[0001] The present disclosure relates to multi-fluid, renewable geo- energy systems and methods, and more particularly to multi-fluid, geothermal and geo-energy systems and methods that employ one or more concentric rings of working fluid injection wells that at least partially circumscribe one or more production wells, and which employ a ring of brine production wells that at least partially circumscribe the working fluid injection wells, and which employ supplemental working fluids, in addition to native brine, and related methods to enhance the production of brine and supplemental fluid in a manner to increase the overall efficiency of a geothermal energy system, as well as systems and methods for synergistically harvesting, storing and dispatching renewable energy sources in renewable geo-energy systems to provide large-scale, diurnal-to-seasonal storage of both thermal and bulk energy and electrical-grid stabilizing, power-generation capacity. BACKGROUND

[0002] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

[0003] Climate change mitigation requires a range of measures to reduce carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) emissions to the atmosphere. Two of the most important measures include increasing reliance on technologies that generate electricity from renewable resources and reducing the C0 ₂ intensity of fossil energy use. Despite providing reliable and predictable power, geothermal resources are underutilized relative to their vast resource potential. Challenges that have heretofore limited geothermal deployment include (1 ) the cost and risk of prospecting and well drilling, (2) parasitic power cost of fluid recirculation, and (3) geographically limited range of geologic settings amenable to the current generation of hydrothermal geothermal power systems. Geologic C0 ₂ storage (GCS) has received considerable attention as a means of reducing the G0 ₂ intensity of fossil-energy systems. But the high cost of supplying C0 ₂ by capturing it from exhaust streams requires valuable uses for C0 ₂ to justify those costs.

[0004] Wind and solar are renewable energy sources with enormous resource potential. However, such energy sources are difficult to predict and are temporally variable, both diurnally and seasonally. Until major advances in both thermal energy storage (TES) and bulk energy storage (BES) technology are commercialized, wind and solar energy technologies will require back-up, load-following, and peaking power sources, which often emit a significant quantity of G0 ₂ . The temporal nature of the major renewable power sources (primarily wind and solar, but in some instances, hydro) may also result in costly power curtailments to other low-C0 ₂ power sources (e.g., nuclear power plants). These drawbacks are setbacks in attempts to mitigate climate change. To effectively meet goals for reduced CG"2 emissions, integrating electricity generated from wind and solar resources into power grids requires that their diurnal and seasonal variability and unpredictability be addressed with minimal reliance on C0 ₂ -intensive back-up and grid-stabilizing (e.g., load-following) power sources, and without displacing other low-C0 ₂ power sources.

SUMMARY

[0005] In one aspect the present disclosure relates to a geothermal energy production method for extracting geothermal energy from a reservoir formation. The method may comprise using a production well to extract brine from the reservoir formation. A plurality of working fluid injection wells may be arranged in a vicinity of the production well to at least partially circumscribe the production well. A plurality of brine production wells may be arranged in a vicinity of the working fluid injection wells to at least partially circumscribe the working fluid injection wells. Native brine may be injected into some of the working fluid injection wells. Prior to being injected, brine may be thermally augmented by either heating, using a combination of solar thermal energy, waste heat, or geotherma! heat from a separate reservoir, or by cooling, using a source of chilled thermal energy. A supplemental working fluid may be injected into some of the working fluid injection wells to augment a pressure in the reservoir formation, to thus drive a flow of the brine up through the production well and up through the brine production wells, together with at least a portion of the supplemental working fluid.

[0006] In another aspect the present disclosure relates to a geothermal energy production method for extracting geotherma! energy from a reservoir formation. The method may comprise using a production well to extract brine from the reservoir formation, and arranging a plurality of working fluid injection wells in a ring around the production well to at least partially circumscribe the production well. A plurality of brine production wells may be arranged in a vicinity of the working fluid injection wells to at least partially circumscribe the working fluid injection wells. Native brine may be injected into some of the working fluid injection wells. Prior to being injected, brine may be thermally augmented by either heating, using a combination of solar thermal energy, waste heat, or geothermal heat from a separate reservoir, or by cooling, using a source of chilled thermal energy. A supplemental working fluid may be injected into some of the working fluid injection wells to augment a pressure in the reservoir formation, to thus drive a flow of the brine up through the production well and up through the brine production wells, together with at least a portion of the supplemental working fluid. The supplemental working fluid may include at least one of make-up brine or water supplied from an external brine or water source. If brine is used, then the brine may comprise brine extracted from a geologic C0 ₂ storage aquifer or it could comprise residual brine that is effluent from a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. If water is used, then the water may comprise effluent from a waste-water treatment facility. The supplemental working fluid may also include at least one of carbon dioxide (CC½) or nitrogen (N ₂ ).

[0007] In still another aspect the present disclosure relates to a geothermal energy production system for extracting geothermal energy from a reservoir formation. The system may comprise a production well to extract brine from the reservoir formation. A plurality of working fluid injection wells may be arranged in a vicinity of the production well to at least partially circumscribe the production well. A plurality of brine production wells may be arranged in a vicinity of the working fluid injection wells to at least partially circumscribe the working fluid injection wells. Native brine may be injected into some of the working fluid injection wells. A supplemental working fluid may be injected into the supplemental working fluid injection wells to augment a pressure in the reservoir formation, to thus drive a flow of the brine up through the production well and up through the brine production wells. together with at least a portion of the supplemental working fluid.

[0008] Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

[0010] Figure 1 is a high level plan view of one embodiment of a system in accordance with the present disclosure in which a plurality of rings of wells are used for forming a geothermal energy recovery system;

[0011] Figure 2 is a high level side view of one example of how the wells shown in Figure 1 may be configured at different depths, and also how horizontal wells within a given ring may also be configured at different depths to tailor the system to the specific reservoir formation at which the system is being employed;

[0012] Figure 3 is a high level plan view of a single-fluid geothermal/STES or CTES reservoir system, where STE stands for solar thermal energy storage and CTES stands for chilled thermal energy storage;

[0013] Figure 4 is a high level side view of a single-fluid geothermal/STES or CTES reservoir system; and [0014] Figure 5 is a high level flowchart illustrating a plurality of operations that may be implemented using the systems shown in Figures 1 -4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.

[0016] Referring to Figure 1 , in one embodiment the present disclosure involves a geo-energy system 10 that may be used as (1 ) a geothermal energy system to recover geothermal energy, (2) a thermai energy storage system to store and dispatch thermal energy, using above- ground sources such as solar thermal energy, or (3) a "hybrid" system that combines geothermal energy recovery with thermal energy storage. The system 10 is located within a geothermal reservoir formation 1 1 . if used for solar thermal energy storage, the system 10 may be located in a subsurface reservoir formation 1 1 that is not considered to be a geothermal resource. The system 10 may make use of both native brine and a supplemental working fluid to extract geothermal energy. The supplemental working fluids may include supercritical CO ₂ and supercritical N ₂ . However, it is especially effectively deployed when N ₂ is included as one of the constituents. Particular advantages of using N ₂ are that it can be separated from air at low cost, compared to that of captured G0 ₂ . Nitrogen is also non-corrosive and will not react with the reservoir formation 1 1 . The addition of N ₂ can improve the economics of G0 ₂ -enabied geothermal energy production and mitigate operational issues associated with C0 ₂ . if a two-stage, nitrogen-enriched combustion process is used; the resulting flue gas can have low enough concentrations of oxidants to be a suitable, low-cost source of N ₂ and C0 ₂ . The systems and methods of the present disclosure can also utilize conventional flue gas to extract geothermal energy and methane from deep, unmineable coal seams. [0017] In Figure 1 the system 10 may be deployed with four rings of production and injection wells, which significantly enhances overall efficiency of the system 10. As shown in Figure 2, the system 10 is deployed in a permeable geotherma! reservoir formation 1 1 that is bounded above and below by an impermeable caprock and impermeable bedrock. The impermeable caprock is important because it confines the vertical migration of the buoyant supplemental fluids (N ₂ and C0 ₂ ). The impermeable caprock and bedrock are important to system 10 because they help conserve pressure. An inner ring 12 consists of a plurality of production wells 12a for extracting native brine from the reservoir formation 1 1 . A second ring 14 consists of a plurality of supplemental working fluid injection wells 14a for injecting a supplemental working fluid into the reservoir formation 1 1. More specifically, the second ring 14 of supplemental working fluid injection wells 14a may be used for injecting N ₂ and/or C0 ₂ into the reservoir formation 1 1. A third ring 16 may consist of a plurality of brine re-injection wells 16a for re-injecting extracted native brine back into the reservoir formation 11 . A fourth ring 18 of brine production wells 18a may be used to recover portions of the native brine re-injected via the third ring of re-injection wells 16a and to relieve overpressure in areas adjacent to the reservoir formation 1 1 . The inner ring 2 of production wells 12a and the outer ring 18 of brine production wells 18a may be completed at various depths to provide better control of fluid and energy recovery for improved sweep efficiency, which reduces thermal drawdown and increases power generation and its sustainability. The rings of injection wells 14a and 16a may also be completed at multiple depths, as will be described in greater detail herein, to provide better control of fluid and energy recovery. It will be appreciated that a greater or lesser plurality of wells may be included in each of the rings 12-18 than what is shown in Figure 1 . Furthermore, while the wells 12a- 18a are shown in Figure 1 as being arranged generally concentrically, this is not absolutely critical to efficient operation of the system 10. However, the individual wells of the fourth ring of wells 18a are preferably arranged to at least partially circumscribe the third (re-injection) wells 16a, which are in turn preferably arranged to at least partially circumscribe the second (injection) wells 14a, which are in turn preferably arranged to at least partially circumscribe the production wells 12a.

[0018] Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the multi-ring approach of the system 10 can take advantage of the fact that horizontal well drilling technology allows for precise directional control of the well orientation; hence it is realistic to create precisely curved injection and production intervals. Another important reason for using a plurality of rings 12-18 is to conserve the pressure energy from the injection process and to minimize the loss of the supplemental working fluid. The four-ring configuration (or variations of that configuration) creates a hydraulic divide, which is a distinct region of overpressure as shown in Figure 2. The four rings 12-18 facilitate a range of pressure management strategies to spread out reservoir overpressure and thereby limit its magnitude, to thus significantly reduce or eliminate the possibility of induced seismicily and leakage of the supplementai working fluid. The hydraulic divide (Figure 2) that is created by the four-ring configuration of the system 10 shown in Figure 1 also allows the production wells 12a and 18a to be segregated into two groups, with the inner ring 12 of wells 12a transitioning from brine to supplemental working fluid production, and the outer ring of wells 18a only producing brine. Segregation of the production wells 12a and 18a in this fashion can help simplify well-field operations.

[0019] With specific reference to Figure 2, a high level side view illustrates that the wells within one or more of the rings 12-18 may be located at different depths in the reservoir formation 1 1. More specifically, the brine re-injection wells 18a may be located at different depths relative to the caprock and bedrock that confine the reservoir formation 1 1 from above and below. The benefits of the hydraulic divide are that it conserves pressure and supplementai working fluid and segregates the production wells into those that transition from brine to supplementai working fluid production and those that only produce brine. Another important benefit of this configuration is that the large volume of the reservoir formation inside the hydraulic divide can be used to store large quantities of energy. Accordingly, the hydraulic divide is analogous to how a dam functions in storing energy for hydroelectricity generation, A plurality of production wells 12a and 1 2b are also included for initially extracting native brine and eventually extracting the supplemental working fluid from a gas cap 1 a overlying the native brine within the reservoir formation 1 1 . Wells 12b are used for extracting supplementing working fluid (!M ₂ and/or C0 ₂ ) from the gas cap 1 1 a. The gas cap gradually expands vertically downward with time, driving native brine to production wells 12a, using a process called gravity-drainage double-displacement.

[0020] The multiple, concentric-ring well design described above is well adapted to store pressure and supplemental fluid (C0 ₂ and/or N ₂ ), much like how a hydroelectric dam stores potential energy. Stored pressure can generate large artesian flow rates, providing much better leveraging of well costs. Because fluid production is driven by stored pressure, it becomes possible to schedule production (and highly dispatchable power generation) to coincide when power demand is high or when there is a deficit of renewable energy on an electrical power grid that the system is in communication with. Reservoir analyses show that it does not require much supplemental fluid (CC or N ₂ ) injection to substantially enhance the rate of brine production and power generation. A significant benefit of CO ₂ or N ₂ injection is that it generates excess brine for re-injection through displacement; however, there is an additional, more subtle, and more profound benefit of this injection process. That benefit is in altering the pressure distribution within the reservoir. It has been determined that only a relatively small amount of CO2 or N ₂ is needed to create a "topographic high" in pressure (hydraulic divide in Figure 1 ), providing the opportunity to inject pressurized brine in the third ring of brine reinjection wells (16a) that sit on top of the hydraulic divide "uphill" from the "downhill" outer brine production wells (18a).

[0021] It is also important to understand that the supplemental fluid used to generate the topographic high in pressure distribution does not need to be C0 ₂ or N ₂ ; rather, it may be make-up brine extracted from a separate reservoir. Alternatively, the supplemental fluid may be make-up water from a separate source. In one example the make-up water may be effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Make-up brine can be excess brine that is replaced by supplemental-fluid (C0 ₂ and/or N ₂ ) injection in a multi-fluid geothermai reservoir or it can be brine extracted for the purpose of pressure management in a geological C0 ₂ storage (GCS) operation. Make-up brine can also be the effluent from a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. Thus, the first family of embodiments of this disclosure replaces C0 ₂ and/or N ₂ with brine or water as the supplemental fluid that is injected for the purpose of pressure augmentation.

[0022] As shown in Figures 3 and 4, this approach may be implemented with a concentric multi-ring system 200 (Figure 3) similar to that of Figure 1 . The system 200 of Figure 3 makes use of preferably at least three concentric well rings: (1 ) an inner ring 212 of brine production wells 212a, (2) a middle ring 216 of brine reinjection wells 216a, and (3) an outer ring 218 of brine production wells 218a. For the three well-ring configuration, brine reinjected in the middle ring 216 of wells 216a is "uphill" from the "downhill" inner and outer brine production wells 212a and 218a. This pressure augmentation process can be thought of as the subsurface equivalent of "pumped-storage" hydroeiectricity. Subsurface pumped storage can drive large brine production rates while generating highly dispatchable power. Furthermore, this can be accomplished without requiring submersible pumps to lift brine up through the production wells 212a and 218a. Large centralized pumps located on the surface are expected to be even more efficient than submersible pumps. Surface-based pumps will not be exposed to harsh conditions that often occur in brine production wells and would not require the maintenance that can disrupt brine production and power output of geothermai energy systems. Pumped storage is expected to be particularly valuable in hydrostatic reservoirs where temperatures are too hot (> 200 °C) for submersible pumps to survive and operate. Where horizontal wells are used, pumped storage may drive flow rates much greater than the capacity of submersible pumps (typically 80 to 120 kg/sec), which would increase leveraging of well costs. This family of embodiments is significant because it enables heat to be extracted from a geothermai resource without the added complexity associated with introducing a working fluid with significantly different thermophysical properties and chemistry from those of native brine, such as would be the case with supercritical C0 ₂ . Hence, this approach allows a geothermal system to rely on existing geothermal technology and methods, when such technology and methods are used in connection with the energy-efficient, concentric-ring well configuration shown in Figure 3, and the possible use of horizontal wells.

Time-Shifting the Parasitic Loads of Brine Pumping, N ₂ Separation, and N ₂ Pumping for BES and Grid-Stabilizing Power Generation Capacity

[0023] Another family of embodiments of the present disclosure enables subsurface pressure storage, which in turn enables bulk energy storage (BES) and a grid-stabilizing power generation capability, such as load following. A load-following power generation capability is becoming increasingly necessary with increasing penetration of intermittent renewables on power grids. For liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs under hydrostatic pressure conditions, a significant fraction of gross power output is consumed with the parasitic load required to lift the brine up through the production wells 212a, which is typically achieved with submersible electrical pumps. Some additional parasitic load typically also results because of the overpressure required to overcome frictional losses in the brine reinjection wells 216a. Because the multiple concentric-ring well design of Figures 1 , 2, 3 and 4 discussed herein store pressure much like a hydroelectric dam, the majority of the overall parasitic load is that associated with brine pumping, i.e., over pressurizing brine for reinjection into the brine reinjection wells (216a in Figures 3 and 4). The second largest parasitic load is that associated with separating N ₂ from air and compressing N ₂ for injection into supplement fluid injection wells (21 a in Figures 1 and 2). The parasitic load of brine pumping and/or N ₂ separation and pumping can be time-shifted to coincide with periods when power supply exceeds power demand, such as what may occur when there is an excess supply of intermittent renewable power on the electrical power grid. [0024] With further reference to Figures 1 and 3, parasitic-load time- shifting can be accomplished by temporarily storing brine in a surface reservoir (operation 202 in Figures 1 and 3), which is best done when power demand exceeds power supply on electricity grids. It should be noted that time-shifting the parasitic load of N ₂ separation and pumping does not require the temporary storage of N ₂ because N ₂ can be readily separated from air. Time-shifting both of these parasitic loads allows the net power output to be close to gross power output during the time that the parasitic loads are not imposed, which is useful when power demand exceeds supply, Time-shifting the parasitic load of brine pressurization and injection to periods when power supply exceeds demand on electricity grids can be accomplished using a wide range of operational combinations (Figure 5). One such example is to produce brine (operation 205 in Figures 1 , 3, and 5) from a typically shallow reservoir and immediately pressurizing and reinjecting it into a separate (typically deeper and hotter reservoir) reservoir. Thus, Operation 205 allows brine that has been pre-heated in the shallower reservoir to be injected into (and to improve heat recovery from) the deeper reservoir. This will be discussed further in connection with operation 205 in Figure 5.

[0025] Parasitic-load time-shifting can provide the capacity to soak up excess power from electrical power grids during periods of over- generation. This can be very valuable where the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power into grids is becoming high, such as in California. For example, from about 1 1 AM in the morning to about 2PM in the afternoon, during the spring and fall when the air conditioning load is light and PV power supply is high, parasitic-load time-shifting may be used to soak up excess power from the electrical power grid. Where the penetration of wind power is high, parasitic-load time-shifting could soak up excess power at night (e.g., during a 3-to-4-hour window) when wind speeds are often high and power demand is low. Thus, as just one example, time-shifting the parasitic loads of brine pumping and of N ₂ separation and pumping could be scheduled in a diurnal fashion, during roughly two 3-to-4-hour windows: one occurring at midday and the other at night. [0026] Grid-stabilizing power generation capacity, such as load following and peaking power, is needed to compensate for constantly fluctuating imbalances between supply and demand on electrical power grids. The systems of the present disclosure can accomplish this important function in at least two fundamental ways: (1 ) adjusting gross power output and (2) adjusting net power output by time-shifting the parasitic load. The second approach can be fine-tuned by modulating how much of the parasitic load of brine pumping (and/or N ₂ pumping) is imposed at any given time. Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power turbines and/or direct C0 ₂ /N ₂ power turbines could be allowed to spin at full capacity, while adjusting the parasitic loads of brine and/or N ₂ pumping to modulate the net power output of the geothermal plant, which could provide a very rapid and precise response to grid imbalances. In this fashion, the high capital investment in the power turbines could be fully and continuously utilized. BES and load following capacity could be achieved by oversizing the brine-pumping and N ₂ -pumping capacities so that a large fraction of the brine-pumping and/or N ₂ -pumping parasitic loads could be scheduled when it is most advantageous. The additional capital cost of oversizing the brine pumps and the N ₂ separators and compressors would probably be much less than the capital cost of oversizing the power turbines, which would be necessary if gross power output was being adjusted to respond to imbalances between supply and demand on the grid. Hence, the likely preferred option would be to adjust net power output, rather than to adjust gross power output to provide grid-stabilizing (e.g., load-following and peaking) power generation capacity. This is quite different from conventional load-following and peaking power systems (e.g., gas turbines) where the power plant must function at much less than full capacity to provide the load- following ancillary service. If additional load-following ancillary service is required, the systems and methods disclosed herein can operate to adjust the gross output from the power turbines, which is accomplished by adjusting the rate of heat withdrawal from the geothermal reservoir; however, this may be the second option because it does not allow the most expensive components of the power system to continuously run at full capacity. Because brine production is driven by stored pressure, the systems and methods of the present disclosure can rapidly and precisely adjust the rate of heat withdrawal from the reservoir and gross power output for load following and peaking power.

Hybrid Geothermai/STE Storage and Power Systems

[0027] The third family of embodiments of the present disclosure involves thermal augmentation of brine at the ground surface utilizing solar thermal energy (STE) and/or waste heat to further improve upon the year- round dispatchabiiity of one or more renewable energy sources. The availability of solar thermal energy (STE) varies in a highly seasonal and diurnal fashion, placing heavy demands on back-up and load-following power sources (which in turn often emit substantial quantities of C0 ₂ ). The embodiments of the present disclosure enable the storage of STE in a subsurface reservoir, whether or not that reservoir has temperatures hot enough to be considered an economically viable geothermal resource. The presently disclosed embodiments also enable using STE and/or waste heat to augment reservoir temperatures and thereby enhance the economic viability of a geothermal resource (203 in Figures 1 , 3, and 5). Even if a relatively low- temperature heat source is used, such as waste heat, thermal augmentation of brine prior to reinjection can reduce the rate of thermal drawdown for a geothermal reservoir system, Thermal augmentation can also be selectively applied to brine that is injected into known "thief zones", which are zones of high permeability where injected fluids preferentially flow. Because the residence time of injected fluid is less in thief zones, there can be insufficient time for the injected fiuid to be heated by the reservoir prior to arriving at the production wells. Thus, selectively heating brine that is injected into known thief zones, rather than heating brine that is injected into zones with longer residence time, can mitigate the negative impact of early breakthrough and rapid thermal drawdown. Thus, the embodiments and methods described herein can enhance the productivity of a geothermal resource by potentially extending its operating lifetime. [0028] With the systems and method of the present disclosure, there are various options and combinations of options that can be implemented for the timing of thermal augmentation of brine (brine heating). Brine can be heated in a steady fashion, as may apply to the use of waste heat. Brine may be heated in a cyclic fashion, as would apply to the diurnal and seasonal availability of STE. Temporary storage of brine in surface reservoirs (operation 202 in Figures 1 , 3, and 5) allows the brine to be available for thermal augmentation when STE is available. Brine heating can be conducted in a multi-stage fashion, by pre-heating brine with waste heat, followed by cyclic heating with STE.

[0029] In addition to enhancing the productivity of geothermal resources already having economically viable resource temperatures, the systems and methods of the present disclosure can utilize reservoirs with marginal or even sub-marginal resource temperatures for diurnal and seasonal storage of STE, thereby further enabling BES and load-following power generation. Combined with parasitic-load time-shifting, this approach can be scheduled to take excess power from the grid and store electricity and STE when supplies of photovoltaic (PV) power and concentrating solar power (CSP) are greatest. Because the availability of STE coincides when PV power and CSP supplies are greatest, the systems and methods of the present disclosure can synergistically take power from the grid when there is a surplus of solar power, such as from 1 1 AM to 2PM during the spring and fall. This approach is unique by virtue of being the only solar-energy technology believed to exist which is designed to take power from, and deliver power to, the grid with exactly the opposite timing (both diurnaliy and seasonally) of all other existing solar-energy technologies. If deployed at a sufficiently large scale, the hybrid solar-geothermal approach which the present systems and methods enables could offset diurnal and seasonal variability of solar power being supplied to electricity grids. This in turn would reduce dependence on fossil-energy (C0 ₂ -intensive) back-up and load- following power generation systems, while not displacing other low-COa power sources, such as nuclear. Integration of Multi- Fluid and Single-Fluid Geothermal/STES Reservoirs

[0030] The fourth family of embodiments enables multi-fluid geothermal/STES reservoirs (such as system 10 in Figure 1) to be integrated with single-fluid (brine-only) geothermal/STES reservoir (system 200 in Figure 3). This approach enables brine to be pre-heated in a relatively shallow reservoir with moderate temperatures prior to being injected into a hotter and deeper reservoir. Series looping of brine through two integrated (shallow and deep) reservoirs may be a more efficient power-conversion process than parallel looping of brine in two independent (shallow and deep) reservoirs. This approach also uses C0 ₂ as a working fluid where it is more advantageous (shallower reservoirs with lower temperatures), while using brine as a working fluid where it is more advantageous, such as with deeper/hotter reservoirs. This embodiment family can be combined with other embodiment families (e.g., parasitic-load time-shifting) to increase BES capacity. Another advantageous combination is to pre-heat C0 ₂ /N ₂ produced from a shallow multi-fluid geothermal reservoir with brine produced from a deeper/hotter reservoir, prior to sending the CO ₂ / ₂ through a direct turbine, as discussed below.

Multi-Fluid Power Conversion: Brine-to-C0 ₂ /N ₂ Heat Transfer in Surface- Located Heat Exchangers

[0031] A fifth family of embodiments that may be implemented using the teachings of the present disclosure involves transferring heat from produced brine to produced C0 ₂ /N ₂ mixtures in a surface-located heat exchanger (201 of Figures 1 , 3, and 5), thereby taking advantage of the greater power-conversion efficiency of direct C0 ₂ /N ₂ turbines compared to ORG binary-cycle power plants. This approach is significant because it can generate more power per unit heat extracted from the geothermal reservoir than would be possible for a single-fluid (brine-only) power-conversion process. The Joule-Thomson effect causes C0 ₂ to cooi as it loses pressures flowing up the production well and expands. Note that a potential benefit of mixing N ₂ with CO? is that N ₂ will reduce the pressure loss up the borehole, resulting in greater wellhead pressure, which could increase power generated from produced C0 ₂ , Because brine loses little temperature as it flows up the brine production well, when it originates from the same reservoir pressure and temperature conditions as did the C0 ₂ /N _2! it will always be hotter than produced G0 ₂ /N ₂ . Therefore, there will always be the opportunity for produced C0 ₂ /N ₂ to be pre-heated by produced brine in a surface heat exchanger prior to it being sent through a direct C0 ₂ /N ₂ turbine. An operational goal would be to balance the respective brine and C0 ₂ /N ₂ production rates so that most of the potentially available heat in the produced brine could utilized to pre-heat the C0 ₂ /N ₂ prior to C0 ₂ /N ₂ being sent through the direct turbine.

[0032] With reference to Figure 5, a flowchart 300 is presented which shows operational combinations of the embodiments of this disclosure that (1 ) harvest, (2) store, in the form of thermal energy and bulk energy (pressure), and (3) dispatch renewable energy, in response to real-time and projected requirements of eiectricity grids. Operations 201 , 202, 203, and 210 are executed above ground (surface-located). Systems 10 and 200 and Operations 204, 205, 208, 207, 208, and 209 are executed in the subsurface. Operation 201 converts thermal energy to electricity. Operation 210 extracts chilled thermal energy for cooling purposes, such as with a power plant to boost its efficiency. Operation 202 temporarily stores produced brine in surface- located reservoirs to allow scheduling the parasitic load of pressurization and injection when power supply exceeds demand. Operation 203 harvests and injects/stores thermal energy from above-ground sources (solar, waste heat, and chilled energy) when it is most advantageous to do so. Operation 206 checks whether a subsurface operation is either multi-fluid (System 10) or single-fluid (System 200); Operation 209 checks whether it is run as either a geothermai. geothermal/STES, or CTES reservoir. Operation 205 checks whether the produced brine is totally or partially sent to separate reservoirs or is either totally or partially sent to power turbines and heat exchangers to generate electricity. For multi-fluid reservoirs, operation 204 checks whether the injection of C0 ₂ and/or N ₂ injection is steady and/or cyclic. Operation 207 checks whether make-up water from a separate source is injected into either multi-fluid or single-fluid reservoirs. Operation 208 checks whether make-up brine from a separate source is injected into either multi- fluid or single-fluid reservoirs.

[0033] At operation 206, if a multi-fluid or single-fluid geothermal,

STES or CTES reservoir is being used, then a check may be made at operation 209 to determine if the reservoir is a CTES reservoir, and if so, operation 210 may be performed to extract the CTE. Chilled Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) Reservoir Systems

[0034] The sixth family of embodiments enables diurnal and seasonal chilled thermal energy storage (CTES), using the single-fluid, concentric-ring well design (Figures 3 and 4) and the first family of embodiments of this disclosure. Seasonal CTES, which utilizes the cold of winter, can be achieved in a number of ways. It can be done by chilling produced brine when it is most advantageous. A possible brine source is that extracted from a geological C0 ₂ storage (GCS) operation for the purpose of pressure management. An example of when conditions are advantageous is at night in the winter when (1 ) air temperatures are coldest, (2) heat loss by thermal radiation is greatest, and (3) there is excess power on the grid to supply the parasitic load for brine extraction/chilling/reinjection operations. Seasonal CTES can also be achieved by collecting snow and ice removed from roads and highways, which because they sometimes contain de-icing salt may have a saline composition. When CTE is used to chili the inlet air for natural gas and geothermai turbines, it can increase power output by up to 20 percent, which improves peak power capacity and is particularly valuable during the summer months when air temperatures are high. A combination of embodiment families 2 and 6 yields Pumped Chilled Hydro Energy Storage (PCHES). In Figure 4, the outer ring of brine production wells (218a) can also function as brine reinjection wells.

1 [0035] Ideal attributes for CTES reservoir resources are nearly the antithesis of those for typical geothermal resources. Ideal CTES resources are those with cool temperatures; hence, great depths are not required to attain economically viable temperatures. Because CTE is being replenished on an annual basis, CTES reservoirs can be much smaller than the reservoirs required for sed i m en tary- basi n , geothermal-energy systems. Rather than being a possible hindrance, reservoir compartmentalization can be an asset that is more conducive to subsurface storage of pumped hydro energy. Thus, CTES reservoir systems will have much wider geographic resource potential than sedimentary-basin geothermal-energy systems. This approach can be integrated into a base-load fossil energy plant to improve the economic viability of capturing and storing C0 ₂ . This approach can also be integrated into renewable geo-energy systems to enhance BES, STE storage, and load- following power-generation capacities.

[0036] While various embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will recognize modifications or variations which might be made without departing from the present disclosure. The examples illustrate the various embodiments and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Therefore, the description and claims should be interpreted liberally with only such limitation as is necessary in view of the pertinent prior art.