HAVING A COLOR-TAILORED EMISSION PATTERN

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] N/A

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] N/A

BACKGROUND

[0003] Electronic displays are a nearly ubiquitous medium for communicating information to users of a wide variety of devices and products. Most commonly employed electronic displays include the cathode ray tube (CRT), plasma display panels (PDP), liquid crystal displays (LCD), electroluminescent displays (EL), organic light emitting diode (OLED) and active matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) displays, electrophoretic displays (EP) and various displays that employ electromechanical or electrofluidic light modulation (e.g., digital micromirror devices, electrowetting displays, etc.). Generally, electronic displays may be categorized as either active displays (i.e., displays that emit light) or passive displays (i.e., displays that modulate light provided by another source). Among the most obvious examples of active displays are CRTs, PDPs and

OLEDs/ AMOLED s. Displays that are typically classified as passive when considering emitted light are LCDs and EP displays. Passive displays, while often exhibiting attractive performance characteristics including, but not limited to, inherently low power consumption, may find somewhat limited use in many practical applications given the lack of an ability to emit light.

[0004] To overcome the limitations of passive displays associated with emitted light, many passive displays are coupled to an external light source. The coupled light source may allow these otherwise passive displays to emit light and function substantially as an active display. Examples of such coupled light sources are backlights. A backlight may serve as a source of light (often a panel backlight) that is placed behind an otherwise passive display to illuminate the passive display. For example, a backlight may be coupled to an LCD or an EP display. The backlight emits light that passes through the LCD or the EP display. The light emitted is modulated by the LCD or the EP display and the modulated light is then emitted, in turn, from the LCD or the EP display. Often backlights are configured to emit white light. Color filters are then used to transform the white light into various colors used in the display. The color filters may be placed at an output of the LCD or the EP display (less common) or between the backlight and the LCD or the EP display, for example. Alternatively, the various colors may be implemented by field-sequential illumination of a display using different colors, such as primary colors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] Various features of examples and embodiments in accordance with the principles described herein may be more readily understood with reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:

[0006] Figure 1 A illustrates a perspective view of a multiview display in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0007] Figure IB illustrates a graphical representation of angular components of a light beam having a particular principal angular direction corresponding to a view direction of a multiview display in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0008] Figure 2 illustrates a cross sectional view of a diffraction grating in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0009] Figure 3 A illustrates a cross sectional view of a multiview backlight in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0010] Figure 3B illustrates a plan view of a multiview backlight in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0011] Figure 3C illustrates a perspective view of a multiview backlight in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. [0012] Figure 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight that exhibits color breakup in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0013] Figure 5 illustrates a graphical representation of color breakup in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0014] Figure 6 illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0015] Figure 7 A illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0016] Figure 7B illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight in an example, according to another embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0017] Figure 8 illustrates a block diagram of a multiview display in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0018] Figure 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method of multiview backlight operation in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein.

[0019] Certain examples and embodiments have other features that are one of in addition to and in lieu of the features illustrated in the above-referenced figures. These and other features are detailed below with reference to the above-referenced figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Examples and embodiments in accordance with the principles described herein provide multiview backlighting having a color-tailored emission pattern. In particular, multiview backlighting embodiments described herein employ a color-tailored multibeam element to provide emitted light having the color-tailored emission pattern. According to various embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element is configured to provide emitted light comprising light beams having a plurality of different principal angular directions. The different principal angular directions of the light beams may correspond to directions of various different views of a multiview display, for example. Further, since the light emitted by color-tailored multibeam element has the color-tailored emission pattern, the light beams include different colors of light consistent with that emission pattern, according to various embodiments. As such, the multiview backlighting employing the color-tailored multibeam element may be configured to provide color backlighting with particular application to color multiview displays. Uses of color multiview displays employing the multiview backlighting having the color-tailored emission pattern include, but are not limited to, mobile telephones (e.g., smart phones), watches, tablet computes, mobile computers (e.g., laptop computers), personal computers and computer monitors, automobile display consoles, cameras displays, and various other mobile as well as substantially non-mobile display applications and devices.

[0021] Embodiments consistent with the principles described herein provide a multiview backlight (e.g., of a multiview display) that includes the color-tailored multibeam element (e.g., a plurality or array of color-tailored multibeam elements).

According to various embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element is configured to provide a plurality of light beams having different principal angular directions from other light beams of the light beam plurality. As such, the light beams of the light beam plurality may be referred to as 'directional' light beams of a plurality of directional light beams. The different principal angular directions of the directional light beams may correspond to angular directions associated with a spatial arrangement of pixels, or 'view pixels,' in a multiview pixel of a multiview display, according to some embodiments.

[0022] Further, the color-tailored multibeam elements of the multiview backlight are configured to provide emitted light comprising light beams that have, include or represent a plurality of different colors of light. For example, the light beam plurality may include light beams representing different colors such as, but not limited to, red (R), green (G), and blue (B) of an RGB color model. The color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element is configured to provide sets of the different color light beams having substantially similar principal angular directions. For example, the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element may provide a set of light beams including light beams of several different colors (e.g., R, G, B) all of which have substantially the same principal angular direction that, in turn, corresponds to a direction of one of the view pixels of the multiview display. Another set of different color light beams (e.g., also including R, G, B light beams) provided by the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element may have substantially similar principal angular directions corresponding to a direction of a different one of the view pixels. As such, the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element may facilitate providing or illuminating each of the view pixels of the multiview pixel with a set of different colors of light (e.g., red, green and blue), according to various embodiments. Further, as is described in more detail below, the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element may be configured to mitigate or even substantially compensate for various effects such as color-break up that, for example, may be associated with a finite size of the color-tailored multibeam element.

[0023] According to some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element is configured to provide the emitted light as or representing a plurality of virtual sub- elements of a composite virtual extended source. In particular, the color-tailored emission pattern of the emitted light may be divided into different zones that contain or represent different colors of light. The different zones may represent the plurality of virtual sub-elements, each virtual sub-element having a different color from another virtual sub-element of the virtual sub-element plurality. Together, the virtual sub- elements serve or function as the composite virtual extended source. Further, a distribution of virtual sub-elements within the composite virtual extended source may be spatially offset from one another to provide the color-tailored emission pattern according to the different colors. The spatial arrangement of the virtual sub-elements may correspond to a spatial arrangement or spacing of color sub-portions or 'color sub-pixels' of view pixels in a multiview pixel of the multiview display, in some embodiments.

[0024] Herein, a 'multiview display' is defined as an electronic display or display system configured to provide different views of a multiview image in different view directions. Figure 1 A illustrates a perspective view of a multiview display 10 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated in Figure 1A, the multiview display 10 comprises a screen 12 to display a multiview image to be viewed. The screen 12 may be a display screen of a telephone (e.g., mobile telephone, smart phone, etc.), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a computer monitor of a desktop computer, a camera display, or an electronic display of substantially any other device, for example. The multiview display 10 provides different views 14 of the multiview image in different view directions 16 relative to the screen 12. The view directions 16 are illustrated as arrows extending from the screen 12 in various different principal angular directions; the different views 14 are illustrated as shaded polygonal boxes at the termination of the arrows (i.e., depicting the view directions 16); and only four views 14 and four view directions 16 are illustrated, all by way of example and not limitation. Note that while the different views 14 are illustrated in Figure 1 A as being above the screen, the views 14 actually appear on or in a vicinity of the screen 12 when the multiview image is displayed on the multiview display 10. Depicting the views 14 above the screen 12 is only for simplicity of illustration and is meant to represent viewing the multiview display 10 from a respective one of the view directions 16 corresponding to a particular view 14.

[0025] A 'view direction' or equivalently a light beam having a direction corresponding to a view direction of a multiview display (i.e., a directional light beam) generally has a principal angular direction given by angular components {θ, φ}, by definition herein. The angular component # is referred to herein as the 'elevation component' or 'elevation angle' of the light beam. The angular component φ is referred to as the 'azimuth component' or 'azimuth angle' of the light beam. By definition, the elevation angle # is an angle in a vertical plane (e.g., perpendicular to a plane of the multiview display screen while the azimuth angle > is an angle in a horizontal plane (e.g., parallel to the multiview display screen plane).

[0026] Figure IB illustrates a graphical representation of the angular components

{θ, φ) of a light beam 18 having a particular principal angular direction corresponding to a view direction (e.g., view direction 16 in Figure 1 A) of a multiview display in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. In addition, the light beam 18 is emitted or emanates from a particular point, by definition herein. That is, by definition, the light beam 18 has a central ray associated with a particular point of origin within the multiview display. Figure IB also illustrates the light beam (or view direction) point of origin O. The light beam 18 also represents a directional light beam, herein. [0027] Further herein, the term 'multiview' as used in the terms 'multiview image' and 'multiview display' is defined as a plurality of views (e.g., images) representing different perspectives or including angular disparity between views of the view plurality. In addition, the term 'multiview' explicitly includes more than two different views (i.e., a minimum of three views and generally more than three views), by some definitions herein. As such, 'multiview display' as employed herein may be explicitly distinguished from a stereoscopic display that includes only two different views to represent a scene or an image. Note however, while multiview images and multiview displays include more than two views, by definition herein, multiview images may be viewed (e.g., on a multiview display) as a stereoscopic pair of images by selecting only two of the multiview views to view at a time (e.g., one view per eye).

[0028] A 'multiview pixel' is defined herein as a set of pixels or 'view pixels' representing image pixels in each of a similar plurality of different views of a multiview display. In particular, a multiview pixel has an individual view pixel corresponding to or representing an image pixel in each of the different views of the multiview image.

Moreover, the view pixels of the multiview pixel are so-called 'directional pixels' in that each of the view pixels is associated with a predetermined view direction of a

corresponding one of the different views, by definition herein. Further, according to various examples and embodiments, the different view pixels represented by the view pixels of a multiview pixel may have equivalent or at least substantially similar locations or coordinates in each of the different views. For example, a first multiview pixel may have individual view pixels corresponding to image pixels located at {xi, yi} in each of the different views of a multiview image, while a second multiview pixel may have individual view pixels corresponding to image pixels located at {x ₂ , in each of the different views, and so on.

[0029] In some embodiments, a number of view pixels in a multiview pixel may be equal to a number of views of the multiview display. For example, the multiview pixel may provide sixty-four (64) view pixels associated with a multiview display having 64 different views. In another example, the multiview display may provide an eight by four array of views (i.e., 32 views) and the multiview pixel may include thirty-two (32) view pixels (i.e., one for each view). In yet other examples, a number of views of the multiview display may range substantially anywhere from two or more views and be arranged in substantially any arrangement (e.g., rectangular, circular, etc.). As such, the view pixels in a multiview pixel may have both a similar number and similar arrangement to the number and the arrangement of the views of the multiview display, according to some embodiments. Additionally, each different view pixel generally has an associated direction (e.g., light beam principal angular direction) that corresponds to a different one of the view directions corresponding to the different views (e.g., 64 different views).

[0030] Further, according to some embodiments, a number of multiview pixels of the multiview display may be substantially equal to a number of pixels (i.e., pixels that make up a selected view) in the various individual views of the multiview display. For example, if a view includes six hundred forty by four hundred eighty pixels (i.e., the view has a 640 x 480 view resolution), the multiview display may have three hundred seven thousand two hundred (307,200) multiview pixels. In another example, when the views include one hundred by one hundred pixels, the multiview display may include a total of ten thousand (i.e., 100 x 100 = 10,000) multiview pixels.

[0031] In some embodiments, the view pixels in or of a multiview pixel may include portions or sub-portions that correspond to different colors. For example, a view pixel in the multiview pixel may include different color sub-portions or equivalently 'color sub-pixels,' by definition herein, that correspond to or that are configured to provide different colors. The color sub-pixels may be light valves (e.g., liquid crystal cells) having particular color filters, for example. In general, a number of color sub- pixels in a multiview pixel is larger than the number of view pixels or equivalently the number of views of the multiview display. In particular, an individual view pixel may include a plurality of color sub-pixels corresponding to or representing the view pixel and having an associated common direction. That is, the color sub-pixels of the plurality collectively represent the view pixel and the view pixel, in turn, has a direction (e.g., a principal angular direction) corresponding to a view direction of a particular view of the multiview image or equivalently of the multiview display. Herein, a size S of a view pixel is defined as a center-to-center spacing (or equivalently an edge-to-edge distance) between adjacent view pixels (see for example, Figures 3 A, 4 and 6, described below). Also, by definition, a size of a color sub-pixel of or within a view pixel is smaller than the view pixel size S, e.g., a color sub-pixel may have size S/3 when there are three color sub- pixels in a view pixel of size S. Herein, the color sub-pixels may have a size defined either by a center-to-center or edge-to-edge distance between adjacent color sub-pixels within a view pixel.

[0032] Further, the color sub-pixels may be configured to provide modulated light having wavelengths or equivalently colors associated the colors of or in the multiview image. For example, a first color sub-pixel of the plurality of color sub-pixels may be configured to provide modulated light having a wavelength corresponding to a first primary color (e.g., red). Further, a second color sub-pixel of the plurality of color sub- pixels may be configured to provide modulated light corresponding to a second primary color (e.g., green), and a third color sub-pixel of the plurality of color sub-pixels may be configured to provide modulated light corresponding to a third primary color (e.g., blue). Note that while a red-blue-green (RGB) color model is used as an illustration in this discussion, other color models may be used, according to embodiments consistent with the principles described herein. Also, a view pixel of a multiview pixel may include multiple color sub-pixels, which, therefore, have a smaller size or have a smaller spatial extent than the view pixel, by definition herein.

[0033] Herein, a 'light guide' is defined as a structure that guides light within the structure using total internal reflection or 'TIR.' In particular, the light guide may include a core that is substantially transparent at an operational wavelength of the light guide. In various examples, the term 'light guide' generally refers to a dielectric optical waveguide that employs total internal reflection to guide light at an interface between a dielectric material of the light guide and a material or medium that surrounds that light guide. By definition, a condition for total internal reflection is that a refractive index of the light guide is greater than a refractive index of a surrounding medium adjacent to a surface of the light guide material. In some embodiments, the light guide may include a coating in addition to or instead of the aforementioned refractive index difference to further facilitate the total internal reflection. The coating may be a reflective coating, for example. The light guide may be any of several light guides including, but not limited to, one or both of a plate or slab guide and a strip guide. [0034] Further herein, the term 'plate' when applied to a light guide as in a 'plate light guide' is defined as a piece-wise or differentially planar layer or sheet, which is sometimes referred to as a 'slab' guide. In particular, a plate light guide is defined as a light guide configured to guide light in two substantially orthogonal directions bounded by a top surface and a bottom surface (i.e., opposite surfaces) of the light guide. Further, by definition herein, the top and bottom surfaces are both separated from one another and may be substantially parallel to one another in at least a differential sense. That is, within any differentially small section of the plate light guide, the top and bottom surfaces are substantially parallel or co-planar.

[0035] In some embodiments, the plate light guide may be substantially flat (i.e., confined to a plane) and therefore, the plate light guide is a planar light guide. In other embodiments, the plate light guide may be curved in one or two orthogonal dimensions. For example, the plate light guide may be curved in a single dimension to form a cylindrical shaped plate light guide. However, any curvature has a radius of curvature sufficiently large to ensure that total internal reflection is maintained within the plate light guide to guide light.

[0036] By definition herein, a 'multibeam element' is a structure or element of a backlight or a display configured to produce light that includes a plurality of light beams. In some embodiments, the multibeam element may be optically coupled to a light guide of a backlight to provide the light beams by coupling or scattering out a portion of light guided in the light guide. Further, the light beams of the plurality of light beams produced by a multibeam element have different principal angular directions from one another, by definition herein. In particular, by definition, a light beam of the plurality has a predetermined principal angular direction that is different from another light beam of the light beam plurality.

[0037] By definition herein, a 'color-tailored multibeam element' is a multibeam element configured to couple out, scatter or emit light having the color-tailored emission pattern, the emitted light comprising the light beams having the different principal angular directions. In particular, as mentioned above, the color-tailored multibeam element is configured to interact with and scatter a portion of guided light as emitted light. Further, the light that scattered is emitted according to the color-tailored emission pattern, according to various embodiments.

[0038] Moreover, as described above, the light beams of the plurality of light beams produced by a color-tailored multibeam element may have the same or

substantially the same principal angular direction for different colors corresponding to a spatial arrangement of color sub-pixels of a view pixel in a multiview pixel of a multiview display. These light beams provided by the multibeam element are referred to as emitted light having a 'color-tailored emission pattern.' Furthermore, the light beam plurality may represent a light field. For example, the light beam plurality may be confined to a substantially conical region of space or have a predetermined angular spread that includes the principal angular direction of the light beams in the light beam plurality. As such, the predetermined angular spread of the light beams in combination (i.e., the light beam plurality) may represent the light field. Moreover, the light field may represent a 'color' light field with different colors being represented within a set of conical regions of space having substantially the same predetermined angular spread.

[0039] According to various embodiments, the principal angular direction of the various light beams are determined by a characteristic including, but not limited to, a size (e.g., length, width, area, etc.) of the multibeam element. In some embodiments, the multibeam element may be considered an 'extended light source', i.e., a plurality of point light sources distributed across an extent of the multibeam element, by definition herein. Further, a light beam produced by the multibeam element has a principal angular direction given by angular components {θ, φ}, by definition herein, and as described above with respect to Figure IB. A color of the various light beams may be determined by both the color-tailored emission pattern and a distribution of the color sub-pixels of the various view pixels, according to various embodiments.

[0040] Herein, a 'diffraction grating' is broadly defined as a plurality of features

(i.e., diffractive features) arranged to provide diffraction of light incident on the diffraction grating. In some examples, the plurality of features may be arranged in a periodic manner or a quasi-periodic manner. In other examples, the diffraction grating may be a mixed-period diffraction grating that includes a plurality of diffraction gratings, each diffraction grating of the plurality having a different periodic arrangement of features. Further, the diffraction grating may include a plurality of features (e.g., a plurality of grooves or ridges in a material surface) arranged in a one-dimensional (ID) array. Alternatively, the diffraction grating may comprise a two-dimensional (2D) array of features or an array of features that are defined in two dimensions. The diffraction grating may be a 2D array of bumps on or holes in a material surface, for example. In some examples, the diffraction grating may be substantially periodic in a first direction or dimension and substantially aperiodic (e.g., constant, random, etc.) in another direction across or along the diffraction grating.

[0041] As such, and by definition herein, the 'diffraction grating' is a structure that provides diffraction of light incident on the diffraction grating. If the light is incident on the diffraction grating from a light guide, the provided diffraction or diffractive scattering may result in, and thus be referred to as, 'diffractive coupling' in that the diffraction grating may couple light out of the light guide by diffraction. The diffraction grating also redirects or changes an angle of the light by diffraction (i.e., at a diffractive angle). In particular, as a result of diffraction, light leaving the diffraction grating generally has a different propagation direction than a propagation direction of the light incident on the diffraction grating (i.e., incident light). The change in the propagation direction of the light by diffraction is referred to as 'diffractive redirection' herein.

Hence, the diffraction grating may be understood to be a structure including diffractive features that diffractively redirects light incident on the diffraction grating and, if the light is incident from a light guide, the diffraction grating may also diffractively couple out the light from the light guide.

[0042] Further, by definition herein, the features of a diffraction grating are referred to as 'diffractive features' and may be one or more of at, in and on a material surface (i.e., a boundary between two materials). The surface may be a surface of a light guide, for example. The diffractive features may include any of a variety of structures that diffract light including, but not limited to, one or more of grooves, ridges, holes and bumps at, in or on the surface. For example, the diffraction grating may include a plurality of substantially parallel grooves in the material surface. In another example, the diffraction grating may include a plurality of parallel ridges rising out of the material surface. The diffractive features (e.g., grooves, ridges, holes, bumps, etc.) may have any of a variety of cross sectional shapes or profiles that provide diffraction including, but not limited to, one or more of a sinusoidal profile, a rectangular profile (e.g., a binary diffraction grating), a triangular profile and a saw tooth profile (e.g., a blazed grating).

[0043] According to various examples described herein, a diffraction grating (e.g., a diffraction grating of a diffractive multibeam element, as described below) may be employed to diffractively scatter or couple light out of a light guide (e.g., a plate light guide) as a light beam. In particular, a diffraction angle Θ _Μ of or provided by a locally periodic diffraction grating may be given by equation (1) as:

where λ is a wavelength of the light, m is a diffraction order, n is an index of refraction of a light guide, <i is a distance or spacing between features of the diffraction grating, θ _ι is an angle of incidence of light on the diffraction grating. For simplicity, equation (1) assumes that the diffraction grating is adjacent to a surface of the light guide and a refractive index of a material outside of the light guide is equal to one (i.e., n _out = 1). In general, the diffraction order m is given by an integer (i.e., m = ± 1, ± 2, ...). A diffraction angle Θ _Μ of a light beam produced by the diffraction grating may be given by equation (1). First-order diffraction or more specifically a first-order diffraction angle Θ _Μ is provided when the diffraction order m is equal to one (i.e., m = 1).

[0044] Figure 2 illustrates a cross sectional view of a diffraction grating 30 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. For example, the diffraction grating 30 may be located on a surface of a light guide 40. In addition, Figure 2 illustrates a light beam 20 incident on the diffraction grating 30 at an incident angle θ ₁ . The light beam 20 is a guided light beam within the light guide 40. Also illustrated in Figure 2 is a coupled-out light beam 50 diffractively produced and coupled-out by the diffraction grating 30 as a result of diffraction of the incident light beam 20. The coupled-out light beam 50 has a diffraction angle Θ _Μ (or 'principal angular direction' herein) as given by equation (1). The coupled-out light beam 50 may correspond to a diffraction order 'w' of the diffraction grating 30, for example. [0045] Further, the diffractive features may be curved and may also have a predetermined orientation (e.g., a slant or a rotation) relative to a propagation direction of light, according to some embodiments. One or both of the curve of the diffractive features and the orientation of the diffractive features may be configured to control a direction of light coupled-out by the diffraction grating, for example. For example, a principal angular direction of the coupled-out light may be a function of an angle of the diffractive feature at a point at which the light is incident on the diffraction grating relative to a propagation direction of the incident light.

[0046] Herein a 'collimator' is defined as substantially any optical device or apparatus that is configured to collimate light. For example, a collimator as defined may include, but is not limited to, a collimating mirror or reflector (i.e., a reflective collimator), a collimating lens, prismatic film, or similar refractive structure (i.e., a refractive collimator), or a diffraction grating (i.e., a diffractive collimator), as well as various combinations thereof. The collimator may comprise a continuous structure such as a continuous reflector or a continuous lens (i.e., a reflector or lens having a

substantially smooth, continuous surface). In other embodiments, the collimator may comprise a substantially discontinuous structure or surface such as, but not limited to, a Fresnel reflector, a Fresnel lens and the like that provides light collimation. According to various embodiments, an amount of collimation provided by the collimator may vary in a predetermined degree or amount from one embodiment to another. Further, the collimator may be configured to provide collimation in one or both of two orthogonal directions (e.g., a vertical direction and a horizontal direction). That is, the collimator may include a shape or characteristic in one or both of two orthogonal directions that provides light collimation, according to some embodiments.

[0047] Herein, a 'collimation factor' is defined as a degree to which light is collimated, e.g., by the collimator. In particular, a collimation factor defines an angular spread of light rays within a collimated beam of light, by definition herein. For example, a collimation factor σ may specify that a majority of light rays in a beam of collimated light that is within a particular angular spread (e.g., +/- σ degrees about a central or principal angular direction of the collimated light beam). The light rays of the collimated light beam may have a Gaussian distribution in terms of angle and the angular spread be an angle determined by at one-half of a peak intensity of the collimated light beam, according to some examples.

[0048] Herein, a 'light source' is defined as a source of light (e.g., an optical emitter configured to produce and emit light). For example, the light source may comprise an optical emitter such as a light emitting diode (LED) that emits light when activated or turned on. In particular, herein the light source may be substantially any source of light or comprise substantially any optical emitter including, but not limited to, one or more of a light emitting diode (LED), a laser, an organic light emitting diode

(OLED), a polymer light emitting diode, a plasma-based optical emitter, a fluorescent lamp, an incandescent lamp, and virtually any other source of light. The light produced by the light source may have a color (i.e., may include a particular wavelength of light), or may be a range of wavelengths (e.g., polychromatic or white light). In some embodiments, the light source may comprise a plurality of optical emitters. For example, the light source may include a set or group of optical emitters in which at least one of the optical emitters produces light having a color, or equivalently a wavelength, that differs from a color or wavelength of light produced by at least one other optical emitter of the set or group. The different colors may include primary colors (e.g., red, green, blue) for example.

[0049] As used herein, the article 'a' is intended to have its ordinary meaning in the patent arts, namely One or more' . For example, 'a multibeam element' means one or more multibeam elements and as such, 'the multibeam element' means 'the multibeam element(s)' herein. Also, any reference herein to 'top', 'bottom', 'upper', 'lower', 'up', 'down', 'front', back', 'first', 'second', 'left' or 'right' is not intended to be a limitation herein. Herein, the term 'about' when applied to a value generally means within the tolerance range of the equipment used to produce the value, or may mean plus or minus 10%, or plus or minus 5%, or plus or minus 1%, unless otherwise expressly specified. Further, the term 'substantially' as used herein means a majority, or almost all, or all, or an amount within a range of about 51% to about 100%. Moreover, examples herein are intended to be illustrative only and are presented for discussion purposes and not by way of limitation. [0050] According to some embodiments of the principles described herein, a multiview backlight is provided. Figure 3 A illustrates a cross sectional view of a multiview backlight 100 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. Figure 3B illustrates a plan view of a multiview backlight 100 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. Figure 3C illustrates a perspective view of a multiview backlight 100 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. The perspective view in Figure 3C is illustrated with a partial cut-away to facilitate discussion herein only.

[0051] The multiview backlight 100 illustrated in Figures 3A-3C is configured to provide a plurality of coupled-out or directional light beams 102 having different principal angular directions from one another (e.g., as a light field). In particular, the provided plurality of directional light beams 102 are coupled or emitted out of and directed away from the multiview backlight 100 in different principal angular directions corresponding to respective view directions of a multiview display, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the directional light beams 102 may be modulated (e.g., using light valves, as described below) to facilitate the display of information having 3D content.

[0052] As illustrated in Figures 3A-3C, the multiview backlight 100 comprises a light guide 110. The light guide 110 may be a plate light guide 110, according to some embodiments. The light guide 110 is configured to guide light along a length of the light guide 110 as guided light 104. For example, the light guide 110 may include a dielectric material configured as an optical waveguide. The dielectric material may have a first refractive index that is greater than a second refractive index of a medium surrounding the dielectric optical waveguide. The difference in refractive indices is configured to facilitate total internal reflection of the guided light 104 according to one or more guided modes of the light guide 110, for example.

[0053] In some embodiments, the light guide 110 may be a slab or plate optical waveguide comprising an extended, substantially planar sheet of optically transparent, dielectric material. The substantially planar sheet of dielectric material is configured to guide the guided light 104 using total internal reflection. According to various examples, the material of the light guide 110 may include or be made up of any of a variety of dielectric materials including, but not limited to, one or more of various types of glass (e.g., silica glass, alkali-aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, etc.) and substantially optically transparent plastics or polymers (e.g., poly(m ethyl methacrylate) or 'acrylic glass', polycarbonate, etc.). In some examples, the light guide 110 may further include a cladding layer (not illustrated) on at least a portion of a surface (e.g., one or both of the top surface and the bottom surface) of the light guide 110. The cladding layer may be used to further facilitate total internal reflection, according to some examples.

[0054] Further, according to some embodiments, the light guide 110 is configured to guide the guided light 104 according to total internal reflection at a non-zero propagation angle between a first surface 110' (e.g., 'front' surface or side) and a second surface 110" (e.g., 'back' surface or side) of the light guide 110. In particular, the guided light 104 propagates by reflecting or 'bouncing' between the first surface 110' and the second surface 110" of the light guide 110 at the non-zero propagation angle.

[0055] As illustrated in Figures 3A-3C, the multiview backlight 100 further comprises a color-tailored multibeam element 120. In particular, the multiview backlight 100 of Figures 3A-3C comprise a plurality of color-tailored multibeam elements 120 spaced apart from one another along the light guide length. As illustrated, the color- tailored multibeam elements 120 of the plurality are separated from one another by a finite space and represent individual, distinct elements along the light guide length. That is, by definition herein, the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 of the plurality are spaced apart from one another according to a finite (i.e., non-zero) inter-element distance (e.g., a finite center-to-center distance). Further the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 of the plurality generally do not intersect, overlap or otherwise touch one another, according to some embodiments. As such, each color-tailored multibeam element 120 of the plurality is generally distinct and separated from other ones of the color-tailored multibeam elements 120, e.g., as illustrated.

[0056] According to some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam elements

120 of the plurality may be arranged in either a one-dimensional (ID) array or two- dimensional (2D) array. For example, the plurality of color-tailored multibeam elements 120 may be arranged as a linear ID array. In another example, the plurality of color- tailored multibeam elements 120 may be arranged as a rectangular 2D array or as a circular 2D array. Further, the array (i.e., ID or 2D array) may be a regular or uniform array, in some examples. In particular, an inter-element distance (e.g., center-to-center distance or spacing) between the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 may be substantially uniform or constant across the array. In other examples, the inter-element distance between the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 may be varied one or both of across the array and along the length of the light guide 110.

[0057] According to various embodiments, a color-tailored multibeam element

120 of the plurality is configured to provide emitted light having the color-tailored emission pattern by coupling out a portion of the guided light 104 from within the light guide 110. For example, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 may comprise a diffraction grating as described below and thus may employ diffractive coupling to couple out the guided light portion as the emitted light. The color-tailored emission pattern of the emitted light provided by the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 corresponds to an arrangement of color sub-pixels of a view pixel in the multiview display, according to various embodiments. Further, the emitted light comprises a plurality of directional light beams 102 having different principal angular directions from one another. The different principal angular directions of the directional light beams 102 correspond to respective view directions of a multiview display, in various embodiments.

[0058] Figures 3A and 3C illustrate the directional light beams 102 of the emitted light as a plurality of diverging arrows depicted as being directed way from the first (or front) surface 110' of the light guide 110. Figures 3A-3C further illustrate an array of light valves 108 configured to modulate the directional light beams 102 of the coupled- out light beam plurality. The light valve array may be part of a multiview display that employs the multiview backlight, for example, and is illustrated in Figures 3A-3C along with the multiview backlight 100 for the purpose of facilitating discussion herein. In Figure 3C, the array of light valves 108 is partially cut-away to allow visualization of the light guide 110 and the color-tailored multibeam element 120 underlying the light valve array.

[0059] As illustrated in Figures 3A-3C, different ones of the directional light beams 102 having different principal angular directions pass through and may be modulated by different ones of the light valves 108 in the light valve array. Further, as illustrated, a light valve 108 of the array corresponds to a view pixel 106', and a set of the light valves 108 corresponds to a multiview pixel 106 of a multiview display. In particular, a different set of light valves 108 of the light valve array is configured to receive and modulate the directional light beams 102 from different ones of the color- tailored multibeam elements 120, i.e., there is one unique set of light valves 108 for each color-tailored multibeam element 120, as illustrated. In various embodiments, different types of light valves may be employed as the light valves 108 of the light valve array including, but not limited to, one or more of liquid crystal light valves, electrophoretic light valves, and light valves based on electrowetting.

[0060] As illustrated in Figure 3 A, a first light valve set 108a is configured to receive and modulate the directional light beams 102 from a first color-tailored multibeam element 120a, while a second light valve set 108b is configured to receive and modulate the directional light beams 102 from a second color-tailored multibeam element 120b. Thus, each of the light valve sets (e.g., the first and second light valve sets 108a, 108b) in the light valve array corresponds, respectively, to a different multiview pixel 106, with individual light valves 108 of the light valve sets corresponding to the view pixels 106' of the respective multiview pixels 106, as illustrated in Figure 3 A. Moreover, as described above, in some embodiments each of the light valve sets (e.g., the first and second light valve sets 108a, 108b) in the light valve array may receive or at least configured to modulate light of different colors corresponding to different color sub- pixels of the light valves in the light valve sets. Thus, in various embodiments the view pixels 106' include color sub-pixels.

[0061] In some embodiments, a relationship between the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 of the plurality and corresponding multiview pixels 106 (e.g., sets of light valves 108) may be a one-to-one relationship. That is, there may be an equal number of multiview pixels 106 and color-tailored multibeam elements 120. Figure 3B explicitly illustrates by way of example the one-to-one relationship where each multiview pixel 106 comprising a different set of light valves 108 is illustrated as surrounded by a dashed line. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the number of multiview pixels 106 and color- tailored multibeam elements 120 may differ from one another. [0062] In some embodiments, an inter-element distance (e.g., center-to-center distance) between a pair of adjacent color-tailored multibeam elements 120 of the plurality may be equal to an inter-pixel distance (e.g., a center-to-center distance) between a corresponding adjacent pair of multiview pixels 106, e.g., represented by light valve sets. For example, as illustrated in Figure 3 A, a center-to-center distance d between the first color-tailored multibeam element 120a and the second color-tailored multibeam element 120b is substantially equal to a center-to-center distance /) between the first light valve set 108a and the second light valve set 108b. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the relative center-to-center distances of pairs of color-tailored multibeam elements 120 and corresponding light valve sets may differ, e.g., the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 may have an inter-element spacing (i.e., center-to-center distance d) that is one of greater than or less than a spacing (i.e., center-to-center distance D) between light valve sets representing multiview pixels 106. Figure 3 A also depicts a size S of a view pixel 106'.

[0063] According to some embodiments (e.g., as illustrated in Figure 3A), each color-tailored multibeam element 120 may be configured to provide directional light beams 102 to one and only one multiview pixel 106. In particular, for a given one of the color-tailored multibeam elements 120, the directional light beams 102 having a principal angular direction corresponding to the different colors in a view of the multiview display are substantially confined to a single corresponding multiview pixel 106 and the view pixels 106' thereof, i.e., a single set of light valves 108 corresponding to the color-tailored multibeam element 120, as illustrated in Figure 3A. As such, each color-tailored multibeam element 120 of the multiview backlight 100 may provide a corresponding set of directional light beams 102 that has a principal angular direction and that includes the different colors in one of the different views of the multiview display. That is, the set of directional light beams 102 contains light beams having a common direction and corresponding to each of the different colors in one of the different view directions. The common direction is provided by the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element 120. The common direction may mitigate and, in some examples, substantially eliminate color breakup. [0064] Color breakup is an image artifact of color multiview displays that may occur when a directional light beam 102 emanating from a point passes through a view pixel 106' comprising a plurality of color sub-pixels that are spatially displaced or offset from one another. The spatial offset of the color sub-pixels may effectively result in the directional light beam 102 passing through each of the color sub-pixels at a slightly different angle. Thus, the directional light beam 102 exits the color sub-pixels as a plurality of color directional light beams having slightly different directions from one another. The slightly different directions of the color directional light beams exiting the various color sub-pixels produce a concomitant differential displacement or separation of different colors in an image pixel defined by the view pixel 106'. The differential separation of the different colors is known as color breakup.

[0065] Figure 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight 100' that exhibits color breakup in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. In particular, Figure 4 illustrates a portion of an example multiview backlight 100' that includes a multibeam element 120' configured to illuminate a view pixel 106' with a directional light beam 102. The multibeam element 120' in Figure 4 does not have a color-tailored emission pattern (i.e., is not the color-tailored multibeam element 120, as described above). Figure 4 also illustrates the view pixel 106' comprising a plurality of color sub-pixels 107. The multibeam element 120' and the view pixel 106' each have a comparable size S, i.e., a size s of the multibeam element 120' is about equal to a size S of the view pixel 106' (s ~ S). Further, as illustrated, the color sub-pixels 107 are equally spaced within the view pixel 106'. Therefore, since there are three color sub-pixels 107 in the plurality of color sub- pixels 107, as illustrated, a spacing or distance (e.g., center-to-center spacing) between the color sub-pixels 107 is about one-third of the view pixel size S (S/3). The three, color sub-pixels 107 illustrated in Figure 4 may represent three primary colors (e.g., red (R), green (G), and blue (B) of an RGB color model), for example.

[0066] In Figure 4, the multibeam element 120' acts or serves as an extended point source used to illuminate the color sub-pixels 107 of the view pixel 106', e.g., the color sub-pixels 107 may be color sub-pixels of a light valve that acts as the view pixel 106'. A directional light beam 102 emitted by the multibeam element 120' is illustrated as an arrow extending from a center of the multibeam element 120' through the view pixel 106', or more precisely through the color sub-pixels 107 of the view pixel 106'. Due to the distance between the color sub-pixels 107, the directional light beam 102 effectively comprises a plurality of different color directional light beams having slightly different principal angular directions. Three different color directional light beams 102a, 102b, 102c represented by three arrows and corresponding to each of the three different color sub-pixels 107a, 107b, 107c are illustrated in Figure 4, for example. When the view pixel 106' is viewed, the slightly different principal angular directions of different color directional light beams 102a, 102b, 102c representing the different colors of the color sub-pixels 107 result in a shift of the various colors relative to one another. That is, the different colors within the view pixel 106' may appear to be visually shifted with respect to one another resulting in color breakup.

[0067] Figure 5 illustrates a graphical representation of color breakup in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated in Figure 5, a typical radiation intensity (7) pattern of light at an output of the view pixel 106' is plotted as a function of angle # for a selected view direction (e.g., θ _\ ). Curves 109a, 109b, and 109c in Figure 5 represent different colors of light corresponding to light from a respective one of each of the three example color sub-pixels 107a, 107b, 107c illuminated by the multibeam element 120' illustrated in Figure 4. For example, curve 109a may represent red (R) light from a red color sub-pixel 107a, curve 109b may represent green (G) light from a green color sub-pixel 107b, and curve 109c may represent blue (B) light from a blue color sub-pixel 107c. Note that the principal angular directions of the directional light beams 102 that illuminate the three example color sub- pixels 107a, 107b, 107c in Figure 4 are different from one another. Thus, the radiation intensity (I) pattern of the light for the different colors (e.g., R, G, B) is shifted in angle relative to one another as well (e.g., illustrated the angular shift of curves 109a, 109b, and 109c), resulting in color breakup.

[0068] The color-tailored multibeam element 120 having the color-tailored emission pattern may correct for the color breakup by substantially eliminating the slightly different principal angular directions of directional light beams 102 that pass through the different color sub-pixels 107 of the view pixel 106', according to various embodiments. In particular, color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element 120 may be configured to provide directional light beams 102 of different colors to each of the color sub-pixels 107 where the directional light beams 102 of different colors are substantially parallel to one another due to the color-tailored emission pattern.

[0069] According to some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element

120 may be configured to provide the emitted light as a plurality of virtual sub-elements of a composite virtual extended source. Further, each virtual sub-element may have a different color from another virtual sub-element of the virtual sub-element of the sub- element plurality. Further still, the virtual sub-elements may be arranged to provide the color-tailored emission pattern according to the different colors.

[0070] For example, the plurality of virtual sub-elements of the composite virtual extended source may comprise a first virtual sub-element having a red color, a second virtual sub-element having a green color and a third virtual sub-element having a blue color. Further, the first virtual sub-element may be arranged corresponding to a location of a red color sub-pixel of a view pixel, the second virtual sub-element may be arranged corresponding to a location of a green color sub-pixel of a view pixel, and the third virtual sub-element may be arranged corresponding to a location of a blue color sub-pixel of a view pixel.

[0071] In some embodiments, the virtual sub-elements may be spatially offset from one another to provide the color-tailored emission pattern. For example, the virtual sub-elements of the virtual sub-element plurality may be spatially offset from one another by a distance commensurate with a distance between adjacent color sub-pixels of the view pixel. In addition, a size of a virtual sub-element may be comparable to a size of the view pixel, according to some embodiments. For example, the virtual sub-element size may be between fifty percent and two hundred percent of the view pixel size.

[0072] Figure 6 illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight 100 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated, the color-tailored multibeam element (e.g., the color- tailored multibeam element 120, as illustrated in Figures 3A-3C) is configured to provide a plurality of virtual sub-elements 122. Together, the virtual sub-elements 122 of the virtual sub-element plurality form or serve as the composite virtual extended source 124. Further, the plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 in Figure 6 comprises a first virtual sub- element 122a, a second virtual sub-element 122b, and a third virtual sub-element 122c. The first virtual sub-element 122a is configured to provide or have a red color. The second virtual sub-element 122b is configured to provide or have a green color. The third virtual sub-element 122c is configured to provide or have a blue color.

[0073] Also illustrated in Figure 6 is a view pixel 106' comprising a plurality of color sub-pixels 107. The illustrated view pixel 106' has a size S and the color sub-pixels 107 are separated by one another by a distance of about one-third of the view pixel size S (i.e., S/3), as illustrated. The illustrated virtual sub-elements 122a, 122b, 122c are arranged corresponding to the arrangement of the color sub-pixels 107. As such, the first or red virtual sub-element 122a having the red color is arranged corresponding to a location of a first or red (R) color sub-pixel 107a of the view pixel 106'. Similarly, the second or green virtual sub-element 122b is arranged corresponding to a second or green (G) color sub-pixel 107b of the view pixel 106', and the third or blue virtual sub-element 122c is arranged corresponding to a location of the third or blue (B) color sub-pixel 107c of the view pixel 106'.

[0074] Moreover, in Figure 6 the virtual sub-elements 122 provided by the color- tailored multibeam element are spatially offset from one another by a distance (e.g., about S/3) commensurate with a distance between adjacent color sub-pixels 107 of the view pixel 106'. As such, an arrangement of the virtual sub-elements 122 (i.e., both in terms of the arrangement of the colors R, G, B and terms of the distance S/3 between the virtual sub-elements 122) as well as the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element corresponds to an arrangement of color sub-pixels 107 (i.e., colors R, G, B and color sub-pixel spacing S/3) of the view pixel 106', as illustrated in Figure 6. Also in Figure 6, a virtual sub-element 122 has a size s that is about equal to the view pixel size S (i.e., s ~ S), as illustrated.

[0075] Figure 6 further illustrates a directional light beam 102 comprising a plurality of different color directional light beams 102a, 102b, 102c represented by the three different arrows and corresponding to light beams emitted by each of the three different virtual sub-elements 122a, 122b, 122c, respectively. As illustrated, the three different arrows representing respectively the red (R) color directional light beam 102a, the green (G) color directional light beam 102b, and the blue (B) color directional light beam 102c emitted by the plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 are each directed through the corresponding color sub-pixel 107a, 107b, 107c. An approximate center or radiation of each of the virtual sub-elements 122 is spaced to correspond with the spacing (e.g., S/3) of the color sub-pixels 107 in the view pixel 106'. As a result, the different color directional light beams 102a, 102b, 102c for each of the different colors of emitted light (i.e., R, G, B) according to the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element are substantially parallel to one another (i.e., have substantially the same principal angular directions). Since the different color directional light beams 102a, 102b, 102c provided by the color-tailored emission pattern of the color-tailored multibeam element have substantially the same principal angular directions, the view pixel 106' may be free of color breakup, according to various embodiments.

[0076] In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 comprises a diffraction grating configured to provide the plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 of the composite virtual extended source 124. In particular, the diffraction grating may be configured to provide the virtual sub-elements 122 of the virtual sub-element plurality (and the composite virtual extended source 124) at a predetermined distance from the color-tailored multibeam element 120. The predetermined distance may be about equal to a focal length / of the diffraction grating multiplied by a collimation factor of the guided light, for example. In some embodiments, the diffraction grating may comprises a chirped diffraction grating having a diffractive feature chirp configured to provide the emitted light as the plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 of the composite virtual extended source 124.

[0077] By definition, the 'chirped' diffraction grating is a diffraction grating exhibiting or having a diffraction spacing of the diffractive features (i.e., the grating pitch) that varies across an extent or length of the chirped diffraction grating. In some embodiments, the chirped diffraction grating may have or exhibit a chirp of the diffractive feature spacing that varies linearly with distance. As such, the chirped diffraction grating is a 'linearly chirped' diffraction grating, by definition. In other embodiments, the chirped diffraction grating may exhibit a non-linear chirp of the diffractive feature spacing. Various non-linear chirps may be used including, but not limited to, an exponential chirp, a logarithmic chirp or a chirp that varies in another, substantially nonuniform or random but still monotonic manner. Non-monotonic chirps such as, but not limited to, a sinusoidal chirp or a triangle or sawtooth chirp, may also be employed.

Combinations of any of these types of chirps may also be employed.

[0078] Figure 7 A illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight 100 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated, the portion of the multiview backlight 100 comprises the light guide 110 and the color-tailored multibeam element 120. The color-tailored multibeam element 120 comprises a diffraction grating 126 in Figure 7A. In particular, the diffraction grating 126 is located adjacent to a first surface 110' of the light guide 110, as illustrated. The diffraction grating 126 may be a chirped diffraction grating (not explicitly illustrated), for example. Also illustrated in Figure 7A is plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 provided by diffractive coupling of guided light 104 by the diffraction grating 126 from within the light guide 110. The virtual sub-elements 122 form a composite virtual extended source 124. As illustrated, the plurality of virtual sub- elements 122 are located at a predetermined distance Δ from the color-tailored multibeam element 120 corresponding to a product of a focal length / of the diffraction grating and a collimation factor σ of guided light 104 within the light guide 110 (e.g., Δ =/ · σ).

Further, the plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 comprises individual virtual sub- elements 122a, 122b, 122c corresponding to different colors of light (e.g., red, green and blue) that make up the composite virtual extended source 124, as illustrated. Also in Figure 7A, light of different colors that is diffractively coupled out of the light guide 110 are illustrated using arrows having different dashed-line styles.

[0079] In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 may be located adjacent to a second surface 110" of the light guide 110 opposite a first surface 110'. For example, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 may comprise a diffraction grating located on or formed in the second surface 110" of the light guide 110. The color- tailored multibeam element 120 may be configured to provide the emitted light comprising the plurality of directional light beams 102 and having the color-tailored emission pattern through the first surface 110' of the light guide 110. In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 further comprises a reflection layer adjacent a side opposite a side facing the light guide first surface 1 10'. The reflection layer may be configured to reflect a portion of the emitted light directed away from the first surface 1 10' and to redirect the reflected emitted light portion back toward the first surface 1 10' of the light guide 1 10, for example.

[0080] Figure 7B illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a multiview backlight 100 in an example, according to another embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated, the portion of the multiview backlight 100 comprises the light guide 1 10 and the color-tailored multibeam element 120 adjacent to the second surface 1 10" of the light guide 1 10 opposite to the first surface 1 10'. The illustrated color-tailored multibeam element 120 is configured to provide emitted light having the color-tailored emission pattern when illuminated by the guided light 104 as a plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 (e.g., virtual sub-elements 122a, 122b, 122c.

Further, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 comprises a diffraction grating 126, as illustrated. The diffraction grating 126 illustrated in Figure 7B is a reflection mode diffraction grating (i.e., as opposed to the diffraction grating 126 of Figure 7A, which is a transmission mode diffraction grating).

[0081] Figure 7B also illustrates a reflection layer 128 configured to cover the diffraction grating 126 of the color-tailored multibeam element 120. The reflection layer 128 may comprise substantially any reflective material including, but not limited to, a reflective metal (e.g., silver, gold, nickel, aluminum, etc.) and an enhanced specular reflector (ESR) film. For example, the reflection layer 128 may be a Vikuiti ESR film manufactured by 3M Optical Systems Division, St. Paul, MN, USA.

[0082] Any of a variety of arrangements of virtual sub-elements 122

corresponding to color sub-pixel arrangements may be employed including, but not limited to, a rectangular arrangement and a triangular arrangement. Also note that, while a color-order both of the color sub-pixels and the corresponding virtual sub-elements 122 (e.g., virtual sub-elements 122a, 122b, 122c) is described herein as generally being red (R) to green (G) to blue (B), this specific color-order arrangement is used for discussion purposes only. In general, substantially any color-order arrangement and, for that matter, also any set of colors may be employed and still be within the scope described herein. For example (not illustrated), the color-order arrangement of the color sub-pixels and corresponding color-order arrangement of the virtual sub-elements may be green (G) to blue (B) to red (R) or blue (B) to green (G) to red (R), etc., when employing primary colors based on an RGB color model. Also, while described herein as including a diffraction grating, the color-tailored multibeam element 120 may be realized in a number of other ways including, but not limited to, using a fluorescent material and using a plasmonic material configured to scatter light according to the color-tailored emission pattern without departing from the scope described herein.

[0083] Referring again to Figure 3 A, the multiview backlight 100 may further comprise a light source 130. According to various embodiments, the light source 130 is configured to provide the light to be guided within light guide 1 10. In particular, the light source 130 may be located adjacent to an entrance surface or end (input end) of the light guide 1 10. In various embodiments, the light source 130 may comprise substantially any source of light (e.g., optical emitter) including, but not limited to, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a laser (e.g., laser diode). In some embodiments, the light source 130 may comprise an optical emitter or plurality of optical emitters configured produce a substantially polychromatic light, such as substantially white light.

[0084] In some embodiments, the light source 130 may further comprise a collimator configured to couple light into the light guide 1 10. The collimator may be configured to receive substantially uncollimated light from one or more of the optical emitters of the light source 130. The collimator is further configured to convert the substantially uncollimated light into collimated light. In particular, the collimator may provide collimated light having the non-zero propagation angle and being collimated according to a predetermined collimation factor (e.g., collimation factor σ). The collimator is further configured to communicate the collimated light beam to the light guide 1 10 to propagate as the guided light 104, described above. In other embodiments, substantially uncollimated light may be provided by the light source 130 and the collimator may be omitted.

[0085] In some embodiments, the multiview backlight 100 is configured to be substantially transparent to light in a direction through the light guide 1 10 orthogonal to a propagation direction 103, 103' of the guided light 104. In particular, the light guide 1 10 and the spaced apart plurality of color-tailored multibeam elements 120 allow light to pass through the light guide 110 through both the first surface 110' and the second surface 110", in some embodiments. Transparency may be facilitated, at least in part, due to both the relatively small size of the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 and the relative large inter-element spacing (e.g., one-to-one correspondence with multiview pixels 106) of the color-tailored multibeam element 120.

[0086] In some embodiments, the multiview backlight 100 is configured to emit light (e.g., as the plurality of directional light beams 102) that varies as a function of distance along a length of the light guide 110. In particular, the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 (or of the virtual sub-elements 122) along the light guide 110 may be configured to provide the emitted light having an intensity that varies as a function of distance along the light guide in a propagation direction 103, 103' of the guided light 104 from one color-tailored multibeam element 120 to another. Varying the intensity of the emitted light may compensate for or mitigate a variation (e.g., a decrease) in an intensity of the guided light 104 along a length of the light guide 110 due to incremental absorption of the guided light 104 during propagation, for example.

[0087] In accordance with some embodiments of the principles described herein, a multiview display is provided. The multiview display is configured to emit modulated light beams as pixels of the multiview display. Further, the emitted modulated light beams may comprise light beams representing a plurality of different colors (e.g., red, green, blue of an RGB color model). According to various embodiments, the emitted modulated light beams, e.g., including the different colors, may be preferentially directed toward a plurality of viewing directions of the multiview display. In some examples, the multiview display is configured to provide or 'display' a 3D or multiview image.

Moreover, the multiview image may be a color multiview image. For example, the multiview image may represent in color a 3D scene displayed on a mobile device such as, but not limited to, a mobile telephone, tablet computer, or the like. Different ones of the modulated, different color and differently directed light beams may correspond to individual pixels of different 'views' associated with the multiview image, according to various examples. The different views may provide a 'glasses free' (e.g., an 'automultiscopic') representation of information in the color multiview image being displayed by the multiview display, for example.

[0088] Figure 8 illustrates a block diagram of a multiview display 200 in an example, according to an embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. The multiview display 200 is configured to display a multiview image (e.g., color multiview image) according to different views in corresponding different view directions. In particular, modulated directional light beams 202 emitted by the multiview display 200 are used to display the multiview image and may correspond to pixels of the different views (i.e., view pixels), including color sub-pixels in each of the different views that are associated with different colors. The modulated directional light beams 202 are illustrated as arrows emanating from multiview pixels 210 in Figure 8. Dashed lines are used for the arrows depicting the modulated directional light beams 202 emitted by the multiview display 200 to emphasize the modulation thereof by way of example and not limitation.

[0089] The multiview display 200 illustrated in Figure 8 comprises an array of the multiview pixels 210. The multiview pixels 210 of the array are configured to provide a plurality of different views of the multiview display 200. According to various embodiments, a multiview pixel 210 of the array comprises a plurality of view pixels configured to modulate a plurality of directional light beams 204 and produce the modulated directional light beams 202. In some embodiments, the multiview pixel 210 is substantially similar to a set of light valves 108 of the array of light valves 108, described above with respect to the multiview backlight 100. In particular, a view pixel of the multiview pixel 210 may be substantially similar to the above-described light valves 108. That is, a multiview pixel 210 of the multiview display 200 may comprise a set of light valves (e.g., a set of light valves 108), and a view pixel of the multiview pixel 210 may comprise a plurality of light valves of the set. Further, the view pixel may comprise color sub-pixels, each color sub-pixel representing a light valve (e.g., a single light valve 108) of the set of light valves, for example.

[0090] The multiview display 200 illustrated in Figure 8 further comprises a light guide 220 configured to guide light. The guided light within the light guide 220 may comprise white light, for example. In some embodiments, the light guide 220 of the multiview display 200 may be substantially similar to the light guide 110 described above with respect to the multiview backlight 100.

[0091] As illustrated in Figure 8, the multiview display 200 further comprises an array of color-tailored multibeam elements 230. A color-tailored multibeam element 230 of the element array is configured to provide emitted light from guided light within the light guide 220. The emitted light has a color-tailored emission pattern and comprises the plurality of directional light beams 204, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element 230 of the element array may be substantially similar to the color-tailored multibeam element 120 of the multiview backlight 100, described above. In particular, the color-tailored emission pattern may correspond to an arrangement of color sub-pixels of a view pixel in the view pixel plurality of the multiview pixels 210.

[0092] Further, the color-tailored multibeam element 230 of the element array is configured to provide the plurality of directional light beams 204 to a corresponding multiview pixel 210. Light beams 204 of the plurality of directional light beams 204 have different principal angular directions from one another, according to various

embodiments. In particular, the different principal angular directions of the directional light beams 204 correspond to different view directions of the different views of the multiview display 200, and each of the view directions includes different colors of light along a corresponding principal angular direction. Moreover, owing to the color-tailored emission pattern, the different colors of directional light beams 204 corresponding to a common view direction may be substantially parallel to one another, according to various embodiments.

[0093] According to some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element

230 may be configured to provide a plurality of virtual sub-elements of a composite virtual extended source. The plurality of virtual sub-elements may be substantially similar to the plurality of virtual sub-elements 122 associated with the color-tailored multibeam element 120, described above. In particular, the color-tailored multibeam element 230 may provide a plurality of virtual sub-elements (not separately illustrated in Figure 8), different ones of the virtual sub-elements having different colors from one another and together forming a composite virtual extended source. Further, the plurality of virtual sub-elements may be arranged to provide the color-tailored emission pattern according to the different colors.

[0094] According to some embodiments, a size of a virtual sub-element may be comparable to a size of a view pixel of the view pixel plurality. The comparable size of the virtual sub-element may be greater than one half of the view pixel size and less than twice the view pixel size, for example. Further, the virtual sub-elements may be spatially offset from one another by a distance commensurate with (e.g., about equal to) a distance between adjacent color sub-pixels of the view pixel, according to some embodiments.

[0095] In some embodiments, an inter-element or center-to-center distance between virtual sub-elements of the virtual sub-element plurality provided by the color- tailored multibeam element 230 may correspond to an inter-pixel distance between color sub-pixels of the view pixel in the multiview pixels 210. For example, the inter-element distance between the virtual sub-elements may be substantially equal to the inter-pixel distance between the color sub-pixels. Further, there may be a one-to-one

correspondence between the multiview pixels 210 of the multiview pixel array and the color-tailored multibeam elements 230 of the element array. In particular, in some embodiments, the inter-element distance (e.g., center-to-center) between the color- tailored multibeam elements 230 may be substantially equal to the inter-pixel distance (e.g., center-to-center) between the multiview pixels 210. As such, each view pixel in the multiview pixel 210 may be configured to modulate a different one of the directional light beams 204 of the light beam plurality provided by a corresponding color-tailored multibeam element 230. Further, each multiview pixel 210 may be configured to receive and modulate the directional light beams 204 from one and only one color-tailored multibeam element 230, according to various embodiments.

[0096] As described above, the plurality of directional light beams 204 may include different colors, and the color-tailored multibeam elements 230 may direct a color-tailored emission pattern that includes the plurality of directional light beams 204 to corresponding color sub-pixels of view pixels in multiview pixels 210. Further, the principal angular directions of the different colors in a particular view direction of the multiview display 200 may be aligned (i.e., the same), eliminating or substantially eliminating spatial color separation or color breakup, according to various embodiments. [0097] In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam element 230 may comprise a diffraction grating configured to provide the emitted light by diffractive coupling of a portion of the guided light out of the light guide 220. The diffraction grating may be a chirped diffraction grating, for example.

[0098] In some embodiments (not illustrated in Figure 8), the multiview display

200 may further comprise a light source. The light source may be configured to provide the light to the light guide. According to some embodiments, the light source may be substantially similar to the light source 130 of the multiview backlight 100, described above. For example, the light provided by the light source may comprise white light.

[0099] In accordance with other embodiments of the principles described herein, a method of multiview backlight operation is provided. Figure 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method 300 of multiview backlight operation in an example, according to an

embodiment consistent with the principles described herein. As illustrated in Figure 9, the method 300 of multiview backlight operation comprises guiding 310 light along a length of a light guide. According to some embodiments, the light guide may be substantially similar to the light guide 110 described above with respect to the multiview backlight 100. In some examples, the guided light may be collimated according to a predetermined collimation factor σ.

[0100] As illustrated in Figure 9, the method 300 of multiview backlight operation further comprises emitting light 320 from the guided light using an array of color-tailored multibeam elements. According to various embodiments, the emitted light comprises a plurality of directional light beams having different principal angular directions corresponding to respective different view directions of a multiview display. Further, the directional light beams have or represent different colors of light (e.g., red, green, blue). In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam elements may be substantially similar to the color-tailored multibeam elements 120 of the multiview backlight 100 described above. The color-tailored emission pattern may correspond to an arrangement of color sub-pixels of a view pixel in the multiview display, for example. In some embodiments, the color-tailored multibeam elements of the array may each comprise a diffraction grating and emitting light 320 may comprise diffractively coupling out a portion of the guided light from within the light guide as the emitted light. [0101] Further, in some embodiments, emitting light 320 using the color-tailored multibeam element may provide a plurality of virtual sub-elements of a composite virtual extended source. The virtual sub-elements of the virtual sub-element plurality may be spatially offset from one another by a distance corresponding to a distance between adjacent the color sub-pixels. The virtual sub-elements may be or represent different colors of light from other virtual sub-elements provided by the color-tailored multibeam element resulting in the color-tailored emission pattern. Further, a size of a virtual sub- element may be comparable to a size of the view pixel.

[0102] In some embodiments (not illustrated), the method 300 of multiview backlight operation further comprises providing light to the light guide using a light source. The provided light may be collimated according to a collimation factor to provide a predetermined angular spread of the guided light within the light guide. In some embodiments, the light source may be substantially similar to the light source 130 of the multiview backlight 100, described above. For example, the provided light may comprise white light.

[0103] In some embodiments (e.g., as illustrated in Figure 9), the method 300 of multiview backlight operation further comprises optionally modulating 330 the emitted light using light valves configured as a multiview pixel of a multiview display. In various embodiments, the emitted light comprises the plurality of directional light beams, as discussed above. As such, modulating 330 also modulates the plurality of directional light beams. According to some embodiments, a light valve of a plurality or array of light valves corresponds to a color sub-pixel of a view pixel within the multiview pixel.

[0104] Thus, there have been described examples and embodiments of a multiview backlight, a method of multiview backlight operation, and a multiview display that employ a color-tailored multibeam element having a color-tailored emission pattern to provide directional light beams corresponding to a plurality of different views of a multiview image. It should be understood that the above-described examples are merely illustrative of some of the many specific examples that represent the principles described herein. Clearly, those skilled in the art can readily devise numerous other arrangements without departing from the scope as defined by the following claims.