AND USES THEREOF

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain releasing glucose during milk fermentation. This Streptococcus thermophilus strain carries mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, and optionally wherein the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, in the ccpA gene, in the lacZ gene and/or in the ptsH gene. This strain can additionally carry a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS. The invention also concerns a composition comprising at least one, lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, and the use of this strain or composition to manufacture a fermented dairy product.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The food industry uses bacteria in order to improve the taste and the texture of food or feed products. In the case of the dairy industry, lactic acid bacteria are commonly used in order to, for example, bring about the acidification of milk (by fermentation of lactose) and to texturize the product into which they are incorporated. For example, the lactic acid bacteria of the species Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) are used extensively, alone or in combination with other bacteria, in the manufacture of fresh fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt. The term "yoghurt" is defined according to French and European regulations, i.e., coagulated dairy products obtained by lactic acid fermentation with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Lb. bulgaricus).

Because of the consumers taste, fresh fermented dairy products are often sweetened by the addition of fruit, sugar or sweeteners. Thus, artificial or natural sweeteners are normally added to enhance the sweet properties of final fresh fermented dairy products. However, at the same time, there is a growing demand for healthier products where no additives are added to the final product.

There is therefore a need for process of manufacture of sweet fresh fermented dairy products using less or no additive. Solutions - based on strains naturally producing glucose - have been recently discussed or proposed.

Pool et al. (2006. Metabolic Engineering 8(5); 456-464) discuss the natural sweetening of food products by engineering Lactococcus lactis (L lactis) for glucose production. Thus, Pool et al disclose a Lactococcus lactis strain in which the glucose metabolism is completely disrupted by deletion of the glcK gene coding for glucokinase (i.e., no glucokinase activity), of the ptnABCD genes encoding the mannose/glucose-PTS and of the ptcB-ptcA genes encoding the protein complex EIIBA ^cel of the glucose- PTS Ell ^cel . Thus, the obtained strain could solely ferment the galactose moiety of lactose (as a result of L. lactis strains being galactose- fermenting strains), while the glucose moiety accumulated extracellularly. However, the Lactococcus lactis species is not necessarily suitable for manufacture of all fresh fermented dairy products, and in particular yoghurts (which requires Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains).

W02013/160413, WO2017/103051 and Sorensen et al. (2016; Appl Environ Microbiol 82(12):3683-3692) disclose Streptococcus thermophilus strains with enhanced properties for natural sweetening of food products. These Streptococcus thermophilus strains are galactose- fermenting and carried a mutation in their glcK gene knocking-out the ability to phosphorylate glucose (i.e., these galactose-fermenting S. thermophilus strains show no detectable GlcK activity). The galactose-fermenting phenotype is obtained by a mutation in the promoter region of the galactose operon (upstream of the galK gene) that is known to encode the GalK, GalT, GalE and GalM enzymes. The amino acid changes leading to a GlcK protein with no detectable glucokinase activity are S72P, T141 I and G249R. However, these strains are significantly delayed in their acidification kinetics.

Van den Bogaard et al. (Journal of Bacteriology; 2000. 182: 5982-5989) discloses the knock-out (total disruption) of the ccpA gene in Streptococcus thermophilus. However, such mutant, though it releases glucose (13 mM) during growth on M17 supplemented with Lactose (20 mM), is significantly delayed in its acidification kinetics (prolonged lag time and reduced growth rate), rendering it not usable at an industrial scale.

WO2015/0149940 (Tine SA) discloses a method to identify glucose secreting lactic acid bacteria by carrying out random mutagenesis at large scale and detecting glucose by enzymatic means on lactose-positive mutants. However, Tine is silent about the nature and the number of mutation(s) and/or gene(s) impacted by the method. In the example part, the mutants obtained are galactose-positive strains, as reported on example 1 (selection of the S. thermophilus strains on M17 agar plate supplemented with galactose).

There is therefore a remaining need for strains able to naturally produce glucose, and which can be used at the industrial scale to manufacture fresh fermented dairy products, including yoghurts. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 : Alignment of the GlcK protein sequence of DGCC7710 (DSM28255), DSM32587 and ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+ strains. Differences with the GlcK protein of DGCC7710 (SEQ ID NO:2) are boxed.

Figure 2: Milk acidification curve (pH over time) obtained with DGCC7710, DSM32587 and ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+ strains.

Figure 3: Milk acidification curve (pH over time) obtained with (A) the ST1.1 strain and its E275K (ST1.1 m-glcK) mutant, and (B) the ST1.2 strain and its E275K mutant (ST1.2m -glcK). Figure 4: ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E in various Streptococcus thermophilus strains of the invention and their parental strains (control).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention has put in evidence that, more than mutations totally abolishing the function of proteins involved in sugar metabolism (such as ccpA disruption, GlcK protein with no detectable glucokinase activity), mutations tightly deregulating sugar metabolism (and not inhibiting it) can be used to design Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing a significant concentration of glucose during dairy fermentation. The inventors have nicely shown that such Streptococcus thermophilus strains can be characterized by the ratio of their beta- galactosidase activity over their glucokinase activity. This ratio translates the behaviour of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strains of the invention with regards to the use of both lactose and glucose during their growth, in particular when used during milk fermentation. Indeed, the beta-galactosidase is responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose, whereas the glucokinase makes glucose available for its use through the glycolysis pathway. Thus, the inventors have shown that an increase of the beta-galactosidase activity without any change in the glucokinase activity level [within the ratio mentioned herein] leads to an increase of free glucose, due to an over hydrolysis of lactose. On the other hand, a decrease of the glucokinase activity without any change in the beta- galactosidase activity [within the ratio mentioned herein] has the same metabolic impact. Interestingly, the strains of the invention do not need to be galactose positive (phenotype which has been shown to be unstable in lactose).

Thus, the present invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . The ratio of the beta-qalactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the qlucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E

The lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention exhibits (or has) a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E which is at least 4.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is selected from the group consisting of at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase as assayed by test E is at least 5.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, the ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase as assayed by test E is at least 6.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase as assayed by test E is at least 7.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase as assayed by test E is at least 8.10 ⁶ .

Whatever the minimal value of the ratio as defined herein, the ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E is less than 8.10 ³ .

It is noteworthy that the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E as defined herein is not measurable in a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the glucokinase activity of which is null or not detectable by the Test described herein (such as the strains disclosed in Table 1 ). It is also noteworthy that the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E as defined herein is more than 8.10 ³ in Streptococcus thermophilus strains, the glucokinase activity of which is drastically reduced. For the avoidance of doubt, these Streptococcus thermophilus strains are not part of the invention.

According to the invention, the beta-galactosidase activity in a Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is assayed by test D [i.e. the test D is carried out using the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention]:

Test D:

A fresh overnight culture of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain to be assayed in M17 containing 30 g/L lactose is obtained and used to inoculate at 1 % (vol/vol) 10 ml of fresh M17 30 g/L lactose. Cells are harvested by centrifugation (6000 g, 10 min, 4°C) after 3 hours of growth on M17 + 30 g/L lactose at 42 °C, washed in 1.5 ml cold lysis buffer (KP04 0.1 M), and resuspended in 300 pi cold lysis buffer. EDTA-free protease inhibitors“complete™” (Roche, supplier reference 04693132001 ) is added in lysis buffer as described by the provider. Cells are disrupted by the addition of 100 mg glass beads (150-212 pm, Sigma G1 145) to 250 pi resuspended cells and oscillation at a frequency of 30 cycles/s for 6 min in a MM200 oscillating mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). Cell debris and glass beads are removed by centrifugation (14000 g, 15 min, 4°C), and supernatant transferred into a clean 1.5 ml_ centrifuge tube kept on ice. Total protein content is determined by using the FLUKA Protein Quantification Kit-Rapid (ref 51254). The beta-galactosidase activity in the cell extracts is determined spectrophotometrically by a monitoring of the hydrolysis of O-nitro-Phenol-Beta-Glactoside (ONPG) into galactose and O-nitro-phenol (ONP). 20 pL of the bacteria extract are mixed with 135 pL of React Buffer (NaP0 ₄ 0.1 M + KCI 0.01 M + MgS0 ₄ 0.001 M + ONPG 3 mM + Beta Mercapto Ethanol 60 mM, pH = 6). The production of ONP leads to a yellow color into the tube. When this color appears, the reaction is block by adding 250 pL of Stopping buffer (Na2C03 1 M). The optical density at 420 nm is measured using a Synergy HT multi-detection microplate reader (BIO-TEK). One unit of galactosidase corresponds to the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the production of 1 pmole ONP per minute under the assay conditions. Beta- Galactosidase activity is calculated as follows:

Beta-Galactosidase activity (U/g of total protein extract) = dOD x V / [dt x I x e c Qprot], wherein:

- dOD is the variation of optical density (OD) at 420 nm between the blank and the tested sample

- V is the volume of the reaction in which the optical density is measured (herein 250 pL)

- dt = represent the duration in minutes between the addition of the 20 pL of bacterial extract and the addition of the 250 pL stopping buffer

- 1 = optical path length (herein 0.73 cm)

- e = molar attenuation coefficient of ONP (herein 4500 cm ² / pmol)

- Qprot = quantity of protein in the cuvette (in g)

Measurements are at least triplicated for each sample, and the beta-galactosidase specific activity values given herein under test D are the mean of three independent experiments.

According to the invention, for the determination of the ratio as defined herein, the glucokinase activity in a Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is assayed by test E [i.e. the test E is carried out using the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention].

Test E:

A fresh overnight culture of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain to be assayed in M17 containing 30 g/L lactose is obtained and used to inoculate at 1 % (vol/vol) 10 ml of fresh M17 30 g/L lactose. Cells are harvested by centrifugation (6000 g, 10 min, 4°C) after 3 hour of growth on M17 + 30 g/L lactose at 42 °C, washed in 1.5 ml cold GLCK buffer (5 mM MgCI2, 10 mM K ₂ HP0 ₄ / KH ₂ P0 ₄ [pH 7.2]), and resuspended in 300 pi cold GLCK buffer. EDTA-free protease inhibitors“complete™” (Roche, supplier reference 04693132001 ) is added in GLCK buffer as described by the provider. Cells are disrupted by the addition of 100 mg glass beads (150-212 pm, Sigma G1 145) to 250 pi resuspended cells and oscillation at a frequency of 30 cycles/s for 6 min in a MM200 oscillating mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). Cell debris and glass beads are removed by centrifugation (14000 g, 15 min, 4°C), and supernatant transferred into a clean 1 .5 ml_ centrifuge tube kept on ice. Total protein content is determined by using the FLUKA Protein Quantification Kit-Rapid (ref 51254). The glucokinase activity in the cell extracts is determined spectrophotometrically by a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G- 6PDH, EC1 .1 .1.49):NADPH-coupled assay (Porter et al., 1982), essentially as described by Pool et al. (2006). Each sample (5, 10 and 20 pL) is added to assay buffer (10 mM K2HPO4 / KH2PO4 [pH 7.2], 5 mM MgCI2, 1 mM ATP, 20 mM glucose, 1 mM NADP, 1 U G-6PDH) in a 250 pL final volume, and the mixture was left for 5 min at 30°C. The optical density at 340 nm is measured for 5 minutes by using a Synergy HT multi-detection microplate reader (BIO-TEK). One unit of glucokinase corresponds to the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1 pmole of D-glucose to D-Glucose 6-phosphate per minute under the assay conditions. Glucokinase activity is calculated as follows:

Glucokinase activity (U/g of total protein extract) = dOD x V / [dt x I x e x Qprot], wherein:

- dOD is the variation of optical density (OD) at 340 nm

- V is the volume of the reaction (herein 250 mI_)

dt = measurement time (in minutes)

I = optical path length (herein 0.73 cm)

e = molar attenuation coefficient of NADPH ; H ⁺ (herein 6220 cm2 / mhhoI)

Qprot = quantity of protein in the cuvette (in g)

Measurements are triplicated for each sample, and the glucokinase specific activity values given herein under test E are the mean of three independent experiments.

Release of glucose by the lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermoohilus strains of the invention during milk fermentation.

As described herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strains of the invention can be further characterized by their ability to release glucose when used to ferment milk. This ability is defined herein by the concentration of glucose which is released into the milk, when the strain of the invention is used to ferment milk. In an embodiment, the fermentation conditions are according to, and the concentration of glucose released is determined by, Test B as defined below:

Test B:

UHT semi-skimmed milk“Le Petit Vendeen (“yoghurt milk”) containing 3% (w/v) milk powder (BBA, Lactalis), previously pasteurized 10 min at 90 °C, is inoculated at 1 % (v/v, about 10 ⁷ CFU/ml) with a culture of the S. thermophilus strain to be assayed (M 17-carbohydrate-free resuspended cells from overnight culture grown in M17 supplemented 3% sucrose). This milk is found to contain around 175 mM of lactose. The inoculated milk flasks are statically incubated in a water bath at 43°C during 24h, to obtain fermented milk. TO samples and samples of fermented milk (T24h) (5g) are diluted in 25 g 0.025 N H2SO4 _, before being centrifuged at 4600 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 °C. The supernatant is filtered through a 0.2 pm Nylon filter (Phenomenex, Germany, Aschaffenburg) directly into a 2 ml HPLC vial. Samples are stored at -20°C until further analysis. Carbohydrates are quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (Agilent 1200 HPLC) equipped with a refractive index detector using an Aminex HPX-87H anion exchange column (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.) at 35°C, with 12.5 mM H2SO4 as the elution fluid and a flow rate of 0.6 ml min ^-1 . The exploitation of results is made with Chemstation reprocessing software (Agilent).

For the avoidance of doubt, the Streptococcus thermophilus species is to be understood as a Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus strain.

By the expression“lactose-positive”, it is meant a Streptococcus thermophilus strain which is able to grow on lactose as a sole source of carbohydrate source, in particular on a M17 medium supplemented with 2% lactose. In a particular embodiment, the“lactose-positive” phenotype is assayed by inoculating - into a M17 broth containing 2% lactose - an overnight culture of the S. thermophilus strain to be tested at a rate of 1 %, and incubating for 20 hours at 37°C, and wherein a pH of 5.5 or lower at the end of incubation is indicative of a lactosepositive phenotype.

By the expression“galactose-negative” , it is meant a Streptococcus thermophilus strain which is not able to grow on galactose as a sole source of carbohydrate source, in particular on a M17 medium supplemented with 2% galactose. In a particular embodiment, the “galactose-negative” phenotype is assayed by inoculating - into a M17 broth containing 2% galactose - an overnight culture of the S. thermophilus strain to be tested at 1 % and incubating for 20 hours at 37°C, and wherein a pH of 6 or above at the end of incubation is indicative of a galactose-negative phenotype.

By the expression “derivative” in reference to an original strain (e.g. DGCC7710- derivative), it is meant a strain obtained from an original strain (e.g. from the DGCC7710 strain) by replacement of one of its genes (such as glcK, ccpA, ...) by another allele (in particular a mutated allele) of the same gene. In an embodiment, the derivative is obtained by the replacement of the full gene (coding sequence and promoter) of the original strain by another allele (coding sequence and promoter) of the same gene. In an embodiment, the derivative is obtained by the replacement of the coding sequence of a gene of the original strain by another allele (coding sequence) of the same gene. The present invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in one or more gene(s) selected from the group consisting of the /cKgene, the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene, the ptsl gene, and a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ , is at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, and whatever the minimal value of the ratio as defined herein, the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is less than 8.10 ³ .

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries mutation(s) in one or more genes selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene and the ptsl gene, and optionally carrying a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries mutation(s) in one or more genes selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene and the ptsl gene, and carrying a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries 1 ) a mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene and the ptsl gene or a mutation in the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, and 2) a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a first mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene and the ptsl gene, and a second mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in one or more gene(s) selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene, the ccpA gene and a gene encoding a protein of the mannose- glucose-specific PTS. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the glcK gene and/or the ccpA gene and optionally in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS.

In any of the embodiments above, the one or more gene(s) encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is selected from the group consisting of the manL gene, manM gene, manN gene and manO gene. In any of the embodiments above, the one or more gene(s) encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is selected from the group consisting of the manL gene, manM gene and manN gene. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries mutation(s) in a gene or two selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, and a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose- glucose-specific PTS. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the glcK gene and/or the ccpA gene and optionally in the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene.

Some embodiments of lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strains of the invention, exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ , are detailed below:

I. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its glcK gene.

II. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its ccpA gene.

III. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its glcK and a mutation in its ccpA gene.

IV. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its lacZ gene.

V. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its ptsl gene.

VI. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention according to any one of the embodiments I to V, further carrying a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS.

I. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in its glcK gene

The present invention has put in evidence that Streptococcus thermophilus strains, which are galactose-negative and carry a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase (GlcK), the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, can be used to excrete glucose in fermented milk.

The invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null. In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

The expression “glcK gene encoding a glucokinase” means any DNA sequence of a Streptococcus thermophilus strain encoding the glucokinase enzyme which catalyses the conversion of glucose and ATP to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and ADP. Non-limitative examples of Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase sequences are disclosed as SEQ ID Nos :2, 4, 6, 8, 10 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20.

Within the invention, the glucokinase activity in a Streptococcus thermophilus strain is significantly reduced but not null as a consequence of a mutation in its glcK gene. In other words, the allele of the glcK gene carried by said strain is such that the glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not null.

The expression“glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not null’ refers to a strain the glucokinase activity of which is both:

- significantly reduced in said strain, in particular as compared to the glucokinase activity in a strain carrying a non-mutated glcK gene; and

- not null, i.e., that an activity is detectable by test A as defined herein.

According to the invention, the feature“glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’ can be determined by methods well known in the art. Thus, methods for measuring the glucokinase activity in a Streptococcus thermophilus strain are known and include enzyme assays with commercially available reactants. Reference is made herein to the paragraph 2.4 of Pool et al. (2006. Metabolic Engineering 8(5); 456-464) (incorporated herein by reference). In a particular embodiment, for the determination of this feature, the glucokinase activity in a Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is assayed by test A [i.e. the test A is carried out using the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention].

Test A:

A fresh overnight culture of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain to be assayed in M17 containing 30 g/L lactose is obtained and used to inoculate at 1 % (vol/vol) 10 ml of fresh M17 30 g/L lactose. Cells are harvested by centrifugation (6000 g, 10 min, 4°C) at a 600 nm optical density (OD600) of 0.8 +/- 0.2, washed in 5 ml cold GLCK buffer (5 mM MgCI2, 10 mM K2HPO4 / KH2PO4 [pH 7.2]), and resuspended in 500 pi cold GLCK buffer. EDTA-free protease inhibitors“complete™” (Roche, supplier reference 04693132001 ) is added in GLCK buffer as described by the provider. Cells are disrupted by the addition of 100 mg glass beads (150-212 pm, Sigma G1 145) to 200 mI resuspended cells and oscillation at a frequency of 30 cycles/s for 6 min in a MM200 oscillating mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). Cell debris and glass beads are removed by centrifugation (14000 g, 15 min, 4°C), and supernatant transferred into a clean 1.5 ml_ centrifuge tube kept on ice. Total protein content is determined by using the FLUKA Protein Quantification Kit-Rapid (ref 51254). The glucokinase activity in the cell extracts is determined spectrophotometrically by a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH, EC1 .1 .1.49):NADPH-coupled assay (Porter et at., 1982), essentially as described by Pool et al. (2006). Each sample (5, 10 and 20 pl_) is added to assay buffer (10 mM K2HPO4 / KH2PO4 [pH 7.2], 5 mM MgCI2, 1 mM ATP, 20 mM glucose, 1 mM NADP, 1 U G-6PDH) in a 250 pL final volume, and the mixture was left for 5 min at 30°C. The optical density at 340 nm is measured for 5 minutes by using a Synergy HT multi-detection microplate reader (BIO-TEK). One unit of glucokinase corresponds to the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1 pmole of D-glucose to D-Glucose 6-phosphate per minute under the assay conditions. Glucokinase activity is calculated as follows:

Glucokinase activity (U/g of total protein extract) = dOD x V / [dt x I x e x Qprot], wherein:

- dOD is the variation of optical density (OD) at 340 nm

- V is the volume of the reaction (herein 250 mI_)

dt = measurement time (in minutes)

I = optical path length (herein 0.73 cm)

e = molar attenuation coefficient of NADPH ; H ⁺ (herein 6220 cm2 / mhhoI)

Qprot = quantity of protein in the cuvette (in g)

Measurements are triplicated for each sample, and the glucokinase specific activity values given herein under test A are the mean of three independent experiments.

In a first particular embodiment of the feature “glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 300 and 1200 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 400 and 1000 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between a minimal value selected from the group consisting of 200, 300 and 400 U/g of total protein extract and a maximal value selected from the group consisting of 1000, 1200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. It is noteworthy that, as mentioned in test A, the glucokinase activity values disclosed herein are the mean of three independent experiments (triplicates).

In a second particular embodiment of the feature“glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 5 and 60% the activity of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014. By“glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain”, it is meant the activity of the DGCC7710 strain glucokinase ( i.e with SEQ ID NO:2) as assayed by test A in the DGCC7710 strain [i.e., the test A is carried out using the DGCC7710 strain]. The percentage value is calculated based on the glucokinase activity in the strain of the invention and the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain, both assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 10 and 50% the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 15 and 40% the glucokinase activity of the strain DGCC7710. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between a minimal percentage selected from the group consisting of 5, 10 and 15 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain and a maximal percentage selected from the group consisting of 40, 50 and 60 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment and whatever the range of percentages, the activity of the glucokinase activity is assayed by test A as described herein. It is noteworthy that the percentage values disclosed herein are calculated based on glucokinase activity values which are the mean of three independent experiments (triplicates) as assayed by test A.

In the first and second particular embodiments, the following strains can be used as controls in test A:

- as a positive control (i.e., a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, which is representative of strains carrying a non-mutated glcK gene): strain DGCC7710 deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014;

- as a negative control (i.e., a Streptococcus thermophilus strain having no detectable glucokinase activity): either a Streptococcus thermophilus the glcK gene of which is knocked- out or a Streptococcus thermophilus the glcK gene of which carries one of the mutations disclosed in W02013/160413, WO2017/103051 or Sorensen et al. (2016) and summarized in Table 1 below:

Table 1 : glcK mutations leading to a strain the glucokinase activity of which is not detectable During milk fermentation, the lactose contained in the milk (as the main carbohydrate source in milk) is imported into Streptococcus thermophilus strains. The intracellular lactose is then cleaved into glucose and galactose by the beta-galactosidase enzyme (such that 1 mole of lactose gives 1 mole of glucose and 1 mole of galactose).

The feature“glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’ can also be characterized by the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase (herein called Vmax, and defined as the velocity of the Glucose + ATP conversion to G6P + ADP) or by the inverse of the affinity of the glucokinase (called Km) for one or two of its substrates, i.e., glucose and ATP. In an embodiment, the feature“glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not null’’ for the strain of the invention is further characterized by the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase in said strain.

Therefore, in combination with the first or second particular embodiment of the feature “glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’ defined herein, the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of the glucokinase in the lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is significantly reduced but not null. The feature“glucokinase Vmax in said strain is significantly reduced but not null’’ can be defined by one or two of these parameters:

- the Vmax is between 200 and 1500 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C.

- the Vmax is between 5 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014, when both assayed by test C.

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, wherein the glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein), and wherein the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null and defined by one or two of these parameters:

- the Vmax is between 200 and 1500 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C.

- the Vmax is between 5 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014, when both assayed by test C.

The glucokinase maximum forward velocity (Vmax) in a Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention is assayed by test C [i.e. the test C is carried out using the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention]. Test C:

The maximal forward velocity (Vmax) is determined by using various concentrations of glucose (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mM) on crude extract prepared as described in test A. Measurements are triplicated for each sample, and the Vmax values given under test C are the mean of three independent experiments. The linear regression representing the inverse of the specific velocity in function of the inverse of the glucose concentration gives the inverse of the maximal forward velocity at the intersection with the Y-axis of the graphic.

In a particular embodiment of the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, the Vmax is between 200 and 1500 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax is between 300 and 1200 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax is between 400 and 1000 U/g total protein extract. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the glucokinase in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between a minimal value selected from the group consisting of 200, 300 and 400 U/g of total protein extract and a maximal value selected from the group consisting of 1000, 1200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test C.

In a particular embodiment of the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, the Vmax is between 5 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain. By“Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain”, it is meant the Vmax of the DGCC7710 strain glucokinase ( i.e with SEQ ID NO:2) as assayed by test C in the DGCC 7710 strain [i.e., the test C is carried out using the DGCC7710 strain]. The percentage value is calculated based on the Vmax of the glucokinase in the strain of the invention and the Vmax of the DGCC7710 strain, both assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase Vmax in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 10 and 50 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain, when both assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase Vmax in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between 15 and 40% the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the glucokinase in the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is between a minimal percentage selected from the group consisting of 5, 10 and 15 % the Vmax of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain and a maximal percentage selected from the group consisting of 40, 50 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain.

The lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and optionally wherein the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein.

By“mutation in the gick gene” within the present invention, it is meant any nucleotide variation within the glcK gene, wherein said variation at the nucleotide level leads to a glucokinase activity in a strain carrying this mutated glcK gene (as the sole glcK gene) which is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and optionally leads to a maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in said strain which is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein. In a particular embodiment, by“mutation in the gick gene” within the present invention, it is meant any nucleotide variation within the open reading frame of the glcK gene, wherein said variation at the nucleotide level leads to a glucokinase activity in a strain carrying this mutated glcK gene (as the sole glcK gene) which is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and optionally leads to a maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in said strain which is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein.

Thus, though two Streptococcus thermophilus strains may differ by the sequence of their respective glcK gene, this does not necessarily mean that one of these two glcK genes is mutated in the sense of the invention. Indeed, are not considered as mutations within the present invention:

- variations at the nucleotide level which do not lead to any change at the protein level (silent variation) and which do not impact the translation of the glcK RNA; and

- variations at the nucleotide level which do lead to a change at the protein level, but wherein this change does not impact the glucokinase activity of the resulting GlcK protein and optionally the maximum forward velocity of the resulting GlcK protein, as defined herein. Indeed, such variations can be observed at the level of the glcK gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention without impacting the scope of protection.

Non-limitative examples of glcK genes which are not considered as mutated in the sense of the invention are:

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:2 (GlcK type ST1 ), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:1 ; this GlcK type is the one of DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:4 (GlcK type ST2), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:3;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:6 (GlcK type ST3), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:5;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:8 (GlcK type ST4), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:7; - the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO: 10 (GlcK type ST5), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:9;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO: 12 (GlcK type ST6), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO: 14 (GlcK type ST7), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 13;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO: 16 (GlcK type ST8), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 15;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO: 18 (GlcK type ST9), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 17;

- the polynucleotide encoding the glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:20 (GlcK type ST10), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 19.

The amino acid differences at the level of the glucokinase together with the percentage of identity of each GlcK type to SEQ ID NO:2 are summarized in Table 3 (example 2). The glucokinase activity in strains of the GlcK types ST2 to ST10 is summarized in Table 4 (example 3).

Moreover, some nucleotide mutations within the glcK gene are not considered suitable for the purpose of the invention, because they lead to a glucokinase, the activity of which is null or is under the minimal value defined herein, as assayed by test A. Non-limitative examples of non-suitable mutations are described in Table 1. In an embodiment, the Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention does not carry a mutation selected from the group consisting of a mutation leading to the knock-out of the glcK gene and large deletions within the glcK gene.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the open reading frame of the glcK gene leading to the substitution of an amino acid in the GlcK protein, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain carrying the mutated glcK gene is significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein) and optionally wherein the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein. In a particular embodiment, the lactosepositive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the glcK gene leading to the substitution of an amino acid in the GlcK protein, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain carrying the mutated glcK gene is significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein) and optionally wherein the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein. In a particular embodiment, the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the glcK gene such that the GlcK protein is 322-amino acids in length and wherein the glucokinase activity in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and optionally wherein the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein.

As discussed above, some DNA modifications can be observed at the level of the glcK gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention which do not impact the glucokinase activity of the strain. Based on test A defined herein together with the control strains defined herein, the person skilled in the art would know how to identify 1 ) a glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in a strain carrying this glcK gene is significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein) and optionally wherein the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in a strain carrying this mutated glcK gene is significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein), 2) a glcK gene bearing a modification having no impact on the glucokinase activity in a strain carrying this modification or 3) a glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in a strain carrying this glcK gene is null (as defined herein).

The DGCC7710 strain can be used as a control, by replacing its glcK gene by the glcK gene to be assayed to obtain a derivative of DGCC7710, and assaying the DGCC7710 derivative by test A (glucokinase activity) or test C (Vmax).

The inventors have identified two positions within the glucokinase, for which the amino acid nature has been shown to impact the activity of the glucokinase, such that the glucokinase activity is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and to impact the Vmax of the glucokinase such that the Vmax is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein: position 144 and position 275 of the glucokinase (i.e., codon 144 and 275 of the glcK gene). It is noteworthy that based on tests A and C defined herein together with the control strains, the person skilled in the art would know how to identify other positions and appropriate amino acids within the glucokinase, to obtain a glucokinase activity significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein) and optionally a maximum forward velocity which is significantly reduced but not null, and thus the corresponding glcK gene.

In an embodiment, the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase (encoded by the glcK gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention) is not a glutamic acid (i.e., is any amino acid except a glutamic acid); thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is neither GAA nor GAG. In a particular embodiment, the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase is not an acidic amino acid (i.e., is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid); thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding a non-acidic amino acid. In a particular embodiment, the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase is selected from the group consisting of lysine and any of its conservative amino acids; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding an amino acid selected from the group consisting of a lysine and any of its conservative amino acids. In a particular embodiment, the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase is a lysine; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is either AAA or AAG. In a particular embodiment, the nucleotides 823- 825 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention are AAA or AAG.

In a particular embodiment, the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:25 , wherein the amino acid at position 275 is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine; and

b) a GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence is 322-amino acids in length.

In another embodiment, the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase (encoded by the glcK gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention) is not a glycine ( i.e is any amino acid except a glycine); thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is not GGT, GGC, GGA or GGG. In a particular embodiment, the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase is not an aliphatic amino acid (i.e., is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid). In a particular embodiment, the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase is selected from the group consisting of serine and any of its conservative amino acids; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding an amino acid selected from the group consisting of a serine and any of its conservative amino acids. In a particular embodiment, the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase is a serine; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is AGT, AGC, TCT, TCC, TCA or TCG. In a particular embodiment, the nucleotides 430-432 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention are AGT, AGC, TCT, TCC, TCA or TCG.

In a particular embodiment, the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of: a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid at position 144 is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine; and

b) a GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence is 322-amino acids in length.

For the definition of the GlcK variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e. , number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]; the position 275 as defined in SEQ ID NO:25 is not considered for the calculation of the similarity or of the identity. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a a lysine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine.

In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by from 1 to 30 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine (the position 275 is not considered for the calculation of the number of substitution(s)). In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 25 by from 1 to 15 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 25 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 25 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 or 12 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine.

For the definition of the GlcK variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e. , number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]; the position 144 as defined in SEQ ID NO:46 is not considered for the calculation of the similarity or of the identity. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine.

In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by from 1 to 30 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine (the position 144 is not considered for the calculation of the number of substitution(s)). In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 46 by from 1 to 15 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 46 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 or 12 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine.

In an embodiment, the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 and 34, wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 and 34, wherein the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase is not a glutamic acid, in particular is not an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine respectively.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is not a glutamic acid; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is neither GAA nor GAG; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25 and any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is not a glutamic acid.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is not an acidic amino acid; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon which does not encode an acidic amino acid; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25 and any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is not an acidic amino acid.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is selected from the group consisting of lysine and any of its conservative amino acids; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine and any of its conservative amino acids; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25 and any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is a lysine and any of its conservative amino acids.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is a lysine; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 275 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding a lysine respectively, in particular is AAA or AAG, respectively; thus, in a particular embodiment, the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42 and 43; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42 and 43; in a particular embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is as defined in SEQ ID NO:21.

In another embodiment, the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 and 55, wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 and 55, wherein the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase is not a glycine, in particular is not an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is not a glycine; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is not GGT, GGC, GGA or GGG; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46 and any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is not a glycine.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is not an aliphatic amino acid; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon which does not encode an aliphatic amino acid; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:46 and any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is not an aliphatic amino acid.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is selected from the group consisting of serine and any of its conservative amino acids; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and any of its conservative amino acids; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46 and any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is a serine and any of its conservative amino acids.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is a serine; thus, in an embodiment, the codon 144 of the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is a codon encoding a serine, in particular is AAA or AAG; thus, in a particular embodiment, the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63 and 64; thus, in an embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a GlcK protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63 and 64; in a particular embodiment, the glcK gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is as defined in SEQ ID NO:44.

When defining the sequence of the GlcK protein of the lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, it is according to the teaching of this application that the glucokinase activity in the strain expressing this GlcK protein is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and optionally that the Vmax of the glucokinase in this strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein.

In addition to be characterized by a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity as defined herein and optionally by a significantly reduced but not null maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase as defined herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain can be further characterized by its behaviour (ability to release glucose) when used to ferment milk. In addition to be characterized by a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E which is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain can be further characterized by its behaviour (ability to release glucose) when used to ferment milk. In addition to be characterized by a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E which is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, and by a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity as defined herein and optionally by a significantly reduced but not null maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase as defined herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain can be further characterized by its behaviour (ability to release glucose) when used to ferment milk.

Thus, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, carrying a mutation in the glcK gene, of the invention is further characterized by at least one of these features, when used to ferment milk, in particular by one of these features or by the combination of these 2 features:

1 ) when said strain is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is more than 20%;

2) when said strain is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the concentration of glucose in said fermented milk is at least 10 mM;

Each of these features will be described separately hereafter though as mentioned above, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention - having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity as defined herein and optionally having a significantly reduced maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase as defined herein - can be further characterized by 1 of these features or the combination of these 2 features.

1 ) In a particular embodiment, (alone or in combination with feature 2), the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, carry a mutation in the glcK gene, is further characterized by the fact that when said strain is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is more than 20%

Indeed, as a result of the“significantly reduced but not null’’ glucokinase activity in a strain of the invention and optionally as the result of the“significantly reduced but not null’’ Vmax of the glucokinase in said strain, less than 80% of the moles of glucose coming from the consumed lactose (disaccharide made of glucose and galactose) are used by this strain, such that at least 20% of the moles of glucose coming from the consumed lactose are released into the milk during fermentation. After fermentation of the milk using test B described herein, the number of moles of consumed lactose is determined by calculating the number of moles of lactose in the milk before fermentation minus the number of moles of lactose remaining in the fermented milk after fermentation. After fermentation of the milk using test B described herein, the number of moles of glucose found in the fermented milk after fermentation minus the number of moles of glucose that may already be present in the milk before fermentation (if any) is determined (accumulated glucose). Then, the ratio of accumulated glucose over consumed lactose is calculated, and represent the % of glucose moiety of the consumed lactose which is released and accumulated in said fermented milk. In a particular embodiment, when a strain of the invention is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is more than 30%. In a particular embodiment, when a strain of the invention is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is more than 40%. In a particular embodiment, when a strain of the invention is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is more than 50%. In a particular embodiment, when a strain of the invention is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is more than 60%. In a particular embodiment, when a strain of the invention is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is selected from the group consisting of a ratio which is more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50 and more than 60%.

2) In a particular embodiment (alone or in combination with feature 1 ), the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, carrying a mutation in the glcK gene, is further characterized by the fact that the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 10 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 15 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 20 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 25 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B is selected from the group consisting of a concentration with is at least 10 mM, at least 15 mM, at least 20 mM and at least 25 mM.

Thus, in a particular embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention - having significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity as defined herein and optionally having a significantly reduced but not null maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of its glucokinase as defined herein, is further characterized by 1 of these features or the combination of these 2 features:

1 ) when said strain is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the ratio of the amount of glucose accumulated/released (mM) in said fermented milk over the amount of consumed lactose by said strain (mM) is selected from the group consisting of a ratio which is more than 30%, 40%, 50 and 60%;

2) when said strain is used to ferment milk as assayed by test B, the concentration of glucose in said fermented milk is selected from the group consisting of a concentration with is at least 10 mM, at least 15 mM, at least 20 mM and at least 25 mM;

II. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermoohilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its ccoA gene.

The invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the ccpA gene, wherein the ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

Any mutation can be introduced into the ccpA gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain, as long as the above-mentioned ratio of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing this mutated ccpA gene is obtained.

In an embodiment, the ccpA gene mutation is not a mutation leading to the knock-out (i.e., the complete disruption) of the gene.

In an embodiment, the ccpA gene mutation is a mutation in the coding sequence of the ccpA gene, in particular in the first 270 nucleotides of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene. In an embodiment, the mutation is a mutation selected from the group consisting of:

a) a non-sense mutation (i.e. leading to a STOP codon) located between the nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 270 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene; and

b) a mutation, located in the first quarter of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene (i.e., between nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 250), leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene.

In an embodiment, the mutation leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene is located between nucleotide 50 and the nucleotide 200 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene. In an embodiment, the mutation leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene is located between nucleotide 100 and the nucleotide 150 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene. Whatever the location of the mutation leading to a frameshift, the mutation is selected from the group consisting of a deletion, an insertion or a deletion/insertion (which all are not a multiple of 3).

Though two Streptococcus thermophilus strains may differ by the sequence of their respective ccpA gene, this does not necessarily mean that one of these two ccpA genes is mutated in the sense of the invention. Indeed, are not considered as mutations of the ccpA gene within the present invention: - variations at the nucleotide level which do lead to a change at the protein level, but wherein this change does not enable to obtain a ratio - of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E in the lactosepositive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain encoding this modified protein - of at least 4.10 ⁶

Non-limitative examples of ccpA genes which are not considered as mutated in the sense of the invention are:

- the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:65 ( ccpA type ST1 ); this ccpA type is the one of the DGCC7710 strain;

- the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:66 ( ccpA type ST2), which has 99.8% identity with SEQ ID NO:65;

- the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:67 ( ccpA type ST3), which has 99.8% identity with SEQ ID NO:65;

- the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:68 ( ccpA type ST4), which has 99.7% identity with SEQ ID NO:65;

- the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:69 ( ccpA type ST5), which has 99.8% identity with SEQ ID NO:65; and

- the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:70 ( ccpA type ST6), which has 99.7% identity with SEQ ID NO:65.

The inventors have identified at least one mutation, which when present into the ccpA gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain enables this strain to exhibit a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. Thus, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the ccpA gene selected from the group consisting of a non-sense mutation located between the nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 270 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene and a mutation, located in the first quarter of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene, leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

In an embodiment, the mutation of the ccpA gene is a deletion of a nucleotide A in the stretch of 7 nucleotides A at positions 1 14-120 (leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene). Such Streptococcus thermophilus mutated ccpA gene is referred herein as CCPAAI _A I I4-I2 _O - In an embodiment, the sequence of said mutated ccpA gene is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 ; and b) a ccpA variant sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID N0:71. The ccpA variant as defined herein carries a mutation as defined above, i.e., is selected from the group consisting of a non-sense mutation located between the nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 270 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene and a mutation, located in the first quarter of the coding sequence of the ccpA, leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene.

For the definition of the ccpA variant having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO:71 , the identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e., number of identical nucleotides in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]. In a particular embodiment, the ccpA variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:71. In an embodiment, the ccpA variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 71 byfrom 1 to 30 nucleotide substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the ccpA variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 71 by from 1 to 20 nucleotide substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the ccpA variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 71 by from 1 to 15 nucleotide substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the ccpA variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 71 by from 1 to 10 nucleotide substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the ccpA variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 71 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotide substitutions. In an embodiment, the sequence of the ccpA gene of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75 and 76.

In addition to be characterized by a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, carrying a mutated ccpA gene, can be further characterized by its ability to release glucose when used to ferment milk.

Thus, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, carrying a mutation in the ccpA gene, of the invention is further characterized by the fact that the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 8 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 9 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 10 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 12 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B is selected from the group consisting of a concentration with is at least 8 mM, at least 9 mM, at least 10 mM and at least 12 mM. The person skilled in the art is given, in this part of the application, guidance on how to obtain and identify mutations of the ccpA gene other than the one specifically disclosed. Based on the ratio defined above [beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E] together with a reference strain defined herein, the person skilled in the art would know how to identify a mutated ccpA gene according to the invention and to obtain a Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention.

Thus, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method:

a) provide a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the ccpA gene of which is as defined in SEQ ID NO:65, such as the DGCC7710 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the ccpA gene, for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a ccpA gene the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the ccpA gene of the strain in a);

c) insert the ccpA gene obtained in b) in lieu of the ccpA gene of the DGCC7710 strain, to obtain a DGCC7710 derivative;

d) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative, wherein a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ means that the inserted ccpA gene is a mutated ccpA gene according to the invention. In a particular embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative is at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, said ratio is less than 8.10

In addition, the person skilled in the art, to obtain and identify a mutated ccpA gene according to the invention and to obtain a Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention, can also proceed by the following method:

a) provide a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the ccpA gene of which is as defined in SEQ ID NO:65, such as the DGCC7710 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the ccpA gene, for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a ccpA gene the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the ccpA gene of the strain in a);

c) insert the ccpA gene obtained in b) in lieu of the ccpA gene of the DGCC7710 strain, to obtain a DGCC7710 derivative;

d) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative, and selecting a DGCC7710 derivative presenting a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein; and e) determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said DGCC7710 derivative selected in d), wherein a glucose concentration of at least 8 mM means that the inserted ccpA gene is a mutated ccpA gene according to the invention. In a particular embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose concentration measured in step e) is at least 9 mM, at least 10 mM or at least 12 mM.

Alternatively, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method:

a) provide the DSM32587 strain (mutated in its glcK gene), deposited at the DSMZ on August 15 ^th , 2017;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the ccpA gene of the strain in a), for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a ccpA gene, the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the ccpA gene of DSM32587, to obtain a ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain; c) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of the ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain obtained in b), and selecting a ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain presenting a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ ; and

d) determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said ccpA- mutated DSM32587 strain selected in c), wherein

d1 ) a glucose concentration of at least 50 mM means that the mutated ccpA gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose concentration measured in step d) is at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM or at least 80 mM, or

d2) an increase of the glucose concentration obtained with said ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain selected in c) of at least 150% as compared to the glucose concentration obtained with DSM32587 strain, when both assayed by test B, means that the mutated ccpA gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose increase in step d) is at least 200% or at least 300% the glucose concentration of the DSM32587 strain.

Once identified, a mutated ccpA gene - as identified herein - can be introduced in lieu of the ccpA gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, to obtain a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention.

III. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its alcK gene and a mutation in its ccoA gene.

The invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, as defined herein, and carrying a mutation in its ccpA gene, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

In an embodiment, any mutation of the glcK gene leading to a glucokinase, the activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, as described herein (in particular under I above) can be used in combination with any ccpA mutation, as long as the ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In other words, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the /cKgene as defined herein (in particular under I above), and further carrying a mutation in the ccpA gene.

In an embodiment, any ccpA mutation leading to a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E - in a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing this mutated ccpA gene, in particular in the DGCC7710 strain - of at least 4.10 ⁶ as described herein (in particular under II above) can be used with any glcK mutation, as long as the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In other words, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the ccpA gene, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein (in particular under II above), and further carrying a mutation in the glcK gene.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying:

- a mutated glcK gene leading to a glucokinase, the activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, as defined in a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined herein, in particular under I above; and

- a mutated ccpA gene leading to a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ , as defined herein, in particular as defined in a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain under II above.

Thus, any of the embodiments disclosed above for the mutated glcK gene leading to a glucokinase, the activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, can be combined with any of the embodiments disclosed herein for the mutated ccpA gene leading to a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ , as long as the obtained lactose-positive, galactose- negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying both mutations exhibits a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries:

- a glcK gene coding for a glucokinase mutated in its open reading frame, in particular leading to an amino acid substitution in the GlcK protein, wherein the activity of the glucokinase in said strain is significantly reduced but not null; and

- a ccpA gene carrying a mutation selected from the group consisting of a) a non-sense mutation (i.e. leading to a STOP codon) located between the nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 270 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene; and b) a mutation, located in the first quarter of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene (i.e., between nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 250), leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries:

- a mutated glcK gene coding for a glucokinase, the position 144 of which is not a glycine, in particular is a serine or the position 275 of which is not a glutamic acid, in particular is a lysine; and

- a ccpA gene carrying a mutation leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene located between nucleotide 50 and the nucleotide 200 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries:

- a mutated glcK gene coding for a glucokinase, the position 144 of which is a serine or the position 275 of which is a lysine; and

- a ccpA gene carrying a mutation leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene located between nucleotide 100 and the nucleotide 150 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries:

- a mutated glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 45, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63 and 64 (in particular SEQ ID NO:22 and 45); and

- a mutated ccpA gene, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75 and 76 (in particular is SEQ ID NO: 71 ).

In addition to be characterized by a ratio beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, carrying a mutated glcK gene and a mutated ccpA gene, can be further characterized by its ability to release glucose when used to ferment milk.

Thus, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, carrying a mutation in the glcK gene and a mutation in the ccpA gene, of the invention is further characterized by the fact that the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 50 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 60 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 70 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 80 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B is selected from the group consisting of a concentration with is at least 50 mM, at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM and at least 80 mM.

The methods detailed above, on the one hand, to obtain and identify a mutated glcK gene in a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, and on the other hand to identify a ccpA mutated gene in a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention, apply similarly herein, to obtain a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in its glcK gene and in its ccpA gene.

As an example, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method to obtain and identify a mutated ccpA gene according to the invention:

a) provide the DSM32587 strain (mutated in its glcK gene);

b) carry out mutagenesis on the ccpA gene of the strain in a), for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a ccpA gene, the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the ccpA gene of DSM32587, to obtain a ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain; c) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of the ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain obtained in b), and selecting a ccpA-mutated DSM32587 strain presenting a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ ; and

d) determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said ccpA- mutated DSM32587 strain selected in c), wherein

d1 ) a glucose concentration of at least 50 mM means that the mutated ccpA gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose concentration measured in step d) is at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM or at least 80 mM, or

d2) an increase of the glucose concentration obtained with said ccp/\-mutated DSM32587 strain selected in c) of at least 150% as compared to the glucose concentration obtained with DSM32587 strain, when both assayed by test B, means that the mutated ccpA gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose increase in step d) is at least 200% or at least 300% the glucose concentration of the DSM32587 strain.

In another example, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method to obtain and identify a mutated glcK gene according to the invention:

a) provide a DGCC7710 strain in which its ccpA gene has been replaced by the mutated ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/\aiAm-i2o), called herein DGCC7710- Ccp/ m-120 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the glcK gene of the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain in a), for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a glcK gene, the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the glcK gene of the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain, to obtain a g/cK-mutated DGCC7710-CCP/\AI _A H ₄ -I _2O strain;

c) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of the g/cK-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain obtained in b), and selecting a g/cK-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain presenting a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ ; and

d) determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said glcK- mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain selected in c), wherein

d1 ) a glucose concentration of at least 50 mM means that the mutated glck gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated glck gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose concentration measured in step d) is at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM or at least 80 mM, or

d2) an increase of the glucose concentration obtained with said g/cK-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain selected in c) of at least 150% as compared to the glucose concentration obtained with DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain, when both assayed by test B, means that the mutated ccpA gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated ccpA gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose increase in step d) is at least 200% or at least 300% the glucose concentration of the DGCC7710-CCP/\AI _A H ₄ -I _2O strain.

In this context, DGCC7710-CCP/\AI _A H ₄ -I _2O strain is the DGCC7710 strain into which its ccpA gene has been replaced by the ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71. Once identified, a mutated glcK gene and/or a mutated ccpA gene - as identified herein - can be introduced in lieu of the glcK gene and/or the ccpA gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, to obtain a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention.

IV. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its lacZ gene.

The invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the lacZ gene encoding a beta-galactosidase (hydrolysing lactose into galactose and glucose), wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

Any mutation is appropriate, in particular any mutation which increases the lactose hydrolysis activity (i.e., beta-galactosidase activity) of said beta-galactosidase as compared to the corresponding strain not mutated in the lacZ gene. A mutation of the lacZ gene can also be identified by mutating the lacZ gene of the DGCC7710 strain, to obtain a /acZ-mutated DGCC7710 strain and comparing the beta-galactosidase activity in said /acZ-mutated DGCC7710 strain with the beta-galactosidase activity in the DGCC7710 strain, in particular when both strains have been assayed by test D. Thus, a lacZ mutation according to the invention can be obtained and identified by the following method:

a) provide the DGCC7710 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the lacZ gene, to obtain a lacZ gene, the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the lacZ of DGCC7710, to obtain a /acZ-mutated DGCC7710 strain;

c) determining the beta-galactosidase activity in the /acZ-mutated DGCC7710 strain obtained in b) and independently of the DGCC7710 strain, both by test D, wherein a beta- galactosidase activity in the /acZ-mutated DGCC7710 strain higher than the beta- galactosidase activity in the DGCC7710 strain means that the lacZ gene is mutated according to the invention. By“higher beta-galactosidase activity”, it is meant that the beta- galactosidase activity in the /acZ-mutated DGCC7710 strain as obtained in b) is at least 150%, at least 200% or at least 300% higher than the beta-galactosidase activity in the DGCC7710 strain, when both assayed by test D.

Once identified, the mutated lacZ gene according to the invention can be introduced in lieu of the lacZ gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, to design a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention. Thus, though two Streptococcus thermophilus strains may differ by the sequence of their respective lacZ gene, this does not necessarily mean that one of these two lacZ genes is mutated in the sense of the invention. Indeed, are not considered as mutations within the present invention:

- variations at the nucleotide level which do lead to a change at the protein level, but wherein this change does not impact the beta-galactosidase activity of the resulting beta-galactosidase as defined herein. Indeed, such variations can be observed at the level of the lacZ gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention without impacting the scope of protection.

Non-limitative examples of lacZ genes which are not considered as mutated in the sense of the invention are:

- the polynucleotide encoding the beta-galactosidase as defined in SEQ ID NO:78 (Beta-Gal type ST1 ), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:77; this Beta-Gal type is the one of DGCC7710 strain;

- the lacZ polynucleotide encoding the beta-galactosidase as defined in SEQ ID NO: 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108 and 1 10 (Beta-Gal type ST2 to ST13), in particular the lacZ polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 79, 81 , 83, 85, 87, 89, 91 , 93, 95, 97, 99, 101 , 103, 105, 107 and 109. The sequence of the beta-galactosidases as defined in SEQ ID NO: 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108 and 1 10 is from 98.9 to 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:78.

In an embodiment, the Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention does not carry a mutation selected from the group consisting of a mutation leading to the knock-out of the lacZ gene and large deletions within the lacZ gene.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in a regulatory sequence, in particular in the promoter, of the lacZ gene leading to the transcriptional overexpression of the lacZ gene. Non-limitative examples of promoter sequences which can be mutated within the invention are disclosed in nucleotides 1 to 126 of the lacZ genes as defined in SEQ ID NO: 77, 79, 81 , 83, 85, 87, 89, 91 , 93, 95, 97, 99, 101 , 103, 105, 107 and 109.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in the coding sequence of the lacZ gene leading to the substitution of an amino acid in the beta-galactosidase, such as having a beta- galactosidase activity increased as defined herein. In an embodiment, said substitution does not lead to a truncated beta-galactosidase. Non-limitative examples of lacZ coding sequences which can be mutated within the invention are disclosed in nucleotides 127 to 3231 of the lacZ genes as defined in SEQ ID NO: 77, 79, 81 , 83, 85, 87, 89, 91 , 93, 95, 97, 99, 101 , 103, 105, 107 and 109. The person skilled in the art is given, in this part of the application, further guidance on how to obtain and identify mutations of the lacZ gene. Based on the ratio defined above [beta- galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E] together with a reference strain defined herein, the person skilled in the art would know how to identify a mutated lacZ gene according to the invention and to obtain a Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention.

Thus, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method:

a) provide a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the lacZ gene of which is as defined in SEQ ID NO:77, such as the DGCC7710 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the lacZ gene, for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a lacZ gene the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the lacZ gene of the strain in a);

c) insert the lacZ gene obtained in b) in lieu of the lacZ gene of the DGCC7710 strain, to obtain a DGCC7710 derivative;

d) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative, wherein a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein means that the inserted lacZ gene is a mutated lacZ gene according to the invention. In a particular embodiment, a mutated lacZ gene is considered to be according to the invention when the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative strain is at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, said ratio is less than 8.10 ³ .

In an embodiment, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method: a) provide a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the promoter sequence of the lacZ gene of which is as defined in nucleotides 1 to 126 of SEQ ID NO:77, such as the DGCC7710 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the lacZ gene, for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a promoter sequence of the lacZ gene the sequence of which is different from the promoter sequence of the lacZ gene of the strain in a);

c) insert the promoter-mutated lacZ gene obtained in b) in lieu of the promoter of the lacZ gene of the DGCC7710 strain, to obtain a DGCC7710 derivative;

d) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative, wherein a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein means that the inserted promoter of lacZ gene is a mutated promoter of lacZ gene according to the invention. In a particular embodiment, a mutated promoter of lacZ gene is considered to be according to the invention when the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative strain is at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, said ratio is less than 8.10 ³ .

Once identified, a mutated lacZ gene, in particular a mutated promoter of lacZ gene, - as identified herein - can be introduced in lieu of the lacZ gene, in particular in lieu of the promoter of lacZ gene, of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, to obtain a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention.

V. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carrying a mutation in its otsH gene

The invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the ptsl gene encoding the HPr protein, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

Any mutation is appropriate as long as the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

Thus, though two Streptococcus thermophilus strains may differ by the sequence of their respective ptsl gene, this does not necessarily mean that one of these two ptsl genes is mutated in the sense of the invention. Indeed, are not considered as mutations within the present invention:

- variations at the nucleotide level which do lead to a change at the protein level, but wherein this change does not impact the activity of the resulting HPr protein. Indeed, such variations can be observed at the level of the ptsl gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention without impacting the scope of protection.

Non-limitative examples of ptsl genes which are not considered as mutated in the sense of the invention are:

- the polynucleotide encoding the HPr protein as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 12 (HPr type ST1 ), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:1 1 1 ; this HPr type is the one of DGCC7710 strain;

- the ptsH polynucleotide encoding the HPr protein as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 14, 1 16, 1 18 and 120 (HPr type ST2 to 5), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 13, 1 15, 1 17 and 1 19. The sequence of the HPr proteins as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 14, 1 16, 1 18 and 120 is from 96.5 to 98.8% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 12.

In an embodiment, the ptsH gene mutation is not a mutation leading to the knock-out (i.e., the complete disruption) of the ptsH gene. In an embodiment, the mutation is introduced into the coding sequence of the ptsl gene. In an embodiment, the mutation is a mutation in the coding sequence of the ptsl gene, leading to a truncated HPr protein. Whatever the position of the truncation, the mutation introduced into the ptsl gene is either a nucleotide substitution leading to a STOP codon or a deletion, insertion or deletion/insertion leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame and a premature STOP codon. In an embodiment, the mutation introduced into the ptsl gene is a nucleotide substitution leading to a STOP codon. In an embodiment, the mutation introduced into the ptsl gene is a deletion, insertion or deletion/insertion leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame and a premature STOP codon

In an embodiment, the mutation is a mutation in the coding sequence of the ptsl gene, leading to the substitution of an amino acid by another amino acid.

The person skilled in the art is given, in this part of the application, further guidance on how to obtain and identify mutations of the ptsl gene. Based on the ratio defined above [beta- galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E] together with a reference strain defined herein, the person skilled in the art would know how to identify a mutated ptsl gene according to the invention and to obtain a Streptococcus thermophilus of the invention.

Thus, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method:

a) provide a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the ptsl gene of which is as defined in SEQ ID NO:1 11 , such as the DGCC7710 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the ptsl gene, for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a ptsl gene the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the ptsl gene of the strain in a);

c) insert the ptsl gene obtained in b) in lieu of the ptsl gene of the DGCC7710 strain, to obtain a DGCC7710 derivative; and

d) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative, wherein a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein means that the inserted ptsl gene is a mutated ptsl gene according to the invention. In a particular embodiment, a mutated ptsl gene is considered to be according to the invention when the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of said DGCC7710 derivative is at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ or at least 8.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment, said ratio is less than 8.10 ³ .

Once identified, a mutated ptsl gene - as identified herein - can be introduced in lieu of the ptsl gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, to obtain a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention.

VI. A lactose-positive, galactose-negative. Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention according to any one of the embodiments I to V. further carrying a mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-qlucose-specific PTS.

In addition to any of the mutations disclosed above, as such or combined, the inventors have shown that additional mutations of genes in the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strains of the invention significantly increase the level of glucose release during dairy fermentation. The inventors have shown that the introduction of a mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, in particular a mutated manL gene, a mutated manM gene or a mutated manN gene, into a Streptococcus thermophilus as defined under I to V above, leads to a synergy with regards to the release of glucose, i.e. the concentration of glucose released is far more than the addition of the glucose concentration released using a Streptococcus thermophilus as defined under I to V above and the glucose concentration released using a Streptococcus thermophilus mutated only in said gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS.

Thus, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain selected from the group consisting of a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under I, a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under II, a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under III, a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under IV and a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under V, which is further mutated in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose- glucose-specific PTS. In an embodiment, the gene encoding a protein of the mannose- glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene, the manN gene or the manO gene. In an embodiment, the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene, the manN gene or the manO gene. In an embodiment, the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene or the manN gene.

By“mutated/mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS”, it is meant that the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carries a mutation in one, two or three genes selected from the group consisting of the manL gene, the manM gene, the manN gene and the manO gene. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carries a mutation in one, two or three genes selected from the group consisting of the manL gene, the man/W gene and the man/V gene. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manL. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manM. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manN. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manL and a mutation in manM. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manL and a mutation in manN. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manM and a mutation in manN. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention carries a mutation in manL, a mutation in manM and a mutation in manN.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and carrying a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, wherein the ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the one or more genes, in particular the gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene and/or the manN gene.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the ccpA gene as defined herein and carrying a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the one or more genes, in particular the gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene and/or the manN gene.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which in said strain is significantly reduced but not null, as defined herein, carrying a mutation in its ccpA gene as defined herein and carrying a mutation in one or more genes, in particular one gene, encoding a protein of the mannose- glucose-specific PTS, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the one or more genes, in particular the gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene and/or the manN gene.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the lacZ gene as defined herein and carrying a mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the one or more genes, in particular the gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene and/or the manN gene.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the ptsH gene as defined herein and carrying a mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the one or more genes, in particular the gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is the manL gene, the manM gene and/or the manN gene.

As far as the mutation(s) in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the combination of the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsH gene are concerned, any of the embodiments disclosed above under I to V applies similarly to the lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain further carrying a mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS of the invention, as long as the obtained lactosepositive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain leads to a ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein

As far as the mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is concerned, any mutation is appropriate, in particular any mutation which reduces or abolishes the import of glucose from the medium into the bacteria. Such a mutation can be obtained and identified by introducing a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS into any of the strains of the invention disclosed above under I to V, and determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said strain, wherein an increase of glucose concentration as compared to the strain of the invention under I to V means that the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is mutated according to the invention.

In an embodiment, the mutation of the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS, in particular of the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene, is a mutation leading to the knock-out (i.e., the complete disruption) of the gene. In an embodiment, the mutation of the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS, in particular of the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene, is a mutation of the promoter of the gene, in particular a mutation of the promoter of the gene reducing or inhibiting the transcription of the gene.

In an embodiment, the mutation of the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS, in particular of the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene, is a mutation introduced into the coding sequence of the gene, in particular a mutation leading to the reduction or abolition of the glucose import activity of the protein encoded by the mutated gene, in particular to the reduction or abolition of the glucose import activity of the IIAB ^Man protein, HC ^Man protein or IID ^Man protein.

In an embodiment, the mutation of the gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS, in particular of the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene is a mutation in the coding sequence of the gene, leading to a truncated protein, in particular to a truncated IIAB ^Man protein, a truncated IIC ^Man protein or a truncated IID ^Man protein respectively, in particular to a truncated protein (such as a truncated IIAB ^Man protein, a truncated IIC ^Man protein or a truncated IID ^Man protein) having a reduced or abolished glucose import activity. Whatever the position of the truncation, the mutation introduced into the gene is either a nucleotide substitution leading to a STOP codon or a deletion, insertion or deletion/insertion leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame and a premature STOP codon. In an embodiment, the mutation introduced into the gene is a nucleotide substitution leading to a STOP codon. In an embodiment, the mutation introduced into the gene is a deletion, insertion or deletion/insertion leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame and a premature STOP codon.

Though two Streptococcus thermophilus strains may differ by the sequence of their respective manL, manM or ManN gene, this does not necessarily mean that one of these genes is mutated in the sense of the invention. Indeed, are not considered as mutations of the manL, manM or ManN gene gene within the present invention:

- variations at the nucleotide level which do not lead to any change at the protein level (silent variation) and which do not impact the translation of the manL, manM or ManN RNA;

- variations at the nucleotide level which do lead to a change at the protein level, but wherein this change does not lead to a decrease or abolition of the glucose import activity of the protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS; and

- variations at the nucleotide level which do lead to a change at the protein level, but wherein this change does not enable to increase the level of glucose release when introduced in any of the strains of the invention disclosed above under I to V. Non-limitative examples of manL, manM and ManN genes (respectively encoding the NAB ^Man protein, the IIC ^Man protein and the IID ^Man protein) which are not considered as mutated in the sense of the invention are:

- the polynucleotide encoding the IIAB ^Man protein as defined in SEQ ID NO: 122 (IIAB ^Man type ST1 ), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 121 ; this IIAB ^Man type is the one of DGCC7710 strain;

- the manL polynucleotide encoding respectively the IIAB ^Man protein as defined in SEQ ID NO: 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152 and 154 (IIAB ^Man type ST2 to ST17), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 121 , 123, 125, 127, 129, 131 , 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 , 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 and 153. The sequence of the IIAB ^Man proteins as defined in SEQ ID NO: 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152 and 154 is from 98.4 to 99.6% identical to SEQ ID NO:122.

- the polynucleotide encoding the IIC ^Man protein as defined in SEQ ID NO:174 (IIC ^Man type ST1 ), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 173; this IIC ^Man type is the one of DGCC7710 strain;

- the manM polynucleotide encoding respectively the IIC ^Man protein as defined in SEQ ID NO: 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198 and 200 (IIC ^Man type ST2 to ST14), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 175, 177, 179, 181 , 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 , 193, 195, 197 and 199. The sequence of the IIC ^Man proteins as defined in SEQ ID NO: 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198 and 200 is from 98.5 to 99.6% identical to SEQ ID NO: 174.

- the polynucleotide encoding the IID ^Man protein as defined in SEQ ID NO:21 1 (IID ^Man type ST1 ), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:210; this IID ^Man type is the one of DGCC7710;

- the manN polynucleotide encoding respectively the IID ^Man protein as defined in SEQ ID NO: 213, 215, 217, 219, 221 , 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 , 233, 235, 237, 239, 241 , 243, 245, 247 and 249 (IID ^Man type ST2 to ST20), in particular the polynucleotide as defined in SEQ ID NO:212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246 and 248. The sequence of the IID ^Man proteins as defined in SEQ ID NO: 213, 215, 217, 219, 221 , 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 , 233, 235, 237, 239, 241 , 243, 245, 247 and 249 is from 97.3 to 99.6% identical to SEQ ID NO:210.

The inventors have identified at least one mutation in the manL gene, which when inserted into the manL gene of an original lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain [mutated in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, both the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsl gene and having a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of said strain of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, such as any of the strains of the invention disclosed above under I to V], enables to increase the glucose concentration as compared to the original strain, when assayed by test B.

Thus, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, both the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsl gene, and a mutation in the manL gene, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the mutation in the manL gene leads to the truncation of the IIAB ^Man protein at position 305. In an embodiment, the mutation in the manL gene is the substitution of the nucleotide G in the nucleotide T at position 916 (leading to a stop codon at position 306). A Streptococcus thermophilus IIAB ^Man protein truncated at position 305 is referred herein as

I IAB ^Man 305.

In an embodiment, the sequence of said IIAB ^Man protein truncated in position 305 is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:156; and

b) a IIAB ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID

NO: 156, in particular being 305 amino acids in length.

For the definition of the IIAB ^Man variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156, the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e. , number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]. In an embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156. In an embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:156. In an embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156. In an embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence has at least 98% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156.

In a particular embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 156 by from 1 to 30 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 156 by from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 156 by from 1 to 15 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 156 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIAB ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 156 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acid substitutions. In an embodiment, the sequence of the IIAB ^Man protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 156 to 172. In an embodiment, the manL gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a IIAB ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 156 and any IIAB ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 157 to 172). In an embodiment, the manL gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is as defined in SEQ ID NO:155.

The inventors have identified at least one mutation in the manM gene, which when inserted into the manL gene of an original lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain [mutated in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, both the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsH gene and having a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of said strain of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, such as any of the strains of the invention disclosed above under I to V], enables to increase the glucose concentration as compared to the original strain, concentration when assayed by test B.

Thus, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, both the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsH gene, and a mutation in the manM gene, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the mutation in the manM gene leads to the truncation of the IIC ^Man protein at position 208. In an embodiment, the mutation in the manM gene is the substitution of the nucleotide G in the nucleotide T at position 625 (leading to a stop codon at position 209). A Streptococcus thermophilus IIC ^Man protein truncated at position 208 is referred herein as IIC ^Man 208.

In an embodiment, the sequence of said IIC ^Man protein truncated in position 208 is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:202; and

b) a IIC ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:

202, in particular being 208 amino acids in length.

For the definition of the IIC ^Man variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 202, the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e., number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]. In an embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 202. In an embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 202. In an embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 202. In an embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence has at least 98% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 202.

In a particular embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 202 by from 1 to 30 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 202 by from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 202 by from 1 to 15 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IIC ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 202 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the I IC ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 202 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acid substitutions. In an embodiment, the sequence of the IIC ^Man protein of the lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 202 to 209.

In an embodiment, the manM gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a IIC ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 202 and any IIC ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:202 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 203 to 209). In an embodiment, the manM gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is as defined in SEQ ID NO:201.

The inventors have identified at least one mutation in the manN gene, which when inserted into the manN gene of an original lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain [mutated in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, both the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsH gene and having a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of said strain of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, such as any of the strains of the invention disclosed above under I to V], enables to increase the glucose concentration as compared to the original strain, concentration when assayed by test B.

Thus, the invention is directed to a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain carrying a mutation in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, both the glcK gene and the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene or the ptsH gene, and a mutation in the manN gene, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the mutation in the manN gene leads to the truncation of the IID ^Man protein at position 28. In an embodiment, the mutation in the manN gene is an insertion of a nucleotide A in the stretch of 5 nucleotides A at positions 37-41 (leading to a stretch of 6 nucleotides A, a frameshift and a truncation of the IID ^Man protein at position 28). This Streptococcus thermophilus IID ^Man protein truncated at position 28 is referred herein as IID ^Man 28 _. In an embodiment, the sequence of said IID ^Man protein truncated in position 28 is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:251 ; and

b) a IID ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:

251 , in particular being 28 amino acids in length.

For the definition of the IID ^Man variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 251 , the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e. , number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]. In an embodiment, the IID ^Man variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 251. In an embodiment, the IID ^Man variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 251 . In an embodiment, the IID ^Man variant sequence has at least 96% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 251. In an embodiment, the IID ^Man variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 251.

In a particular embodiment, the IID ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 251 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions. In a particular embodiment, the IID ^Man variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 251 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acid substitutions. In an embodiment, the sequence of the IID ^Man protein of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 251 to 255.

In an embodiment, the manN gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention encodes a IID ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 251 and any IID ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 251 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO:252 to 255). In an embodiment, the manN gene carried by the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 250.

In addition to be characterized by a ratio beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention further mutated in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS (defined under VI herein) can be further characterized by its ability to release glucose when used to ferment milk.

Thus, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, further mutated in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS (defined under VI herein), is further characterized by the fact that the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 80 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 90 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B, is at least 100 mM. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said Streptococcus thermophilus strain as assayed by test B is selected from the group consisting of a concentration with is at least 80 mM, at least 90 mM, and at least 100 mM.

Any method can be used to identify a mutation in a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, in particular in the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene suitable within the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention.

As an example, to obtain and identify a suitable mutation in the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method:

a) provide the DSM32587 strain (mutated in its glcK gene)

b) carry out mutagenesis on the manL, manM or manN gene of the strain in a), for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a manL, manM or manN gene, the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the manL, manM or manN gene of DSM32587, to obtain a man-mutated DSM32587 strain;

c) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of the man-mutated DSM32587 strain obtained in b), and selecting a man-mutated DSM32587 strain presenting a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein; and

d) determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said man- mutated DSM32587 strain selected in c), wherein

d1 ) a glucose concentration of at least 80 mM means that the mutated manL, manM or manN gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated manL, manM or manN gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose concentration measured in step d) is at least 90 mM or at least 100 mM, or d2) an increase of the glucose concentration obtained with the man-mutated DSM32587 strain selected in c) as compared to the DSM32587 strain, means that the mutated manL, manM or manN gene is according to the invention.

Alternatively, the person skilled in the art can proceed by the following method:

a) provide a DGCC7710 strain in which its ccpA gene has been replaced by the mutated ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 (CCPA _{A-IAI I} 4- _I 2 _O ), called herein DGCC7710- CCPAAIAH4-I20 strain;

b) carry out mutagenesis on the manL, manM or manN gene of the strain in a), for example by random or directed mutagenesis, to obtain a manL, manM or manN gene, the sequence of which is different from the sequence of the manL, manM or manN gene of the DGCC7710-ccp/ iAm-i2o strain, to obtain a man-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ iAm-i2o strain;

c) determining the ratio beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of the man-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/\ai _{Ai i4} -i ₂ o strain obtained in b), and selecting a man-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain presenting a ratio of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein; and

d) determining by test B the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said man- mutated DGCC7710-ccp/\ _AiAH4 -i ₂ o strain selected in c), wherein

d1 ) a glucose concentration of at least 80 mM means that the mutated manL, manM or manN gene is according to the invention. In an embodiment, a mutated manL, manM or manN gene is considered to be according to the invention when the glucose concentration measured in step d) is at least 90 mM or at least 100 mM; or d2) an increase of the glucose concentration obtained with the man-mutated DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain selected in c) as compared to the DGCC7710- ccp/ i _A m-i2o strain, means that the mutated manL, manM or manN gene is according to the invention.

In the above method, the expression“increase the glucose concentration” or“increase of the glucose concentration” as compared to a reference [original] strain in step d) means a glucose concentration of the tested strain which is at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 400% or at least 500% the glucose concentration of the reference [original] strain, when both strains are assayed by test B.

In an embodiment, the expression“increase of the glucose concentration” as compared to the DSM32587 strain in step d) means a glucose concentration of the tested strain [mutated in the manL, manM or manN gene] which is at least 150%, at least 200% or at least 300%, the glucose concentration of the DSM32587 strain, when both strains are assayed by test B.

In an embodiment, the expression“increase of the glucose concentration” as compared to the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o derivative in step d) means a glucose concentration of the tested strain [mutated in the manL, manM or manN gene] which is at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 400% or at least 500% the glucose concentration of the DGCC7710-ccp/\ _{AiAi i4} -i ₂ o derivative, when both strains are assayed by test B.

Once identified, the mutated manL, manM or manN gene according to the invention can be introduced in lieu of the manL, manM or manN of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, defined under I, II, III, IV or V above.

Examples of some strains of the invention

The invention is directed to the Streptococcus thermophilus DSM32587 strain deposited at the DSMZ on August 15 ^th , 2017, or any variant thereof. The DSM32587 strain, carrying a glcK gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:21 (encoding a glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:22), was shown to have a glucokinase activity in said strain of 907 U/g total protein extract, a Vmax in said strain of 914 U/g total protein extract, while releasing in fermented milk 29 mM of glucose (as assayed respectively by test A, test C and test B).

A variant of the DSM32587 strain is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain obtained from the DSM32587 strain and bearing the same glcK gene (SEQ ID NO:21 ) as the DSM32587 strain, and wherein the glucokinase activity in said strain fulfils the“significantly reduced but not null" feature of glucokinase activity as defined herein and fulfils the“significantly reduced but not null" feature of the glucokinase Vmax as defined herein.

In an embodiment, a variant of the DSM32587 strain exhibits a ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ .

In a particular embodiment, the variant of the DSM32587 strain expresses a GlcK protein as defined in SEQ ID NO:22, the glucokinase activity of which in said variant is between 800 and 1000 U/g total protein extract as assayed by test A and the glucokinase Vmax in said variant is between 800 and 1000 U/g total protein extract as assayed by test C.

In a particular embodiment, the DSM32587 variant of the invention is further characterized by the fact that the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said variant as assayed by test B, is at least 20 mM. In a particular embodiment, the DSM32587 variant of the invention is characterized by the fact that the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with said variant as assayed by test B, is at least the concentration of glucose in a milk fermented with the DSM32587 strain as assayed by test B.

Non-limitative examples of variants are for example CRISPR variants, i.e., variants of the DSM32587 strain having one or more of its CRISPR locus(loci) modified by insertion and/or deletion of one or more spacers (as compared to the CRISPR locus(loci) of the DSM32587 strain).

The invention is also directed to the following lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains:

- a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (CCPAAI _A H4-I2 _O ) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ ;

- a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the manL gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155 (encoding I IAB ^Man 305STOp) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated manL gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ ;

- a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the manM gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:201 (encoding I IC ^Man 2os) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated manM gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ ;

- a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the manN gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:250 (encoding IID ^Man 2s) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated manN gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ ;

- a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o) and the coding sequence of the manL gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155 (encoding I IAB ^Man 305STOp) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and same mutated manL gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8 10 - a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i2o) and the coding sequence of the manM gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:201 (encoding I IC ^Man 2oe) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and same mutated manM gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ ;

- a strain corresponding to the DSM32587 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o) and the coding sequence of the manN gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:250 (encoding IID ^Man 28) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and same mutated manN gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ ;

- a strain corresponding to the DSM28255 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i2o) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and exhibiting a ratio of the beta- galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ .

- a strain corresponding to the DSM28255 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o) and the coding sequence of the manL gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155 (encoding I IAB ^Man 305STOp) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and same mutated manL gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ . - a strain corresponding to the DSM28255 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i2o) and the coding sequence of the manM gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:201 (encoding I IC ^Man 2oe) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and same mutated manM gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ .

- a strain corresponding to the DSM28255 strain into which the coding sequence of the ccpA gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:71 (ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o) and the coding sequence of the manN gene is replaced by the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:250 (encoding IID ^Man 28) and its variants; a variant is defined herein as a lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain bearing the same mutated ccpA gene and same mutated manN gene, and exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E, the minimal value of which is selected from the group consisting of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ , at least 5.10 ⁶ , at least 6.10 ⁶ , at least 7.10 ⁶ and at least 8.10 ⁶ , and optionally the maximal value of which is less than 8.10 ³ .

In a particular embodiment, the genome sequence of the strain variant as defined herein has an identity of at least 90%, with the genome sequence of the strain the variant is obtained from, in particular an identity of at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 95%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1 %, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, at least 99.92%, at least 99.94%, at least 99.96%, at least 99.98%, or at least 99.99% with the genome sequence of the strain the variant is obtained from. The identity is described in comparing the two genome sequences over their full-length (global alignment), and may be calculated using any program based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention does not carry a glcK gene coding for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144 (i.e., the codon 144 of the glcK gene does not code for a serine), with the exception of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain selected from the group consisting of:

a) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under III, the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144; and b) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under VI, the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention does carry a glcK gene coding for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144, with the exception of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain selected from the group consisting of:

a) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the ccpA gene of which is mutated as defined under III and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144;

b) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the manL gene of which is mutated as defined under VI and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144;

c) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the manM gene of which is mutated as defined under VI and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144; and

d) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the manN gene of which is mutated as defined under VI and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention does not carry a glcK gene coding for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144, with the exception of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain selected from the group consisting of:

a) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the ccpA gene of which is as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144;

b) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the manL gene of which codes for a IIAB ^Man truncated in position 305, such as the one defined in SEQ ID NO: 156 and the /cK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144; c) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the manM gene of which codes for a IIC ^Man truncated in position 208, such as the one defined in SEQ ID NO:202 and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144; d) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the manN gene of which codes for a IID ^Man truncated in position 28, such as the one defined in SEQ ID NO:251 and the glcK gene of which codes for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144;

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention as defined under I above does not carry a glcK gene coding for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144. In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention does not carry a glcK gene coding for a glucokinase having a serine at position 144.

Composition, method and use with strains the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains of the invention

The invention is also directed to a bacterial composition comprising or consisting of at least one, in particular one, lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the bacterial composition is a pure culture, i.e., comprises or consists of a single bacterium strain. In another embodiment, the bacterial composition is a mixed culture, i.e., comprises or consists of the lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention and at least one other bacterium strain. By“at least (in reference to a strain or bacterium), it is meant 1 or more, and in particular 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5 strains.

Thus, in an embodiment, a bacterial composition of the invention comprises or consists of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention and at least one lactic acid bacterium of the species selected from the group consisting of a Lactococcus species, a Streptococcus species, a Lactobacillus species including Lactobacillus acidophilus, an Enterococcus species, a Pediococcus species, a Leuconostoc species, a Bifidobacterium species and an Oenococcus species or any combination thereof. Lactococcus species include Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis, including Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis. Bifidobacterium species includes Bifidobacterium animalis, in particular Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis. Other lactic acid bacteria species include Leuconostoc sp., Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus helveticus.

In an embodiment, the bacterial composition comprises or consists of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention, and at least one Streptococcus thermophilus strain, different from the S. thermophilus strain(s) of the invention and/or at least one strain of the Lactobacillus species, and/or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the bacterial composition comprises or consists of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention, one or several strain(s) of the species Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and/or one or several strain(s) of the species Lactobacillus helveticus and/or any combination thereof, and optionally at least one Streptococcus thermophilus strain, different from the S. thermophilus strain(s) of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the bacterial composition comprises or consists of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention, at least one strain of species Streptococcus thermophilus, different from the S. thermophilus strain(s) of the invention, and a strain of the species Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. In another particular embodiment, the bacterial composition comprises or consists of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention, and a strain of the species Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.

In an embodiment, the bacterial composition comprises or consists of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention, a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and/or a Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris.

In a particular embodiment of any bacterial composition defined herein, either as a pure or mixed culture, the bacterial composition further comprises at least one probiotic strain such as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, or Lactobacillus casei.

In a particular embodiment, the bacterial composition, either as a pure or mixed culture as defined above is under frozen, dried, freeze-dried, liquid or solid format, in the form of pellets or frozen pellets, or in a powder or dried powder. In a particular embodiment, the bacterial composition of the invention is in a frozen format or in the form of pellets or frozen pellets, in particular contained into one or more box or sachet. In another embodiment, the bacterial composition as defined herein is under a powder form, such as a dried or freeze-dried powder, in particular contained into one or more box or sachet.

In a particular embodiment, the bacterial composition of the invention, either as a pure culture or mixed culture as defined above, and whatever the format (frozen, dried, freeze-dried, liquid or solid format, in the form of pellets or frozen pellets, or in a powder or dried powder) comprises the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention in a concentration comprised in the range of 10 ⁵ to 10 ¹² cfu (colony forming units) per gram of the bacterial composition. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) within the bacterial composition of the invention is in the range of 10 ⁷ to 10 ¹² cfu per gram of the bacterial composition, and in particular at least 10 ⁷ , at least 10 ⁸ , at least 10 ⁹ , at least 10 ¹ ° or at least 10 ¹¹ CFU/g of the bacterial composition. In a particular embodiment, when in the form of frozen or dried concentrate, the concentration of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) - as pure culture or as a mixed culture - within the bacterial composition is in the range of 10 ⁸ to 10 ¹² cfu/g of frozen concentrate or dried concentrate, and more preferably at least 10 ⁸ , at least 10 ⁹ , at least 10 ¹ °, at least 10 ¹¹ or at least 10 ¹² cfu/g of frozen concentrate or dried concentrate.

The invention also concerns a method for manufacturing a fermented product, comprising a) inoculating a substrate with the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention and b) fermenting said inoculated substrate, to obtain a fermented product. In a particular embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention is inoculated as a bacterial composition as defined herein, such as a pure culture or a mixed culture. In an embodiment, the substrate into which the S. thermophilus strain(s) or bacterial composition of the invention is added to is milk substrate. By“milk substrate”, it is meant milk of animal and/or plant origin. In a particular embodiment, the milk substrate is of animal origin, such as cow, goat, sheep, buffalo, zebra, horse, donkey, or camel, and the like. The milk may be in the native state, a reconstituted milk, a skimmed milk, or a milk supplemented with compounds necessary for the growth of the bacteria or for the subsequent processing of fermented milk. Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the invention also provides a method for manufacturing a fermented dairy product, comprising a) inoculating a milk substrate with the lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) or bacterial composition of the invention and b) fermenting said inoculated milk substrate, to obtain a fermented dairy product.

The invention is also directed to the use of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention or a composition of the invention, to manufacture a fermented dairy product.

The invention is also directed to a fermented dairy product, which is obtained using the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention or a bacterial composition of the invention, in particular obtained or obtainable by the method of the invention. Thus, the invention is directed to a fermented dairy product comprising the lactosepositive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain(s) of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the fermented dairy food product of the invention is fresh fermented milk. In a particular embodiment, the fermented dairy product of the invention - in particular the fresh fermented milk as defined herein - contains the DSM32587 strain deposited at the DSMZ on August 15 ^th , 2017 or any variant thereof as defined herein.

Proteins, nucleic acids, vectors, constructs and their uses

The invention also concerns a Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase, the glucokinase activity of which is significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative. To test that a glucokinase of the invention fulfils the“significantly reduced but not nulf’ glucokinase activity feature in a DGCC7710 derivative, the glcK gene of the DGCC7710 strain is replaced by the glcK gene encoding the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention to be assayed to obtain the derivative of DGCC7710, and the DGCC7710 derivative is assayed by test A (see example 4).

A Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase fulfils the“significantly reduced but not nulf’ glucokinase activity feature in a DGCC7710 derivative, when a) either the glucokinase activity of said Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A, in particular between 300 and 1200 U/g or between 400 and 1000 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A, or

b) the glucokinase activity of said Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 5 and 60 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014, when both assayed by test A, in particular between 10 and 50 % or between 15 and 40% the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain, wherein the glucokinase activity in said DG7710 derivative and the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain are assayed by test A.

In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 300 and 1200 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 400 and 1000 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between a minimal value selected from the group consisting of 200, 300 and 400 U/g of total protein extract and a maximal value selected from the group consisting of 1000, 1200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. It is noteworthy that, as mentioned in test A, the glucokinase activity values disclosed herein are the mean of three experiments (triplicates).

In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 5 and 60% the activity of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014. By“glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain" it is meant the activity of the DGCC7710 strain glucokinase ( i.e with SEQ ID NO:2) as assayed by test A in the DGCC7710 strain [i.e., the test A is carried out using the DGCC7710 strain]. The percentage value is calculated based on the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative and the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain, both assayed by test A.

In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 5 and 60% the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 10 and 50% the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 15 and 40% the glucokinase activity of the strain DGCC7710. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between a minimal percentage selected from the group consisting of 5, 10 and 15 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain and a maximal percentage selected from the group consisting of 40, 50 and 60 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment and whatever the range of percentages, the glucokinase activity of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is assayed in a DGCC7710 derivative by test A as described herein. It is noteworthy that the percentage values disclosed herein are calculated based on glucokinase activity values which are the mean of three independent experiments (triplicates) as assayed by test A.

The feature“glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative is significantly reduced but not nulf’ can also be characterized, in a DGCC7710 derivative, by the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase (Vmax) or by the affinity of the glucokinase (called Km) for one or two of its substrates, i.e., glucose and ATP. In an embodiment, the feature“significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative” of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is further characterized by the maximum forward velocity of this glucokinase in a DGCC7710 derivative.

Therefore, in combination with the embodiment of the feature“glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative is significantly reduced but not null’ defined herein, the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative. To test that a glucokinase of the invention fulfils the“significantly reduced but not nulf’ Vmax feature in a DGCC7710 derivative, the open reading frame of the glcK gene of the DGCC7710 strain is replaced by the open reading frame of the glcK gene encoding the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention to be assayed to obtain a derivative of DGCC7710, and the DGCC7710 derivative is assayed by test C (see example 4). The expression“DGCC7710 derivative” is as defined above.

The“significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative” feature of the Vmax of the glucokinase of the invention can be defined by one or two of these parameters:

- the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 200 and 1500 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C;

- the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 5 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014, when both assayed by test C.

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention, the glucokinase activity of which in a DGCC7710 derivative is significantly reduced but not null (as defined herein) and wherein the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of said glucokinase in a DGCC7710 derivative is significantly reduced but not null, and defined by one or two of these parameters:

- the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 200 and 1500 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C;

- the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 5 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014, when both assayed by test C.

In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 200 and 1500 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 300 and 1200 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 400 and 1000 U/g total protein extract. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between a minimal value selected from the group consisting of 200, 300 and 400 U/g of total protein extract and a maximal value selected from the group consisting of 1000, 1200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test C.

In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 10 and 50 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain, when both assayed by test C. By“Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain” it is meant the Vmax of the DGCC7710 strain glucokinase ( i.e with SEQ ID NO:2) as assayed by test C in the DGCC7710 strain [i.e., the test C is carried out using the DGCC7710 strain]. The percentage value is calculated based on the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative and the Vmax of the glucokinase of DGCC7710 strain, both assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between 15 and 40% the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention in a DGCC7710 derivative is between a minimal percentage selected from the group consisting of 5, 10 and 15 % the Vmax of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain and a maximal percentage selected from the group consisting of 40, 50 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain.

In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null Vmax in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 275 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:25) an amino acid which is not a glutamic acid ( i.e ., is any amino acid except a glutamic acid). In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 275 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:25) an amino acid which is not an acidic amino acid (i.e., is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid). In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null Vmax in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 275 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:25) an amino acid which is selected from the group consisting of a lysine and any of its conservative amino acids. In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 275 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:25) an amino acid which is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is 322 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, when the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase has at its position 275 an amino acid which is not a glutamic acid (in particular which is not an acidic amino acid, in particular which is a lysine), the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase has an arginine at its position 278 and/or a serine at its position 279.

In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null Vmax in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 144 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:46) an amino acid which is not a glycine (i.e., is any amino acid except a glycine). In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 144 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:46) an amino acid which is not an aliphatic amino acid (i.e., is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid). In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus g\uco \nase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null Vmax in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 144 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:46) an amino acid which is selected from the group consisting of a serine and any of its conservative amino acids. In an embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative has at its position 144 (numbering based on the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:46) an amino acid which is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is 322 amino acids in length.

In a particular embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative and optionally a significantly reduced but not null in a DGCC7710 derivative is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid at position 275 is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine; and

b) a GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence is 322-amino acids in length. In an embodiment, said GlcK variant has an arginine at its position 278 and/or a serine at its position 279.

c) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid at position 144 is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine; and

d) a GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence is 322-amino acids in length.

For the definition of the GlcK variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e., number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]; the position 275 as defined in SEQ ID NO:25 is not considered for the calculation of the similarity or identity. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine.

In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by from 1 to 30 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine (the position 275 is not considered for the calculation of the number of substitution(s)). In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by from 1 to 15 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:25 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 or 12 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine.

In a particular embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 and 34, wherein the amino acid at position 275 of said variant is any amino acid except a glutamic acid, in particular is any amino acid except an acidic amino acid, in particular is a lysine. In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase of the invention) is not a glutamic acid.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase of the invention) is not an acidic amino acid. In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase of the invention) is selected from the group consisting of a lysine and any of its conservative amino acids. In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:25 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:25 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33 or 34), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 275 of SEQ ID NO:25 (or the amino acid at position 275 of the glucokinase of the invention) is a lysine; thus, in a particular embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42 and 43.

For the definition of the GlcK variant having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, the similarity or identity is calculated herein over the whole length of the 2 sequences after optimal alignment [i.e., number of similar or identical amino acid residues in the aligned parts(s) of the sequences]; the position 144 as defined in SEQ ID NO:46 is not considered for the calculation of the similarity or identity. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid of the glucokinase corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 95% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In an embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence has at least 97% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46, wherein the amino acid corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase) is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by from 1 to 30 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine (the position 144 is not considered for the calculation of the number of substitution(s)). In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by from 1 to 20 amino acid substitutions, wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK variant sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by from 1 to 15 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, the GlcK sequence differs from SEQ ID NO:46 by 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 or 12 amino acid substitutions wherein the amino acid at position 144 5 of said GlcK variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine.

In a particular embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 ,

52, 53, 54 and 55, wherein the amino acid at position 144 of said variant is any amino acid except a glycine, in particular is any amino acid except an aliphatic amino acid, in particular is a serine. In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase of the invention) is not a glycine.

In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase of the invention) is not an aliphatic amino acid. In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52,

53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase of the invention) is selected from the group consisting of a serine and any of its conservative amino acids. In a particular embodiment, either as the SEQ ID NO:46 or any GlcK variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:46 as defined herein (in particular SEQ ID NO: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 or 55), the amino acid of the glucokinase of the invention corresponding to position 144 of SEQ ID NO:46 (or the amino acid at position 144 of the glucokinase of the invention) is a serine; thus, in a particular embodiment, the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63 and 64.

When defining the sequence of the Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention, it is according to the teaching of this application that the glucokinase activity in a DGCC7710 derivative expressing this glucokinase is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein and optionally that the Vmax of this glucokinase in a DGCC7710 derivative is significantly reduced but not null as defined herein.

The invention is also directed to a polynucleotide encoding a glucokinase of the invention, in particular a 322-amino acid glucokinase of the invention. In a particular embodiment, said polynucleotide is from a Streptococcus thermophilus strain. Based on the genetic code, the person skilled in the art knows whether a polynucleotide encodes a Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase of the invention. In a particular embodiment, when the encoded glucokinase is 322 amino acids in length, the polynucleotide of the invention is 969 nucleotides in length.

A non-limitative example of a polynucleotide of the invention is disclosed in SEQ ID NO:21. Another non-limitative example of a polynucleotide of the invention is disclosed in SEQ ID NO:44. Other non-limitative examples of polynucleotides of the invention are the sequences as defined in SEQ ID Nos: 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 13, 15, 17 and 19, but into which the codon 144 or 275 encodes any amino acid except a glycine or glutamic acid respectively, in particular encodes any amino acid except an aliphatic or acidic amino acid respectively, in particular encodes a serine or lysine respectively. In particular, non-limitative examples of polynucleotides of the invention are the sequences as defined in SEQ ID Nos: 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 13, 15, 17 and 19, but into which the codon 275 is AAA or AAG. In particular, non-limitative examples of polynucleotides of the invention are the sequences as defined in SEQ ID Nos: 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 13, 15, 17 and 19, but into which the codon 144 is AGT, AGC, TCT, TCC, TCA or TCG.

The invention also concerns the use a polynucleotide of the invention (or a construct, plasmid or vector) to design a bacterial cell, in particular a gram-positive bacterial cell, in particular a Streptococcus thermophilus cell. In a particular embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention (or a construct, plasmid or vector) is used to replace the glcK gene of a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, such that the Streptococcus thermophilus strain expresses a glucokinase of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the only glucokinase expressed by said obtained Streptococcus thermophilus is a glucokinase of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention (or a construct, plasmid or vector) is used to replace the glcK gene of a lactose-positive Streptococcus thermophilus strain. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention (or a construct, plasmid or vector) is used to replace the glcK gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain.

The invention is also directed to a mutated ccpA gene (or mutated ccpA polynucleotide) as defined or as identified above.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a (mutated) Streptococcus thermophilus ccpA polynucleotide, which when inserted in lieu of the ccpA gene of the DGCC7710 strain [giving a DGCC7710 derivative], leads to a DGCC7710 derivative exhibiting a ratio of beta- galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ . In this context, the DGCC7710 derivative is the strain DGCC7710 into which the original ccpA gene has been replaced by the mutated ccpA gene to be assayed.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to a (mutated) Streptococcus thermophilus ccpA, which when inserted in lieu of the ccpA gene of the DSM32587 strain [giving a DSM32587 derivative], leads to a DSM32587 derivative:

- exhibiting a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ ; and

- releasing a concentration of glucose assayed by test B, which is at least 50 mM or releasing a concentration of glucose which is increased of at least 150% or at least 200% as compared to the glucose concentration released by the DSM32587 strain, when both assayed by test B.

In this context, the DSM32587 derivative is the strain DSM32587 into which the original ccpA gene has been replaced by the mutated ccpA gene to be assayed.

In an embodiment, the mutated ccpA polynucleotide is not a knock-out allele (i.e., a disrupted allele) of the ccpA gene.

In an embodiment, the mutated ccpA polynucleotide is an allele of the ccpA gene mutated in the coding sequence. In an embodiment, the coding sequence of the mutated ccpA polynucleotide differs, by at least one mutation, in particular one mutation, from the ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70.

In an embodiment, the ccpA gene carries a mutation selected from the group consisting of a non-sense mutation located between the nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 270 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene and a mutation, located in the first quarter of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene (i.e., between nucleotide 1 and the nucleotide 250), leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene. In an embodiment, the mutation leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene is located between nucleotide 50 and the nucleotide 200 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene. In an embodiment, the mutation leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene is located between nucleotide 100 and the nucleotide 150 of the coding sequence of the ccpA gene. Whatever the location of the mutation leading to a frameshift, the mutation is selected from the group consisting of a deletion, an insertion or a deletion/insertion (which all are not a multiple of 3). In an embodiment, the mutation of the ccpA gene is a deletion of a nucleotide A in the stretch of 7 nucleotides A at positions 1 14-120.

In an embodiment, the sequence of the mutated ccpA polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 ; and b) a ccpA variant sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO:71 (in particular SEQ ID NO: 72 to 76). The definition of the ccpA variant having at least 90% identity is as detailed above under II.

The invention is also directed to the use of a glcK polynucleotide as defined herein [encoding a mutated Streptococcus thermophilus glucokinase as defined herein] and/or the use of a ccpA polynucleotide as defined herein to design a Streptococcus thermophilus strain. The glcK polynucleotide and ccpA polynucleotide as defined herein are considered mutated according to the invention (i.e., a mutated allele as defined herein or as identifiable by the method described herein). In an embodiment, the glcK polynucleotide as defined herein is used. In an embodiment, the ccpA polynucleotide as defined herein is used. In an embodiment, both the glcK polynucleotide as defined herein and the ccpA polynucleotide as defined herein are used.

In an embodiment, the use consists in substituting [or replacing] the glcK gene and/or the ccpA gene of an original Streptococcus thermophilus strain by a mutated glcK polynucleotide and/or a mutated ccpA polynucleotide as defined herein, to design a Streptococcus thermophilus strain having its original gene(s) replaced by the (mutated) one(s) as defined herein. The invention is also directed to a method to design a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, comprising 1 ) substituting [or replacing] the glcK gene and/or the ccpA gene of an original Streptococcus thermophilus strain by a mutated glcK polynucleotide and/or a mutated ccpA polynucleotide as defined herein, and 2) obtaining a Streptococcus thermophilus strain having its original gene(s) replaced by the (mutated) one(s) as defined herein. In an embodiment of the use or the method, the original Streptococcus thermophilus strain is a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain. In an embodiment of the use or the method, the original Streptococcus thermophilus strain is a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain exhibiting a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of which is less than 4.10 ⁶ or less than 3.10 ⁶ . In an embodiment of the use or the method, the original Streptococcus thermophilus strain is a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, carrying a mutated glcK gene as defined herein or a mutated ccpA gene as defined herein, and exhibiting a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of which is more than 4.1 O ⁶ .

The invention is also directed to the use of a mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, in particular a mutated manL gene, a mutated manM gene, a mutated manN gene or a mutated manO to design a strain. In an embodiment, the invention is directed to the use of a mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, in particular a mutated manL gene, a mutated manM gene or a mutated manN gene to design a strain. The manL gene, manM gene or manN gene as defined herein are considered mutated according to the invention (i.e., a mutated allele as defined herein or as identifiable by the methods described herein). In an embodiment, the use consists in substituting [or replacing] the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene of an original Streptococcus thermophilus strain respectively by a mutated manL, manM or manN polynucleotide as defined herein, to design a Streptococcus thermophilus strain having its original gene replaced by the (mutated) one as defined herein. The invention is also directed to a method to design a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, comprising 1 ) substituting [or replacing] the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene of an original Streptococcus thermophilus strain respectively by a mutated manL, manM or manN polynucleotide as defined herein, and 2) obtaining a Streptococcus thermophilus strain having its original gene replaced by the (mutated) one as defined herein. In an embodiment of the use or the method, the original Streptococcus thermophilus strain is a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain. By“respectively” , it is meant that the original manL is replaced by the mutated manL, the original manM is replaced by the mutated manM and/or the original manN is replaced by the mutated manN.

In an embodiment of the use or the method, the original Streptococcus thermophilus strain is a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain exhibits a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein. In an embodiment, the original Streptococcus thermophilus strain is a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain as defined under any of points I to V above. The inventors have shown that the introduction of a mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, in particular a mutated manL gene, a mutated manM gene or a mutated manN gene, into a Streptococcus thermophilus the ratio [of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E] of which is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein, leads to a synergy with regards to the release of glucose.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed to the use of a mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL gene, manM gene or manN gene encoding respectively a IIAB ^Man protein, a IIC ^Man protein or IID ^Man protein, wherein the glucose import activity of said protein is decreased or abolished, to replace the corresponding manL gene, manM gene or manN gene of a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain exhibiting a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL gene, manM gene or manN gene is characterized by the fact that, when individually inserted in lieu of the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene of the DSM32587 strain [giving a DSM32587 derivative], the DSM32587 derivative:

- exhibits a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ ; and

- releases a concentration of glucose which is increased of at least 150% or at least 200% as compared to the glucose concentration released by the DSM32587 strain, when both assayed by test B.

In this context, DSM32587 derivative is the strain DSM32587 into which the original manL gene, manM gene or manN gene has been replaced by the mutated manL gene, manM gene or manN gene to be assayed.

In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL gene, manM gene or manN gene is characterized by the fact that, when individually inserted in lieu of the manL gene, manM gene or manN gene of the DGCC7710-ccp/\ai _A m-i ₂ o strain (i.e., a DGCC7710 strain into which its ccpA gene has previously been replaced by the ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 ) [giving a DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o derivative], the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o derivative:

- exhibits a ratio of beta-galactosidase activity as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ ; and

- releases a concentration of glucose which is increased of at least 150% or at least 200% as compared to the glucose concentration released by the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain, when both assayed by test B.

In this context, DGCC7710-CCP/\AI _A H ₄ -I _2O strain is the DGCC7710 strain into which its ccpA gene has previously been replaced by the ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71. In this context, the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o derivative is a DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o derivative into which the original manL gene, manM gene or manN gene has been replaced by the mutated manL gene, manM gene or manN gene to be assayed, i.e., a DGCC7710 strain into which the original ccpA gene has been replaced by the ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 , and the original manL gene, manM gene or manN gene has been replaced by the mutated manL gene, manM gene or manN gene to be assayed.

By“individually inserted” , it is meant that, for characterization of the mutated man gene, only one man gene of the DSM32587 strain or of the DGCC7710-ccp/ i _A m-i ₂ o strain is replaced (or substituted) by the respective mutated man gene to be characterized.

In an embodiment, the mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose- specific PTS is a mutated manL gene. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL codes for a Streptococcus thermophilus IIAB ^Man protein, the glucose import activity of which is decreased or abolished, in particular a Streptococcus thermophilus IIAB ^Man protein truncated in position 305 (IIAB ^Man 305). In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL codes for a truncated Streptococcus thermophilus IIAB ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 156 and b) a NAB variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156, in particular being 305 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, the mutated manL gene encodes a IIAB ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 156 to 172. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL gene is as defined in SEQ ID NO:155.

In an embodiment, the mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is a mutated manM gene. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manM codes for a Streptococcus thermophilus IIC ^Man protein, the glucose import activity of which is decreased or abolished, in particular a Streptococcus thermophilus IIC ^Man protein truncated in position 208 (IIC ^Man 208). In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manM codes for a truncated Streptococcus thermophilus IIC ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:202 and b) a IIC ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:202, in particular being 208 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, the mutated manM gene encodes a IIC ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:202 to 209. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manM gene is as defined in SEQ ID NO:201.

In an embodiment, the mutated gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS is a mutated manN gene. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manN codes for a Streptococcus thermophilus IID ^Man protein, the glucose import activity of which is decreased or abolished, in particular a Streptococcus thermophilus IID ^Man protein truncated in position 28 (IID ^Man 28). In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manN codes for a truncated Streptococcus thermophilus IID ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:251 ; and b) a IID ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:251 , in particular being 28 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, the mutated manN gene encodes a IID ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:251 to 255. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manN gene is as defined in SEQ ID NO:250.

The expression“HAB ^Man variant, IIC ^Man variant and HD ^Man variant having at least 90% similarity or identity” is as defined in part VI above.

In an embodiment, the polynucleotide as defined herein is provided under an isolated form. An "isolated" polynucleotide, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the gene as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated polynucleotide is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

The invention is also directed to a construct comprising a polynucleotide as defined herein. In an embodiment, the present invention covers a construct comprising a polynucleotide of the invention operably linked to a regulatory sequence. The term "operably linked" refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A regulatory sequence "operably linked" to a coding sequence is ligated in such a way that expression of the coding sequence is achieved under condition compatible with the control sequences. The term "regulatory sequences" includes promoters and/or enhancers and other expression regulation signals. The term "promoter ¹ ' is used in the normal sense of the art, e.g. an RNA polymerase binding site. In an embodiment, independently or in combination with the “regulatory sequence” embodiment, the construct contains or expresses another gene, such as a marker allowing for the selection of the construct. Various markers exist which may be used, for example those markers that provide for antibiotic resistance - e.g. resistance to bacterial antibiotics - such as Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Streptomycin and Tetracycline.

Thus, in a further aspect, there is provided a vector comprising a polynucleotide or a construct as defined herein. As used herein, the term "vector" refers to any nucleic acid molecule into which another nucleic acid (e.g., the polynucleotide of the invention) can be inserted and which can be introduced into and replicate within bacterial strain such as Streptococcus thermophilus strain. Thus, the term refers to any nucleic acid construct (and, if necessary, any associated delivery system) capable of use for introducing genetic material into a bacterial strain, in particular a Streptococcus thermophilus strain. Selection of appropriate vectors is within the knowledge of those having skill in the art. In an embodiment, the vector is a plasmid. As used herein, the term "plasmid" refers to a circular double-stranded (ds) DNA construct that can be used as a vector for introducing DNA into a bacterial strain, in particular a Streptococcus thermophilus strain. The constructs or the vectors may be introduced into a bacterial strain as described herein, such as the DGCC7710 strain.

The polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention disclosed herein can be introduced into a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, using any method available.

"Introducing" (and“introduced”) is intended to mean presenting to the Streptococcus thermophilus strain, the polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention as defined herein, in such a manner that the component(s) gains access to the interior of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain. The methods and compositions do not depend on a particular method for introducing a sequence into a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, only that the polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention gains access to the interior of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain. Introducing includes the incorporation of a polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention into the Streptococcus thermophilus strain where polynucleotide or construct of the invention may be incorporated into the genome of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain, and includes the transient (direct) provision of a polynucleotide or construct to the Streptococcus thermophilus strain.

Introducing a polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention into a Streptococcus thermophilus strain can be carried out by several methods, including transformation, conjugation, transduction or protoplast fusion. Methods for introducing polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention by transformation into a Streptococcus thermophilus strain, include, but are not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods [such as induced competence using chemical (e.g. divalent cations such as CaCh) or mechanical (electroporation) means], ballistic particle acceleration (particle bombardment), direct gene transfer, viral-mediated introduction, cell-penetrating peptides or mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-mediated direct protein delivery. Introducing a polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention into a Streptococcus thermophilus strain can be carried out by conjugation, which is a specific method of natural DNA exchange requiring physical cell-to- cell contact. Introducing a polynucleotide, construct, vector or plasmid of the invention into a Streptococcus thermophilus strain can be carried out by transduction, which is the introduction of DNA via a virus (e.g. phage) infection which is also a natural method of DNA exchange. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a polynucleotide within a viral DNA or RNA molecule.

The invention is also directed to the following mutated man genes as such and their corresponding encoded proteins: - the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL coding for a Streptococcus thermophil us truncated IIAB ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:156 and b) a NAB variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO: 156, in particular being 305 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL gene encodes a IIAB ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 156 to 172. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manL gene is as defined in SEQ ID NO:155.

- the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manN coding for a Streptococcus thermophilus truncated IID ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of a) a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:251 ; and b) a IID ^Man variant sequence having at least 90% similarity or identity with SEQ ID NO:251 , in particular being 28 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manN gene encodes a IID ^Man protein, the sequence of which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:251 to 255. In an embodiment, the mutated Streptococcus thermophilus manN gene is as defined in SEQ ID NO:250.

The expression IAB ^Man variant and HD ^Man variant having at least 90% similarity or identity” is a defined in part VI above.

The invention is also directed to a method to design a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain secreting glucose, comprising:

a) providing a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, which secrete a glucose concentration less than 1 mM when assayed by test B;

b) mutating one or more gene(s) selected from the group consisting of the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the lacZ gene and the ptsH gene, and optionally mutating a gene encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS; and

c) selecting from the mutants obtained in b) a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, wherein the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E is at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

In an embodiment, the lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain provided in a) exhibits a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E which is less than 4.10 ⁶ or less than 3.10 ⁶ as defined herein.

The invention is also directed to a method to design a lactose-positive, galactosenegative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain secreting glucose, comprising: a) providing a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity in said strain as assayed by test D over the glucokinase activity in said strain as assayed by test E of at least 4.10 ⁶ as defined and releasing a glucose concentration between 8 and 50 mM when assayed by test B;

b) mutating a gene, encoding a protein of the mannose-glucose-specific PTS, in particular a manL gene, a manM gene or a manN gene, of the strain provided in a); c) selecting from the mutants obtained in b), a lactose-positive, galactose-negative, Streptococcus thermophilus strain, wherein said mutant obtained in b) releases a glucose concentration of at least 60mM, when assayed by test B. In an embodiment, said mutant obtained in b) releases a glucose concentration of at least 70mM. In an embodiment, said mutant obtained in b) releases a glucose concentration of at least 80mM. In an embodiment, said mutant obtained in b) releases a glucose concentration of at least 90mM. In an embodiment, said mutant obtained in b) releases a glucose concentration of at least 100mM.

The invention is also directed to a method to select a lactose-positive, galactosenegative S. thermophilus strain according to the invention, comprising:

1 ) to provide a lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain expressing an original glucokinase, the activity of which is more than 1800 U/g of total protein extract as assayed by test A, in particular more than 2000 U/g of total protein extract as assayed by test A;

2) to modify the open reading frame of the glcK gene of the lactose-positive, galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of step 1 ), such that said modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain expresses a glucokinase the sequence of which is modified as defined herein, as compared to the sequence of the original glucokinase;

3) to assay, by test A, the glucokinase activity in said modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain obtained in step 2);

4) to select a modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain, expressing a glucokinase the activity of which in said modified strain is reduced but not null as defined herein by test A;

5) optionally, to assay, by test C, the glucokinase Vmax in said modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain selected in step 4) and to select a modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain, expressing a glucokinase the Vmax of which in said modified strain is reduced but not null as defined herein by test C.

In an embodiment of step 2), the modification of the open reading frame of the glcK gene is carried out by directed mutagenesis of the glcK gene of the Streptococcus thermophilus strain of step 1 ). In an embodiment of step 2), the modification of the open reading frame of the glcK gene is carried out by replacing the original open reading frame of of the glcK gene of the strain of step 1 ) by a heterologous open reading frame of glcK gene (where“heterologous” means an open reading frame of the glcK gene which is not originally present in the strain of step 1 ), for example an open reading frame of the glcK gene which is synthetically designed or an open reading frame of the glcK gene obtained from another Streptococcus thermophilus strain).

In an embodiment of step 4), the feature“glucokinase activity in said modified strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’ is a defined above for the definition of the lactose-positive, galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain is, as assayed by test A, between 200 and 1500, between 300 and 1200 between 400 and 1000 U/g of total protein extract or is between a minimal value selected from the group consisting of 200, 300 and 400 U/g of total protein extract and a maximal value selected from the group consisting of 1000, 1200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test A. In a particular embodiment, the glucokinase activity in the modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain is between 5 and 60%, 10 and 50%, 15 and 40% the activity of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain (both assayed by test A) or is between a minimal percentage selected from the group consisting of 5, 10 and 15 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain and a maximal percentage selected from the group consisting of 40, 50 and 60 % the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain (both assayed by test A). The expression“glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain” is as defined above.

In a particular embodiment of step 5), the feature“glucokinase Vmax in said modified strain is significantly reduced but not nulf’ is a defined above for the definition of the galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strain of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the maximum forward velocity of the glucokinase in the modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain is between 200 and 1500, between 300 and 1200, between 400 and 1000 U/g total protein extract, as assayed by test C, or is between a minimal value selected from the group consisting of 200, 300 and 400 U/g of total protein extract and a maximal value selected from the group consisting of 1000, 1200 and 1500 U/g of total protein extract, as assayed by test C. In a particular embodiment, the Vmax of the glucokinase in the modified Streptococcus thermophilus strain is between 5 and 60% 10 and 50 %, between 15 and 40%, the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain, when both assayed by test C, or is between a minimal percentage selected from the group consisting of 5, 10 and 15 % the Vmax of the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain and a maximal percentage selected from the group consisting of 40, 50 and 60 % the Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain. The expression“Vmax of the glucokinase of the DGCC7710 strain” is as defined above. Various preferred features and embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of non-limiting examples.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Strains and growth conditions

The S. thermophilus strains (ST) disclosed in the present application were grown at 37°C in M17 broth (Oxoid, supplier reference CM0817) supplemented with 30 g/L of appropriate carbohydrate and if necessary, addition of 15 g/L Agar bacteriologic Type A (Biokar, supplier reference #A1010HA), or at 43°C in milk (UHT semi-skimmed milk“Le Petit Vendeen” + 3% milk powder BBA Lactalis). Autoclaved M17 broth was supplemented with 0.2 pm filtered lactose, sucrose, galactose or glucose. Frozen stocks of ST strains were obtained by half-diluting an overnight culture in M17 supplemented with 5 g/L lactose, and 10% glycerol, and stored at -20 °C.

Quantification of carbohydrate catabolism during milk fermentation [test B]

UHT semi-skimmed milk“Le Petit Vendeen (“yoghurt milk”) containing 3% (w/v) milk powder (BBA, Lactalis), previously pasteurized 10 min at 90 °C, was inoculated at 1 % (v/v, about 10 ⁷ CFU/ml) with a culture of the S. thermophilus strain to be assayed (M17- carbohyd rate-free resuspended cells from overnight culture grown in M17 supplemented 3% sucrose). This milk was found to contain around 175 mM of lactose. The inoculated milk flasks were statically incubated in a water bath at 43°C during 24h, to obtain fermented milk.

TO samples and samples of fermented milk (T24h) (5 g) were diluted in 25 g 0.025 N H2SO4 _, before being centrifuged at 4600 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ⁰ C. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.2 pm Nylon filter (Phenomenex, Germany, Aschaffenburg) directly into a 2 ml HPLC vial. Samples were stored at -20°C until further analysis. Carbohydrates were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (Agilent 1200 HPLC) equipped with a refractive index detector using an Aminex HPX-87H anion exchange column (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.) at 35°C, with 12.5 mM H2SO4 as the elution fluid and a flow rate of 0.6 ml min ^-1 . The exploitation of results was made with Chemstation reprocessing software (Agilent). glcK sequencing

PCR amplification of the glucokinase gene was performed using primers GlcK-F4 (5 - CAG GTAT G AGTTT AG CAACG G-3’ ) and GlcK-R12 (5’-ATTCACCACGGCCTGAGAC-3’), [incubation step at 98°C, 5 min, followed by 33 cycles of 98°C, 45 s; 58°C, 30 s; 68°C, 3 min, with a final extension step at 72°C, 7 min]. The PCR products of 2788 bp were then treated with lllustra™ ExoProStar™ according to the manufacturer’s instructions (GE Healthcare). Sequencing reactions were performed by using the BigDye® Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions using an AB3500 (Applied Biosystems™), and primers listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Listing of primers for sequencing glcK.

Glucokinase activity [test A]

A fresh overnight culture of a Streptococcus thermophilus strain in M17 containing 30 g/L lactose was obtained and used to inoculate at 1 % (vol/vol) 10 ml of fresh M17 30 g/L lactose. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (6000 g, 10 min, 4°C) at a 600 nm optical density (OD600) of 0.8 +/- 0.2, washed in 5 ml cold GLCK buffer (5 mM MgCI2, 10 mM K ₂ HP0 ₄ / KH2PO4 [pH 7.2]), and resuspended in 500 pi cold GLCK buffer. EDTA-free protease inhibitors “complete™” (Roche, supplier reference 04693132001 ) was added in GLCK buffer as described by the provider. Cells were disrupted by the addition of 100 mg glass beads (I SO- 212 pm, Sigma G1 145) to 200 pi resuspended cells and oscillation at a frequency of 30 cycles/s for 6 min in a MM200 oscillating mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). Cell debris and glass beads were removed by centrifugation (14000 g, 15 min, 4°C), and supernatant transferred into a clean 1.5 mL centrifuge tube kept on ice. Total protein content was determined by using the FLUKA Protein Quantification Kit-Rapid (ref 51254). The glucokinase activity in the cell extracts was determined spectrophotometrically by a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH, EC1.1.1.49):NADPH-coupled assay (Porter et at., 1982), essentially as described by Pool et at. (2006). Each sample (5, 10 and 20 pL) was added to assay buffer (10 mM K2HPO4 / KH2PO4 [pH 7.2], 5 mM MgCI2, 1 mM ATP, 20 mM glucose, 1 mM NADP, 1 U G- 6PDH) in a 250 pL final volume, and the mixture was left for 5 min at 30°C. The optical density at 340 nm was measured for 5 minutes by using a Synergy HT multi-detection microplate reader (BIO-TEK). One unit of glucokinase corresponds to the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1 pmole of D-glucose to D-Glucose 6-phosphate per minute under the assay conditions. Glucokinase activity was calculated as follows: Glucokinase activity (U/g of total protein extract) = dOD x V / [dt x I x e x Qprot], wherein:

- dOD is the variation of optical density (OD) at 340 nm

- V is the volume of the reaction (herein 250 mI_)

dt = measurement time (in minutes)

I = optical path length (herein 0.73 cm)

e = molar attenuation coefficient of NADPH ; H ⁺ (herein 6220 cm2 / mhhoI)

Qprot = quantity of protein in the cuvette (in g)

Measurements were triplicated for each sample, and the glucokinase specific activity values given herein under test A are the mean of three independent experiments.

Maximal forward velocity of GlcK [test C]

The maximal forward velocity (Vmax) of GlcK was determined by using various concentrations of glucose (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mM) on crude extract prepared as described in the“glucokinase activity” (test A). Measurements were triplicated for each sample, and the Vmax values given herein under test C are the mean of three independent experiments. The linear regression representing the inverse of the specific velocity in function of the inverse of the glucose concentration gives the inverse of the maximal forward velocity at the intersection with the Y- axis of the graphic.

Milk acidifying performance

The acidifying properties of S. thermophilus strains were evaluated by recording the pH over time, during milk fermentation as described in test B. The pH was monitored for 24 hours using the CINAC system (Alliance Instruments, France; pH electrode Mettler 405 DPAS SC, Toledo, Spain) as previously described. The pH was measured and recorded every 5 minutes. Using the CINAC v2.07 software, the slope between pH 6.0 and pH 5.5 (UpH/minute) [Slope pH6- 5.5] was calculated.

Transfer of the glcK allele of the ST0 strain into the genome of 3 other S. thermophilus strains

A 1889 bp PCR product bearing the glcK gene of the ST0 strain was obtained using primers GlcK-FI (5’-GAAGCAGTTTGGGGTAGTAG-3’) and GlcK-R2 (5’-

GAGTTATCTACAGGAGCTGG -3’). The PCR product was then purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen), and eluted in RNase free water. The concentration of the PCR product was determined using NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, MA). The size and the purity of the PCR product were verified by gel-based capillary electrophoresis QIAxcel® system (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Strains DGCC7710, ST1.1 and ST1.2 were transformed with the 1889 bp PCR product and mutants having their glcK gene replaced by the glcK allele of the STO strain were selected (the presence of the glcK allele of the STO strain was checked by sequencing).

RESULTS

In W02013/160413 application and Sorensen et al. (2016), the selection of glcK mutants was performed through the selection of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) resistant mutants from a collection of galactose-fermenting strains (example 2 of WO application). Three mutants have been described, CHCC15757 (also known as St1-GS-1 ), CHCC15887 and St2-GS-1 , presenting an amino acid change in their glucokinase, respectively T1411, S72P and G249R. However, the obtained mutants have been shown to be impacted in their acidification kinetics (see example 4 below for the S72P change).

The glucokinase activity of strains expressing a glucokinase having the T1411, S72P or G249R change was reported not to be detectable (see example 4 below for the S72P change). This may explain the delayed acidification kinetics reported in W02013/160413 application and Sorensen et al. (2016). It is hypothesized that the method used for the selection could explain the obtention of mutants only expressing a glucokinase having a null glucokinase activity (i.e., not detectable). Indeed, in a galactose-fermenting strain bearing a wild-type glucokinase, the 2-DOG will be phosphorylated by the glucokinase (GlcK), that cannot then be used as a substrate by the phosphoglucomutase (PGM). As a consequence, the 2-DOG would be toxic for the galactose-fermenting strain, as a result not only of the competition between the 2-DOG and the glucose for the binding-site of GlcK, but also of a consumption of ATP (by the glucokinase) which cannot be regenerated by the glycolysis pathway. Thus, to survive, the best option for the galactose-fermenting strain is to switch the activity of the glucokinase off. Consequently, the selection method described in W02013/160413 application and Sorensen et al. (2016) is expected to predominantly provide galactose-fermenting strains, the glcK gene of which does not express a functional glucokinase.

Example 1 : screening of a Streptococcus thermophilus collection for glucose-excreting strains

The inventors of the present application, with a wish to select strains secreting glucose, used another approach. A Streptococcus thermophilus collection was screened by test B for strains able to excrete glucose in the fermented milk. An amount of 10 mM of glucose was used as the minimal threshold for selection. One strain, STO, releasing 30 mM of glucose in fermented milk using test B, was selected. Example 2. Identification of a mutation in the glcK gene

Sequencing of several genes - of the STO strain - known to be involved in the catabolism of carbohydrates in S. thermophilus was carried out and aligned with the corresponding gene sequences of other Streptococcus thermophilus of our collection.

A non-conservative amino acid difference, E275K, was identified in the GlcK sequence of the STO strain, which was not found in any of the GlcK sequence of the other S. thermophilus strains of the collection; this amino acid difference is the result of a A at position 823 of the glcK gene instead of a G. Further comparison of the glucokinase encoded by the glcK gene of other S. thermophilus strains confirmed that a lysine at position 275 (instead of a glutamic acid) was unique to STO and was not found in any of the 107 other strains.

Other amino acid differences identified in the deduced glucokinase from these 108 strains are represented in Table 3. Thus, 10 different glucokinase types could be distinguished (GlcK type 1 to GlcK type 10, as set forth respectively in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20). For the next experiments, 10 strains, ST1 to ST10, each expressing a unique glucokinase were selected. SEQ ID NO:2 was taken as a reference sequence, because this GlcK type was found in about 70% of the 108 analysed strains. In particular, the DGCC7710 strain, deposited at the DSMZ under accession number DSM28255 on January 14 ^th , 2014, encodes a glucokinase as defined in SEQ ID NO:2

It is noteworthy that the only amino acid difference between the sequence of the glucokinase encoded by the STO strain and SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid difference in position 275.

Table 3: GlcK protein differences identified by comparison of the GlcK protein sequence encoded by 108 S. thermophilus, and GlcK protein sequence encoded by STO and ST20. The listed amino acid positions indicate all the amino acid differences between the GlcK proteins. GlcK protein sequence from ST1 (SEQ ID NO:2) was chosen as a reference sequence. The amino acid positions not listed in this Table are identical for all the glucokinases from this study “aa diff” column gives the number of amino acid differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:2.“% id” column gives the percentage of identity to SEQ ID NO:2

Example 3. Measurement of the glucokinase activity of the STO strain and comparison with other strains (ST1 to ST10)

The glucokinase activity of the STO strain was compared with the glucokinase activity of the ST1 to ST10 strains selected as reported in example 2, using test A. The results are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4: Glucokinase specific activity of 1 1 strains: 10 strains - ST1 to ST10 - each representing a different GlcK protein variant, and STO identified in example 1 ; ND: not determined These data show that the glucokinase activity of strains ST1 to ST10 is comprised from 2014 to 2791 U/g total protein extract as assayed by test A. A glucokinase activity above 1800 U/g total protein extract was considered to represent a normal glucokinase activity. The glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain was considered as a reference glucokinase activity (since expressing the most frequent GlcK type, defined as SEQ ID NO:2).

In contrast, the STO strain, expressing a GlcK protein bearing a lysine at position 275 has a glucokinase activity which is around 977 U/g total protein extract as assayed by test A, i.e. is about 3 times less the glucokinase activity of the DGCC7710 strain (35%).

These data show that the approach retained by the inventors enabled to select for the first time a galactose-negative S. thermophilus strain expressing a glucokinase, the activity of which is significantly reduced but not null.

Example 4: Comparison of the glucokinase activity, Vmax, Km, glucose release and acidification kinetics of the DGCC7710 strain, a DGCC7710 derivative bearing the E275K difference and a galactose-positive variant of DGCC7710 bearing a glucokinase null amino acid change

To check that the glucose excreting feature of the STO strain is the result of the decrease of the glucokinase activity and the result of the E275K amino acid difference identified in the glucokinase, a derivative of the DGCC7710 strain was designed, into which the glcK gene encodes a glucokinase with the glutamic acid (E) at position 275 being replaced by the amino acid lysine (K). This derivative (DGCC12534) was deposited at the DSMZ on August 15 ^th , 2017 under accession number DSM32587. The sequence of its GlcK protein is as defined in SEQ ID NO:22.

In parallel, a mutant of DGCC7710 was generated, into which the serine (S) at position 72 was replaced by a proline (P), to give a GlcK protein with a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:23 [S72P amino acid substitution; reported in strain DSM25851 of application W02013/160413]. Because the S72P amino acid substitution leads to a null glucokinase activity (i.e. a strain which is not able to use glucose via the glucokinase), the mutant was previously rendered galactose positive (in order to be able to use galactose, because a galactose-negative S. thermophilus strain displaying a null glucokinase activity is expected to be non-viable). Thus, the gal operon promoter of the DGCC7710 strain was previously mutated according to application WO201 1/026863 to give a gal operon promoter having the sequence as defined in SEQ NO:24. A galactose-positive mutant bearing the S72P amino acid substitution in the GlcK protein was obtained and called ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+.

An alignment of the protein sequence of the glucokinase of DGCC7710, DSM32587 and ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+ strains is disclosed in Figure 1. The glucokinase activity, the Vmax and Km of the glucokinase, the glucose release in fermented milk, and the acidification kinetics, of DGCC7710, of DSM32587 and of ST1 m- glcK0-ga\+. strains were determined as described in the Material and Methods. The results obtained are disclosed in Tables 5 to 7 and in Figure 2, and summarized in Table 8.

Table 5: Glucokinase specific activity of DGCC7710 strain, and in DSM32587 and ST1 m- glcK0-ga\+ strains and % of activity as compared to the glucokinase activity of DGCC7710 strain

Table 6: Vmax of glucokinase of DGCC7710 strain and in DSM32587 and ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+ strains and % of Vmax glucokinase as compared to the Vmax of glucokinase of DGCC7710 strain, and Km activity of glucokinase of DGCC7710, DSM32587 and ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+. strains; ND: not determined

Table 7: Carbohydrate catabolism in milk fermented (24h) with DGCC7710, DSM32587 or ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+. strain

Table 8: Summary of the behaviour of DGCC7710, DSM32587 and ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+.

strains; ND: not determined First, the data of Table 5 nicely shown that replacing the glutamic acid (E) at position 275 of the GlcK protein by a lysine (K) is sufficient alone to significantly decrease the glucokinase activity from 2756 to 907 U/g (i.e., 33% of DGCC7710 activity) in the DGCC7710 derivative (DSM32587). The data obtained for the ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+. mutant confirm that the S72P amino acid change is sufficient to totally abolish the glucokinase activity. Together with the glucokinase activity, the inventors also studied whether the observed decrease of glucokinase activity in the DSM32587 strain was a consequence of a decrease of the affinity (Km) of the glucokinase for its substrate (glucose) and/or a decrease in the maximum forward velocity (Vmax) of the glucokinase. The data of Table 6 confirm that replacing the glutamic acid (E) at position 275 of the GlcK protein by a lysine (K) is sufficient alone to significantly decrease the Vmax of the glucokinase from 2855 to 914 U/g (i.e., 32% of DGCC7710 Vmax) in the DGCC7710 derivative (DSM32587). In absence of a functional glucokinase in the ST1 m- glcK0-ga\+ mutant, the Vmax could not be determined.

The data of Table 7 show that the DSM32587 strain releases 29 mM of glucose after milk fermentation, whereas the DGCC7710 strain having a high glucokinase activity do not release significant amount of glucose; moreover, the DSM32587 strain consumes 1 .5 more lactose than the DGCC7710 strain. The glucose released in the milk fermented with DSM32587 corresponds to 35% of the consumed lactose, while the glucose released in milk fermented with the DGCC7710 strain is below detection level (milk alone was found to contain 175 mM of lactose with no detectable levels of other carbohydrates or acids). These data showed that the DSM32587 strain - in which the activity of glucokinase and Vmax is about 3 times reduced as compared to the one of the DGCC7710 strain - compensates its lower intracellular glucose catabolism by consuming 1.5 more lactose, and releasing 35% of the glucose portion of the consumed lactose after 24h. Finally, as far as ST 1 m-g/cK0-gal+ mutant is concerned, this galactose-positive mutant consumes almost all the lactose present in milk (160 mM out of 175 mM), and excretes 109 mM of glucose, corresponding to 68% of the consumed lactose. The remaining part of glucose is hypothesized to be excreted in milk but re-consumed by the cell, after transportation via a PTS system.

Finally, the data of Figure 2 show that the acidification kinetics of the DSM32587 strain was not significantly impacted as compared to the DGCC7710 strain (slope pH 6-5.5 of -0.0141 UpH/min for the DSM32587 strain as compared to - 0.01 17 UpH/min for the DGCC7710 strain). In contrast, the slope pH 6-5.5 of the ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+ mutant was significantly impacted (- 0.0077 UpH/min).

Altogether, these data show that the more the glucokinase activity and the Vmax are decreased (up to 0), the more the strains consumed lactose and the more the amount of glucose excreted. These data confirm that the absence of a functional glucokinase, whereas providing a high amount of excreted glucose, significantly impacts the acidification kinetics in a galactose-positive S. thermophilus. The present inventors have surprisingly shown for the first time that the combination of the “galactose-negative” feature of a S. thermophilus strain and the“significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity” feature in this strain together with the“significantly reduced but not null glucokinase Vmax” feature in this strain enables to obtain strains with glucose excreting properties (above 10 mM) in milk fermented with these strains.

Example 5: comparison of the glucokinase activity, Vmax, Km, glucose release and acidification kinetics of 2 S. thermophilus strains expressing a standard glucokinase activity and their respective variants bearing the E275K difference

To check that the behaviour of a galactose-negative S. thermophilus strain - having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity - on glucose release after fermentation and acidification kinetics is not limited to the genetic background of DGCC7710, the amino acid difference E275K was introduced into 2 galactose-negative S. thermophilus having 2 distinct genetic backgrounds: the ST1.1 strain and the ST1.2 strain. The respective mutants were called ST1.1 m-g/cK and ST1.2m-g/cK. The GlcK sequence of these 2 mutants is as defined in SEQ ID NO:22.

The glucokinase activity, the Vmax and Km of the glucokinase, the glucose release in fermented milk, and the acidification kinetics, of the ST1.1 m-g/cK and ST1.2m-g/cK mutants were determined as described in Material and methods) and compared with the ones of the ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains. The results obtained are disclosed in Tables 9 to 1 1 and in Figures 3A and 3B, and summarized in Table 12.

Table 9: Glucokinase specific activity of ST1.1 and ST 1.2 strains and their E275K respective mutants and % of activity as compared to the glucokinase activity of DGCC7710 strain

Table 10: Vmax of glucokinase of ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains and their E275K respective mutants and % of Vmax of glucokinase as compared to the Vmax of glucokinase of DGCC7710 strain, and Km activity of glucokinase of ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains and their E275K respective mutants

Table 11 : Carbohydrate catabolism in milk fermented (24h) with the ST1.1 strain, the ST1.2 strain and their E275K respective mutants

Table 12: Summary of the behaviour of ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains and their E275K respective mutants

First, the data of Table 9 nicely showed that replacing the glutamic acid (E) at position 275 of the GlcK protein by a lysine (K) is sufficient alone to decrease the glucokinase activity from 2584 to 755 U/g in the genetic background of ST1.1 (i.e. a glucokinase activity which is 27% the one of DGCC7710) and from 2239 to 453 U/g in the genetic background of ST1.2 respectively (i.e., a glucokinase activity which is 16% the one of DGCC7710). A similar observation was done for the Vmax of the glucokinase, for which the replacement of the glutamic acid (E) at position 275 of the GlcK protein by a lysine (K) leaded to a decrease of the Vmax of the glucokinase from 2687 to 795 U/g in the genetic background of ST1.1 (i.e. 28% of DGCC7710) and from 2431 to 501 in the genetic background of ST1.2 respectively (i.e., 18% of DGCC7710) (Table 10). The data of Table 1 1 show that strains ST1.1 m-g/cK and ST1.2m-g/cK - having a significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity and a significantly reduced but not null Vmax - release 30 and 18 mM of glucose respectively after milk fermentation, whereas the ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains - having a high glucokinase activity - do not release significant amount of glucose. Moreover, the ST1 .1 m-g/cK and ST1 .2m-g/cK strains consume 1 .6 and 1 .3 more lactose than the strains ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains respectively. The glucose released in the milk fermented with strains ST1.1 m-g/cK and ST1.2m-g/cK correspond to 35% and 26% respectively of the consumed lactose, while the glucose released in milk fermented with the ST1.1 and ST 1.2 strains is below detection level or very close to zero. These data showed that the ST1 .1 m-g/cK and ST1 .2m-g/cK - in which the activity of glucokinase and Vmax is at least 3 times reduced as compared to the ones of the ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains - compensates their lower intracellular glucose catabolism by consuming between 1 .3 and 1 .6 more lactose, and releasing between 26 and 35% of the glucose portion of the consumed lactose after 24h.

Finally, the data of Figure 3 show that the acidification kinetics of the ST1.1 m-glcK and ST 1.2m -glcK strains was not significantly impacted as compared to as compared to the ST1.1 and ST1.2 strains respectively (slope pH 6-5.5 of -0.0169 UpH/min for the ST1.1 m-g/cK strain as compared to - 0.0160 UpH/min for the ST1.1 strain, and slope pH 6-5.5 of -0.0150 UpH/min for the ST1 2m-glcK strain as compared to - 0.0136 UpH/min for the ST1.1 strain).

Altogether, these data confirm that the introduction of the E275K diffrence in the GlcK protein of 2 galactose-negative S. thermophilus strains with distinct genetic backgrounds is sufficient to provide a fermented milk with interesting level of glucose.

In conclusion, this application is the first to report that the combination of the “galactose-negative” feature in a S. thermophilus strain with the“significantly reduced but not null glucokinase activity” feature in this strain together with the“significantly reduced but not null glucokinase Vmax” feature in this strain, enables to obtain lactosepositive, galactose-negative, S. thermophilus strains which are usable to provide fermented milk with released/accumulated glucose.

Example 6: Identification of a further GlcK mutated protein

A Streptococcus thermophilus strain (ST20) was identified, the glcK gene of which contains a non-conservative amino acid difference, G144S. This amino acid change was not found in any of the GlcK sequence of the other S. thermophilus strains of the collection (GlcK types ST1 to ST10). It is noteworthy that the only amino acid difference between the sequence of the glucokinase encoded by the ST20 strain and SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid difference in position 144 (Table 3). Example 7: Characterization of the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in glcK mutants

Several patent applications (WO2015/0149940, W02013/160413 and

WO2017/103051 ) report Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing glucose. However, the strains disclosed in these applications are galactose-positive strains, a phenotype which is not necessarily desired and has been shown to be unstable, in particular when strains are cultivated on lactose-containing medium.

As mentioned above, the results indicate that glucokinase activity in a strain (which is reduced but not null as defined herein) is an interesting parameter to identify Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing glucose. However, this parameter can be insufficient, when used alone, to identify Streptococcus thermophilus releasing glucose mutated in other gene(s) than the glck gene.

Thus, the inventors have observed and checked that, more than the glucokinase activity alone, the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity was an excellent parameter, not only to identify Streptococcus thermophilus releasing glucose mutated in their glcK gene, but also to identify Streptococcus thermophilus releasing glucose mutated in other genes.

Thus, this ratio was calculated by:

- determining the beta-galactosidase activity (U/g protein) in a strain, by test D

- determining the glucokinase activity (U/g protein) in said same strain, by test E; and

- calculating the ratio of beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in said strain.

This ratio was calculated in the DGCC7710 strain, the DSM32587 strain (carrying the E275K mutation in its glcK gene), the ST1.1 strain, the ST1.1 m-g/cKstrain (carrying the E275K mutation in its glcK gene), the ST20 strain (carrying the G144S mutation in its glcK gene) and the ST5 strain. It is noteworthy that, in absence of a functional glucokinase in the ST1 m-g/cK0- gal+ mutant (GlcK activity less than 0.1 ), this ratio could not be determined. The results are summarized in Table 13 and Figure 4.

The glucose release in fermented milk and the acidification kinetics of these 6 strains were also determined as described in Material and methods, and summarized in Table 14, and compared with the behaviour of the ST1 m-g/cK0-gal+.

Table 13: Summary of the ratio of beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in the DGCC7710, DSM32587, ST1.1 , ST1.1 m-g/cK, ST20 and ST5 strains

Table 14: Summary of the behaviour of the DGCC7710, DSM32587, ST1.1 , ST1.1 m-g/cK, ST20, ST5 and ST1 m-glcK0-gal+ strains

These data show that all the strains releasing glucose (at least 32 mM) exhibit a ratio beta-galactosidase activity over glucokinase activity which is equals to or more than 9.10 ⁶ , whereas all strains for which the level of glucose is not detectable exhibit a ratio beta- galactosidase activity over glucokinase activity which is about 2 to 3 10 ⁶ .

This confirms that the ratio beta-galactosidase activity over glucokinase activity (as calculated herein) is an excellent parameter to identify lactose-positive galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing significant amount of glucose. Example 8: characterization of the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in a ccpA mutant

Based on the conclusion of example 7, the inventors have determined the beta- galactosidase activity (test D) over the glucokinase activity (test E) of lactose-positive galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains (not mutated in their glcK gene) of the DuPont proprietary collection. One strain (ST30) has been shown to exhibit such a ratio. The sequencing of the genome of this strain has revealed a mutation in the ccpA gene: the deletion of a nucleotide A in the stretch of 7 nucleotides A at positions 114-120 (SEQ ID NO:71 ), leading to a frameshift of the open reading frame of the ccpA gene.

This mutation was introduced into the background of the DGCC7710 strain to give the

ST1 m-ccpA strain (i.e., a first DGCC7710 derivative was designed into which the ccpA gene of the DGCC7710 strain was replaced by the mutated ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 ). The same mutation was introduced into the background of the ST1.1 strain, to give the ST1.1 m-ccpA strain. This mutation was also introduced into DSM32587 (i.e. the DGCC7710 carrying a mutated glcK gene coding for a glucokinase with the substitution E275K), to give ST1 m-glck+ccpA.

The ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity was calculated in the DGCC7710 strain, the ST1 m-ccpA strain, the ST1.1 strain and the ST1.1 m-ccpA strain. The results are summarized in Table 15 and Figure 4. The glucose release in fermented milk and the acidification kinetics of these 4 strains were also determined as described in Material and methods, and summarized in Table 16.

Table 15: Summary of the ratio of beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in the DGCC7710, the ST1 m-ccpA, the ST1.1 and the ST1.1 m-ccpA strains

Table 16: Summary of the behaviour of the DGCC7710, the ST1 m-ccpA, the ST1 m-KOccpA, the ST1 m-glcK+ccpA, the ST1.1 and the ST1.1 m-ccpA strains (nd: not determined) First, these data confirm that the identified ccpA mutation leads to a strain exhibiting a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity of 6 and 9.8 10 ⁶ , whereas the strains not mutated in the ccpA gene exhibit a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity of 2.5.10 ⁶ and 3.10 ⁶ . Then, these data also confirm that the strains carrying the mutated ccpA mutation release glucose during milk fermentation, in contrast to the strains not mutated in the ccpA gene. Finally, these data also show that acidification kinetics of the strains carrying the mutated ccpA mutation is not impacted.

Altogether, these results confirm that the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity as defined herein is an excellent parameter to identify lactose-positive galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing significant amount of glucose.

The results also show that the inventors have identified, in addition to the mutations of the glcK gene coding for a glucokinase, the activity of which is reduced but not null, another gene - the ccpA gene - which can be mutated (but not knocked-out) to give a strain releasing glucose and having a good acidification kinetics. The behavior of the DGCC7710 strain bearing a mutated ccpA gene (SEQ ID NO:71 ) [ST1 m-ccpA] was compared with the behaviour of a DGCC7710 derivative into which the ccpA gene of the DGCC7710 strain was knocked-out (ST1 m-KOccpA). Interestingly, this comparison shows that the ST1 m-KOccpA is significantly impacted in its acidification kinetics, whereas the ST1 m-ccp/\ strain is not (Table 16), showing that the mutation of the ccpA gene in the ST1 m-ccpA strain is different from a pure knock-out of the gene.

Finally, the introduction of both mutated glcK gene and mutated ccpA gene in the DGCC7710 strain shows an amount of glucose (39 mM) which is increased as compared to the DSM32587 strain (Table 14) and to the ST1 m-ccpA strain.

Example 9: characterization of the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in strains mutated in the manL gene, and in both the ccpA and manL genes, and comparison with the ratio in strains mutated in the glcK gene or the ccpA gene

In further experiments, the inventors have identified a lactose-positive galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strains (not mutated in its glcK gene) carrying a mutation in the manL gene (gene encoding the IIAB ^Man protein, protein which is part of the mannose- glucose-specific PTS). The mutation of the manL gene is the substitution of the nucleotide G in the nucleotide T at position 916, leading to a stop codon at position 306 of the protein [IIAB ^Man 305] (SEQ ID NO: 155).

This mutation was introduced into the background of the DGCC7710 strain to give the ST m-manL strain; the same mutation was introduced into the background of the ST1.1 strain, to give the ST1.1 m-manL strain. In addition, the manL mutated gene was introduced into the ST1 m-ccp/t strain and the ST1.1 m-ccp/t strain detailed in example 8 (i.e., strains DGCC7710 and ST1.1 bearing a mutated ccp/t gene).

The ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity was calculated in the DGCC7710 strain, the ST1 m-manL strain, the ST1 m-ccp/t strain, the ST1 m-ccpA+manL strain, the ST1.1 strain, the ST1.1 m-manL strain, the ST1.1 m-ccp/t strain and the ST1.1 m- ccpA+manL strain. The results are summarized in Table 17 and Figure 4. The glucose release in fermented milk and the acidification kinetics of these 8 strains were also determined as described in Material and methods, and summarized in Table 18.

Table 17: Summary of the ratio of beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity in the DGCC7710, the ST1 m-manL, the ST1 m-ccp/t, the ST1 m-ccpA+manL, the ST1.1 , the ST1.1 m-manL, the ST1.1 m-ccp/t and the ST1.1 -ccpA+manL strains

Table 18: Summary of the behaviour of the DGCC7710, the ST1 -manL, the ST1 m-ccp/t, the ST 1 m-ccpA+manL, the ST1.1 , the ST1.1 m-manL, the ST1.1 m-ccp/t and the ST1.1 m- ccpA+manL strains First, these data show that strains mutated in their manL gene only ( ST m+manL or ST1.1 m -manL) release glucose during milk fermentation, though they do not exhibit a ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity which is more or less similar to the DGCC7710 or ST1 .1 strain. This show that the manL mutation does not impact the activity of the glucokinase and/or the activity of the beta-galactosidase in Streptococcus thermophilus strains.

These data also show that strains mutated both in their ccpA gene and manL gene (ST1 m-ccpA+manL and ST1 A m-ccpA+manL strains) exhibit a ratio beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity which is similar or higher than the strains mutated in the ccpA gene only (ST1 m-ccp/\ and ST1.1 m-ccp/t strains). This confirms that the ratio beta- galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity (as defined herein) can be used to generate and identify further mutations in the glcK gene, ccpA gene and man genes, by combining these mutated gene(s) to be assayed with glcK gene, ccpA gene or man gene(s) with known mutations (and determining the ratio).

Interestingly, the double ( ccpA+manL ) mutants release glucose in concentration higher than 100 mM, and which are 7 to 10 times the glucose concentration of the ST1 m-ccp/\ and ST1.1 m-ccp/\ strains. These data show that there is a synergy with regards to the concentration of glucose released [the concentration of glucose released using the double mutant being far more than the addition of the concentration of glucose released using the ccp/\-mutated strains and the concentration of glucose released using the manL- mutated strains]. Though the acidification kinetics of these double mutated strains is impacted, the concentration of glucose released during fermentation renders these double mutated strains industrially useful. These data confirm that the ratio beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity (as defined herein) can be used to identify lactose-positive galactosenegative Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing significant amount of glucose.

Finally, the link put in evidence herein between the ratio of the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity and the release of glucose during milk fermentation, can be used to identify further genes, the mutation of which leads to a ratio as defined herein, with the aim of designing more lactose-positive galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains releasing glucose. Example 10: glucose release of various mutated lactose-positive galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains

Based on the identification of a manL mutation enhancing the glucose release effect of a mutated ccpA gene in lactose-positive galactose-negative Streptococcus thermophilus strains, the inventors identified other mutations in manM (encoding the IIC ^Man protein) and ManN (encoding the IID ^Man protein):

- the mutated manM gene with a substitution of the nucleotide G in the nucleotide T at position 625, leading to a stop codon at position 209, as defined in SEQ ID NO:201 ;

- the mutated manN gene with an insertion of a nucleotide A in the stretch of 5 nucleotides A at positions 37-41 (leading to a stretch of 6 nucleotides A, a frameshift and a truncation of the IID ^Man protein at position 28), as defined in SEQ ID NO:250;

Double-mutated and triple-mutated strains, based on the following mutated genes, were designed, in the background of DGCC7710 (ST1 ) or in the background of ST1.1.

- ST1 m-man/W: DGCC7710 derivative, into which the manM gene of the DGCC7710 strain was replaced by the mutated manM gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:201 ;

- ST1 m -manN. DGCC7710 derivative, into which the manN gene was replaced by the mutated manN gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:250;

- ST1 m-glck+manM DSM32587 derivative (carrying the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase with the substitution E275K; example 2), into which the manM gene was replaced by the mutated manM gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:201 ;

- ST1 m-ccpA+manM\ ST1 m-ccpA derivative (DGCC7710 carrying the mutated ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 ; example 8), into which the manM gene was replaced by the mutated manM gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:201 ;

- ST1 m -ccpA+manN: ST1 m-ccpA derivative, into which the manN gene was replaced by the mutated manN gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:250;

- ST m-glcK+ccpA+manM. DSM32587 derivative, into which the ccpA gene was replaced by the mutated ccpA gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:71 and the manM gene was replaced by the mutated manM gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:201 ; and

- ST1 .1 m-glcK+manM\ ST1.1 m-g/cK derivative (ST1.1 strain carrying the glcK gene encoding a glucokinase with the substitution E275K; example 2), into which the manM gene was replaced by the mutated manM gene as defined in SEQ ID NO:201.

The glucose release in fermented milk and the acidification kinetics of these 7 additional strains and the strains disclosed in the previous examples were determined as described in Material and methods, and summarized in Table 19.

Table 19: Summary of the behaviour of the DGCC7710, the ST1.1 strains and their mutants (nd: not determined)

These data show that, whereas the single man ( manL , manM or ManN) mutants release glucose between 7 and 18 mM, the introduction of these mutated manL, manM or ManN genes in strains carrying mutations in the glcK gene and/or in the ccpA gene leads to double or triple mutants releasing between 89 and up to 125 mM of glucose. These observations confirm the enhancer effect of the mutated man genes on glucose release.

These data also confirm that mutated genes can be successfully identified using the beta-galactosidase activity over the glucokinase activity as defined herein, and then combined to design strains releasing significant amount of glucose during milk fermentation. The determination that this ratio is an excellent parameter linked to glucose release open the way not only for generation and identification of further mutations in the glcK gene, the ccpA gene, the manL gene, the manM gene and the manN gene, but also in any other gene of interest (as long as the minimal value of the ratio as defined is reached). SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO : 2

MSKKLLGIDLGGTTVKFGILTADGEVQEKWAIETNTFENGSHIVPDIVESLKHRLELYGL TAEDFIGIGMGSPGA VDRENKTVTGAFNLNWAETQEVGSVIEKELGIPFAIDNDANVAALGERWVGAGANNRNVV FITLGTGVGGGVIAD GNLIHGVAGAGGEIGHIIVEPDTGFECTCGNKGCLETVASATGIVRVAHHLAEKYEGNSS IKAAVDNGEFVTSKD IIVAATEGDKFADSIVDKVSKYLGLATANISNILNPDSVVIGGGVSAAGEFLRSRVEGYF TRYAFPQVRRTTKVK LAELG DAGI IGAASLAYSIDK

SEQ ID NO: 22

MSKKLLGIDLGGTTVKFGILTADGEVQEKWAIETNTFENGSHIVPDIVESLKHRLELYGL TAEDFIGIGMGSPGA VDRENKTVTGAFNLNWAETQEVGSVIEKELGIPFAIDNDANVAALGERWVGAGANNRNVV FITLGTGVGGGVIAD GNLIHGVAGAGGEIGHIIVEPDTGFECTCGNKGCLETVASATGIVRVAHHLAEKYEGNSS IKAAVDNGEFVTSKD I IVAATEGDKFADSIVDKVSKYLGLATANISNILNPDSVVIGGGVSAAGKFLRSRVEGYFT RYAFPQVRRTTKVK LAELGNDAGI IGAASLAYSIDK

SEQ ID NO : 45

MSKKLLGIDLGGTTVKFGILTADGEVQEKWAIETNTFENGSHIVPDIVESLKHRLELYGL TAEDFIGIGMGSPGA VDRENKTVTGAFNLNWAETQEVGSVIEKELGIPFAIDNDANVAALGERWVGAGANNRNVV FITLGTGVSGGVIAD GNLIHGVAGAGGEIGHIIVEPDTGFECTCGNKGCLETVASATGIVRVAHHLAEKYEGNSS IKAAVDNGEFVTSKD I IVAATEGDKFADSIVDKVSKYLGLATANISNILNPDSVVIGGGVSAAGEFLRSRVEGYFT RYAFPQVRRTTKVK LAELGNDAGI IGAASLAYSIDK

SEQ ID NO : 23

MSKKLLGIDLGGTTVKFGILTADGEVQEKWAIETNTFENGSHIVPDIVESLKHRLELYGL TAEDFIGIGMGPPGA VDRENKTVTGAFNLNWAETQEVGSVIEKELGIPFAIDNDANVAALGERWVGAGANNRNVV FITLGTGVGGGVIAD GNLIHGVAGAGGEIGHIIVEPDTGFECTCGNKGCLETVASATGIVRVAHHLAEKYEGNSS IKAAVDNGEFVTSKD I IVAATEGDKFADSIVDKVSKYLGLATANISNILNPDSVVIGGGVSAAGEFLRSRVEGYFT RYAFPQVRRTTKVK LAELGNDAGI IGAASLAYSIDK

SEQ ID NO : 65

ATGAATACTGATGAAACAATCACAATTTATGATGTAGCGCGTGAAGCTGGAGTATCGATG GCAACTGTTTCTCGT

GTTGTAAATGGTAACAAAAACGTAAAAGAAAACACCCGAAAAAAAGTGCTCGAAGTC ATTGATCGTTTGGATTAC

CGTCCAAATGCGGTTGCGCGTGGCTTGGCAAGTAAAAAAACAACTACTGTAGGAGTT GTCATTCCAAATATTGTA

AATAGCTATTTTGCTACTCTAGCTAAAGGTATTGATGACATTGCAACCATGTATAAG TATAATATTGTTCTTGCT

TCCAGTGATGATAATGAGGATCATGAAGTTACAGTCATTCATTCTCTAATTTCTAAA CAAGTTGATGGTATTATT

TTTATGGGACACCATCTGACAGAAAAAATCCGTGCAGAATTCTCTCGTACCCGTACA CCGATTGTTCTAGCAGGA

ACAGTTGATCTCGAACACCAATTACCAAGTGTTAACATCGACTATAAAGCTGCCGTT GAGGATTGTGTAACGCAA

CTTGCTAAAAATAATGAAAAGGTTGCCTTTGTATCAGGACCACTAATTGATGATATT AATGGCAAACTACGTTTG

GCCGGGTATAAGTCTGGACTTGAAAAGAATAATTTGAGCTACAACGAAGGACTTGTC TTTGAAGCTAAATATAGC

TATAAAGACGGCTTTGAGTTAGCACAACGTGTCTTGAACTCTGGTGCCACTGCTGCC TATGTTGGGGAAGATGAA

TTGGCTGCAGGTCTCTTGAATGGCCTCTTTGCTGCAGGCAAATCAGTTCCAGAAGAT TTCGAAATCATCACAAGC

AATGATTCACCGGTTACAAGCTACACACGTCCAAACCTTTCTAGTATAAACCATCCT CTCTATGATTTAGGGGCA

GTTAGCATGCGTATGTTGACTAAAATTATGCATAAGGAAGAACTTGAAGATAAAGAC GTTATTCTTAATCATGGT

CTAACTTTACGCCAGTCAACAAAATAA

SEQ ID NO : 71

ATGAATACTGATGAAACAATCACAATTTATGATGTAGCGCGTGAAGCTGGAGTATCGATG GCAACTGTTTCTCGT

GTTGTAAATGGTAACAAAAACGTAAAAGAAAACACCCGAAAAAAGTGCTCGAAGTCA TTGATCGTTTGGATTACC

GTCCAAATGCGGTTGCGCGTGGCTTGGCAAGTAAAAAAACAACTACTGTAGGAGTTG TCATTCCAAATATTGTAA

ATAGCTATTTTGCTACTCTAGCTAAAGGTATTGATGACATTGCAACCATGTATAAGT ATAATATTGTTCTTGCTT

CCAGTGATGATAATGAGGATCATGAAGTTACAGTCATTCATTCTCTAATTTCTAAAC AAGTTGATGGTATTATTT

TTATGGGACACCATCTGACAGAAAAAATCCGTGCAGAATTCTCTCGTACCCGTACAC CGATTGTTCTAGCAGGAA

CAGTTGATCTCGAACACCAATTACCAAGTGTTAACATCGACTATAAAGCTGCCGTTG AGGATTGTGTAACGCAAC

TTGCTAAAAATAATGAAAAGGTTGCCTTTGTATCAGGACCACTAATTGATGATATTA ATGGCAAACTACGTTTGG

CCGGGTATAAGTCTGGACTTGAAAAGAATAATTTGAGCTACAACGAAGGACTTGTCT TTGAAGCTAAATATAGCT

ATAAAGACGGCTTTGAGTTAGCACAACGTGTCTTGAACTCTGGTGCCACTGCTGCCT ATGTTGGGGAAGATGAAT

TGGCTGCAGGTCTCTTGAATGGCCTCTTTGCTGCAGGCAAATCAGTTCCAGAAGATT TCGAAATCATCACAAGCA

ATGATTCACCGGTTACAAGCTACACACGTCCAAACCTTTCTAGTATAAACCATCCTC TCTATGATTTAGGGGCAG

TTAGCATGCGTATGTTGACTAAAATTATGCATAAGGAAGAACTTGAAGATAAAGACG TTATTCTTAATCATGGTC

TAACTTTACGCCAGTCAACAAAATAA SEQ ID NO : 122

MGIGIIIASHGRFAEGIHQSGSMIFGDQEKVQVVTFMPSEGPDDLYAHFNNAIAQFDVDD EILVLADLWSGSPFN QASRIARENPDRKIAI ITGLNLPMLIQAYTERMMDANATVEQVAA I IKEAKGGIKALPEELNPAEETTAAPVEA AAPQGAIPEGTVIGDGKLKI LARLDTRLLHGQVVTNWVPYSKADRI IVASDDVAKDELRKELIKQAAPNGIKVN VVPIQKLIDASKDPRFGNTHALVLFETVQDALRAIEGGVPIKELNVGSMAHSTGKTMVNN VLSMDKDDVACFEKL RDLGVEFDVRKVPNDSKKDLFELIKKANVQ

SEQ ID NO : 155

ATGGGTATCGGTATTATTATTGCCAGCCATGGTAGGTTCGCTGAAGGAATCCACCAATCA GGCTCTATGATTTTT

GGGGACCAAGAGAAAGTTCAAGTTGTGACTTTCATGCCAAGTGAAGGTCCTGATGAT TTGTACGCTCACTTCAAC

AACGCCATTGCACAATTCGATGTTGATGATGAAATTCTTGTTTTGGCTGACCTTTGG AGTGGTTCACCATTTAAC

CAAGCTAGTCGAATCGCTAGGGAAAATCCAGATCGCAAGATTGCTATCATCACAGGA CTTAACTTGCCAATGCTA

ATCCAAGCATACACTGAACGTATGATGGATGCTAACGCTACTGTAGAGCAAGTTGCT GCTAATATCATCAAGGAA

GCTAAGGGTGGTATCAAGGCACTTCCAGAAGAGCTAAATCCAGCTGAGGAAACAACT GCAGCTCCTGTAGAAGCT

GCAGCACCTCAAGGAGCTATCCCTGAAGGAACAGTCATCGGAGATGGTAAACTCAAG ATTAACTTGGCACGTTTG

GACACACGTCTCTTGCATGGTCAAGTAGTAACTAACTGGGTACCTTATTCTAAAGCA GACCGTATTATTGTTGCT

TCGGATGACGTTGCCAAAGATGAGCTTCGTAAGGAATTGATCAAACAGGCTGCACCA AACGGTATTAAAGTAAAC

GTTGTTCCGATTCAAAAATTAATTGATGCTTCTAAAGACCCACGTTTTGGAAATACA CATGCGCTTGTCTTGTTC

GAAACTGTTCAAGACGCACTTCGTGCTATCGAAGGTGGCGTGCCAATAAAAGAACTT AACGTTGGTTCTATGGCT

CACTCAACTGGTAAAACAATGGTTAACAACGTTTTGTCTATGGATAAAGATGATGTT GCTTGTTTTGAAAAATTA

CGTGACCTTGGCGTTTAATTTGACGTCCGTAAGGTTCCAAACGATTCTAAGAAAGAT TTGTTTGAGCTTATCAAG

AAAGCTAACGTTCAATAA

SEQ ID NO : 156

MGIGI I IASHGRFAEGIHQSGSMIFGDQEKVQVVTFMPSEGPDDLYAHFNNAIAQFDVDDEILVLA DLWSGSPFN QASRIARENPDRKIAI ITGLNLPMLIQAYTERMMDANATVEQVAANI IKEAKGGIKALPEELNPAEETTAAPVEA AAPQGAIPEGTVIGDGKLKINLARLDTRLLHGQVVTNWVPYSKADRI IVASDDVAKDELRKELIKQAAPNGIKVN VVPIQKLIDASKDPRFGNTHALVLFETVQDALRAIEGGVPIKELNVGSMAHSTGKTMVNN VLSMDKDDVACFEKL RDLGV

SEQ ID NO : 174

MSDMSI ISAILVVAVAFLAGLESILDQFQFHQPLVACTLIGAATGNLTAGIMLGGSLQMITLAWAN IGAAVAPDV ALASVAAAI ILVKGGKFTAEGIGVAIAIAILLAVAGLFLTMPVRTASIAFVHAADKAAEHGNIAGVERA YYLALL LQGLRIAVPAALLLAIPAQSVQHALGLMPDWLTHGLVVGGGMVVAVGYAMIINMMATREV WPFFAIGFALAAISQ LTLIALSTIGVAIAFIYLNLSKQGGGNGGGNGGGTSSGSGDPIGDILEDY

SEQ ID NO: 201

ATGTCAGATATGTCAATTATTTCTGCGATTTTGGTCGTAGCTGTTGCCTTCCTTGCTGGT CTTGAAAGTATCCTT

GACCAATTCCAATTCCACCAACCACTTGTTGCATGTACCCTCATCGGTGCTGCCACA GGTAACCTCACTGCAGGT

ATCATGCTTGGTGGTTCTCTTCAAATGATTACCCTTGCTTGGGCAAACATCGGTGCT GCCGTAGCTCCTGACGTT

GCCCTTGCATCTGTTGCCGCTGCCATCATTTTGGTTAAAGGTGGTAAATTTACAGCT GAAGGTATCGGTGTTGCG

ATTGCAATAGCTATCCTGCTTGCAGTTGCAGGTCTCTTCCTAACTATGCCTGTTCGT ACAGCATCTATTGCCTTT

GTTCATGCTGCAGATAAAGCTGCAGAACACGGAAACATCGCTGGTGTTGAACGTGCA TACTACCTCGCTCTCCTT

CTTCAAGGTTTGCGTATTGCTGTGCCAGCAGCCCTTCTTCTTGCCATCCCGGCCCAA TCTGTTCAACATGCCCTT

GGCTTGATGCCTGACTGGCTCACCCATGGTTTGGTTGTCGGTGGTGGTATGGTCGTA GCCGTTGGTTACGCCATG

ATTATCAATATGATGGCTACTCGTTAAGTTTGGCCATTCTTCGCCATTGGTTTTGCT TTGGCAGCAATTAGCCAA

TTGACACTTATCGCTCTTAGTACCATTGGTGTTGCCATCGCCTTCATCTACCTCAAC CTTTCTAAACAAGGTGGC

GGAAATGGTGGCGGAAATGGTGGCGGAACTTCATCTGGTTCAGGCGACCCAATCGGC GATATCTTGGAAGACTAC

TAG

SEQ ID NO : 202

MSDMSI ISAILVVAVAFLAGLESILDQFQFHQPLVACTLIGAATGNLTAGIMLGGSLQMITLAWAN IGAAVAPDV ALASVAAAI ILVKGGKFTAEGIGVAIAIAILLAVAGLFLTMPVRTASIAFVHAADKAAEHGNIAGVERA YYLALL LQGLRIAVPAALLLAIPAQSVQHALGLMPDWLTHGLVVGGGMVVAVGYAMI INMMATR

SEQ ID NO : 211

MAEKIQLSQADRKKVWWRSQFLQGAWNYERMQNLGWAYSLIPAIKKLYTNKEDQAAALKR HLEFFNTHPYVAAPI IGVTLALEEEKANGTEIEDAAIQGVKIGMMGPLAGIGDPVFWFTIRPILGALGASLAQAG NIAGPLIFFIGWNLI RMAFLWYTQELGYKAGSEITKDISGGILKDITKGASILGMFILAVLVERWVSVVFTVKLP GKVLPKGAYIEWPKG YVTGDQLKTILGQVNDKLSFDKIQVDTLQKQLDSLIPGLTGLLLTFACMWLLKKKVSPIT I I IGLFVVGIVASFF GIM SEQ ID NO: 250

ATGGCTGAAAAAATTCAATTATCTCAAGCGGATCGTAAAAAAGGTTTGGTGGCGCTCACA ATTCTTGCAAGGTGC ATGGAACTATGAACGTATGCAAAACTTGGGTTGGGCTTACTCACTCATTCCTGCTATCAA AAAACTTTATACTAA CAAAGAGGACCAAGCCGCAGCTCTTAAACGTCACTTGGAATTCTTCAACACTCACCCTTA CGTAGCTGCTCCTAT CATAGGGGTTACCTTAGCTCTTGAAGAAGAAAAAGCTAATGGTACTGAAATCGAAGATGC GGCTATCCAAGGGGT TAAAATCGGTATGATGGGTCCACTTGCCGGTATCGGTGACCCTGTCTTCTGGTTCACAAT TCGTCCAATTCTTGG TGCCCTTGGTGCATCATTGGCACAAGCTGGTAACATTGCTGGTCCACTTATCTTCTTCAT TGGTTGGAACCTTAT CCGCATGGCCTTCTTGTGGTACACTCAAGAACTTGGTTACAAAGCAGGTTCAGAAATCAC TAAAGACATATCTGG TGGTATCTTGAAAGATATTACTAAAGGGGCATCAATACTTGGTATGTTCATCTTGGCCGT CCTCGTTGAACGTTG GGTATCTGTCGTCTTCACTGTAAAGCTTCCAGGTAAAGTTTTGCCTAAAGGTGCTTATAT TGAATGGCCAAAAGG ATATGTTACTGGTGACCAACTAAAAACTATCCTTGGTCAAGTCAACGATAAGCTTAGCTT TGATAAGATTCAAGT CGATACCCTACAAAAACAATTGGATTCATTAATTCCAGGTTTGACGGGACTTCTCCTTAC TTTTGCATGTATGTG GTTGCTTAAGAAGAAAGTTTCACCAATCACAATCATCATCGGACTCTTTGTAGTTGGTAT TGTTGCAAGCTTCTT CGGAATCATGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 251

MAEKIQLSQADRKKGLVALTILARCMEL

STRAINS

DGCC numbers are internal references to DuPont Danisco collection; DSM numbers are the numbers assigned by the Leibniz-lnstitut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, GmbH (Inhoffenstr. 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig), following deposit under the Budapest Treaty.

As far as the Streptococcus thermophilus strain DGCC7710 deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the Leibniz-lnstitut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, GmbH, on January 14 ^th , 2014 under number DSM28255 is concerned, we hereby confirm that the depositor, Danisco Deutschland GmbH (of Busch-Johannsen-Strasse 1 , D- 25899 Niebdll, Germany) has authorised the Applicant (DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS) to refer to the deposited biological material in this application. The expressions“DGCC7710 strain” and“DGCC7710 derivative” are used interchangeably with the expressions“DSM28255 strain” and“DSM28255 derivative”.

The Streptococcus thermophilus strain deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the Leibniz-lnstitut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, GmbH, on August 15 ^th , 2017 under number DSM32587 has been deposited by DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS.

The applicant requests that a sample of the deposited micro-organisms stated herein may only be made available to an expert, until the date on which the patent is granted.

In respect to those designations in which a European Patent is sought, a sample of these deposited microorganisms will be made available until the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent or until the date on which application has been refused or withdrawn or is deemed to be withdrawn, only by the issue of such a sample to an expert nominated by the person requesting the sample, and approved either i) by the Applicant and/or ii) by the European Patent Office, whichever applies.

REFERENCES

Pool et ai. 2006. Metabolic Engineering 8(5): 456-464

Porter ef a/.; 1982. Biochim Biophys Acta 709: 178-186

Sorensen et ai. 2016. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(12): 3683-3692

Van den Bogaard et al. 2000. Journal of Bacteriology; 182: 5982-5989