The present invention generally relates to the field of probiotic bacteria. In particular, the present invention relates to natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CN CM 1-1225 with im proved properties. For example, the present invention relates to a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM I- 1225 that is deficient in D-lactic acid production and exhibits a fu rther im proved immune profile.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CN CM 1-1225, also known as Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533, or as Lactobacillus johnsonii Ljl, or as Lactobacillus acidophilus Lai, a human isolate (Bernet-Camard, M. F., et al., (1997) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 2747-2753), is a probiotic that is currently commercialized very successfully under the trademark Lcl.

Lactobacillus johnsonii C N C M 1-1225 has severa l we l l docu mented hea lth benefits, among them, for example activities for immunomodu lation (Hal ler, D., et al., 2000, Infect. Immun. 68:752-759; Haller, D., et al ., 2000, Gut 47:79-87; or Ibnou- Zekri, N., et al., 2003, Infect. Immun. 71:428-436), or pathogen inhibition (Bernet, M. F., et al., 1994, Gut, 35:483-489), and a long history of safe use.

In states of inflammation and infection the intestinal microflora is often out of the natural balance. Probiotic bacteria counteract the infla mmatory process a nd stabilize the gut microbial environment. Probiotics also stabilize gut barrier function. In doing so, they help to prevent many inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, which affects an estimated 600Ό00 Americans a year.

Hence, while Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 has excellent immune- regulatory properties, there is a need to have avai la ble a va riant of Lactobacillus johnsonii st ra i n C N C M 1-1225 with the same immune-regulatory properties (homeostasis in mucosae for instance) but which is even more anti-inflammatory than Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225. One aspect that has limited the application of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I- 1225 in some product categories, e.g., in products intended for young children and infants, is the prod uction of predomina ntly the D-lactic acid isomer from the fermentation of sugars. Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, for example, if grown in MRS medium, ferments lactose to D- and L-lactic acid in a 60:40% ratio.

The CODEX Infant Formula Directive recommends against the consumption of D-lactic acid and D-lactic acid producing bacteria by infants of less than three years of age due to their limited D-lactic acid elimination that may result in D-lactate acidosis.

The evidence to support this conclusion is limited and based mainly on the presence of D-lactic acid in foods and not on the administration of D-lactic acid producing bacteria, which are natural inhabitants of the gastro-intestinal tract.

Consequently, several publications have challenged this position (Connolly, E. et al ., NTRAfoods 3(3), 37-49. 2004; Haschke-Becher, E., et al., 2008, An n. N utr. Metab. 53:240-244, Mack, D. R., 2004, Can. J. Gastroenterol. 18:671-675) but so far the recommendation of the CODEX Infant Formula Directive remains unchanged.

The CODEX has essential ly excluded D-lactic acid producing probiotics as supplements in infant formulae but has inspired the genetic engineering of strains that produce only L-lactic acid. An example of such a development is the generation of a genetical ly modified orga nism (G MO), in particu lar a genetica lly modified Lactobacillus johnsonii strain, where the d-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) gene (IdhD) was isolated, and an in v/ ^' iro-truncated cloned copy of the IdhD gene was used to inactivate the genomic copy by gene replacement (Lapierre, L, et al., 1999, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4002-4007).

This genetically engineered strain was only produced for laboratory purposes and has never been used in food products since its genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technologies and the strain is consequently considered a GMO.

Nevertheless, it would be desirable to have available a possibility that allows to make the numerous health benefits of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 also available for individuals, for which the consumption of D-lactic acid or of D-lactic acid producing bacteria is currently not advised.

Hence, there is a strong need in the art for a natural probiotic strain, in particular a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225, which is deficient in D-lactic acid production and nevertheless viable, and which exhibits an improved anti-inflammatory profile.

The present inventors have addressed this need.

Consequently, it was the objective of the present invention to provide the art with a derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225, which can also be applied to products intended for infants and young children while respecting the current regulations of the CODEX Infant Formula Directive, which exhibits an improved anti-inflammatory profile, and which is natural and not considered a GMO.

The present inventors were surprised to see that they could achieve the objective of the present invention by the subject matter of the independent claims. The dependant claims further develop the idea of the present invention.

The inventors have investigated the possibility to isolate a natural (non-GMO), viable and genetically stable variant of Lactobacillus johnsonii Lai that produces only L-lactic acid and that, has improved storage stability and an improved antiinflammatory profile.

Changes in the genome sequence occur naturally, e.g., due to mis-repair of damaged DNA or errors in DNA replication, with a relatively low frequency.

To search for such natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 the present inventors have screened approximately 2 000 colonies of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 and have identified one natural D-lactic acid deficient variant that achieves the object of the present invention.

The present inventors have further determined D- and L-lactic acid concentrations in MRS culture supernatant and have shown that the relative D-lactic acid concentration compared to the total lactic acid concentration in the culture supernatant is below 1.5%; namely about 1.0%. A DNA sequence analysis identified predominantly point mutations in the lactate dehydrogenase gene that alter the amino acid sequence of the enzyme and hence its catalytic properties.

The natural derivative was shown to be viable and stable with no examples of reversion to D-lactic acid production.

In order to assess the anti-inflammatory profile of the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 the inventors have determined the cytokine secretion profile of human PBMCs in contact with Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and have compared it to the cytokine secretion profile of human PBMCs in contact with the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225.

It was found that the natural derivative of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 induces less pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN and IL-12p40) than Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, while the induction of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) was not affected.

Consequently, one embodiment of the present invention is a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225, wherein the derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 is deficient in D-lactic acid production and induces the secretion of less T helper type-1 cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells than Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225.

To the best knowledge of the inventors this is the first time a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 is provided that is deficient in D- lactic acid production and exhibits an improved anti-inflammatory profile compared to Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225.

"Deficient in D-lactic acid production" means for the purpose of the present invention that a strain produces less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, even more preferred less than 1.5%, and ideally about 1.1% of D-lactic acid compared to the total lactic acid production. The D- and L-lactic acid concentrations can be measured in the cell-free culture supernatant. The total quantity of lactic acid produced by the natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 is initially related to cell growth. When cells enter into the stationary phase and stop dividing, they continue to metabolise sugar and produce more lactic acid. The ratio of D- and L- lactic acid produced was, however, found to be constant.

A "natural" derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 means a strain which is not considered a GMO. Such a natural derivative may for example be obtained by screening colonies with are subject to changes in the genome sequence that occur naturally, e.g., due to mis-repair of damaged DNA or errors in DNA replication. This natural occurrence of errors may be enhanced by subjecting the colonies to stress conditions, for example by the application of ethyl methane sulfonate, EMS.

For the purpose of this application the term "GMO" shall be defined according to the DIRECTIVE 2001/18/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Accordingly, a 'genetically modified organism (GMO)' means an organism, with the exception of human beings, in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.

Within the terms of this definition genetic modification occurs at least through the use of the

(1) recombinant nucleic acid techniques involving the formation of new combinations of genetic material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules produced by whatever means outside an organism, into any virus, bacterial plasmid or other vector system and their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of continued propagation;

(2) techniques involving the direct introduction into an organism of heritable material prepared outside the organism including micro-injection, macroinjection and micro-encapsulation; or (3) cell fusion (including protoplast fusion) or hybridisation techniques where live cells with new combinations of heritable genetic material are formed through the fusion of two or more cells by means of methods that do not occur naturally.

A strain is considered a "derivative" of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225, if it has a nucleic acid identity of at least 99.95%, for example of at least 99.99%, preferably of at least 99.995%. For example, a strain is considered a derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 if it has no more than 500, for example no more than 100, preferably no more than 50 nucleic acid changes compared to the nucleic acid sequence of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225.

The assessment of the induction of the secretion of T helper type-1 cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a standard procedure well known to those of skill in the art and published for example in (Miettinen, M., et al., 1998, Infection and Immunity 66:6058-6062). For example the procedure described in Example 6 may be followed.

The present inventors have found that the natural derivatives of the

Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 of the present invention exhibited mutations in the d-ldh gene responsible for the D-lactic acid deficient phenotype.

Consequently, the natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 may have an altered the D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme sequence. For example, the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 may comprise an aspartic acid to asparagine amino acid change at amino acid position 260.

This change apparently alters D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme function significantly, so that extremely little or no D-lactic acid is produced.

This change in the D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme protein sequence is based on a change in the nucleic acid sequence of the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene.

Any natural changes in the nucleic acid sequence of the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene that inactivate the resulting enzyme may achieve the subject matter of the present invention. Also at least one deletion of one or more subsequent nucleotides within the wild-type sequence, or part or the whole of the D- lactate dehydrogenase gene may achieve the subject matter of the present invention.

The present inventors have analyzed the nucleic acid sequence of the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene in the natural derivative of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 of the present invention.

Hence, the present invention a lso relates to a natu ra l derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene in the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 comprises a G to A transition at nucleic acid position 820.

W h i l e s u c h a c h a n ge t h at res u l ts i n t h e i n a ct iva ti on of D-lactate dehydrogenase may occur spontaneously at low frequencies in nature, it is random, and can be repaired back to the parent sequence (wild type) at the same frequency.

This repair frequency may even be higher if the inactivated gene imparts a growth disadvantage to the variant. Given the large number of generations from the culture collection to the final product, it is important that such a change is stable, especially as it is single base-pair change which is genetical ly less stable than a deletion.

Advantageously, the change also was found to be stable.

One example of a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 that achieves the object of the present invention was isolated, purified and characterized in detail.

Th e prese nt i nve ntio n, he n ce, re lates to a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225, wherein the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 may be Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I- 4435.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 was deposited on February 8 ^th , 2011, with the Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes (CNCM), Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, under the Budapest Treaty.

The strain was fully sequenced. Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCIVI 1-1225 was deposited on 30 June 1992, with the CNCM, under the Budapest Treaty.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCIVI 1-4435 contains a total of 17 nucleotide changes, including the expected change in the D lactate dehydrogenase gene responsible for the deficiency in the production of D-lactic acid by this strain. There are changes in two genes whose function is predicted to be important for growth, namely LJ0135 - asparagine synthase and LJ0354b - 50S ribosomal protein L30. The effects of the individual, and combined changes have no significant adverse effects on growth as confirmed by Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCIVI 1-4435 growth at the similar rate as Lai in MRS broth, and also achieves similar final CFU's in MRS and industrial media. Of note is LJ0859 - galactokinase, a gene/enzyme in the galactose fermentation operon. The change lies outside of the galactokinase conserved domains but appears to reduce the enzyme activity as Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 shows reduced galactose fermentation. Strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 is of interest as it contains very few n umber of secondary n ucleotide changes resulting in 12 proteins with altered sequence.

The p rese nt i nve ntio n a l so exte n ds to t h e natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention, wherein the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 is present as biologically pure culture.

The natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention may be cultured according to any suitable method a nd may be prepa red for addition to the com positions of the present invention by freeze-drying or spray-drying for example.

The probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 provides numerous well documented health benefits some of which are detailed above.

"Probiotic" means microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells with a beneficial effect on the health or well-being of the host. (Salminen S, et al. "Probiotics: how should they be defined" Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1999:10 107-10). The natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention may be regarded essentially as bioequivalent in view of the provided health benefits.

Scientific work has shown that also the cell-free culture supernatant isolated from a biologically pure culture of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 has several health benefits (see e.g., Bernet-Camard, M.-F., et al., 1997, APPLI ED AN D ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, p. 2747-2753).

He nce, the present i nve ntion fu rthe r exte n ds to the cell-free culture supernatant isolated from a biologically pure culture of a natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention.

As the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and the cell-free culture supernatant of the present invention have numerous health benefits they may be used to treat or prevent disorders in the human or animal body.

Consequently, the present invention relates to a composition comprising the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell- free culture supernatant in accordance with the present invention for use in the preparation of a composition for use in a method for treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

The present invention also relates to the use of a composition comprising the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell- free culture supernatant in accordance with the present invention in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition or a medicament.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CN CM 1-1225 has been extensively studied for its probiotic-associated activities, including immunomodulation (Haller, D., et al., 2000, Infect. Immun. 68, 752-759; Haller, D., et al., 2000, Gut 47, 79-87; Ibnou-Zekri, N., et al., 2003, Infect. Immun. 71, 428-436), pathogen inhibition (Bernet, M. F., et al., 1994, G ut 35, 483-489), and epithelial cell attachment (Neeser, J. R., et al., 2000, Glycobiology 10, 1193-1199; Granato, D., et al., 1999, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 1071-1077). Due to bioequivalence, the natu ral derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cel l-free culture supernatant thereof in accordance with the present invention provide the same health benefits.

Consequently, the present invention relates to a composition comprising the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell- free cu ltu re su pernata nt in accordance with the present invention for use in the treatment or prevention of disorders linked to a weakened immune system.

The present invention also relates to the use of the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell-free culture supernatant in accordance with the present invention for the preparation of a composition to treat or prevent disorders linked to a weakened immune system.

Disorders linked to a weakened immune system are well-known in the art and people skil led in the a rt will u ndersta nd which disorders are lin ked to a weakened immune system.

Typical exam ples of disorders lin ked to a weakened imm une system may be selected from the group consisting of fl u, rhinitis, common cold, and combinations thereof.

Th e co m position co m prisi ng t he n atu ra l de rivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell-free culture supernatant in accordance with the present invention may a lso be for use in the treatment or prevention of disorders linked to the cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria or viruses.

The present invention also extends to the use of the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell-free culture supernatant in accordance with the present invention for the preparation of a composition to treat or prevent disorders linked to the cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria or viruses.

Enteroviru lent bacteria and viruses are wel l known in the art. The Eu ropean Food Safety Authority ( EFSA) has pu blished such a list of pathogens in Novem ber The enterovirulent bacterial or viral species may for example be selected from the group consisting of Salmonella; Campylobacter; Listeria; Escherichia coli strains, such as ETEC, EH EC, EP EC, or EI EC strains, for example; Yersinia; Shigella; Toxin producing bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, or Bacillus cereus; Vibrio vulnifucus/parahaemolyticus; rotavirus; norovirus; verotoxigenic E. coli; Enterobacter sakazakii; toxigenic C. perfringens (type A and B); food-borne parasites, su ch as Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, or Giardia; Helicobacter pylori; Clostridium difficile; Clostridium tetani; or combinations thereof.

It is clear to those skilled in the art, which disorders are linked to what enterovirulent bacterial or viral species.

For example, the disorder linked to the cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacterial or viral species may be selected from the group consisting of lower respiratory tract infections, gastro-intestinal tract infections, otitis media, and combinations thereof.

The composition of the present invention may be any kind of composition as long as it is suitable for administration to humans or animals.

The com position of the prese nt i nve ntio n may i n pa rticu la r be to be administered orally, enterally, parenterally or topically. The compositions may be provided in any galenical form normally available for the selected mode of administration.

The composition of the present invention may be administered to any age group.

Preferably, the composition of the present invention is to be administered during the cold season, e.g., from autumn to spring.

It may also be consumed at any time. It may be preferred to consume the composition of the present invention in the morning, e.g., to boost the immune system for the day.

The composition may, e.g., be selected from the group consisting of food compositions, petfood compositions, drinks, dairy products, nutritional formulas, infant formulas, food additives, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical compositions, food ingredients and/or cosmetic compositions.

For example, the composition may be selected from the group consisting of acidified milk products, such as yoghurts or yoghurt drinks; or milk based powders.

It may be preferred, in particular for powdered products, if the composition is provided in the form of a shelf stable powder. To obtain shelf stability and to ensure viability of the probiotics the composition may be provided with a water activity smaller than 0.2, for example in the range of 0.19-0.05, preferably smaller than 0.15. Water activity or a _w is a measurement of the energy status of the water in a system. It is defined as the vapor pressure of water deriving from the powder/product divided by that of pure water at the same temperature; therefore, pure distilled water has a water activity of exactly one.

The com positions of the present invention may be cleansing, protective, treatment or care creams, skincare lotions, gels or foams, such as clea nsing or disinfecting lotions, bath compositions or deodorant compositions.

As rega rd s m o re pa rticu l a rly th e co m positio n s fo r exte rn a l to pica l administration, they may be aqueous, aqueous-alcoholic or oily solutions, solutions or dispersions of the lotion or serum type, emulsions of liquid or semi-liquid consistency, of the milk type, obtained by dispersion of a fatty phase in an aqueous phase (O/W) or vice-versa (W/O), or suspensions or emulsions of soft, semi-solid or solid consistency, of the cream type, aqueous or anhydrous gels, microemulsions, microcapsules, microparticles, or vesicular dispersions of ionic and/or non-ionic type.

A topical com position according to the invention may advantageously be formulated in any galenical form that is suitable for haircare, especially in the form of a hair lotion, a shampoo, especially an antidandruff shampoo, a hair conditioner, a detangler, a hair cream or gel, a styling lacquer, a hairsetting lotion, a treating lotion, a dye composition (especial ly for oxidation dyeing) optional ly in the form of a colouring shampoo, a hair-restructuring lotion, a permanent-waving composition, a lotion or gel for combating hair loss, an antiparasitic sha mpoo or a medicated shampoo, especially an anti-seborrhoea shampoo, a scalp care prod uct, which is especially anti-irritant, anti-ageing or restructuring, or which activates the blood circulation.

When the composition of the invention is an emulsion, the proportion of the fatty phase may range from 5% to 80% by weight, and preferably from 10% to 50% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. The oils, the emulsifiers and the coemulsifiers used in the composition in emulsion form are chosen from those conventionally used in the cosmetics and/or dermatological field. The emulsifier and the coemulsifier may be present, in the composition, in a proportion ranging from 0.3% to 30% by weight, and preferably from 0.5% to 20% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.

When the composition of the invention is an oily gel or solution, the fatty phase may represent more than 90% of the total weight of the composition.

The galenic forms for topical administration may also contain adjuvants that are customary in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and/or dermatological field, such as hydrophilic or lipophilic gel ling agents, hydrophilic or li pophilic active agents, preservatives, antioxidants, solvents, fragrances, fillers, screens, odour absorbers and dyestuffs. The amounts of these various adjuvants are those conventionally used in the field under consideration, and are, for example, from 0.01% to 20% of the total weight of the com position . Depending on their natu re, these adjuvants may be introduced into the fatty phase and/or into the aqueous phase.

As fatty substances that may be used in the invention, mention may be made of m i neral oils such as, for example, hydrogenated polyisobutene and liquid petroleum jelly, plant oils such as, for example, a liquid fraction of shea butter, sunflower oil and apricot kernel oil, animal oils such as, for example, perhydrosqualene, synthetic oils, in particular Purcellin oil, isopropyl myristate and ethylhexyl palmitate, unsaturated fatty acids and fluoro oils such as, for example, perfluoropolyethers. Use may also be made of fatty alcohols, fatty acids such as, for example, stearic acid and such as, for example, waxes, in particular paraffin wax, carnauba wax and beeswax. Use may also be made of silicone compounds such as silicone oils and, for example, cyclomethicone and dimethicone, and silicone waxes, resins and gums.

As emulsifiers that may be used in the invention, mention may, for example, be m a de of glyce ryl stea rate, po lyso rbate 60, th e m ixtu re of cetylstea ryl alcohol/oxyethylenated cetylstearyl alcohol comprising 33 mol of ethylene oxide, sold under the name Sinnowax AO ^* by the company Henkel, the mixture of PEG-6/PEG- 32/glycol stearate sold under the name Tefose ^* 63 by the company Gattefosse, PPG-3 myristyl ether, silicone emulsifiers such as cetyl dimethicone copolyol and sorbitan monostearate or tristearate, PEG-40 stea rate, or oxyethyle nated sorbita n monostearate (20 EO).

As solvents that may be used in the invention, mention may be made of lower alcohols, especially ethanol and isopropanol, and propylene glycol.

The composition of the invention may also advantageously contain a spring and/or mineral water, in particular chosen from Vittel water, waters from the Vichy basin, and la Roche Posay water.

As hydrophilic gelling agents, mention may be made of carboxylic polymers such as carbomer, acrylic copolymers such as acrylate/alkyl acrylate copolymers, polyacrylamides, and in particular the mixture of polyacrylamide, C13-14 isoparaffin and Laureth-7 so l d u n d e r t h e n a m e Se p ige l 305 ^* by the company SEPPIC, polysaccharides, for instance derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcelluloses, a nd in particular hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, natural gums such as guar gum, locust bean gum, carob and xanthan gum, and clays.

As lipophilic gelling agents, mention may be made of modified clays such as bentones, metal salts of fatty acids, such as aluminium stearates and hydrophobic silica, or else ethylcellulose and polyethylene.

The compositions according to the invention may also be solid preparations constituting cleansing soaps or bars.

They may also be used for the scalp in the form of solutions, creams, gels, emulsions or mousses, or alternatively in the form of aerosol compositions also containing a propellant under pressure. In the case of oral use in accordance with the invention for oral administration, the use of a n ingestible support or carrier is preferred. The ingestible support or ca rrier may be of diverse natu re depending on the type of com position u nder consideration.

Milk, yogurt, cheese, fermented milks, milk-based fermented products, ice creams, cereal-based prod ucts or fermented cerea l-based products, breakfast cereals, cereal or granola bars, milk-based powders, infant and baby formulas, food products of confectionary, chocolate or cereal type, animal feed, in particular for domestic animals, tablets, gel capsules or lozenges, liquid bacterial suspensions, oral supplements in dry form and oral supplements in liquid form are especially suitable for use as ingestible support or carrier.

The composition according to the invention to be administered orally may be formulated for example in the form of coated tablets, gel capsules, gels, emulsions, tablets, capsules, hydrogels, food bars, compact or loose powders, liquid suspensions or solutions, confectionery products, fermented milks, fermented cheeses, chewing gum, toothpaste or spray solutions or food carriers.

Tablets or lozenges, oral supplements in dry form and oral supplements in liq uid form are suita ble for use as dietetic or pha rmaceutical supports or food carriers.

The composition may be, for example, a food su pplement, which may be formulated via the usual processes for in particular producing sugar-coated tablets, gel capsules, gels, emulsions, tablets, capsules and hydrogels allowing controlled release.

In particular, a microorganism according to the invention may be incorporated into all forms of food su pplements or en riched foods, for example food bars or compacted or non-compacted powders. The powders may be diluted in water, soda, milk products or soya bean derivatives, or may be incorporated into food bars.

A microorganism of the invention, a fraction thereof and/or a metabolite thereof, may moreover be formulated with the usual excipients and components for such oral compositions or food supplements, i.e. in particular fatty and/or aqueous components, humectants, thickeners, preservatives, texturing agents, flavour enhancers and/or coating agents, antioxidants, preservatives and dyes that are customary in the food sector.

The formulating agents and excipients for oral compositions, and in particular for food supplements, are known in this field and will not be the subject of a detailed description herein.

In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered in an amount sufficient to at least partially cure or arrest the symptoms of a disease and its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as "a therapeutically effective dose". Amounts effective for this purpose will depend on a number of factors known to those of skill in the art such as the severity of the disease and the weight and general state of the patient.

In prophylactic applications, compositions according to the invention are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease in an amount that is sufficient to at least partially reduce the risk of developing a disease. Such an amount is defined to be "a prophylactically effective dose". Again, the precise amounts depend on a number of patient specific factors such as the patient's state of health and weight.

The compositions of the present invention comprise at least one natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 and/or the cell-free culture supernatant of the present invention in a therapeutically or prophylactically effective dose.

Those skilled in the art will be able to adjust dosage accordingly.

For example, the composition may comprise the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention in an amount of 10 ⁶ -10 ¹² cfu, for example 10 ⁸ to 10 ¹⁰ cfu per daily dose.

Previous work has also shown that non-replicating L. johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 may be used in the treatment or prevention of disorders related to the immune system including infections, see WO 2010/133475, fully incorporated herein by reference. It was found that L. johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 strongly induces the constitutive hBDl expression, and that heat-treated L. johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 up- regulates hBDl more strongly than its live counterpart.

Consequently, the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention may also be present in a non- replicating form.

"Non-replicating" natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 include derivatives, which have been heat treated. This includes natural derivatives of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 that are inactivated, dead, non-viable and/or present as fragments such as DNA, metabolites, cytoplasmic compounds, and/or cell wall materials.

"Non-replicating" means that no viable cells and/or colony forming units can be detected by classical plating methods. Such classical plating methods are summarized in the microbiology book: James Monroe Jay, Martin J. Loessner, David A. Golden.2005. Modern food microbiology.7th edition, Springer Science, New York, N.Y.790 p. Typically, the absence of viable cells can be shown as follows: no visible colony on agar plates or no increasing turbidity in liquid growth medium after inoculation with different concentrations of bacterial preparations ('non replicating' samples) and incubation under appropriate conditions (aerobic and/or anaerobic atmosphere for at least 24h).

Obviously, non-replicating micro-organisms do not form colonies, consequently, this term is to be understood as the amount of non replicating microorganisms that is obtained from 10 ⁶ and 10 ¹² cfu/g replicating bacteria.

The composition may also comprise the natural derivative of the Lactobacillus johnsonii strain CNCM 1-1225 in accordance with the present invention in an amount of 0,005 mg - 5000 mg, for example 0.5 mg to 50 mg, per daily dose.

Those skilled in the art will understand that they can freely combine all features of the present invention described herein, without departing from the scope of the invention as disclosed. In particular, features described for the uses of the present invention may be applied to the foodstuff of the present invention and vice versa. Further advantages and features of the present invention are apparent from the following Examples and Figures.

Figure 1 shows the 'survival curve' for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 treated with ethyl methane sulfonate.

Figure 2 shows the molecular process of natural mutations from the oxidation of a G base to the segregation of the DNA strands resulting in a mixture of parent and modified DNA types and a mixed parent and modified colony.

Figure 3 shows the gene sequence of the Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 D-lactate dehydrogenase gene (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the changes identified in the corresponding gene in Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 being circled. The translated D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (SEQ ID NO: 2) is also shown with the corresponding changes for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435.

Figure 4 shows the immune profiles for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 (NCC 533) and Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 (NCC 2917) on human PBMCs from four donors. The values of the cytokines IFN-α, IL-12p40 and IL-10 were measured in the culture supernatants with PBMCs in culture medium as control.

Figure 5A shows the gene sequence of the Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 D-lactate dehydrogenase gene (SEQ ID NO: 6) with the base at position 778 boxed and altered compared to the parent strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 (G).

Figure 5B shows the protein sequence of the Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-

4435 D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (SEQ ID NO: 7) with the amino acid at position 778 boxed and altered compared to the parent strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I- 1225 (D). Example 1. Ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of Lactobacillus johnsonii

CNCM 1-1225 cultures. Samples of 100 μΙ containing approximately 10 ⁸ colony forming units of a 16 hr Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 culture were washed 3 times with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline. The cells were finally suspended in 1 ml PBS and 0 or 10 μΙ ethyl methane sulfonate added and incubated at 37°C without shaking. The treated cells were washed twice in PBS, the CFU of treated and not treated cultures determined and plotted as survivors to give the 'survival curve' shown in Figure 1. The conditions producing 1% survivors were initially targeted and bracketed with time points before and after, the cells diluted and plated as single colonies on MRS plates for enumeration. The remaining treated cells were the used to inoculate 10 ml of MRS broth and incubated for 16 hr growth at 37°C. The culture was then diluted and spread on MRS plates to produce individual colonies for screening.

Mutations occur naturally in bacteria mainly through the oxidation of guanosine (G) residues in double stranded DNA and typically produce single base-pair changes when resolved by DNA replication as shown in Figure 2. This results in a natu ral m utation profile of G to adenosine (A) and cytidine (C) to thymidine (T) changes, depending on which DNA strand is sequenced. Ethyl methane sulfonate acts by chemical oxidation of G bases and results in the same mutation profile as natural mutations, namely G to A and C to T, depending on which DNA strand is sequenced. This was confirmed later by DNA sequencing of the D-lactate dehydrogenase genes and genome sequences where the vast majority of the observed changes were either G to A or C to T.

Example 2. Screening of individual colonies for strains deficient in D-lactic acid production. Individual ethyl methane sulfonate treated colonies were picked into 96- well plates containing 200 μΙ MRS broth and incubated at 37°C for 24 hr to form mini cultures. The growth of the cultures was estimated by absorbance at 620 nm using a Tecan sunrise microplate reader. Ten μΙ of the culture supernatant was mixed with 190 μΙ of a reaction mixture containing 100 mM Tris HCI pH 9, 2.5 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 20 U/ml D-lactate dehydrogenase (from Leuconostoc mesenteroides), 1 mg/ml NAD (β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) plus 3% hydrazinium hydroxide and incubated at room temperature for 1 hr. The absorbance at 320 nm (formation of β-NADH) was then measured using the Tecan sunrise microplate reader and the data exported to excel for analysis. On each plate controls containing MRS alone and Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 culture supernatant at 5%, 25%, 50% or 100% concentrations were included as standards for normalisation of the data.

This is a phenotypic analysis of the isolated colonies to determine the presence or absence of D-lactic acid in the cultu re mediu m after growth. When screening individual colonies for the prese nce of D-lactic acid it is also clea r that 'mixed' cultures containing 50% of a D-lactic acid producer and 50% of a D-lactic acid non- producer will result in a culture that is 'positive' for the presence of D-lactic acid. The D-lactic acid deficient phenotype that we target is therefore considered as 'recessive' to the D-lactic acid production phenotype. This is important when we consider the schematic of mutagenesis shown in Figure 2 as a single oxidised G base will result in a final colony that is a mixtu re of both parent a nd altered individua ls and hence phenotypically, D-lactic acid positive. In this case the inclusion of the growth in MRS broth after ethyl methane su lfonate treatment was essential for the isolation of strains deficient in D-lactic acid production. After screening some 21Ό00 individual ethyl methane sulfonate treated colonies, 15 colonies deficient in D-lactic acid production were isolated and subjected to further analysis.

Example 3. Determination of D-lactic acid levels in culture medium. Cultures were grown in M RS broth at 37°C for 16 hou rs a nd the bacte ria removed by centrifugation. To determine D-lactic acid concentrations, the cell-free culture supernatants were diluted in water, analysed as described above and compared to a sta nda rd cu rve prepa red with d il utions of sodi u m D-lactic acid. L-lactic acid concentrations were determined in the same way by exchanging the enzyme D- lactate dehydrogenase with rabbit muscle L-lactic dehydrogenase and using sodium L-lactic acid as standard. The results of this analysis for CNCM 1-4435 are shown in Table 1 and include the controls of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, Lactobacillus johnsonii N CC9006 with a G MO inactivated D-lactate dehydrogenase gene and Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 a nd Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007, both considered as L-lactic acid producing strains. Lactobacillus pa racasei NCC2461 (accession n u m ber: CNCM 1-2116) was deposited under the Budapest Treaty on 12 January 1999, with the CNCM (address already mentioned). Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 (accession number: CGMCC 1.3724) was deposited under the Budapest Treaty in October 2004, with the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC9006 is th e stra i n d e rivi ng fro m Lactobacillus johnsonii Lai, as described in the article by Lapierre et al. entitled "D- Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene (IdhD) Inactivation and Resulting Metabolic Effects in the Lactobacillus johnsonii Strains Lai and N312" (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65(9):4002).

Table 1. Values of D- and L-lactic acid determined for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 from cell-free cultures. Included as controls are the strains NCC9006, a Lactobacillus johnsonii strain with a G MO inactivation of the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene, Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007, both considered as L-lactic acid producing strains. Experiments were performed in triplicate and are given as the mean value plus standard deviation in brackets.

Total

Strain lactic L-lactic acid D-lactic acid % D-lactic acid

acid *

CNCM 1-1225 14 4.8 (0.17) 9.2 (0.27) 65.7

CNCM 1-4435 22.8 22.7 (0.4) 0.05 (0.004) 0.2

NCC9006 21.2 21.2 (3.25) < 0.05 *** < 0 3 * * * *

NCC2461 16.8 16.3 (0.97) 0.48 (0.02) 2.9

NCC4007 15.8 15.2 (0.49) 0.56 (0.03) 3.5

*, lactic acid values in g/l.

**, only one of the samples gave a value above the lower quantification limit. ***, below the lower quantification limit.

****, % calculated using the lower quantification limit value.

The results show that the D-lactic acid production values for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 are approximately 65% of total lactic acid and that the D-lactic acid production values for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 are greatly reduced. The D-lactic acid production levels for Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 are very low and below 1% of total lactic acid. This result is similar to the results obtained for the Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC9006 containing an inactivated D-lactate dehydrogenase gene created using gene technology methods. Also of note are the control strains Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007, both considered as L-lactic acid producers, and which produce 3 and 3.5% D-lactic acid under these conditions, respectively. From these data the strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 can be considered as a L-lactic acid producers and phenotypically distinct from Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225.

Example 4. Identification of changes in the D-lactate dehydrogenase genes. In order to identify the changes in the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene responsible for the D-lactic acid deficient phenotype, we PCR amplified the regions for DNA sequence analysis. The region was amplified from one μΙ of bacterial culture using the primers PI TCAGCACATAACCAGCAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 3) plus P2 GCAATAATACTGTCGCCGGT (SEQ ID NO: 4). The amplicons were purified and sequenced with primers PI, P3 GTGTATAATAAAAGACGGTC (SEQ ID NO: 5) plus P2, compiled and analysed in the DNASTAR suite of programs. The results are shown in Figure 3. As can be seen in Figure 3, the strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 contains a G to A change at base pair 818 of Figure 3 and Figure 4A, and which results in a aspartic acid to asparagine amino acid change at position 260 (D260N) positioned outside the conserved signature domains of the D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme sequence (Figure 4B). The gene sequencing data shows that the D-lactic acid deficient production phenotype in Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 is accompanied by a corresponding change in the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene and enzyme sequence. Example 5. Determination of the phenotypic stability of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435. Given the large number of generations from the culture collection to the final product, it is important that the D-lactic acid deficient phenotype is stable and that reversion to production of D-lactic acid is very rare. To investigate this we cultivated Lactobacillus johnsonii CN CM 1-4435 in MRS broth for a total of 100 generations and then tested 300 individual colonies for D-lactic acid production. The results are that none of the colonies tested showed D-lactic acid levels above that determined for strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435. This analysis was also performed after pilot-scale prod uction of spray-d ried powders a n d Lcl Dri n k products with the same results.

In lactic acid bacteria a single copy of D- or L-lactate dehydrogenase is essential for the production of lactic acid and the regeneration of NADH, a co-factor in this reaction, to NAD. In lactic acid bacteria this is the only route to regenerate NAD under anaerobic conditions and is essential for growth. I n the case of the D-lactic acid deficient strains there is no selective pressu re for the reversion to D-lactic acid production as the L-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme is sufficient to cover the lack of D- lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Example 6. Determination of the cytokine secretion profile of human PBMCs in contact with Lactobacillus johnsonii C N C M 1-4435. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from buffy coats obtained from the transfusion center of the CHUV (Lausanne). The buffy coats were diluted 1:2 with Hanks balanced salt solution (H BSS). After a Histopaque gradient centrifugation, mononuclear cells were collected at the interface and washed twice with 40 ml HBSS. Cel ls were the n suspen ded i n Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 1% L-glutamine, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 0.1% gentamycin. PBMCs (7 x 10 ⁵ cells/well) were then incubated with Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 and Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 samples (7xl0 ⁶ cfu/well) in 48 well plates for 36 h. Bacterial cell suspensions were adjusted to lxlO ⁸ cfu/ml based on Neubauer cell counts. The effects of bacterial samples were tested on PBMCs from 4 individual donors. After 36 h incubation, culture plates were frozen and kept at -20°C until cytokine measurement. Levels of cytokines (IFN-γ; IL-12p40 and IL-10) in cell culture supernatants were determined by electrochemiluminescence based multiplex (Meso Scale Discovery, Gaithersburg, MD) following the manufacturer's instructions. Results are expressed as means (pg/ml) +/- SEM of 4 individual measurements (4 donors) per bacterial preparation.

The human PBMC assay is a well perceived in vitro test to characterize and cluster microorganisms in their ability to stimulate immune cells (also called immunoprofiling). Measurement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (see below) in cell culture supernatants allows us to define an immune profile for each microorganism or bacterial preparation. Immune profiles may be used as indicators if seeking strains with specific immune properties (strains activating the innate immunity and strains with anti-inflammatory effect for instance).

Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 induces high levels of IL-12p40, and IFN-y compared to the control medium shown in Figure 4. The immune profiles of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 was shown to be different from Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 for PBMC secretion of IL-12p40 and INF-γ. Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 induced less IL-12p40 and INF-γ secretion than Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, while IL-10 was secreted as similar levels. Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 hence induces less pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN and IL- 12p40) than Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225, while the induction of IL-10 (antiinflammatory cytokine) is not affected. Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 may retain its immune-regulatory properties (homeostasis in mucosae for instance) and be more anti-inflammatory than Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225. Listing of SEQ IDs:

SEQ I D NO: SEQ I D NO: Short description

(DNA) (protein)

1 2 Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-1225 D-lactate dehydrogenase

3 n/a Primer PI (see example 4)

4 n/a Primer P2 (see example 4)

5 n/a Primer P3 (see example 4)

6 7 Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM 1-4435 D-lactate dehydrogenase (Figures 5A and 5B)