CONTAINING SOLID NANOSIZE CARBON PARTICLES FOR FUEL BASED ON BIOETHANOL AND GASOLINE IPC (2017.01): CIOL 10/00, CIOL 10/10

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention herein relates to methods for modification of motor fuel based on bioethanol and gasoline for internal combustion engines and solves the issue of increased quality of fuel.

BACKGROUND

Generally, engineers who develop engines intend to ensure their efficiency, ecological compatibility and service lives by their designs. Increased quantitative and qualitative indices of motor fuels including addition of special additives serve as additional structural solutions.

Methods for modification of motor fuels by addition of nanosize particles of metals and metal oxides for the general purpose of using their catalytic properties are well known. Thus nanosize particles of metals and metal oxides may be used for improving combustion or increasing the level of catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel (US20090000186 Al, 01.01.2009, the USA, James Kenneth Sanders). For this purpose nanosize particles of zinc oxide may be used as a component of the fuel composition that contains liquid fuel, a certain quantity of nanosize particles of zinc oxide and surfactant (surface active agent) and is free of sulfur (US20120204480, 16.8.2012, the USA, James Kenneth Sanders). For the purpose of elimination of toxic discharges from exhaust catalytic converters in cars cerium oxide is used as one of the components (US201 10010986 Al, 20.1.2011, the USA, Jose Antonio Alarco, Peter Cade Talbot). The common deficiency of these methods is the presence of nanosize particles of heavy metal oxides in exhaust gases. These particles freely penetrate into body of people, animals and plants by resorption and ingestion when mixed with water due to their chemical stability and high mobility in air and water and capability to pass through filters of all types. Other significant disadvantages of nanosize particles of metals and metal oxides that are used as additives are their high costs, high densities (more than 5 g/cm ³ ), the necessity of using expensive surfactants for stabilization of their suspensions in liquid fuels, sedimentation (precipitation) of nanosize particles due to changes in fuel temperature or viscosity. Unavoidable deficiency of metal additives is their tendency to form carbide phases at high temperatures generated in the engine cylinder above the piston (900 to 1000 °C). Similar to nanosize particles of cerium oxide carbides have the abrasive effect on cylinder walls and packing rings and this results in accelerated wearing of engine parts.

Also, for improving the performance of motor fuels various organic additives may be used. Contrary to the oxide agents they burn down completely. For example, the multifunction additive for motor gasoline (patent RU2478694, 20.12.2012) which is based on Mannich bases and produced by reactions between alkyl polyphenols and polyethylene amines is known. Deficiencies of this multifunction additive includes poor antioxidant properties, lack of positive effects on fuel combustion and poor antiwear properties. Also a multifunction additive for hydrocarbon fuel is known (WO 2014168513, 16.10.2014). This additive contains a mixture comprising one or some mixed ethers and one or some oxygenates. At that N-methyl paraanisidine and/or N-methyl paraphenetidine are used as mixed ethers and dimethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate and/or methyl acetate and/or ethyl acetate and/or methylal are used as oxygenates. Significant deficiencies of this additive are high hygroscopicity and instability of oxygenate components such as dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate as well as lack of any antiwear capabilities. Additionally, this additive decreases the fuel value due to the high content of oxygenates. The necessity of adding this additive to fuel with high contents, up to 5 per cent, makes its application economically unjustified.

Thus, the known classes of multifunction modifying additives have a significant number of unavoidable disadvantages which reduce their efficiency, negatively affect service lives of engines and deteriorate the environment. The aim of the disclosed invention is to propose a new class of multifunction modifying additives which are free of the above disadvantages and have significant benefits due to the presence of a solid component of principally new type in their composition. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSED INVENTION

The disclosed invention's technical task is to ensure more complete combustion of motor fuel based on bioethanol and gasoline and reduce wear rates of internal combustion engine parts with the simultaneous reduction of contents of harmful combustion products in exhaust gases.

The designated task has been solved by introduction of nanosize particles of carbon as a solid component into a composition of liquid organic additive.

The nanosize particles of carbon have a number of significant benefits as against the above mentioned inorganic and organic additives.

1. Due to their lower density (generally less than 2 g/cm ³ ) the nanosize particles of carbon and their suspensions are resistant to sedimentation. 2. The particles have small sizes, generally 1 to 20 nm, and this solves the problem of stability of their suspensions in the wide range of fuel temperatures, also they do not produce precipitations in fuel systems of cars.

3. The nanosize particles of carbon have a microporous structure which allows them to retain light hydrocarbons condensed in micropores and adsorb molecules of organic substances that are introduced for stabilization of the nanosize particles in the fuel and give additional Brownian mobility in the mixed hydrophilic and hydrophobic environment playing the role of nanosize mixers that preclude stratification of the alcohol and gasoline mixture at the level of alcohol and gasoline clusters.

4. They easily pass through the fuel system without clogging and quite the contrary they improve the functions and durability of a fuel pump serving as solid lubricant. Also due to their low hardness and low toughness they do not have an abrasive effect on the injectors.

5. They are spayed as a liquid - pneumatic mixture and easily maintained in gaseous environment after evaporation of fuel until its firing.

6. They completely burn down together with fuel working as microlighters which are distributed across the whole volume of the cylinder and have a longer combustion period compared with fuel vapors. They fire the mixture in the so-called 'dead zones' where the complete combustion is absent under normal conditions. In such a way they ensure the completeness of fuel combustion up to 100 per cent in the whole volume above the piston. This mechanism of functioning of nanosize carbon particles ensures significant reduction of loads on the catalytic filters-converters.

To ensure maximum efficiency of fuel combustion, prevent its stratification into gasoline and bioethanol and preclude precipitation each particle of the solid component shall be surrounded by organic stabilizer. An organic component of the additive is used as such a stabilizer. This component is described by formulas of various aliphatic and aromatic series (hereinafter it is referred as 'a liquid-phase organic stabilizer'). The liquid-phase organic stabilizer increases the effective size of solid-phase nanosize carbon particles in the suspension and reduces their effective density slowing Stokes precipitation. When temperature increases the fuel viscosity decreases and the precipitation of particles is accelerated but this undesirable process is neutralized by the presence of the liquid-phase organic stabilizer which reduces dependence of the fuel viscosity from temperature.

Generally, the motor fuel itself serves as a solvent of liquid-phase organic components for dispersing solid-phase particles. However, n-butyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol or their mixture serves as an organic solvent in the disclosed additive. This specific choice of the solvent is due to a number of benefits of using butanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, isobutanol and other alcohols, in particular, heavy alcohols: good miscibility with hydrocarbons, low hygroscopicity and slower rates of evaporation, effective solvent ability for related organic substances, relative safety and economically inexpensive and available.

A composition of multifunction modifying additive for motor fuels on the basis of bioethanol and gasoline which contains certain proportions of n-butyl alcohol or n-butyl alcohol together with ethyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol as an organic solvent, aliphatic and/or aromatic substances as liquid-phase organic stabilizer and additionally comprises nanosize particles of carbon as a solid-phase component which is evenly dispersible in the organic solvent in presence of the liquid-phase organic stabilizer is disclosed. Some components of the modifying additive are taken in the following proportions: the liquid-phase organic stabilizer in the organic solvent - up to 10 wt %; the nanosize carbon particles - up to 0,5 wt %; the solvent - the rest.

Spherical onion-like particles (nano-onion), spherical and plate-like particles of soot, particles of graphite and diamond of arbitrary shapes have been taken as the nanosize carbon particles. The nanosize particles were 1 to 100 nm in size in any direction and their density was 1,1 to 3,5 g/cm ³ .

Experiments have shown the following composition of four components as the most effective liquid-phase organic stabilizer for the organic solvent:

1. Organic nitrogen-containing aromatic components of general formula R'-C6H ₄ -N(R ² )(R ³ ), where R ¹ is hydrogen (H) or linear or branched chemical group, aliphatic part CI - C6, R ² - H or CH ₃ , or C ₂ H ₅ , R ³ - H or CH _3> or C ₂ ¾;

2. Cyclic amide with the number of carbon atoms in the cycle from 4 to 6;

3. Polyamide produced by condensation of polyethylene polyamine of general formula NH ₂ (CH ₂ CH ₂ NH) _n H, where n = 2-8; and

4. Organic carbon acids of a linear or branched structure of the general formula with the number of carbon atoms in the chain from 5 to 24 and the number of unsaturated double bonds in the chain from 0 to 5.

At that the first component is taken at a rate of 1,0 to 98,9 wt %, the second - at a rate of 1 ,0 to 90,0 wt %, the third and the fourth are taken together as the rest.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODYMENT

The embodiment of this invention is illustrated by the following example. The nanosize particles of carbon are dispersed in the organic solvent with the use of an ultrasonic device for two hours in a reactor with a stirring rod and a backflow condenser. Under maintained stirring some quantity of stearic acid polyamide is poured by portions into the prepared dispersion then it is mixed and treated by ultrasound for an hour. After that monomethylamine or caprolactam is poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours. The final product is a liquid of green-black color.

The effect of the disclosed additive on the motor fuel performance was studied for a wide range of fuel mixtures with ratios of bioethanol/gasoline from 30/70 to 90/10. At that the additive content was varied in the range from 1,0 to 3,0 wt %.

On the basis of the performed experiments and tests it was established that the multifunction modifying additive to be disclosed ensures the improved performance of motor fuels on the basis of bioethanol and gasoline and this improvement may be expressed as the following quantitative indices:

a) the increased octane number by 5-6 units;

b) up to 100 per cent increase in fuel efficiency in engine cylinder blocks;

c) 10 to 15 per cent decrease in fuel consumption by two-stroke engines as against gasoline;

d) an increase in fuel efficiency by 20 to 30 per cent as against gasoline;

e) reduced wearing of parts of car fuel systems (a pump, injectors) and car engines affected by friction by a factor of 10;

f) decreased (half as much) content of harmful impurities in car exhaust gases, in particular carbon monoxide (down to 0 per cent), unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides;

g) significant decrease in corrosion losses that are typical for non-ferrous metals in the presence of ethanol.

The authors have conducted numerous experiments to determine effective combinations of the disclosed additive's components. Compositions, quantities and component ratios in the organic solvent and the liquid-phase organic stabilizer and the content of solid-phase nanosize particles of carbon per unit volume of mixture were systematically varied. As illustration, some examples with the use of various types of the liquid-phase organic stabilizer and various contents of the nanosize particles of carbon are provided.

Example 1 (an intermediate content of the solid component).

200 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in 10 g of n-butyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide was poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 80 g of monomethylamine was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours. Example 2 (a minimum content of the solid component).

5 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in 20 g of n-butyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide was poured into the produced dispersion. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 70 g of monomethylamine was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 3 (a maximum content of the solid component).

500 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in 10 g of n-butyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide was poured into the produced dispersion. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 80 g of monomethylamine was poured into the reaction volume and it was mixed for another two hours.

Example 4 (an intermediate content of the solid component).

200 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 10 g of n-butyl alcohol and 50 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide was poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 30 g of caprolactam was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 5 (a minimum content of the solid component).

5 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in 60 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide was poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 30 g of caprolactam was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 6 (a maximum content of the solid component).

500 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 30 g of n-butyl alcohol and 30 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide was poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 30 g of caprolactam was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours. Example 7 (an intermediate content of the solid component).

200 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 10 g of n-butyl alcohol and 50 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 5 g of stearic acid polyamide and 5 g of oleic acid were poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 30 g of caprolactam was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 8 (a minimum content of the solid component).

5 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in 60 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 5 g of stearic acid polyamide and 5 g of oleic acid were poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 30 g of caprolactam was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 9 (a maximum content of the solid component).

500 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 30 g of n-butyl alcohol and 30 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 5 g of stearic acid polyamide and 5 g of oleic acid were poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 30 g of caprolactam was poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 10 (an intermediate content of the solid component).

200 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 5 g of n-butyl alcohol and 5 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide and 10 g of linoleic acid were poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 55 g of monomethylamine and 15 g of caprolactam were poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

Example 1 1 (a minimum content of the solid component).

5 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 5 g of n-butyl alcohol and 15 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide and 10 g of linoleic acid were poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 45 g of monomethylamine and 15 g of caprolactam were poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours. Example 12 (a maximum content of the solid component).

500 mg of nanosize particles of carbon were ultrasonically dispersed in a mixture of 5 g of n-butyl alcohol and 5 g of ethyl alcohol in a reactor with a mixer and a backflow condenser for two hours. Under permanent stirring 10 g of stearic acid polyamide and 10 g of linoleic acid were poured into the produced dispersion by portions. Then the dispersion was mixed and ultrasonically treated for one hour. After that 55 g of monomethylamine and 15 g of caprolactam were poured into the reaction volume and mixed for another two hours.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The disclosed invention will be better understood but not restricted by reference to the drawings which show the following:

Fig. 1 - Increase in motor fuel efficiency when the disclosed additive is used.

Fig. 2 - Energy and ecological indices for the MeM3-307.1 internal combustion engine in the maximum torque mode, n = 3200 rpm: a is the excess air coefficient, 0 is the optimal angle of lead for firing at the upper dead point.

CAPABILITY OF EXPLOITATION IN INDUSTRY

To determine quantitative characteristics of motor fuel with the disclosed additive the test for the octane number indicator by the motor method (MON) according to ISO 5163 (or ASTM D 2700, or CIS Interstate Standard 511) was carried out. Gasoline with the octane number of 66 ('gasoline') was taken for the test. Various variants of the disclosed additive were successively added in quantity from 1,0 to 3,0 wt %. For the purpose of comparison the indicators of the A66 gasoline with the well-known organic additive which does not contain nanosize particles (Ecostab) are shown. The test results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Item Fuel sample Additive MON Increase

content finding in octane number

1. Gasoline without additives 66 units -

2. Gasoline + Ecostab additive 2,0 wt % 68 units +2 units

3. Gasoline + Ecostab additive 3,0 wt % 69 units +3 units

4. Gasoline + Example 1 1 ,0 wt % 71 units +5 units

5. Gasoline + Example 1 2,0 wt % 72 units +6 units

6. Gasoline + Example 1 3,0 wt % 74 units +8 units

7. Gasoline + Example 2 1 ,0 wt % 71 units +5 units

8. Gasoline + Example 2 2,0 wt % 72 units +6 units asoline + Example 2 3,0 wt % 73 units +7 units

asoline + Example 3 1,0 wt % 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 3 2,0 wt % 73 units +7 units

asoline + Example 3 3,0 wt % 75 units +9 units

asoline + Example 4 1,0 wt % 69 units +3 units

asoline + Example 4 2,0 wt % 70 units +4 units

asoline + Example 4 3,0 wt % 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 5 1,0 wt % 69 units +3 units

asoline + Example 5 2,0 wt % 70 units +4 units

asoline + Example 5 3,0 wt % 70 units +4 units

asoline + Example 6 1,0 wt % 69 units +3 units

asoline + Example 6 2,0 wt % 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 6 3,0 wt % 72 units +6 units

asoline + Example 7 1,0 % wt 69 units +3 units

asoline + Example 7 2,0 % wt 70 units +4 units

asoline + Example 7 3,0 % wt 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 8 1,0 % wt 69 units +3 units

asoline + Example 8 2,0 % wt 70 units +4 units

asoline + Example 8 3,0 % wt 70 units +4 units

asoline + Example 9 1,0 % wt 69 units +3 units

asoline + Example 9 2,0 % wt 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 9 3,0 % wt 72 units +6 units

asoline + Example 10 1,0 % wt 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 10 2,0 % wt 72 units +6 units

asoline + Example 10 3,0 % wt 74 units +7 units

asoline + Example 11 1,0 % wt 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 11 2,0 % wt 72 units +6 units

asoline + Example 11 3,0 % wt 73 units +7 units

asoline + Example 12 1,0 % wt 71 units +5 units

asoline + Example 12 2,0 % wt 73 units +6 units

asoline + Example 12 3,0 % wt 75 units +8 units

The test results show that the disclosed additive added in gasoline in the quantity of 3,0nsures an increase in its octane number by 3-9 units that is significantly higher that the 4

10 effect of the well-known reference additive produced by Ecostab which increases the octane number by maximum three units.

Other studies are illustrated by examples of the wide-spread grades of gasoline, A95 and E85. The efficiency of the fuel with the disclosed additive was determined by the motor testing with the use of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. The results are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Thus the use of the disclosed additive in the quantity of 0,2 wt % ensures reduced energy losses due to friction in the cylinder and piston group and the fuel system, an increase in completeness of gasoline combustion in engine and increased engine efficiency that is also due to catalytic properties of the disclosed additive which have positive effects on the combustion processes in the engine's combustion chamber. Consequently, the fuel savings in the quantity of 5 per cent as compared with gasoline E85 without the additive have been obtained.

As is well known, the total fuel efficiency is based on the engine's effective power and calorific value. The efficiency of alcohol engines is higher as compared with gasoline engines in the whole range of fuel-air mixtures and this results in reduced rates of energy consumption per unit of power. The total efficiency of fuel mixture gradually increases with the increase content of ethanol in fuel and the use of the disclosed additive ensures the further increase in the efficiency as Fig. 1 shows. Hereinafter the term E85 'plus' denotes gasoline of grade E85 with addition of the additive.

The experimental determination of critical axial load values upon engaging into mesh, P _cr , has been conducted on the model friction station under a constant loading rate. The following test method has been used. After finishing the chamber, parts of specimen fixtures and specimens themselves were carefully washed in acetone and wiped dry with the use of clean cloths. The fuel mixture under study was poured into a bath and a nominal rotational speed of 300 rpm of the counterpart was attained with the use of the main drive shaft. Then the axial loading gradually increased by the loading drive at the constant rate of loading. The data on actual loading values were recorded automatically with the use of a special software and stored as a text file on a hard disk of IBM PC. After attaining the critical load, the loading and rotational drives became disconnected automatically. After finishing the experiment, the friction station was automatically unloaded to the initial state. A simple mean value of three parallel experiments was assumed as the test result because deviations between the measured values didn't exceed 6 per cent of the simple means. The results are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Thus, the parallel tests conducted in accordance with the specified procedure have shown that according to the values of critical axial loads upon engaging into mesh obtained by the tests on the model friction station the fuel samples are ranged in the following order (from the best to the worst): E85 with the disclosed additive, A95, E85. The critical load for the E85 fuel with the additive increases by 16,6 per cent as against the E85 without the additive. The higher value of critical load shows the higher self-ability of fuel layers to adhere to metal surface and protect metal from intense wearing under conditions of high loads, shear rates and temperatures.

To determine economical and ecological indices for the fuel with the disclosed additive the parallel bench tests of three fuel grades have been conducted: 1) A95 - petroleum gasoline, 2) E85 - ecological gasoline contained 85 wt % of ethyl alcohol, 3) E85 'plus' - ecological gasoline contained 85 wt % of ethyl alcohol with the addition of the disclosed additive in the quantity of 0,1 wt %.

Tests for wear resistance were conducted according to the method 'Determination of antiwear and antifriction properties on the ASK-01 friction station' that had been approved by the Ukrainian Research and Training Center of Chemmotology and Certification of Combustion- Lubricating Materials and Engineering Substances, come into effect of 01.12.201 1. The results of tests for antiwear properties of the test fuel samples are presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Wear measu rement data,

average values o1 ^" three tests I, μπι

Fuel sample

1 ^st friction stage, 2 ^nd friction stage, 3 ^rd friction stage, 4 ^C friction stage, 320 m 320 m 320 m 1900 m

A95 1,14 1,52 1,80 5,66 E85 0,61 0,60 0,49 0,95

E85 «plus» 0,20 0,53 0,31 0,55

A number of motor tests were conducted on a 4 stroke engine MeM3-307.1 with sparkplug ignition according to USSR/Russia State Standard 14846-81 'Car engines. Methods of bench testing' (come into effect of 01.01.1982). The MeM3 engine performance data are available at the home page of KhRP 'AutoZAZ- otor' at web address http://memz.com.ua/html/memz-307.htm.

The performance data according to USSR/Russia State Standard and exhaust gases indices (CO, C0 ₂ , C _n H _m , NO _x ) were determined for three modes of engine operation: maximum economy according to the performed calculations ('cruising speed', n = 2800 rpm, Mcr = 43 N-m), maximum torque (n = 3200 rpm) and idle running (n = 900 rpm).

The analysis of the test results has shown that in the cruising speed mode (torque Mcr = 43 N-m, speed of rotation n = 2800 rpm) as compared with petroleum gasoline A95 the fuel consumption (L/100 km) for one hour for gasoline grade E85 is more by 15 % and for gasoline grade E85 'plus' is more by 9,5 %. That is the use of the disclosed additive decreases the fuel consumption by 5,3 %. The actual values of the engine's effective efficiency for fuel mixtures E85 'plus' and E85 do not differ in the maximum torque mode (n = 3200 rpm). At the same time in the cruising speed mode (Mcr = 43 N-m and n = 2800 rpm) the effective efficiency for gasoline E85 'plus' with the disclosed additive is more by 5,3 % as compared with E85. The results are presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Some ecological indices have been also determined.

Emissions of carbon monoxide CO in exhausted gases of the engine operated with ecological gasoline E85 'plus' in the maximum torque mode (n = 3200 rpm) are less by 20 % and in the idle running mode (n = 900 rpm) are less by 23 % as compared with E85 (see Table 6). Table 6

Emissions of C„H _m in exhausted gases of the engine operated with ecological gasoline E85 'plus' in the cruising speed mode (Mcr = 43 N-m and n = 2800 rpm) are less by 0,5 % and in the idle running mode (n = 900 rpm) are less by 8,8 % as compared with E85 (see Table 7).

Table 7

The sharp decrease of the C _n H _m content in exhausted gases indicates an increase up to 100 % in completeness of fuel combustion in the engine cylinder block.

Emissions of NOx in exhausted gases of the engine operated with ecological gasoline E85 'plus' in the maximum torque mode (n = 3200 rpm) are less by 3,3 % and in the cruising speed mode (Mcr = 43 N-m and n = 2800 rpm) are less by 16,8 % as compared with E85 (see Table 8).

Table 8

The aggregates of harmful emissions in exhausted gases for the MeM3-307.1 tested engine are presented as a scheme in Fig. 2. The measurements were conducted in the maximum torque mode at n = 3200 rpm, a is the excess air ratio, Θ is the angle of lead for firing at the upper dead point.

The results of bench tests and studies of quantitative characteristics of the fuel mixtures clearly show the benefits of the fuel with the disclosed additive in the quantity of 1,0 to 3,0 wt %.