sensor module (1 12) may be configured to monitor conditions and to detect events internally. If an event is detected by a sensor, the sensor may transmit an interrupt to a detecting component (1 19) and/or a second RF transceiver (127).

The external sensor probe may include MEMS sensors configured to sense one or more conditions (or parameters) and an I2C communication bus in electrical communication therewith. The one or more sensors and I2C communication bus are disposed on a substrate. The sensor probe includes a digital storage module in which a unique probe identifier is stored and which is in electrical communication with the communication bus. The probe includes, a cable, a first end of which is in electrical communication with the communication bus and a second end of which is in electrical communication with the monitoring device (1 10). The cable is configured to provide electrical power received from the monitoring device (1 10) to the one or more sensors, via the I2C communication bus, and to communicate data received from the one or more sensors, via the communication bus, to the remote monitoring unit. Such a sensor probe is disclosed in Applicants' U.S. Patent Application No. 14/095,436, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The monitoring device (1 10) may also include a microcontroller (1 13). The term "microcontroller" as used herein should be interpreted broadly and is intended to include any suitable arrangement of circuitry including a processor, microprocessor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or the like. The various components of the microcontroller (1 13) may be implemented as software, firmware or, where applicable, as hardware as well as a combination of these.

The microcontroller (1 13) may be a low power microcontroller and may be configured to enter a sleep mode in which minimal power is consumed by the microcontroller (1 13). In order to save power, the microcontroller (1 13) may be configured to enter a sleep mode by default and may be woken by the detection of an event, upon receiving an event message from a neighbouring monitoring device or upon another interrupt.

In one particular embodiment, the microcontroller (1 13) may be an ARM 32-bit Cortex M7 CPU having 1 Mbytes of Flash memory and 320 Kbytes of SRAM memory, although any other appropriate microcontroller, microprocessor or other arrangement of circuitry may be used. The microcontroller (1 13) may include direct memory access (DMA) controllers and a 96-bit unique identifier (ID). The microcontroller (1 13) may include: a volatile memory and a non-volatile memory; a processor; and a hardware float co-processor (a floating point unit). The microcontroller (1 13) also provides various communication busses (e.g. utilising protocols such as universal serial bus (USB), inter-integrated circuit (I2C), serial peripheral interface (SPI), and RS-232) via which the microcontroller (1 13) may communicate with one or both of other modules or interfaces of the monitoring device (1 10) and devices external to the monitoring device (1 10).

The non-volatile memory of the microcontroller (1 13) may be used for storing read only data and firmware executable on the microcontroller (1 13) while the volatile memory may be used for storing temporary data. In the present embodiment the power source (1 1 A) is a battery but it will be appreciated that it could include any one or more of a battery, solar panels or cells, kinetic energy harvesting components and a power controller. A power management component may also be provided to regulate the power. The microcontroller (1 13) may provide a sensor data component (1 14) for receiving sensor module data from the sensor module (1 12). For instances where the data received from the sensor module is raw data, the microcontroller (1 13) may also provide a processing component (129) for processing the received raw data and producing processed sensor module data. For the purposes of this description, "sensor module data" includes processed sensor module data. The sensor module data may include one or more of the group of: acceleration, temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, magnetic field, luminous intensity, a measure of time, direction, orientation, rotation, velocity, distance moved, distance dropped, force of impact, location and vibration, and the like thereof. A specific portion of sensor module data, referred to as "MARG data", may include data received from a magnetometer, an angular rate sensor, and a gravitational sensor. In some embodiments, the MARG sensor data includes data received from a barometric pressure sensor. MARG sensor data is sensor data which may be used by the monitoring device for tracking its location using inertial navigation techniques. In the embodiments described herein, "inertial navigation data" may be used to establish an association with a local network manager (130) and to incrementally estimate a geographical location of the monitoring device (1 10). Inertial navigation data may include magnetometer data, angular rate, gravitational (MARG) and acceleration sensor data. The inertial navigation data may further include barometric pressure data produced by a barometric pressure sensor.

The microcontroller (1 13) may also provide a first transceiver component (1 15) for receiving network manager data from the local network manager (130). The network manager data may include one or more of the group of: selectively a data transmit permission indication; a network identifier; a network manager type; clock synchronization data; wireless frequency channel data; and geographical location data of the local network manager (130). The network manager data may further include inertial navigation data of the local network manager (130).

The first transceiver component (1 15) may be configured to use the received network manager data and/or device data to establish a peer-to-peer network with the local network manager (130). The first transceiver component (1 15) may include its own configuration parameters in each packet of data transmitted to the network manager (130).

The first transceiver component (1 15) may further be for, responsive to receiving a data transmit permission indication from the local network manager (130) and responsive to a detecting component (1 19) detecting an event, transmitting sensor module data to the local network manager (130). Embodiments provide for the first transceiver component (1 15) to transmit sensor module data for onward communication to the remotely accessible loT platform (150) without human intervention. The first transceiver component (1 15) may also be for, without human intervention, uploading: software code; network configuration parameters; and user configurations and thresholds, via an optimal data path from a network manager. The first transceiver component (1 15) may also be arranged to receive sensor module data from one or more upstream monitoring devices (1 10).

The monitoring device (1 10) may include a first radio frequency (RF) transceiver (1 16) via which the first transceiver component (1 15) transmits and receives data. The first transceiver component (1 15) and first RF transceiver (1 16) may provide a wireless radio configured for wireless local area networking and may make use the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 communication standard. The carrier frequency utilized by the first RF transceiver (1 16) is within the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The first transceiver component (1 15) and first RF transceiver (1 16) may further utilise a Myconi™ network layer for the peer-to-peer ad hoc wireless communication.

An advantage of using the IEEE 802.15.4 communication standard is that it is an internationally recognized communication standard which is typically licence-free throughout the world. Therefore the monitoring devices as described herein are able to function worldwide and with reduced or at best no communication-related licence fees.

The microcontroller (1 13) may also provide an associator component (1 17) for comparing the network manager data with the sensor module data and, if the network manager data equals or approximates (i.e. is the same or sufficiently similar) the sensor module data, establishing an association with the local network manager (130). In particular, the associator component (1 17) may compare inertial navigation data of the monitoring device (1 10) to inertial navigation data of the local network manager (130). For the network manager data to approximate the sensor module data, the network manager data may be required to be within a predetermined threshold of similarity when compared to the sensor module data (e.g. ±1 %, etc.) Thus, the associator component (1 17) may be able to establish whether or not the monitoring device (1 10) is moving in unison with the local network manager (130), for example, in an aircraft, truck or the like. The associator component (1 17) may further be for dissolving the association with the local network manager (130) if the network manager data no longer equals or approximates the sensor module data.

The microcontroller (1 13) may further include an inertial navigation component (1 18). The inertial navigation component (1 18) is arranged to, responsive to the associator component (1 17) dissolving the association, incrementally estimate a geographical location of the monitoring device (1 10). The inertial navigation component (1 18) may utilise the geographical location data which was received from the local network manager (130) prior to the association being dissolved and inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module (1 12) (e.g. a magnetometer, angular rate sensor, gravitational sensor and accelerometer) to estimate and update the geographical location of the monitoring device. The microcontroller (1 13) may include a detecting component (1 19) for detecting an event. The event may be one or more of the group including: the sensor module data exceeding a corresponding condition threshold, receiving an instruction from the local network manager (130) to transmit sensor module data to the local network manager, a reporting frequency event, an instruction from the loT platform (150) to transmit sensor module data to the loT platform and the like. Detecting an event may include receiving an interrupt from a sensor having detected an event internally.

The microcontroller (1 13) may also include a determining component (120) for, if an event is detected by the detecting component (1 19), determining an optimal data path to the local network manager (130) via which data may be sent and received. In some cases, the optimal data path may be via one or more other monitoring devices or alternatively directly between the monitoring device and local network manager. The determining component (120) may be arranged to determine an optimal data path to the local network manager (130) if the monitoring device (1 10) has received a data transmit permission indication. If the data transmit permission indication is withheld, the monitoring device (1 10) is prevented from transmitting sensor module data to the local network manager (130) and does not determine an optimal data path. In some embodiments, the determining component (120) may be provided by the first RF transceiver (1 19).

Some embodiments provide for the microcontroller (1 13) to further include an encryption component (121 ) for encrypting device data and/or sensor module data. The encryption component (121 ) may implement any appropriate encryption (e.g. 256-bit AES encryption) and may provide safe key storage and anti-tamper encryption key protection. The data remains encrypted throughout transmission from the monitoring device (1 10) to the loT platform (150). The microcontroller (1 13) may further include an input component (122) for receiving input from a user and an output component (123) for outputting data to the user. The input component (122) may receive user input via an input module (124) provided on the monitoring device (1 10). Exemplary input modules include a keypad, one or more push buttons, a microphone and the like. The output component (123) may output data to the user via an output module (125) provided on the monitoring device (1 10). Exemplary output modules include a display screen, a speaker, a buzzer component for sounding an alert or status change, light emitting diodes (LED's) for signalling status conditions (such as battery condition, transmit/receive conditions and heartbeat, etc.) and the like. The input received from the user may be an instruction to display sensor module data. In response to receiving the instruction, the output component (123) may be configured to prompt the user to connect the monitoring device (1 10) to an external power source prior to outputting sensor module data on the output module (125). This may ensure that the monitoring device (1 10) does not use unnecessary energy while in the field but can instead use periods of manual interrogation by a user to at least partially recharge its power source. The microcontroller (1 13) may also include a secondary transceiver component (126) which interfaces with a second RF transceiver (127) provided with the monitoring device (1 10). The secondary transceiver component (126) may be arranged to transmit sensor module data to a secondary device via a short-range wireless communication link provided by the second RF transceiver (127). In some embodiments, the secondary transceiver component (126) and second RF transceiver (127) may provide a Bluetooth™ communication link between a secondary device and the monitoring device over which sensor module data may be transmitted. In other embodiments, the short-range communication link may be a near-field communication link or the like. The second RF transceiver (127) may be a low-power, low data rate transceiver suitable for transmitting limited sensor data to a secondary device and/or other monitoring devices (1 10) within wireless range.

In some embodiments, the second RF transceiver (127) is arranged to communicate with other monitoring devices (1 10) within wireless range. The second RF transceiver (127) may be configured to transmit (or broadcast) an event message to neighbouring monitoring devices (1 10) within wireless range. The second RF transceiver (127) may be configured to transmit an event message in response to the detecting component (1 19) and/or a sensor detecting an event. For example, a sensor provided with the sensor module (1 12) may transmit an interrupt to the second RF transceiver (127) and/or the detecting component (1 19) which causes the second RF transceiver (127) to transmit the event message.

Accordingly, the second RF transceiver (127) and the secondary transceiver component (126) may also be configured to receive event messages from neighbouring monitoring devices (1 10) within wireless range. Receiving an event message may cause the microcontroller (1 13) to wake from a low power mode (e.g. a sleep or coma mode) and to join or establish a local network (e.g. a peer-to-peer ad hoc network) with other monitoring devices (1 10) and local network managers (130) within range.

In this manner, other wireless monitoring devices (1 10) may be woken from their sleep modes without intervention by the microcontroller (1 13) of the monitoring device (1 10) having detected the event. The monitoring device (1 10) may further include a data communication interface (128) for connecting via a data port (128A) one or more of the group of: a universal serial bus (USB) cable from an external device such as a personal computer (PC) to manually download the sensor module data; connecting one or more inter-integrated circuit (I2C) sensor probes providing additional sensors; connecting an RS-232 cable to an external device such as a PC or Wi-Fi router to enable mini-network manager functionality; connecting a power source for recharging the battery; providing a power outlet for powering I2C sensor probes.

The data communication interface (128) may include a controller module, a switching module and a data port (128A). The controller module is operable to monitor a status of a power line of the data port and, if the power line has a first status, to transmit a first communication mode instruction to the switching module. The controller module is configured, if the power line has a second status, to transmit a second communication mode instruction to the switching module. The switching module is configured to receive a communication mode instruction from the controller module and, if the first communication mode instruction is received, to route data communication lines corresponding to a first communication protocol to the data port (128A). If the second communication mode instruction is received, the switching module is configured to route data communication lines corresponding to a second communication protocol to the data port (128A). Such a data communication interface is disclosed in Applicants' U.S. Patent Application No. 14/095,417, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Embodiments of the invention provide for the monitoring device (1 10) to be permanently activated (i.e. permanently on). For example, the monitoring device (1 10) may be provided without an ON/OFF switch. The monitoring device (1 10) may include micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors on-board or external to the monitoring device (e.g. provided by sensor probes). The sensors can be configured via the loT platform (150), for example, to set threshold limits of any sensor and to monitor and log the status of each sensor on a continuous, per second basis, or any other interval of the user's choosing. The monitoring device (1 10) can also receive over-the-air communications from the loT platform (150), via the local network manager (130) for software code updates and the like.

Should the status of any of the sensors exceed the configured threshold limits defined by the configurable parameter, a detailed exception alert message can be transmitted back to the loT platform (150) via a network manager (130). The loT platform (150) can then forward these exception alerts by email or SMS to selected users. After a predefined duration, or at the end of a shipment, either the user or a selected client is able to access the sensor module data that the monitoring device (1 10) logged and recorded, and a certificate of conformity (i.e. certifying that all sensor data was within the selected threshold limits) can be output from the loT platform (150). The monitoring device (1 10) may operate in areas where there is no local network manager (130). In such cases, the monitoring device (1 10) may be plugged into any computing device (for example, a laptop, desktop or the like) and, in response, the monitoring device (1 10) is configured to operate as a network manager through which other monitoring devices (1 10) are able to communicate. Similarly, the monitoring device (1 10) may be interrogated by a secondary device via short-range wireless communication link, such as Bluetooth™. Such functionality may enable the monitoring device (1 10) to act as a stand-alone data logger.

As the systems described generally include a plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) which will at any given time be in proximity to at least one network manager (130), the ability of the monitoring device (1 10) to determine its position from information provided by the network manager (130) and inertial navigation data alleviates the need for the monitoring device (1 10) to be provided with its own global positioning system (GPS) or similar receiver. This may result in significant savings in both the energy requirements of the monitoring device (1 10) but also its cost of manufacture, as it will not have to have its own positional hardware or software. Should the monitoring device (1 10) not be within wireless range of a local network manager (130), the monitoring device is configured to determine its geographical location using inertial navigation techniques.

In some embodiments, the monitoring device (1 10) may further include a communication component and a geographical position monitoring component, although as described above, this may not be desirable.

As mentioned above, in some embodiments the described system includes a plurality of monitoring devices (1 10) which are configured to establish a peer-to-peer ad hoc network via which each monitoring device may communicate with the network manager (130). The network manager (130) may in turn use Ethernet, USB or Wi-Fi to forward the gathered sensor module data to the loT platform (150). However, in remote situations where there is no Ethernet or Wi- Fi, or if the network manager (130) is affixed to a mobile unit such as an aircraft, railcar or delivery vehicle, the network manager (130) may use either cellular or satellite communication to transmit the sensor module data to the loT platform (150). Typically, the network manager (130) receives electrical power from an external power source and may have a battery for back-up purposes. In some embodiments, the network manager (130) itself includes a sensor module for monitoring a condition and producing sensor module data.

The network manager (130) may be configured to manage the peer-to-peer ad hoc network and to synchronize with monitoring devices (1 10) within the network as to when the monitoring devices (1 10) should form peer-to-peer networks and when the monitoring devices should transmit sensor module data. In some cases the network manager may even include functionality enabling it to assist monitoring devices in deciding how to form the peer-to-peer networks and, in some cases, even how to calculate the optimal route for data transmission. The network manager (130) may also receive the sensor module data, which may be encrypted, from each monitoring device in the network and forwards the encrypted packets of data to the loT platform (150).

The network manager (130) includes a first transceiver component (132) for receiving sensor module data from the monitoring devices (1 10) via the optimal data path or from a local repeater device (160) via the backhaul transceiver component (164). The network manager (130) also includes a communication component (134) for transmitting received sensor module data to the remotely accessible loT platform (150).

The first transceiver component (132) of the local network manager (130) also transmits network manager data, including, for example, inertial navigation data, geographical location data of the network manager (130) (e.g. GPS coordinates), which in some instances is only included if an association has been formed, and network synchronization and configuration parameters to the monitoring device (1 10).

The local network manager (130) may further be configured to control transmissions from the monitoring device (1 10). The local network manager may selectively include a data transmit permission indication in the network manager data transmitted to the monitoring device in order to grant permission to the monitoring device to transmit sensor module data. Withholding the data transmit permission indication may prevent the monitoring device from transmitting sensor module data, even if an event is detected. This is advantageous in scenarios where monitoring devices are located in, for example, aircraft, where radio frequency transmissions are prohibited at certain points in time. The local network manager (130) may further include a first radio frequency (RF) transceiver (similar to that of the monitoring device) via which the first transceiver component (132) transmits and receives data. The first transceiver component (132) and first RF transceiver may provide a wireless radio configured for wireless local area networking and may make use the IEEE 802.15.4 communication standard. The carrier frequency utilized by the first RF transceiver is within the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band.

The network manager (130) further includes a geographical location monitoring, or positioning component (136) for monitoring or determining a geographical location of the network manager (130). It will be appreciated that the geographical locational monitoring component (136) could include any one or more of a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a GLONASS receiver, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver or the like. In some embodiments, for example where the network manager (130) has a fixed location, the geographical locational monitoring component (136) may retrieve a stored geographical coordinate of the network manager (130) from a digital memory or database.

The network manager (130) may also include an inertial navigation sensor module (137) for producing inertial navigation data relating to the network manager (130). The inertial navigation sensor module (137) may at least include a magnetometer, an angular rate sensor, a gravitational sensor and an accelerometer and the inertial navigation data may be included in network manager data transmitted to the monitoring device (1 10). In some embodiments, the inertial navigation sensor module (137) may further include a barometric pressure sensor and barometric pressure data may be included in the inertial navigation data. The network manager (130) may further include a backhaul transceiver component (138) which may utilise a wireless radio configured for low-rate wireless local area networking making use of the Institute of IEEE 802.15.4 communication standard and which operates in any one or more of the following frequency bands: 868MHz, 950 to 956MHz, 962 to 968MHz, and 2.4 to 2.5GHz. The backhaul transceiver component (138) and associated radio are arranged to communicate with local repeater devices (160).

In some embodiments of the invention, more than one network manager (130) may be included in a local network. This may provide for redundancy in case one local network manager fails, and it also enables for a greater volume of monitored data to pass through the network in the shortest period of time. The loT platform (150) includes a communication component (152) for receiving sensor module data from one or more networks via network managers (130) and a configuration receiving component (154) for receiving configuration data. The configuration data may include updates to the at least one configurable parameter. The communication component (152) of the loT platform (150) is accordingly also for transmitting the configuration data to the monitoring devices (1 10) via the network manager (130) and the optimal data path.

The communication components (134, 152) of the network manager (130) and the loT platform (150) respectively may provide any appropriate wired or wireless communication link. Exemplary wireless or wired communication links include Wi-Fi, USB, Ethernet, cellular such as (global system for mobile communications) GSM, long term evolution (LTE), 3G a satellite communication link and the like.

The local repeater device (160) includes a first transceiver component (162) for receiving sensor module data from, and transmitting sensor module data to, the plurality of monitoring devices (1 10), and the network managers (130) and, in some embodiments, one or more other local repeater devices. The local repeater device (160) also includes a backhaul transceiver component (164) for transmitting sensor module data to one or both of the network manager (130) or another local repeater device. The backhaul transceiver component (164) is similar to the backhaul transceiver component (138) of the network manager.

Figures 3A to 3C are flow diagrams which illustrate exemplary methods which may be performed by a monitoring device as described herein. In operation, the monitoring device is typically secured to or closely associated with an object (e.g. goods) in transit.

Firstly referring to Figure 3A, the monitoring device periodically monitors (302) a condition and produces sensor module data. As mentioned above, the condition monitored may be rotation, acceleration, temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, magnetic field, luminous intensity, and a measure of time amongst others. The sensor module data produced may include measurements or estimates of the condition output by a sensor module of the monitoring device. In some embodiments, the monitoring device may encrypt (304) the sensor module data.

At any time during its deployment, the monitoring device may detect (306) an event. As has also already been mentioned the event may include, amongst others, the monitored condition exceeding the condition threshold (312), receiving an instruction from the network manager to transmit sensor module data to the network manager (308), or receiving an instruction from the loT platform to transmit sensor module data to the loT platform (310). If no event is detected the monitoring device simply continues monitoring the condition. In some cases, detecting an event may include receiving an interrupt from a sensor having detected an event internally. Detecting an event may cause the monitoring device to wake from a low power mode.

In some embodiments, an event message is transmitted (313) via a second RF transceiver to neighbouring monitoring devices within wireless range in response to an event being detected. This may cause the neighbouring monitoring devices to wake from their low power modes.

In response to detecting an event, the monitoring device may determine (314) whether a peer- to-peer ad hoc network including the monitoring device has already been established.

For example, as the monitoring device is transported from one location to another, it may enter the range of an already established peer-to-peer ad hoc network or a network manager. If the monitoring device is within range of a peer-to-peer ad hoc network but not already part of such a network, the monitoring device may dynamically join the peer-to-peer ad hoc network or dynamically establish (316) a peer-to-peer ad hoc network with other monitoring devices. In some cases, in response to joining or establishing a peer-to-peer ad hoc network, the monitoring device may receive (317) sensor module data from an upstream monitoring device.

In some cases, the monitoring device may determine (318) whether a data transmit permission indication has been received from the local network manager. The data transmit permission indication may be received with other network manager data transmitted from the local network manager and is used to control transmissions by the monitoring device. The monitoring device may, for example, be configured to only send sensor module data to the local network manager when the local network manager has authorized it to do so, for example by transmitting a data transmit permission indication. Where no data transmit permission indication has been received, the monitoring device may be prevented from transmitting sensor module data.

If the data transmit permission has been received, the monitoring device determines (320) an optimal data path to the network manager. In some embodiments, the optimal data path may have already been determined at the time of detecting the event. If a data transmit permission has been received, the monitoring device then transmits (321 ) sensor module data to the network manager via the optimal data path for onward transmission to the loT platform, after which the monitoring device resumes its monitoring state (302).

Thus, in some cases, by default, the monitoring device does not transmit data. Only once the monitoring device receives a data transmit permission indication and other configurations from a network manager will the monitoring device transmit the sensor module data. If a network manager is installed inside an aircraft (or any other location where transmitting is forbidden), then the network manager can instruct all monitoring devices to withhold data transmissions by withholding the data transmit permission indication. During this "waiting" period, the monitoring device may periodically receive updating messages (network synchronization etc.) from the network manager, but will not transmit sensor module data. In other embodiments, instead of a data transmit permission indication, the local network manager transmits a data transmit prohibit indication prohibiting the monitoring device from transmitting data.

Figure 3B is a flow diagram which illustrates additional steps of the method (300) described above with reference to Figure 3A. The additional steps of the method (300) are conducted at the monitoring device.

Embodiments of the invention also provide that at any stage, the monitoring device may receive (328) input from a user. The input received from the user may be an instruction to display sensor module data. In response to receiving such an instruction, the monitoring device is configured to prompt (330) the user to connect the monitoring device to an external power source prior to outputting sensor module data. The monitoring device may output (332) sensor module data to the user via an output component (e.g. a display screen). The monitoring device described herein can join any local network (e.g. a peer-to-peer ad hoc network) that is within wireless range. The monitoring device may further be configured to, but does not necessarily, establish an association with a local network manager within that network.

Figure 3C is a flow diagram which illustrates an exemplary method (340) for establishing an association with a local network manager. The method (340) is conducted at a monitoring device and may be conducted together with the method (300) described above with reference to Figure 3A.

During transit, an object (e.g. goods pallet, etc.) with which a monitoring device is associated may be transferred from one mode of transit to another and may also be stored temporarily in a warehouse, for example, between being offloaded from an aircraft and into a truck. At various stages during transit, the monitoring device may be beyond wireless range of local networks or local network managers. This may be for extended periods, for example while the monitoring device is traveling in a vehicle which does not include a local network manager. Should the monitoring device come within range of a local network, the monitoring device will join (342) that local network. The local network may be a peer-to-peer ad hoc wireless network established by the monitoring device. In some instances, the local network may be a network which has already been established between other monitoring devices or a network provided by the local network manager within range. In some cases, the local network may include a plurality of local network managers and a plurality of other monitoring devices.

Throughout transit, the monitoring device monitors conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, etc.) to which the object is exposed. The monitoring device receives (344) sensor module data from a sensor module of the monitoring device. The sensor module data is produced or output by a sensor module of the monitoring device and relates to one or more conditions monitored by the sensor module. In some cases, some of the sensor module data may be raw and may require processing. Thus, the method may further include a stage of processing the received sensor module data to produce processed sensor module data.

As mentioned, during transit the monitoring device could be stationary for any period of time. The monitoring device may still remain joined with the local network. During this stationary period, the monitoring device continues to sense and record sensor module data and may periodically transmit its sensor module data to the local network manager of the local network.

While the monitoring device is joined to the local network, the monitoring device may receive (346) network manager data from the local network manager. The network manager data received may include a data transmit permission indication; a network identifier; a network manager type; clock synchronization data; wireless frequency channel data; geographical location data of the local network manager and the like. The network manager data may further include inertial navigation data including magnetometer, angular rate and gravitational (MARG) sensor data as well as acceleration sensor data of the local network manager. Receiving network manager data from the local network manager may include receiving network manager data from a plurality of local network managers being within range of the monitoring device or joined to the same local network,. The received network manager data is compared (348) with the sensor module data. Comparing the network manager data with the sensor module data may compare the inertial navigation data included in the network manager data and the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module respectively. Comparing the network manager data with the sensor module data may include comparing network manager data received from a plurality of local network managers within range of the monitoring device and/or which are joined to the same local network.

In some embodiments, the monitoring device only compares its inertial navigation data to that of the local network manager (or local network managers) if the monitoring device detects a change of state. The change of state detected by the monitoring device may be a movement along or rotation about any of the x-, y- or z-axes of the device. In some cases other sensor module and network manager data may be compared, for example temperature, humidity, etc.

If (350) the network manager data equals or approximates the sensor module data, an association is established (352) with that local network manager. Establishing an association with a local network manager may include recording the local network manager as being an associated local network manager. In some cases, an association flag may be set so as to indicate that the network manager data of the associated local network manager equals or approximates the sensor module data. In another embodiment, an association file may be updated so as to record the local network manager as being an associated local network manager, the file for example including a network identifier of the associated local network manager.

Matching network manager data and sensor module data may indicate that the monitoring device and local network manager are moving in unison, for example, that the monitoring device is in the same truck or aircraft as the local network manager. Movement causing the monitoring device to form an association with the local network manager could, for example, be vibrations caused by the starting of the engine of a truck in which the monitoring device and local network manager are located. In other cases, the movement could be movement of the truck's suspension caused by the placement of the object onto the truck and the like. It should be appreciated that the monitoring device is capable of rapidly establishing an association based on minor state of change information (represented by the inertial navigation data) which is unique to both the monitoring device and the relevant local network manager. The movement can thus be a minor movement or disturbance and the association can be formed even when the monitoring device and local network manager are, but for the disturbance, stationary. Should the sensor module data not match network manager data of any local network manager within range, and if (351 ) there is no existing association formed, an association will not be formed. However, the monitoring device can still continue to communicate via the local network while it is within wireless range. While the monitoring device is associated with the local network manager, geographical location data from the local network manager may be received (354). The geographical location data may be received from a geographical location monitoring component of the local monitoring device, such as a GPS receiver or the like and may be in the form of GPS coordinates or the like. During the association, the monitoring device and local network manager are moving in unison and therefore have approximately the same location. Receiving the geographical location data of the local network manager may therefore provide the monitoring device with a more accurate estimate of its location and precludes the monitoring device from having to estimate its location using inertial navigation techniques, which may improve energy efficiency of the device.

The monitoring device continues to compare its sensor module data with the network manager data of the local network manager. If (350) at some stage it is determined that the network manager data no longer equals or approximates the sensor module data, and if (351 ) there is an existing association that is formed, the association with the local network manager is dissolved (356).

The network manager data no longer approximating the sensor module data may indicate that the monitoring device and local network manager are no longer moving in unison. This may, for example, indicate that the monitoring device has been offloaded from a truck, aircraft, etc. Once the association has been dissolved, the monitoring device may no longer receive the geographical location of the local network manager with which the monitoring device was associated (or may disregard received location data). Although the association has been dissolved, the monitoring device may remain joined to the local network of the local network manager until an association is formed with another local network manager or until the local network is no longer within range. Responsive to dissolving the association, the monitoring device may incrementally estimate (358) its geographical location using the geographical location data which was received from the local network manager immediately prior to the association being dissolved as well as the inertial navigation data produced by the sensor module. Estimating the geographical location of the monitoring device may use known inertial navigation techniques. The geographical location data received from the local network manager immediately prior to the association being dissolved may be used as an initial set-point. Such techniques may enable the monitoring device to navigate indoors, where conventional GPS receivers and the like are not able to operate. Such techniques may further provide advantages in the form of energy efficiency by obviating the need for a GPS receiver on the monitoring device.

At any stage the monitoring device may determine from the inertial navigation data that the monitoring device is stationary (360) and, if so, the most recently estimated geographical location of the monitoring device may be stored (362) in a non-volatile memory of the monitoring device. In some cases, this may include transmitting the estimated geographical location to a local network manager as well. This stored estimate may then be used as an initial set-point for further geographical location estimation should the monitoring device move again. The stored estimate may also be included together with sensor data that may subsequently be transmitted to a local network manager.

By providing the association/disassociation functionality described herein, a more cost effective and energy efficient mobile monitoring device is provided which is capable of either determining its geographical location or by receiving the geographical location of a local network manager with which the monitoring device is associated and co-located. This provides an energy efficient way for the monitoring device to record its location throughout transit.

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram which illustrates a monitoring device (510.1 ) being connected to a computing device (520) and operating as a network manager through which other monitoring devices (510) are able to communicate. The monitoring device (510.1 ) may be connected to the computing device (520) via a cable (522) connected between a data communication interface of the monitoring device (510.1 ) and, for example, a universal serial bus (USB) port of the computing device (520). When connected to the computing device (520), the monitoring device (510.1 ) may be configured to perform at least some of the functionality of a network manager according to embodiments of the invention. The monitoring device (510.1 ) may use a communication component of the computing device (520), providing, for example a Wi-Fi, Ethernet or Internet connection, to communicate with the loT platform (550) such that sensor module data of the monitoring device (510.1 ) and of the other upstream monitoring devices (510) may be transmitted to the loT platform (550).

In one exemplary use case of a monitoring device (1 10, 510), the monitoring device (1 10, 510) may not be within range of a peer-to-peer ad hoc network during the monitoring operation (for example during the transit of the monitoring device from source to destination). The monitoring device (1 10, 510) may accordingly be configured to continue to monitor one or more conditions until a user is able to manually access the recorded data off the monitoring device (1 10, 510). In such a situation, the monitoring device (1 10, 510) functions as a data logger. All conditions such as environmental data monitored on by the monitoring device (1 10, 510) may be constantly logged and recorded on, for example a second-by-second basis and/or an event-by- event basis and will have to be retrieved using input and output modules of the monitoring device (1 10, 510). As the monitoring device (1 10, 510) is regularly monitoring one or more conditions, the monitoring device (1 10, 510) is capable of sensing if it has been dropped and by what distance, and, with the data from the gyroscope and compass, the device will be able to calculate its location in a building when there is no geographical position.

In another exemplary use case, where, for example, there are no wireless peer-to-peer ad hoc networks throughout the transit route except for network managers at the place of shipment and the final destination, the monitoring device (1 10, 510) may operate in a second configuration mode. In the second configuration mode, the user may be able to manually retrieve sensor module data using the input and output modules of the monitoring device (1 10, 510) or over a short-range communication link using a secondary device. Additionally, the user may be able to retrieve the sensor module data from an loT platform (150, 550) once the monitoring device (1 10, 510) reaches the final destination (e.g. when the monitoring device is within range of a network manager). Printable audit-trails of sensor module data (for example on a continuous, second-by-second and/or event-by-event basis for the entire transit) can be obtained from the loT platform. Only if, or when there is a peer-to-peer network, will geographical location data be available to the monitoring device, however the entire transit may be logged on, for example, a second-by-second time and date basis and/or event-by-event basis.

In a third exemplary use case of a monitoring device (1 10, 510), comprehensive peer-to-peer ad hoc networks and network managers may be provided for almost all of the transit route, including fixed networks at the shipper's and receiver's premises, and mobile networks that can be attached to delivery trucks, railroads, aircraft, ships etc., and whereby the user is able to access and retrieve sensor module data from the loT platform (150, 550) throughout the entire transit period. Geographical locational information may be obtained from any fixed or mobile network managers that are associated with the monitoring device (1 10, 510), and whenever an event is detected, an alert may be transmitted to the loT platform (150, 550) which may then transmit an SMS or email to the user to advise the user of the event.

In yet another exemplary use case, the monitoring device (1 10, 510) may be provided with one or more sensor probes, and possibly one or more probe hubs. Figure 5 is a schematic diagram which illustrates a monitoring device (610) having a probe hub (690) connected thereto. The probe hub (690) has a plurality of sensor probes (692) connected thereto. Each of the plurality of sensor probes (692) may be individually configured via the loT platform and may be placed into, affixed onto or otherwise associated with an object. Each sensor probe (692) may have a unique identifier. The configuration illustrated in Figure 5 may be advantageous as multiple objects may be monitored using only one monitoring device (610) and a plurality of sensor probes (692).

External sensor probes (692) (which may also be referred to as "slave" monitoring devices) may be used in applications where the monitoring device (610) cannot, for example, be included inside a package, especially when extreme cold conditions exist and where batteries of the monitoring device (610) may not be able to function efficiently. An exemplary sensor probe (692) may be able to measure temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, light and the like and is disclosed, along with a probe hub (690) in Applicants' previously mentioned U.S. Patent Application No. 14/095,436.

In yet another exemplary use case, the monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) may additionally include a communication component and a geographical location receiving component. The communication component may be similar to that of the network manager and of the loT platform and may enable the monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) to establish a wired or wireless communication link with the loT platform without utilising a network manager. In such an exemplary use case, the monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) may accordingly be operable to function as a network manager to other monitoring devices and may be configured to establish a peer-to-peer ad hoc network with other monitoring devices. The monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) may transmit geographical locational information to other monitoring devices in the peer- to-peer ad hoc network and may receive sensor module data from the other monitoring devices. Furthermore, the monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) may be configured to select a suitable communication link over which to transmit sensor module data to the loT platform or to a network manager. In another exemplary use case, the monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) may be provided with a wireless monitor which may be physically connected to the monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610). The wireless monitor may be connected to the monitoring device via a serial communication link, such as RS-232. The monitoring device (1 10, 510, 610) may include a communication component and a geographical locational receiving component and may communicate with other monitoring devices via the wireless monitor.

A highly scalable and redundant monitoring system is described herein which may include a number of monitoring devices, a number of network managers a number of repeater devices and a remotely accessible loT platform. The monitoring devices described herein provide advantages in the form of reduced energy consumption and lower operating costs (e.g. by reducing reliance on cellular communication networks, etc.). The monitoring devices, together with the data communication interface and sensor probes provide enhanced scalability and versatility (e.g. by virtue of a 64-bit identifier, the ability to connect multiple sensor probes to a single monitoring device, etc.).

Figure 6 illustrates an example of a computing device (700) in which various aspects of the disclosure may be implemented. The computing device (700) may be suitable for storing and executing computer program code. The various participants and elements in the previously described system diagrams, for example the remotely accessible loT platform (150, 550), may use any suitable number of subsystems or components of the computing device (700) to facilitate the functions described herein. The computing device (700) may include subsystems or components interconnected via a communication infrastructure (705) (for example, a communications bus, a cross-over bar device, or a network). The computing device (700) may include one or more central processors (710) and at least one memory component in the form of computer-readable media. In some configurations, a number of processors may be provided and may be arranged to carry out calculations simultaneously. In some implementations, a number of computing devices (700) may be provided in a distributed, cluster or cloud-based computing configuration and may provide software units arranged to manage and/or process data on behalf of remote devices.

The memory components may include system memory (715), which may include read only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). A basic input/output system (BIOS) may be stored in ROM. System software may be stored in the system memory (715) including operating system software. The memory components may also include secondary memory (720). The secondary memory (720) may include a fixed disk (721 ), such as a hard disk drive, and, optionally, one or more removable-storage interfaces (722) for removable-storage components (723). The removable-storage interfaces (722) may be in the form of removable- storage drives (for example, magnetic tape drives, optical disk drives, etc.) for corresponding removable storage-components (for example, a magnetic tape, an optical disk, etc.), which may be written to and read by the removable-storage drive. The removable-storage interfaces (722) may also be in the form of ports or sockets for interfacing with other forms of removable-storage components (723) such as a flash memory drive, external hard drive, or removable memory chip, etc.

The computing device (700) may include an external communications interface (730) for operation of the computing device (700) in a networked environment enabling transfer of data between multiple computing devices (700). Data transferred via the external communications interface (730) may be in the form of signals, which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, radio, or other types of signal. The external communications interface (730) may enable communication of data between the computing device (700) and other computing devices including servers and external storage facilities. Web services may be accessible by the computing device (700) via the communications interface (730). The external communications interface (730) may also enable other forms of communication to and from the computing device (700) including, voice communication, near field communication, radio frequency communications, such as Bluetooth™, etc.

The computer-readable media in the form of the various memory components may provide storage of computer-executable instructions, data structures, program modules, software units and other data. A computer program product may be provided by a computer-readable medium having stored computer-readable program code executable by the central processor (710). A computer program product may be provided by a non-transient computer-readable medium, or may be provided via a signal or other transient means via the communications interface (730). Interconnection via the communication infrastructure (705) allows the central processor (710) to communicate with each subsystem or component and to control the execution of instructions from the memory components, as well as the exchange of information between subsystems or components. Peripherals (such as printers, scanners, cameras, or the like) and input/output (I/O) devices (such as a mouse, touchpad, keyboard, microphone, and the like) may couple to the computing device (700) either directly or via an I/O controller (735). These components may be connected to the computing device (700) by any number of means known in the art, such as a serial port. One or more monitors (745) may be coupled via a display or video adapter (740) to the computing device (700).

The foregoing description has been presented for the purpose of illustration; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Persons skilled in the relevant art can appreciate that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure.

Any of the steps, operations, components or processes described herein may be performed or implemented with one or more hardware or software units, alone or in combination with other devices. In one embodiment, a software unit is implemented with a computer program product comprising a non-transient computer-readable medium containing computer program code, which can be executed by a processor for performing any or all of the steps, operations, or processes described. Software units or functions described in this application may be implemented as computer program code using any suitable computer language such as, for example, Java™, C++, or Perl™ using, for example, conventional or object-oriented techniques. The computer program code may be stored as a series of instructions, or commands on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a magnetic medium such as a hard-drive, or an optical medium such as a CD-ROM. Any such computer-readable medium may also reside on or within a single computational apparatus, and may be present on or within different computational apparatuses within a system or network.

Flowchart illustrations and block diagrams of methods, systems, and computer program products according to embodiments are used herein. Each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may provide functions which may be implemented by computer readable program instructions. In some alternative implementations, the functions identified by the blocks may take place in a different order to that shown in the flowchart illustrations.

The language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims. Finally, throughout the specification and claims unless the contents requires otherwise the word 'comprise' or variations such as 'comprises' or 'comprising' will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.