The invention relates to the field of genetics, more particular human genetics, more especially the use of eukaryotic CRISPR sequences in assays to study eukaryotic gene regulation through RNAi and in assays for studying the behavior of eukaryotic CRISPR sequences.

INTRODUCTION CRISPR sequences are Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short

Palindromic Repeat sequences that are present in bacteria and archaea. Initially these kind of sequences have been indicated as Short Regularly Spaced Repeats (SRSRs) (Mojica, F.J. et al., 2000, Mol. Microbiol. 36:244-246), but they have been renamed in the acronym CRISPR by Jansen et al. (Jansen, R. et al., 2002, Mol. Microbiol. 43:1565-1575). Their function has been revealed later by Doudna and Charpentier, who independently from each other showed that CRISPR sequences work together with proteins from the Cas (CRTSP associated) group to form a kind of immune reaction against viral infections (Pennisi, E., 2013, Science 341:833- 836).

Together with Doudna and Charpentier, Jinek and others (Jinek, M. et al., 2012, Science 337:816-821) showed that Cas9, one of the Cas enzymes, in connection with an adapted version of the CRISPR (guide) sequences could be used for genetic editing. Since then the CRISPR-Cas system has been studied extensively and currently it is one of the most promising tools in genetic engineering because of its ease of use (e.g. Young, S. 2014, MIT Technol. Review: http://www.technologyreview.com/review/524451/genome-surgery /; Mali, P. et al., 2013, Nature Meth. 10:957-963).

Although the CRISPR-Cas system has been proven to work in eukaryotes for genetic editing, it has also been found that the system is not fail- proof. A very recent article (Cyranoski, D and Reardon, S., Nature News 22 April 2015) demonstrated that, although Chinese scientists had been able to genetically engineer the genomes of human embryo's, in most of the embryo's that were treated the system did not work at all, or not successfully. Accordingly, there is still insufficient information on? how the CRISPR- Cas system can be used in the eukaryotic cell and assays for studying the interaction of the gene editing sequences and the eukaryotic gene regulation are strongly needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors now have surprisingly discovered that the occurrence of CRISPR sequences is not limited to bacteria and archaea, but that these sequences are also endogenous to eukaryotes. Especially in humans many CRISPR like sequences have been discovered. On basis of this finding, the invention now provides vector molecules comprising eukaryotic, preferably mammalian, more preferably human CRISPR sequences. Accordingly, the invention comprises a eukaryotic expression vector comprising a eukaryotic CRISPR, preferably a mammalian or a plant CRISPR. Preferably, said CRISPR is one of the human CRISPR sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 - SEQ ID NO: 10141 or any of the non-human CRISPR sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10142 - 11297. Further a eukaryotic expression vector according to the present invention preferably comprises a human CRISPR.

In a further embodiment the CRISPR is under control of an endogenous promoter. In an alternative embodiment the CRISPR is under control of a heterologous promoter.

Further part of the invention is a method of assaying the effect of a eukaryotic CRISPR on the gene regulation of a eukaryotic cell comprising the steps of:

a. transforming or transfecting said cell with a eukaryotic

expression vector according to the invention;

b. allowing the CRISPR to be transcribed;

c. measuring the transcriptome of said cell.

Preferably in said method the CRISPR is a human CRISPR and said cell is a human cell. Further preferred is a method in which the effect on gene regulation is measured by comparing the total mRNA of the cell before and after expression of the CRISPR.

In a further embodiment the invention comprises a method of assaying the transcription of a eukaryotic CRISPR comprising the steps of: a. transforming or transfecting a cell with a eukaryotic expression vector according to claim 4;

b. subjecting said cell to a stimulus;

c. measuring the transcriptome of said

Preferably in this method according said stimulus is a chemical stimulus or a physical stimulus.

Also part of the invention is the use of a eukaryotic CRISPR for studying gene regulation in eukaryotes, preferably mammals, more preferably humans.

Preferably, said CRISPR is a human CRISPR sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 - SEQ ID NO: 11297, more preferably a humana sequence from any of SEQ ID NO: 1 - 10141.

The present invention further also comprises a kit comprising a vector according to the invention and instructions for use in a method according to the invention.

LEGEND TO THE FIGURES

Figure 1 Total number of human CRISPR blast hits visualized per taxonomic division. For both the human CRISPR repeats and spacers the number of BLAST hits were counted for each taxonomic division. False represents confirmed human CRISPRs and true represents questionable human CRISPRs. Taxonomic divisions include, Bacteria, Environmental samples, Invertebrates, Mammals, Phages, Plants, Primates, Rodents, Synthetic, Vertebrates and Viruses. Figure 2 ChIP seq data reveals specific transcription activity in human CRISPRs. CRISPRs are visualized in red blocks. The human reference genome that is used and uploaded into IGV is Hgl9. IGV software is used to visualize the ChlP-seq data obtained from ENCODE for the cell lines U20S, Caco-2 and K562. A) ChIP seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID:4443 shows in an intergenic region at position (chr7:99, 190,443 - 99, 190,629) transcription activity in U20S, Caco-2, and K562 cell lines; B) ChIP seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 5838 shows in an mtronic region at postion (chr 10:70,276,886 - 70,277,044) transcription activity in U20S and Caco-2 cell lines, with transcripts reverse complementary orientated to the RNA transcript of gene SLC25A16; C) ChIP seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 189 shows in an exonic region at postion (chrl:45,965,017 - 45,965,162) transcription activity in the cell lines U20S, Caco-2 and K562, with transcripts that are reverse complementary orientated to the mRNA transcript of gene CCDC163P; D) ChIP seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 8204 shows in an intronic region at postion (chrl7:19, 149, 168 - 19,149,358) transcription activity in the cell line U20S, with transcripts that are reverse complementary orientated to the RNA transcript of gene EPN2; E) ChIP seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 4038 shows in an intronic region at postion (chr6: 167,093,513 - 167,093,713) transcription activity in the cell lines U20S and K562, with transcripts that are reverse complementary orientated to the RNA transcript of gene RPS6KA2; F) ChIP seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 5213 shows in an intronic region at postion (chr9:8,644,153 - 8,644,333) transcription activity in the cell lines Caco-2 and K562, with transcripts that are reverse complementary orientated to the RNA transcript of gene PTPRD.

Figure 3 Human body map RNA-seq data reveals tissue specific human CRISPR transcription activity. CRISPRs are visualized in red blocks. The human reference genome that is used and uploaded into IGV is Hgl9. IGV software is used to visualize the Body Map 2.0 (Illumina HiSeq) RNA-sequence data of tissues Brain, Colon, Heart, Kidney, Liver, Lung, Skeltal muscle, Thyroid, White blood cell, Adrenal, Lymph node, Ovary, Testes, Adipose, Breast and Prostate and is visualized in blue. A) RNA-seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 2296 shows in an intronic region at position (chr4: 15,617, 172 - 15,617,283) transcription activity in tissues Brain and Heart; B) RNA-seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 2367 shows in an intronic region at position (chr4:36,322,560 - 36,322,655) transcription activity in tissues Lung and Lymph node; C) RNA-seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 3247 shows in an intergenic region at position (chr5:98,280,615 - 98,280,721) transcription activity in tissues Colon, Heart, Thyroid and Ovary; D) RNA-seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 4311 shows in an intronic region at position (chr7:70,215,373 - 70,215,559) transcription activity in tissues Thyroid and Adrenal; E) RNA-seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 4397 shows in an intergenic region at position (chr7:99, 188,869 -

99,189,616) transcription activity in tissues Brain, Kidney, Testes and Adipose; F) RNA-seq data for human CRISPR with SEQ ID: 9451 shows in an intergenic region at position (chrX: 1,007, 571 - 1,007,935) transcription activity in tissues Colon, Kidney, Thyroid and Testes. Figure 4 Twelve examples of human CRISPR expression vectors.

Sequences from example 4 were uploaded into Snapgene viewer, which is a versatile tool to create annotated sequence files in a vector map format. This is done for the human CRISPR sequences that recede in ADAM 10, ADAM17, ADAMTS9-AS2, TUBD and IL-10. The vectors contain an U6 promoter and a transcription termination signal, the human CRISPR sequence were generated in such a way that the expression vector would generated transcripts in a Forward and Reverse complementary manner.

Figure 5 Human CRISPR vectors control gene expression. A) Human CRISPR vector pLOHA_7710_+ downregulates ADAM 10 expression in U20S cells 24 - 48 hours after transfection. For each plasmid pLOHA_7710_+ or

pLOHA_7710_-, pCDNA3.1 transfected and untreated cells three representable pictures are shown. U20S cells were stained for ADAMIO visualized in red and the nuclei were stained with DAP1. Pictures were taken at a 40x magnification using the Olympus XI51 microscope; B) and C) Human CRISPR vector pLOHA_1762_- induces ADAMTS9 expression by silencing the ADAMTS9-AS2 antisense RNA. For each plasmid pLOHAJ 762_+ or pLOHAJ 762_-, pCDNAS.I transfected and untreated cells three representable pictures are shown. U20S bone marrow epithelial cells and SKBR2 breast cancer epithelial cells were stained for

ADAMTS9 (visualized in red) and the nuclei were stained with DAPI. Pictures were taken at a 40x magnification using the Olympus XI51 microscope. D) Western blot of U20S total cell lysates that were transfected with pLOHA_7710_+ or pLOHA_7710_-, pCDNA3.1 or left untreated. Expression differences of ADAMIO were detected between 55 and 70 kDa.

Figure 6 Human CRISPRs and Cas9 induce toxic double stranded DNA breaks in U20S cells. U20S cell were infected with C. jejuni strain GBll, GBllAcasS, GBllAcasSA, untreated (NC), lGy radiated for the induction of DSB (PC) or pCDNA3.1 + CyCas9 (GBll) transfected. BLESS identified break position is visualized as a blue box; A) shows a C _j Cas9 dependent DSB break position that is induced by GBll, GBllAcas^A and CjCasd at the exact same position visualized in region (chr5:57, 182,990 - 57,183,030) for which the functional human CRISPR guide with patent seq ID 115 was required; B) shows a C _j Cas9 dependent DSB break position that is induced by GBll, GBllAcas9A and C _j Cas9 at the exact same position visualized in region (chrl:237,600,585 - 237,600,625) for which the functional human CRISPR guide with SEQ ID 1471 was required. This human CRISPR guide is actively transcribed in U20S cells at position chr2:219072954- 219073050 under standard cell culture conditions; C) shows a C/Cas9 dependent DSB break position that is induced by GBll, GBllAcas9A and C _j Cas9 at the exact same position visualized in region (chrl7:4,861, 104 - 4,861, 144) for which the functional human CRISPR guide with SEQ ID 1109 was required. This human CRISPR guide is actively transcribed in U20S cells at position chr2:85737752- 85738008 under standard cell culture conditions; D) shows a C _j Cas9 dependent DSB break position that is induced by GBll, GBllAcas9A and C _j Cas9 at the exact same position visualized in region (chrl2:14,461,527 - 14,461,567) for which the functional human CRISPR guide with SEQ ID 130 was required. This human CRISPR gmde is actively transcribed in U20S cells at position chrl:28173679- 28173782 under standard cell culture conditions; E) shows a C _j Cas9 dependent DSB break position that is induced by GBll, GBllAcas9A and C _j Cas9 at the exact same position visualized in region (chrl0:33,287,520 - 33,287,560) for which the functional human CRISPR guide with SEQ ID 2750 was required. This human CRTSPR guide is actively transcribed in U20S cells at position chr4:l 63803118- 163803209 under standard cell culture conditions.

Figure 7 Effect of medicines, chemicals or biological agents on CRISPR expression. Four affymetrix probes 1557645_at, 1560498_at, 1556520_at,

1559278_at that matched exactly with the human CRISPR SEQ ID 1884; 7953; 2700 or 4812, respectively, were analysed in

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geoprofiles/. Expression dataset pictures were copied to a word file when significant expression differences were observed between controls and (a)biotic compounds or medicine exposed cell lines or subjects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The structure of a prokaryotic CRISPR array (see e.g., Horvath, P. and Barrangou, R., 2010, Science 327:167-170) includes a number of short repeating sequences referred to as "repeats." The repeats occur in clusters and up to 249 repeats have been identified in a single CRISPR array and are usually regularly spaced by unique intervening sequences referred to as "spacers." Typically, CRISPR repeats vary from about 24 to 47 base pairs in length and are often? palindromic. The repeats are generally arranged in clusters (up to about 20 or more per genome) of repeated units. The spacers are located between two repeats and typically each spacer has a unique sequence of about 21-72 base pairs in length. Many spacers are identical to or have high similarity with known phage sequences. It has been shown that the insertion of a spacer sequence from a specific phage into a bacterial CRISPR can confer resistance to that phage (see e.g., Barrangou, R. et al., 2007, Science 315:1709-1712).

In addition to repeats and spacers, a CRISPR array may also include a leader sequence and often a set of two to six associated cas genes. Typically the leader sequence is an AT-rich sequence of up to 550 base pairs directly adjoining the 5' end of the first repeat. New repeat-spacer units are almost always added to the CRISPR array between the leader and the first repeat.

The present inventor discovered CRISPR sequences in eukaryotes that follow a similar genetic make-up as the prokaryotic CRISPRs: short repeating, often palindromic sequences of 24 - 47 base pairs separated by spacers of - generally - 21-72 base pairs. A number of such eukaryotic CRISPR sequences is depicted in Table IA - IX of the priority document PCT/NL2015/050438, now presented as SEQ ID NO: 1 - 10000, (Table 1 A covers chromosome 1, table IP covers chromosome 2, etc.) or in Table IIA - IIM of said priority document, now presented as SEQ ID NO: 10142-11297 in which non-human eukaryotic CRISPRs are depicted. New in this application are the CRISPR sequences of SEQ ID NO:

146 - 149, 545 - 554 and 10001-10141. These CRISPRs occasionally are found to be accompanied by a Cas gene, sometimes even more than one Cas gene.

In the present application a eukaryotic CRISPR sequence is defined as a sequence that comprises at least two partly or complete palindromic repeats of 24 - 47 base pairs and at least one spacer of about 21 - 72 base pairs, wherein the spacer is derived from a eukaryotic sequence, especially a spacer sequence that is derived from the same organism as from which the CRISPR sequence is derived. The spacer may originally be derived from a non-eukaryotic pathogen, but it will be different from the non-eukaryotic sequence because of the connection with the repeat sequences which are of eukaryotic origin. According to this definition a human CRISPR sequence would be a CRISPR sequence in which the spacer contains a human sequence or a sequence of a human pathogen (such as a retrovirus (HERV)), but of which the repeat sequences are of human origin. A specific group of eukaryotic CRISPRs are those CRISPRS that comprise spacer sequences that are only consisting of sequences that are derived from the same organisms as from which the repeat sequences are derived (see also Figure 1). These are indicated in the present application as "pure eukaryotic" CRISPR sequences. Accordingly a "pure human CRISPR sequence" is a pure eukaryotic sequence that is derived from a human being. The spacer of such a pure eukaryotic CRISPR generally is directed against a eukaryotic target sequence in such a sense that it will be capable of binding to such a sequence. It should further be mentioned that the spacer sequence does not need to be completely identical to the (eukaryotic) target. As has been proven in the work on RNAi (see below) inhibition of expression can also be accomplished with sequences that are less than 100% complementary to their target sequence. Because of the occurrence of mutations within the spacer sequences, which are more vulnerable to mutations than sequences coding for functional proteins, it could be that the original 100% complementarity has become lost. Nevertheless, it appeared that the spacer sequences that the present inventors have found in the CRISPR sequences of eukaryotic organisms are highly homologous with endogenous sequences (i.e.

sequences of the same organism) (see Figure 1 ?).

The CRISPR sequences that are listed in the Tables IA - IX and Tables IIA - IIM of the priority document PCT/NL2015/050438, and which with some additions are now presented as SEQ ID NO: 1 - 11297, can been found by using the CRISPR Finder software (CRISPRFinder: a web tool to identify clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 May 31). The program for this should be run with the following standard default parameters: a repeat length of 23 to 55 bp, a gap size between repeats of 25 to 60 bp, one nucleotide mismatch between repeats, but these parameters may be varied in an advanced search to obtain additional CRISPRs. Further criteria a CRISPR should fit to are the following:

°The spacer size compared to the DR size: The CRISPRfinder filter is mainly added to eliminate structures having for example a 45 bp DR and a 20 bp spacer. By default, the spacer size should be from 0,6* to 2,5* the DR size.

°The spacers' similarity: This filter is set to eliminate tandem repeats. The spacers' comparison is made by aligning them (using default parameters of the ClustalW program). Spacers' similarity percentage is calculated with the function percentage_identityO of the (Bio)perl interface (AlignIO methods, ClustalW interface; Larkm, M.A. et al., 2007, Bioinformatics 23:2947-2948). By default, this parameter is set to 60%.

°The DR conservation: The direct repeat should be well conserved. The DR scan is done using the fuzznuc program of the EMBOSS package (Rice, P. et al. 2000, Trends in Genetics 16:276-277). The allowed mismatch is equal to one-third of the DR size (default parameters) to take into account the degenerated DR (one of the flanking DRs). Then a global mismatch score is computed as the average of mismatches (not including the degenerated DR) and this score should not exceed a threshold of 20% of the DR size(by default).

It is submitted that for the human CRISPR sequences the sequences covered in SEQ ID NO: 1 - 10141 are the total of sequences that may be discovered by screening the genome that is contained in the database. In the present finding the genomes of Homo sapiens present in the Bioconductor packages was used comprising data of about 1000 human genomes that can be retrieved from

submitted that further human CRISPR sequences may be retrieved from human genomic sequences that are different from the sequences that have been assessed for the current collection of CRISPR sequences. Further, examples have been given for further sequences from eukaryotic organisms in SEQ ID NO: 9987-1142. This collection is of course by no means complete: for all species mentioned only a few CRISPR sequences have been listed and it is certain that other eukaryotic species and genera will also harbor numerous CRISPR sequences when assessed with the CRISPRfinder algorithm as described herein.

As can be seen from the sequence listing, many eukaryotic CRISPRs have only two repeats, but there are sequences which contain more than 30 repeat sequences and there is even one at human chromosome 19 with more than 150 repeat sequences. Some of the repeat sequences are recognized by the CRISPR Finder software as repeat sequences that are identical or very similar to repeat sequences that also occur in bacteria or archaea (see Figure 1), but in most cases the repeat sequences, although fulfilling the criteria set for the detection of CRISPR repeat sequences, seem to be unique. As far as currently investigated there does not seem to be any specific feature of the eukaryotic CRISPR repeat sequences that would clearly distinguish them from prokaryotic or archaeal CRISPR repeat sequences, except of the course for the fact that most of the repeat sequences are unique for the eukaryotic source and no homologous sequences are thus far found in bacteria or archaea (see Figure 1).

Considering the source of the eukaryotic CRISPRs it seems that in some cases they could be hypothesized to have entered the eukaryotic genome from horizontal gene transfer (by whatever mechanism) from mainly protists (obtained from data from Crisp, A. et al. 2015, Genome Biol, doi: 10.1186/sl3059-015-0607- 3) although to a lesser extent also from bacteria, plants and viruses. In other cases, however, eukaryotic CRISPRs appear to have spacer sequences that are derived from viruses or other pathogens that are known to infect eukaryotic cells. In this respect it thus appears that these CRISPRs have been established through a similar mechanism as is described for bacteria and archaea. However, in the majority of the cases, the spacers are derived from sequences that are endogenous to the organism in which the CRISPR sequence is found or has been obtained from through horizontal gene transfer.

It was further established by the present inventor that these eukaryotic

CRISPR sequences were transcribed, since RNA transcripts derived from the CRTSPR sequences have been shown to be present in eukaryotic cells (see Fig. 2A - F and Table 1). Accordingly, these CRISPRs are controlled by an endogenous promoter.

The role of these CRISPRs is yet unknown, but the present invention provides means for using the eukaryotic CRISPR sequences in assays to study their role and the interaction with gene regulation. Further, the assays described herein will enable studying the factors that are able to activate the eukaryotic CRISPRs and the interaction of the eukaryotic CRISPRs with the prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems that are used for genetic editing of eukaryotic cells.

In one of the assays of the invention a eukaryotic CRISPR sequence, e.g. selected from one of the Tables IA— IX and Tables IIA - IIM of the priority document PCT/NL2015/050438, with some additions now presented as SEQ ID NO: 1 - 11297, is either put under control of its own endogenous promoter sequences or under control of a eukaryotic promoter. It will of course depend on the nature and characteristics of the host cells which are transfected with such a vector which promoters would be suitable for driving expression of the CRISPR sequence(s). If the host cells are from the same organism as the CRISPR that is to be assayed, it would be possible to use the endogenous promoter. With respect to heterologous promoters, for plant cells plant specific promoters such as the CaMV 35S promoter or the Rubisco promoter may be taken, for insect cells a baculovirus promoter and for mammalian cells e.g. the SV40 promoter, CMV promoter or the EF-1 promoter may be used. Other promoters that may equally well be used are known to the skilled person. Alternatively, a (commercial) expression vector may be used, like the mammalian multi-purpose Flexi® Vectors, the pCMVTNT™ Vector, the pTargeT™ T-Vector, Regulated Mammalian Expression Systems, and the

CheckMate™ Systems (all obtainable form Promega), adapted pCAGGS, pSClOl and other recombinase vectors (obtainable from Gene Bridges, Germany) or several plant expression vectors (see e.g. Tzfira, T. et al., 2007, Plant Physiol. 145:1087- 1089). A heterologous promoter as indicated above is defined herein as a promoter that in nature does not drive expression of the CRISPR sequence with which it is connected in the vector, while an endogenous promoter is defined as the promoter that in nature does drive expression of the CRISPR that is present in the vector.

It is demonstrated that expression of most of the eukaryotic CRISPRs, especially those that have spacers which are directed to endogenous nucleotide sequences, may lead to changes in the gene regulation of the cell in which it is expressed. This is likely to be caused by the same mechanism that is also used with the CRISPR technology in prokaryotes: through RNAi. As has been mentioned above, the CRISPR sequences are expressed in the eukaryotic cell, but they are expressed in small, siRNA-like sequences. The fact that RNAi also may be applied in the eukaryotic cell has been established long ago (the scientific work was found fit for the Nobel prize), and RNAi has since then been one of the mechanisms to influence gene expression (predominantly used in genetic engineering of plant cells and for studying gene expression and gene knock-out). In the experimental part it has been established that indeed expression of the CRISPR sequences would lead to a change in the regulation of the expression of a genetic sequence by inhibiting the target to which the CRISPR sequence is directed. The effect on the expression depends on the nature of the element that is inhibited: if the element is (part of) the coding sequence or an enhancer element of such a coding sequence the expression of the product is generally inhibited. If the CRISPR is directed to an element that normally inhibits expression, the inhibition will be lifted as a result of the CRISPR sequence and expression will be enhanced.

Whether the enzyme DICER is involved in the processing of the CRISPR sequences into the RNAi-like mRNA sequences or whether an endogenous Cas gene or any other potential nuclease is responsible for this, is currently unknown. It has been shown in the experimental part that introduction of a (bacterial) Cas9 enzyme without further introduction of any guide RNA causes a plurality of doubles- stranded breaks in the DNA of an eukaryotic cell. It has further been shown that these double-stranded breaks occur at places that are considered to be targets for one (or more) of the eukaryotic CRISPR sequences of the present application. The conclusion thus is that abacterial Cas9 enzyme is capable of mobilizing eukaryotic CRISPR sequences and use these as guide to the target sequence in order to perform the enzymatic function and to cause a double-stranded break in the target DNA. Further enhancement of this effect can be achieved by introducing, next to the Cas9 enzyme (or an enzyme that is functionally equivalent with Cas9, such as Cpfl) a vector harboring an eukaryotic CRISPR as presented in the present invention. This will cause an overexpression of the eukaryotic CRISPR sequence and thus it will increase the interaction between the enzyme and the CRISPR and thereby the effect of the CRISPR.

Thus, in general, whether or not in the presence of an endogenous or exogenous (heterologous) Cas enzyme,, the production of the RNAi-like transcripts effects changes in the expression profile of the cell. Such changes maybe measured in the assay according to the present invention by measuring the total

transcriptome (i.e. the total amount and nature of the RNA produced) of the cell. By measuring the transcriptome of the cell for a specific CRISPR sequence and compare this to the transcriptome of a similar cell without expression of said specific CRISPR sequence, one is capable to determine the effects of the RNAi products that are produced by the expression of said eukaryotic CRISPR sequence on the expression of the gene or genes that are targeted, either directly or through any expression regulation sequence (such as enhancers or inhibitory sequences). .

Methods to determine the transcriptome of a cell are sufficiently known to the skilled person. One such a method is known as RNA-seq (or Whole

Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing (WTSS)), which involves isolation of the RNA that is produced in the cell and sequencing this RNA with the use of deep sequencing technology (such as provided by Illumina, ChlP-seq or 454 Life Sciences). Another type of assay is intended to study the mechanisms that cause expression of the CRISPR. It is shown in the experimental part that expression of the CRISPR sequences is dependent on factors, such as cell type, organ, etc.

Although the precise function of this specific expression of the eukaryotic CRISPR sequences is still unknown, it may be that the expression is dependent on (or may be causing) development processes, such as cell growth and differentiation or any other endogenous or exogenous factor that may influence the (genetic) regulatory behavior of the cell.

For this assay a vector is used where the eukaryotic CRISPR sequence is under control of its endogenous promoter and the cell in which the vector has been introduced will be subjected to a stimulus, after which stimulus the transcriptome of the cell is studied for the occurrence of RNA sequences that are transcribed from the CRISPR under study. The stimulus can be a physical stimulus, such as temperature or pH, but alternatively a chemical stimulus may be administered. Such a chemical stimulus can be the administration of an

endogenous compound, such as a hormone, a cytokine, a nucleotide sequence or an enzyme. It may also be a compound that does not naturally occur in the cell in which the vector has been introduced, such as an RNAi construct, a nuclease, or a Cas enzyme. When using exogenous stimuli, such as compounds that are typically used for CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, the off-targeting that often occurs when engineering eukaryotic cells can easily be studied. A further variation on this assay can be made when such an off-targeting effect is found to use the assay to find compounds that may inhibit off-targeting. In this case a cell is provided with a vector having a eukaryotic CRISPR sequence according to the invention and a compound that is tested for its inhibition of off-targeting. Then, the cell is stimulated with the stimulus of which it is known that it causes transcription of the CRISPR and its corresponding effects on endogenous gene expression. In this way an inhibitor of off-targeting effect may be found. Of course then a final test may be to test the effect of a CRISPR-Cas gene-editing cassette in a eukaryotic target cell (which is known to have the eukaryotic CRISPR of which the off- targeting will be inhibited) in the presence of said inhibitor and to see whether now indeed the intended editing of the gene with the CRISPR-Cas system has taken place. Of course, next to Cas9 any enzyme that is capable of exerting double- stranded breaks and being targeted through an RNA guide, such as Cas9 variants and enzymes like Cpf 1, may be used in this respect.

Further, it is shown that various CRISPR sequences may be expressed as a result of application of a variety of chemical compounds (with or without any pharmaceutical action) or in the occurrence of a certain condition. As such, the assay in which the CRISPR is expressed may be used as an assay to find compounds that would interfere with the compound(s) or condition(s) that would cause the expression of the CRISPR. In such a way the assay may be used to find compounds that may ameliorate or inhibit a condition by affecting the expression of a CRISPR sequence that is associated with said condition.

Concomitant with the results provided in the experimental section, preferred embodiments of the invention are vectors and assays as defined herein harboring or using the sequences that have been found to have special

characteristics. The SEQ ID NOs of these sequences can be found in any of Tables 1 - 7 or in any of figures 1— 7..

EXAMPLES

Example 1 List of potential human CRISPR gene targets

To identify potential targets of the identified human CRISPRs as submitted in the present application the package of https://bioconductor.org/ packages/release/biooc/html/BiocGenerics.html was down-loaded for high-through put genomic analysis. By making use of this package the human CRISPRs could be blasted efficiently after which the CRISPR blast results were combined with the NCBI NT database with gene identifier (GI) and taxonomy (tax) information. Next to that this software tool also allowed us to analyse which sites in the human genome show homology to other organisms. The taxonomic annotation of these GI numbers was obtained from the NCRI via their eutils packages. BLAST output file was loaded and extended with the original region and GI information. A total of 5977649 BLAST results with 1175610 unique hits for 31970 unique queries was loaded. This default output of BLAST does not add vital information such as the query length therefore a FastA file was loaded to annotate the BLAST results. BLAST alignments were found for 97.5736 % of the queries, but 795 hits were left annotated. As the BLAST results table was excessively large (5977649), a basic filtering on query coverage was performed. Alignments that cover less than 95 % of the query were spurious and could thus be safely filtered out. This filtering resulted in more than 1643613 hits to be inspected in which only 4501 Queries harbored a single BLAST hit. For 1640646 BLAST results we could retrieve taxonomy Ids and further we found hits to 3917 taxonomic divisions. Most of the BLAST alignments pointed to eukaryote targets (Figure 1) of which more than 35.000 were homo sapiens related. Interestingly, with respect to the known CRISPR defense function for the questionable human CRISPRs only 2.01 % of the spacers aligned to bacterium or viral related nucleotides, whereas bacterial and viral targets occurred more often in confirmed CRISPRs 16.98%.

Example 2 - human CRISPRs are expressed in different cell lines

Since the submitted human CRISPRs as provided in the present application in potential target more than 35.000 genes it means that the mean target of each human CRISPR is three human endogenous genes. In prokaryotes the CRTSPRs are shown to be involved in endogenous gene regulation which could also be true for the human CRISPRs. To test whether this is true we first need to know whether the human CRISPRs are actively transcribed. Therefore CHIP-seq data obtained from control samples of the human cell lines U20S, Caco-2, and K562 were obtained from ENCODE. The exact condition of cell line culturing, ChlP-seq analyses, sequence mapping can be found under the accession numbers; 1) GSM935288 for the U20S cell line; 2) GSM945236 for the Caco-2 cell line and 3) SAMN04284550 for the K562 cell line at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/. The BAM files of the ChlP-seq data were uploaded into the Integrative Genomics Viewer. The ChlP-seq data of each cell line was mapped against the Hgl9 genome. The human CRISPRs provided in the present application were position based identified on the 11 g 19 genome and transformed in galaxy (https://bioinf- gal axi a n . e r asm u smc . nl/gal axy/) into a block definition (BED) file and imported as a red region at the exact positions were they reside in the human genome. Uploading a BED file with every known small non-coding RNA helped us to establish that the transcription of human CRISPRs was specific. Cell line identified ChlP-seq regions were visualized in grey block (arrow-like to show the transcription orientation). Figure 2A - F shows examples of cell line specific ChlP-seq transcripts that match with the human CRISPRs and a large number are reverse complementary orientated on the transcripts of the human genes, strongly suggestive that they fulfill a regulatory role in endogenous gene regulation as was revealed earlier for other small regulatory RNAs. Table 1 shows an overview of the tissue and cell line specific CRISPR expression data of many of the sequences contained in the sequence listing.

Table 1 Tissue or cell line specific human CRISPR transcription. ^A SEQ ID

NO. Where the Table mentions New 34 to New 155 the SEQ ID Nos 10020 - 10241 are meant; ^B CRISPR position on the human Hgl9 genome; ^c genes that overlap with the human CRISPR position; ^D Tissue specific expression of the human CRISPRs at the position mentioned under (B); ^E Cell line specific expression of the human CRISPRs at the position mentioned under (B).

Example 3 - human CRISPRs are organ specifically transcribed

Since the human CRISPRs were found to be actively transcribed in human cell lines it was further investigated whether the human CRISPRs are tissue specifically transcribed. Therefore RNA-sequence data from the body map 2.0 dataset of different tissues of Brain, Colon, Heart, Kidney, Lung, Liver, Thyroid, White Blood cell, Skeletal muscle, Adrenal, Lymph node, Ovary, Testes, Adipose, Breast, Prostate was uploaded into the Integrative Genomics Viewer from the broad institute (https://www.broadinstitute.org/igv/). Transcripts were mapped against the Hgl9 reference genome. The human CRISPRs of the present application were position based identified on the Hgl9 genome and transformed in galaxy into a block definition (BED) file and imported as a red region at the exact positions were they reside in the human genome. Tissue specific transcripts were visualized in blue, specific details on how the RNA was isolated and transcript were mapped against the human genome can be retrieved from

It was found that

the human CRISPRs matched with specific transcripts. This means that transcription of these specific CR1SPR sequences is organ-specific. Figure 3A - E shows examples of tissue specific transcripts that match with the human CRISPRs.

Example 4 - Construction of a vector with a eukaryotic CRISPR

In order to unambiguously establish that human CRISPRs are responsible for gene regulation in an RNA interference manner, RNAi expression constructs were generated synthetically by Baseclear (Leiden, The Netherlands) using the sequences from a U6 promoter, one of the human CRISPR sequences as provided herein, a termination signal and a cloning vector PUC57. Twelve examples comprising the sequences of the U6 promoter, a human CRISPR sequences that resides in the genes ADAM 10, ADAMTS9-AS2, ADAM 17, TUBD and IL-10 are shown*. After synthesis the generated constructs were sequenced to confirm their correctness. A final concentration of four microgram of each plasmid was lyophilized in 40 microliter of lOmM Tris buffer (PH 8,5) to a final

concentration of 100 nanogram per microliter per construct. Plasmids were transformed to Escherichia coli TOP10 cells and purified using the GeneJET plasmid Miniprep kit (Thermofisher Scientific, Breda, The Netherlands) with a final concentration of 1 microgram per microliter. Plasmid were stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius until further usage. Plasmid maps are visualized in Figure 4 and named pLOHA+ SEQ ID NO that corresponds to the human CRISPR sequence * as cloned into the RNAi expression vector PUC57 and as submitted in P108037PC00.

After synthetically generating the constructs required to validate whether the human CRISPRs are able to actively regulated endogenous gene expression an RNAi assay was developed. For this assay U20S bone marrow epithelial cells and SKBR3 breast cancer cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen, Breda, The Netherlands) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen, Breda, The

Netherlands), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 1% nonessential amino acids (NEAA) (Invitrogen, Breda, The Netherlands). U20S and SKBR3 cells were used because they have low amounts of ADAMTS9 and in case of U20S cells high amounts of ADAMIO. The cells were cultured in a 75-cm ² flask (Greiner Bio- one, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands) at 37°C and 5% CO2 in a humidified air incubator. For the RNAi assay U20S and SKBR3 cells were grown to 40% to 50% confluence on chamber slides (Greiner Bio-one, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands). Cells (U20S and SKBR3) were transiently transfected with plasmid DNA pLOHA_7710_-; pLOHA_7710_+; pLOHA_1762_- and pLOHA_1762_+ (see Fig. 4) to silence ADAMIO and ADAMTS9-AS2 expression using X-tremeGENE HP DNA Transfection Reagent (Roche Applied Science, Almere, The Netherlands), according to the manufacturer's protocols. After 24 - 48 hours the U20S and SKBR3 cells were washed three times with room temperature HBSS and fixated with 4% paraformaldehyde and then permeabilized with 0.1% HBSS— Triton X-100 solution for 20 min. Background antibody binding was blocked with block buffer (1% fetal bovine serum, 1% Tween20, HBSS). Slides were then incubated for one hour with the respective primary antibody for ADAMIO or ADAMTS9 (Abeam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) at a 1:1000 dilution in block buffer. The appropriate secondary antibodies from the IgG class (H+L), A594 labeled (Molecular Probes, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands), providing a red stain were used to detect ADAMIO and ADAMTS9 thereby revealing that pLOHA_7710_+ was able to affect silencing of the expression of ADAMIO in U20S cells (Figure 5A). For pLOHA_1762_- it was revealed that ADAMTS9 expression was induced in both U20S (Figure 5B) and SKBR3 (Figure 5C) cells, because the antisense RNA (ADAMTS9-AS2) that controls the expression of ADAMTS9 is silenced by pLOHA_1762_-. Untreated U20S and SKBR3 cells were used as a negative control and pCDNA3.1 as an empty plasmid control (Figure 5A - C). To confirm that pLOHA_7710_+ was able to affect the expression of ADAMIO in U20S cells, an SDS-PAGE was performed after which the ADAM10 protein was quantified by western immunoblotting. Briefly, U20S cells were transfected with pLOHA_7710_+, pLOHA_7710_-, pCDNA3.1 or left untreated and after 24 - 48 hours the four samples were homogenized in Laemmli buffer. The cell lysate was resolved on a 12% SDS— polyacrylamide gel and electroblotted to a nitrocellulose membrane (Protran;

Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany). The membrane was then pre-incubated in blocking buffer (5% non-fat milk powder, 0.1% (w/v) Tween 20 in PBS) and incubated with a 1:1000 dilution of a polyclonal antibody that is specific for ADAM10 (ABCAM). Subsequently, the membrane was incubated with a 1:1000 diluted AP-conjugated appropriate secondary antibody (Promega, Leiden, The Netherlands). NBT-BCIP solution was used that reacts with the AP-conjugated appropriate secondary antibody to visualize ADAMIO expression (Figure 5D).

From these experiments it follows that constructs with human CRISPR sequences can influence the expression of genes, both positively (enhancing expression) or negatively (inhibition of expression) depending on the function of the target sequence.

Example 6 - Human CRISPRs function as a guide RNA for Cas9 to induce toxic double stranded DNA breaks in eukaryotic cells.

With respect to CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing the role of human

CRISPRs in off targeting was also explored by making use of a specific technique called BLESS. For BLESS analysis the detailed protocol of Crosctto et al. (Nature Methods 10:361-365, 2013) was used. U20S cells were infected for 6 hours with C. jejuni wild type, Acas9 and Acas9A and then fixated according to the Crossetto protocol and further processed for PCR and sequencing. Or, U20S cells were transfected with pCDNA3.1 + C/Cas9 using HP X-tremegene transfection agent (Roche Applied Science, Almere, The Netherlands), radiated with 1 Gy or untreated and after 24 fixated according to the Crossetto protocol and further processed for PCR and sequencing. As a positive control U20S cells with a stable integrated I-Scel site were transfected with a plasmid expressing the I-Scel enzyme harboring a nuclear localization site. After 24 hours cells were fixated according to the Crosetto protocol and further processed for PCR and sequencing (the U20S-I-SceI cell line and plasmid containing the I-Scel-nls enzyme were kindly provided by Prof. Dik van Gent (Erasmus MC)). Analysis was performed according the Crosetto protocol with the addition that the obtained sequences were also mapped against the human CRISPR regions. In brief, we analyzed Illumina data using the Galaxy software from the bioinformatic department (Erasmus MC). We used a generated pipeline (https://bioinf- galaxian.erasmusmc.nl/galaxy/workflow) in which sequences of strand 1 and sequences of strand 2 were uploaded into the galaxian server separately and simultaneously. After upload the sequences were quality controlled using FastQC, concatenated and mapped with BWA-MEM against the hgl9 genome and analyzed on the number of breaks induced, and positions of the breaks. Further, it was determined whether the breaks were PAM motif dependent or related to the human CRISPR transcripts identified in the U20S cells. BAM files of the BLESS samples were uploaded into the Integrative Genomics Viewer. The human

CRISPRs of the present application were position based identified on the Hgl9 genome and transformed in galaxy (https://bioinf-galaxian.erasmusmc.nl/galaxy/) into a block definition (BED) file and imported as a red region at the exact positions where they reside in the human genome. Figure 6A - E display examples of C. jejuni Cas9 breaks that could be complemented during the infection of U20S cells and after transfection of CjCas9 in an eukaryotic expression vector of the same strain used for infection. Further inspection of the break sites revealed that the human CRISPRs functioned as a guide RNA. It was found that 23bp sequences of actively transcribed human CRISPRs in the U20S cells base paired exactly in an ungapped manner with Cas9 dependent DSB break position in the genome of these eukaryotic cells during bacterial infection. This could be confirmed with plasmid transfection of Cas9 (Table 2).

Accordingly, this experiment shows that the human CRISPRs can function as a guide RNA whenever an appropriate Cas9 or Cas9-like enzyme is available.

Table 2 human CRISPR and CjCas9 induced toxic DSB's in U20S cells. ^A first the SEQ ID NO is shown and is concatenated with the chromosome position were this human CRISPR receded in the reference human Hgl9 genome; ^B first mentions that the DSB break site is found at the exact same position during C. jejuni infection and plasmid transfection of U20S cells and is C _j Cas9 dependent. This ID is concatenated to the genome position were this break occurred; ^c shows the match in percentage of the human CRISPR sequence with the break site; ^D shows the number of nucleotides in base pairs of the human CRISPRs that exactly match with the break site; ^E shows the significance of CRISPR match with the break site.

Example 6 human CRISPR transcription is influenced by (a)biotic compounds including medicine.

The more than 35.000 human gene targets as defined in Example 1 that are under transcription regulation control of the human CRISPRs were uploaded into the Ingenuity pathway analysis (I PA) software and established important roles in a wide variety of cellular and tissue functions and disease, which are visualized in a Top list presented in (Table 3) and a more detailed list presented in (Table 4).

Table 3 Top list on the role of the human CRISPRs and their gene targets in disease, development and cellular functions. The ± 35.000 human genes that harbored a significant BLAST hit with the human CRISPRs were uploaded in ingenuity pathway analyses and provided a Top list of diseases, development and other functions in which these genes are involved

Top Diseases and Functions

Nervous System Development and Function, Tissue Morphology, Embryonic Development

Cancer, Gastrointestinal Disease, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities

Developmental Disorder, Hereditary Disorder, Neurological Disease

Cell Signaling, Cell Death and Survival, Neurological Disease

Connective Tissue Disorders, Developmental Disorder, Skeletal and Muscular Disorders

Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction, Cell Signaling, Vitamin and Mineral Metabolism

Drug Metabolism, Endocrine System Development and Function, Lipid Metabolism

Immunological Disease, Connective Tissue Disorders, Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction

Cellular Compromise, Cellular Function and Maintenance, Connective Tissue Disorders

Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry, Developmental Disorder

Neurological Disease, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Nervous System Development and Function

Cellular Development, Cellular Growth and Proliferation, Embryonic Development

Humoral Immune Response, Lymphoid Tissue Structure and Development, Cell-mediated Immune Response

Cellular Development, Cancer, Cell Cycle

Cellular Assembly and Organization, Cellular Movement, Gene Expression

Hematological Disease, Cell Death and Survival, Cellular Assembly and Organization

Gastrointestinal Disease, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Carbohydrate Metabolism

Cellular Assembly and Organization, Cellular Function and Maintenance, Developmental Disorder

Cellular Compromise, Developmental Disorder, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities

Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry, Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction

Hereditary Disorder, Neurological Disease, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities

Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Reproductive System Disease, Cellular Function and Maintenance

Table 4 Detailed list on the role of the human CRISPRs and their gene targets in disease, development and cellular functions. The top list from Table 4 is specified in more details. ^A shows in category details the diseases, abnormalities, developmental roles and other function of the human genes that are targeted by the human CRISPRs; ^B shows the specific disease and function annotations; ^c shows the significance of the IPA analyses; column ^D which shows the genes involved can be found in List3 hereinbelow.

For the probes presented in Table 6 and 7 a large amount of data is available a revealing their roles

in disease (See List 1 below). Further, the site provides information on gene regulation upon exposure to (a)biotic compounds or medicine (See List 2 below). Unfortunately, from this data it remains unclear whether the effect is obtained through the human CRISPRs being switched ON/OFF upon exposure to (a)biotic compounds or specific pharmaceutical compounds. In order to obtain more information on the mechanism of the observed effects, the exact positions on the Hgl9 genome from which the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array probe sequences were obtained that were used for the above described BLAST analysis were available. Using the Galaxy software package for interval analysis and the exact positions on the Hgl9 genome for the human CRISPRs we were able to identify twenty two human CRISPRs that exactly matched the Human Genome U 133 Plus 2.0 Array probes. In Figure 7 expression examples are provided of four probes that were genome position matched to a human CRISPR and resided in an intergenic region. Seventy-four occasions in total were obtained for these four probes demonstrating that a human CRISPR is more active or less active upon (a)biotic or medicine exposure compared to the corresponding control(s) (Figure 7).

List 1) shows in a repetitive manner in fasta format the CRISPR SEQ ID NO, the Affymetrix probe ID that harbored a significant identity with the concatenated CRISPR SEQ ID followed by a list of diseases that are linked to the Affymetrix probes.

List 2) shows in a repetitive manner in fasta format the CRISPR SEQ ID NO, the Affymetrix probe ID that harbored a significant E-value with the repeat of the connected CRISPR SEQ ID to this probe after BLAST analyses followed by a list of ( combination of) drugs that have significant effect on the transcript(s) that this Affymetrix probe recognizes.

List 3) is connected to Table 4 and shows in a repetitive number for each row in the table (row no. is indicated) and shows the genes involved in the disease targets specified in Table 4.