CONTROL

BACKGROUND

Strigolactones (SLs) are an Important class of compounds particularly with respect to agriculture. SL compounds are carotenoid- derived compounds and can be isolated from nature. Alternatively, they can be synthesized in the laboratory. SL analogs are compounds which are similar or related in structure to the SL and may have one or more benefits associated with SLs. For example, US Patent No. 8,980,795 describes a class of SL analogs. This patent describes the basic SL structure in its Figure 1 , illustrating the four rings (A, B, C, and D rings) which are a common feature. The A, B, and C rings are fused and form one side of the molecule and they are linked to the D ring on the other side of the molecule by an intermediate enol ether bridge. The enol ether bridge can be susceptible to nucleophilic attack and hydrolysis, leading to instability in aqueous systems. Also, the enone structural element associated with ring C also can have a detrimental influence on the stability.

US Patent No. 8,980,795 describes SL analogs such as GR 24, GR7, and GR5 compounds in which the core SL common structure has been modified. For example, in GR24, the A ring is converted to an aromatic ring. In GR7, the A ring is eliminated, and in GR5, the A and B rings are eliminated. However, the core enol ether bridge and enone structures are retained in these three SL analogs. US Patent No.

8,980,795 describes novel SL analogs which are free of the enone element in ring C. These novel SL analogs are based on Formula 1 which is reproduced below and includes elements R _a -Rf. (I)

US Patent Publications 2015/0274690 and 2015/0141255 also describe SL compounds and SL analogs.

More detailed introductory material is provided. A listing of cited references is provided hereinafter. No admission is made that any cited reference herein is prior art.

More particularly, Strigolactones (SLs) are secondary metabolites originally identified as root-derived chemical signals inducing seed germination in root parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae family (Xie et a/., 20 0). Later, SLs were also shown to induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which is required for establishing beneficial AM symbiosis (Akiyama et ai, 2005). In the meanwhile, SLs are recognized as a novel class of plant hormones that determine different developmental processes, such as establishing shoot and root architecture, regulation of secondary growth and inducing senescence (Beveridge, 2014; Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Ruyter-Spira et al., 2013; Umehara et al., 2008). In addition, SLs are involved in pathogen defense and act as positive regulators of abiotic stress responses

(Decker et al., 2017; Ha et al., 2014; Torres-Vera et al., 2014).

Natural SLs are carotenoid derivatives consisting of a lactone ring (D-ring) that is connected by an enol ether bridge (in R-configu ration) to a structurally variable second moiety (Al-Babili and Bouwmeester, 2015). Canonical SLs, such as strigol and orobanchol, contain a tricyclic lactone (ABC-ring) as a second moiety and are divided, depending on stereochemistry of the B/C-junction, into strigol- (β-orientation, up) and orobanchol-like (a-orientation, down) SLs (Ueno et al., 2011 ; Xie et al., 20 3). Besides the stereochemistry of B/C-junction, various

modifications of ABC-ring, such as hydroxylation at different positions, lead to the diversity of canonical SLs. Noncanonical SLs, such as methyl carlactonoate (Abe et al., 2014), heliolactone (Ueno et al., 2014) or zealactone (Charnikhova et al., 2017), do not have an ABC-lactone as a

second moiety. The question whether and how structural diversity leads to functional specificity of the around 20 known natural SLs is largely elusive.

The availability of SL biosynthesis and perception mutants has enabled the elucidation of key steps in SL biosynthesis and perception (Al-Babili and Bouwmeester, 2015; Lumba et al., 2017; Waters M.T. et al., 2017). SL biosynthesis starts in plastids with the reversible cisltrans- isomerization of the precursor all ira 7s- -carotene into 9-c/s^-carotene (Alder et al., 2012; Bruno and Al-Babili, 2016). In next step, the stereospecific carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7) cleaves 9-c/s- β-carotene into the intermediate 9-c s- -apo-10'-carotenal and β-ionone (Alder et al., 2012; Bruno et al., 2014). Another CCD, the CCD8, converts 9-c s- -apo-10'-carotenal via a combination of repeated dioxygenation and intra-molecular rearrangements into carlactone (Alder et al., 2012; Bruno et al., 2017). Carlactone is a central metabolite of SL biosynthesis (Alder et al., 2012; Seto 13 et al., 2014) and is the substrate for cytochrome P450 enzymes of the clade 711 , MAX1 in Arabidopsis (Booker et al., 2005), which catalyze the formation of canonical, such as 4-deoxyorobanchol, and noncanonical SLs, such as carlactonoic acid (Abe et al., 2014; Zhang et a/., 2014). In Arabidopsis thaliana, carlactonoic acid is methylated by an unidentified

methyltransferase into methyl carlactonoate (Abe et al., 2014). In the next step, methyl carlactonoate is hydroxylated by LATERAL

BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE (LBO) into an unidentified product that may be the final product in Arabidopsis SL biosynthesis (Brewer et at., 2016). The rice MAX1 homolog carlactone oxidase catalyses the conversion of carlactone into 4-deoxyorobanchol (ent-2'-epi-5- deoxystrigol), the precursor of canonical, orobanchol-like SLs.

Orobanchol itself is

produced by another rice MAX1 homolog, the orobanchol synthase (Al- Babili and Bouwmeester, 2015; Zhang et al., 2014).

Strigolactone perception and downstream signaling involve the α/β-fold hydrolase DWARF 14 (D14) (de Saint Germain et al. , 2016; Hamiaux et al., 2012; Yao et al., 2016), which acts as a non-canonical receptor that covalently binds D-ring of SLs after their hydrolysis. In addition, SLs signaling requires leucine-rich-repeat F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2)/DWARF3 (D3) (Stirnberg et al., 2007), a subunit of a SKP1-CUL1-F-box-protein (SCF)-type ubiquitin ligase complex, that targets repressors of SL signalling, such as Arabidopsis SUPPRESSOR OF MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2-LIKE 6,7,8

(SMXL6.7.8) or rice DWARF53 (D53), for proteasome-mediated degradation (Jiang et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2013). The F-box protein MAX2 is also required for signal transduction of karrikins, smoke-derived compounds that likely mimic an unidentified, internal signaling

molecule(s) and which inhibit hypocotyl growth and induce seed germination in various plant species but not

in root parasitic weeds (Nelson et ai, 2012). Karrikins share structural similarities (D ring) with SLs and bind to the D14 paralog KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), likely leading to proteasomal degradation of presumed suppressors (Waters et al., 2017). Karrikin response is also triggered by 2'S-configured stereoisomer of common SL analog GR24 that is usually applied as a racemic mixture of 2'S and 2'R isomers. The genome of root parasitic plant Striga hermonthica encodes 11 D14/KAI2 homologs. It was recently shown that Striga KAI2 paralogs, especially ShHTL-7, which constitute a distinct clade, are responsible for perception of host-released SLs and thus for triggering parasitic weed seed germination (Conn et al., 2015; Tsuchiya ei a/., 2015).

Several parasitic Striga and Phelipanche species of the

Orobanchaceae family are of great importance for agriculture. The Striga species S. asiatica and S. hermonthica infect cereals, including maize, sorghum, pearl millet, and rice, while Phelipanche species affect crops such as sunflower, tomato and legumes (Parker, 2009). These root parasitic weeds are the reason for enormous yield losses in Africa, the Mediterranean and large parts of Asia (Parker, 2009). In particular, S. hermonthica is considered as one of the seven most severe biotic threats to food security, affecting subsistence and livelihood of 100 million people in sub-Saharan Africa (Pennisi, 2010). S. hermonthica has been observed in 32 countries (Rodenburg er a/., 2017) infesting estimated 50 million hectares of arable land in Sahel and Savannah zones in Africa, causing annual losses of around 7 billion US$ (Ejeta, 2007; Parker, 2009, 2012). Severe soil infestation with enormous numbers of long-lived and tiny Striga seeds, and germination

dependency of these seeds on host derived signaling molecules has made control of this weed very difficult (Delavault ei a/., 2016; Ejeta, 2007; Joel, 2000).

During the evolution of parasitism, root parasitic plants have either totally lost or significantly reduced their capability for photosynthesis and, hence, cannot survive without a host plant that provides them with metabolites, water and minerals (Xie ef a/., 2010). In this parasite-host relationship, SLs are chemical signals required for the germination of parasite seeds, ensuring availability of an appropriate host (Ruyter-Spira et ai, 2013). Such dependency on germination cues may provide opportunities for parasitic weed control. Induction of parasitic weed seed germination by exogenous application of germination stimuli before sowing crop seeds could, for instance, lead to the death of emerging parasite seedling (suicidal germination). This could be a promising approach to reduce weed seed bank in soil. For this purpose, natural SLs are,

however, not suitable candidates since they cannot be obtained from natural sources in sufficient quantities or at reasonable costs (Reizelman ef a/., 2000). Moreover, organic synthesis of natural SLs is challenging, due to their complex structures that also contain several chiral centers (Kgosi et ai, 2012; Zwanenburg and Pospisil, 2013; Zwanenburg ef a/., 2016). Hence, a prerequisite for implementing suicidal germination approach outlined above is the availability of SLs or analogs/mimics that are easy to synthesize and which efficiently induce Striga seed

germination. SLs analogs could also be used in agriculture and horticulture, for instance, to direct water and other resources in one major branch by suppressing branching or tillering, to induce secondary growth, to enhance abiotic stress tolerance, or to modulate root architecture, by increasing primary

root length (Agusti ef a/., 2011 ; Ha ef a/., 2014). SLs also accelerate senescence (Yamada ef a/., 2014), a functionality that might be exploited for the development of a new suite of herbicides.

Recently, a carlactone-based SL analog, nitro-phenlactone, was reported that exerts SLs activities, but with different efficiencies, indicating the possibility of establishing SLs analogs with specific functions (Jia et al., 2016).

Briefly, strigolactones (SLs) are a new class of phytohormones that also act as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants, such as Striga spp., and as branching factors for symbiotic arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi. However, sources for natural SLs are very limited. Hence, efficient and simple SL analogs are needed for elucidating SL- related biological processes as well as for agricultural applications.

A need yet exists to develop improved SL compounds, SL compositions, and methods of uses of same, particularly with respect to plant growth regulation and to weed control.

SUMMARY

Aspects and embodiments described herein include, for example, compounds, compositions, as well as methods of making and using the compounds and compositions.

In a first aspect, a composition is provided comprising at least one compound which is represented by formula II:

(ID

wherein Re is an optionally substituted C6-C24 aryl group or an optionally substituted C6-C24 alkylaryl group, and

wherein Rz is hydrogen, a monovalent optionally substituted C1- C12 alkyl group, or a bivalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene group which bonds to the optionally substituted C6-C24 aryl group or the optionally substituted C6-C24 alkylaryl group of the Re moiety forming a ring; and

wherein R _a , Rb and R _c , independently from each other, represent:

(a) a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a formyloxy group, a formylamino group or a carbamate group,

(b) a substituent Ri, wherein Ri represents C1-C8-alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, C3-C8-cycloalkyl, or C1-C8-alkoxy, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(c) a substituent -OR2, wherein R2 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C8-alkyl, C2-C8-alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, C1-C8-alkylcarbonyl, C1- C8-alkylaminocarbonyl or C1-C8-alkoxycarbonyl, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(d) a substituent -NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4, independently from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8- alkylcarbonyl, C1-C8-halogenoalkylcarbonyl, phenyl or benzyl, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(e) a substituent -(O)-Rs, wherein R5 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C8-alkyl or C1-C8-alkyloxy, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, -IMH2, NHR5 or NR5R5 (where the two substituents R5 may be the same or different), -NRs(OH),

(f) a substituent -S(0) _n -R6, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2 and R6 represents C1-C8-alkyl in which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, -NH2, -NHR6 or NR6R6 (where the two

substituents Re may be the same or different), or

(g) a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring comprising up to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, where in each of these rings the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, and

Rf represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group or C1-C8-alkyl-, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, or C3-C8- cycloalkyl,

wherein, for the compound represented by formula (II), the following five embodiments are excluded:

(VI)

wherein for Formula VI (i) R is methyl, X is H and n=0; (ii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=1 ; (iii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=2; (iv) R is methyl, X is CI, and n=0; and (v) R is methyl, X is -OCH3 and n=0.

In one embodiment, Re of Formula II is represented by Formula III:

(III)

wherein X in Formula III is a monovalent group which is ortho, meta, or para-substituted, and n is 0, 1 , or 2.

In one embodiment, Rz of Formula II is a monovalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkyl group.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula II is represented by Formula (IV):

(IV)

wherein Rz is, for example, H or a monovalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkyl group, and X in Formula IV is a monovalent group in the ortho, meta, or para position.

For any composition described and/or claimed herein, for the compound represented by formula (II), the following five embodiments can be excluded: (VI)

wherein for Formula VI (i) R is methyl, X is H and n=0; (ii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=1 ; (iii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=2; (iv) R is methyl, X is CI, and n=0; and (v) R is methyl, X is -OCH3 and n=0.

Another embodiment is for a method comprising applying a composition according to compositions described and/or claimed herein for the control of a target plant growth.

In one embodiment, the control of target plant growth is to encourage the target plant growth. In another embodiment, the control of target plant growth is to discourage the target plant growth. In another embodiment, the control of target parasitic plant growth is for controlling the germination of parasitic root plants.

Another aspect is for methods of applying a composition for the control of a target plant growth, wherein the composition comprises at least one compound which is represented by Formula II:

(II)

wherein Re is an optionally substituted C6-C24 aryl group or an optionally substituted C6-C24 alkylaryl group, and

wherein Rz is a monovalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkyl group or a bivalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene group which bonds to the optionally substituted C6-C24 aryl group or the optionally substituted C6-C24 alkylaryl group of the Re moiety forming a ring; and wherein R _a , Rb and R _c , independently from each other, represent:

(a) a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a formyloxy group, a formylamino group or a carbamate group,

(b) a substituent Ri, wherein Ri represents C1-C8-alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, C3-C8-cycloalkyl, or C1-C8-alkoxy, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(c) a substituent -OR2, wherein R2 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C8-alkyl, C2-C8-alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, C1-C8-alkylcarbonyl, C1- C8-alkylaminocarbonyl or C1-C8-alkoxycarbonyl, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(d) a substituent -NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4, independently from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8- alkylcarbonyl, C1-C8-halogenoalkylcarbonyl, phenyl or benzyl, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, (e) a substituent -(O)-Rs, wherein R5 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C8-alkyl or C1-C8-alkyloxy, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, -NHfe, NHR5 or NR5R5 (where the two substituents R5 may be the same or different), -NRs(OH),

(f) a substituent -S(0) _n -R6, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2 and R6 represents C1-C8-alkyl in which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, -Nhh, -NHR6 or NR6R6 (where the two

substituents Re may be the same or different), or

(g) a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring comprising up to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, where in each of these rings the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, and

Rf represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group or C1-C8-alkyl-, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, or C3-C8- cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, for the compound represented by formula (II), the following five embodiments are excluded:

(VI)

wherein for Formula VI (i) R is methyl, X is H and n=0; (ii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=1 ; (iii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=2; (iv) R is methyl, X is CI, and n=0; and (v) R is methyl, X is -OCH3 and n=0.

In one embodiment, the control of target plant growth is to encourage the target plant growth. In one embodiment, the control of target plant growth does not include (excludes) controlling the

germination of parasitic root plants. In one embodiment, the control of target plant growth is for controlling the germination of parasitic root plants.

Generally, the compounds can compositions can be applied and used in agricultural applications. One example is as a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants. Another example is as a branching factor. Another example is plant architecture including root architecture. Another example is triggering leaf senescence. Another example is inhibiting rice tillering. Additional examples of methods of application and use are described hereinafter including the working examples.

In a nutshell, a new series of SLs analogs, Methyl- Phenlactonoates (MPs), are described which in preferred embodiments can be easily synthesized and which resemble the non-canonical SL methyl carlactonoate. Aiming at the identification of analogs that can be applied as suicidal germination agents and growth regulators or used in basic and applied research to determine particular SL activities, the stability of MPs was measured and their activities in exerting different SLs functions is described, as well as their affinity to SL receptors.

Based on the structure of the noncanonical SL methyl

carlactonoate, a new, easy to synthesize series of analogs, termed "Methyl Phenlactonoates (MPs)" were developed, and preferred embodiments developed. Their efficacy in exerting different SL functions was evaluated and their affinity to SL receptors from rice and Striga hermonthica was determined. Briefly, many of the MPs showed considerable activity in regulating plant's architecture, triggering leaf senescence and inducing parasitic seed germination. Moreover, some MPs outperformed GR24, a widely used SL analog with a complex structure, in exerting particular SL functions, such as modulating

Arabidopsis roots architecture or inhibiting rice tillering. Thus, MPs will help in elucidating SLs functions and are promising candidates for agricultural applications. Moreover, MPs demonstrate that slight structural modifications can impact the efficiency in exerting particular SL functions, indicating that structural diversity of natural SLs may mirror a functional specificity.

In sum, a variety of advantage or advantages can be found for one or more embodiments described herein. For example, in general, good control of plant growth can be achieved, whether these plants are useful or desirable plants (e.g., those providing food or decoration) or

undesirable plants (e.g., those classified as weeds). For example, for some embodiments, good plant growth regulation is achieved, and the compounds are demonstrated as useful for regulating plant architecture. Also, for example, for some embodiments, good weed control is achieved. In particular, good activity in inducing the germination of Striga harmonthica seeds is shown. The compounds in some cases are relatively easy to prepare. One or more other advantages for one or more embodiments can be found expressly or inherently in the various embodiments described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1. (A) Structure of methyl-phenlactonoates (MPs). MP 12 is comparative. (B) Structure of Carlactone, Nitro-phenlactone,

Orobanchol, 4-Deoxyorobanchol, 5-Deoxystrigol and the standard strigolactone analog GR24.

Figure 2. Synthesis of MPs. Most of the MPs, except MP1 and MP12, were synthesized by following the procedure as described previously (Mangnus er a/., 1992). (A) Synthesis of MP3 (E)-methyl 3-(4-methyl-5- oxo-2, 5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)- 2-phenylacrylate (B) Synthesis of MP1 (/r)-methyl 3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)-2-(4- nitrophenyl)acrylate. (C) Synthesis of MP12 (E)-3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5- dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)-2-(4- nitrophenyl)acrylaldehyde.

Figure 3. EC50 (Half Maximal Effective Concentration) of methyl- phenlactonoates for Striga seed germination. Concentrations ranging from 10-5 M to 10-12 M were applied in a 50 μΙ volume on a disc containing 50-100 pre-conditioned Striga seeds. GR24 is included as positive control.

Figure 4. Rice tillering inhibition by methyl-phenlactonoates. (A) Tillering phenotype of d10 mutant in response to MPs. Methyl-phenlactonoates were applied (2.5 μΜ) to one week old rice seedlings (Shiokari, d3, d10) grown hydroponically in 50 ml tube twice a week up to three weeks. MP3 treatment led to growth retardation and senescence. (B) Number of tillers per plant counted after three weeks of MPs application. Data are means ± SE (/7=8) (C) EC50 (Half Maximal Effective Concentration) of selected MPs for tillering inhibition of the rice d10 mutant.

Figure 5. Measurement of dark-induced leaf senescence, chlorophyll content, ion leakage and transcript level of SAGs in response to MP3 and GR24. (A) Changes in rice leaf color in response to MP3 and GR24. Treated leaf segments were monitored over a 7 day period. (B)

Chlorophyll content (C) Membrane ion leakage (D, E) Transcript level of SAGs (Os/20 and Osl295) in the leaf segments was measured on the 1st, 3rd and 5 ^th day after application. Data are means ± SE (n=3).

Figure 6. Effect of MPs on Arabidopsis lateral root density and primary root length. (A) Number of lateral roots per plant after MPs application. Eight days old seedlings (at least 30) were photographed digitally, and then measurement was conducted using ImageJ software. Bars represent means ± SE. (B) Primary root length in response to the application of MP1 , MP3, MP7, MP8 and GR24. Bars represent means ± SE. (C) A

representative picture showing effect of MP1 , MP7 and GR24 on roots architecture.

Figure 7. Affinity of ShHTL7 and OsD14 to MPs. (A) Determination of the affinity of ShHTL7 to GR24 and selected MPs using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence assay. Changes in fluorescence were used to calculate the dissociation coefficient (Kd). Bars represent means ± SE ( ?=3). (B) Competitive inhibition of OsD14 mediated YLG hydrolysis by GR24 and selected MPs. FU, fluorescence unit. IC50 values for GR24 and MPs are presented with SE (n=3).

Figure 8. Hydrolysis of MPs by ShHTL7 and OsD14. (A) Hydrolysis of GR24 and selected MPs by ShHTL7 and (B) OsD14 was monitored by HPLC at the indicated time points (with or without purified ShHTL7 or OsD14). Values represent means ±SE (n=3).

Figure 9. Stability analysis of MPs in comparison to GR24. The stability of MPs was monitored daily for 3 weeks. Data are means ± SE (π=3). X- axis (time (days)); Yaxis (substrate).

Figure 10. Striga hermonthica seed germination in response to MPs treatment. (A) Each MP was applied in 50 μΙ volume (1.0 μΜ) on a disc containing 50-100 preconditioned Striga seeds. H2O and GR24 are included as negative and positive control, respectively. (B) P. ramosa seed germination in response to MPs application. 50 μΙ of each MP was applied (1.0 μΜ) on a disc containing 50-100 preconditioned P. ramosa seeds. Bars represented means ± SE (/?=3). (C) Picture showing S. hermonthica seed germination bioassay.

Figure 11. Effect of MPs on rice fresh biomass. MPs were applied (2.5 μΜ) to one week old hydroponically grown rice seedlings (Shiokari, d3, d10) twice a week for three weeks. Bars represent means ± SE (n=8). Figure 12. Picture showing the effect of MPs (MP1 , MP3, MP7) and GR24, applied at concentration ranging from 2.5μΜ-2.5χ10-7μΜ, on tillering and growth of d10 seedlings.

Figure 13. Effect of MPs on Arabidopsis hypocotyl length. Eight days old Arabidopsis seedlings (at least 30) were photographed digitally and, measurement of the hypocotyl length was conducted using ImageJ software. Bars represent means ± SE.

Figure 14. Developmental functions of SLs. SLs (a) regulate the growth of internodes, (b) accelerate leaf senescence, (c) lead to elongation of root hairs and trigger the growth of primary roots, (d) enhance stem thickness and induce secondary growth, (e) reduce the number of shoot branches, and inhibit the formation of (f) adventitious and (g) lateral roots.

Figure 15. Structures of Strigolactones. C-atom numbering and the characteristic ABC-D-ring are shown in the structure of 5-deoxystrigol. Examples of strigol-like strigolactones with the C-ring in β orientation (left column) and orobanchol-like with the C-ring in an alpha orientation (middle column). Carlactone and derivatives of are depicted in the right column.

Figure 16. Life cycle of roots parasitic plants, (a) Host-derived germination stimulants, such as strigolactones, are required to induce seed germination, (b) Seedlings develop haustoria that attach to host roots, (c-d) Seedlings grow then for several weeks before appearing above the soil, (e) The parasite produces a large number of seeds, which remain viable for many years in soil.

Figure 17. The enzyme DWARF27 (D27) catalyzes the 9-cis/all-trans isomerization of β-carotene, yielding 9-cis-p-carotene that is cleaved by CCD7 at the C9 -C10' double bond in the trans-moiety of the substrate, into the intermediate 9-cis^-apo-10'-carotenal and β-ionone. CCD8 converts, in one step, 9-cis-p-apo-10'-carotenal into carlactone and an unidentified second product. Carlactone is thought to derive from the shaded part of the precursor. The rice carlactone oxidase (CO) Os900, a CYP (711 clade) converts carlactone, by repeated oxygenation and ring closures, into 4-deoxyorobanchol (known as: ent-2'-epi-5- deoxystrigol), the parent molecule of the orobanchol-like SLs. A further CYP of the 711 clade, the rice MAX1 homolog orobanchol synthase, introduces a hydroxyl group at the C-4 position in 4-deoxyorobanchol, forming orobanchol. The Arabidopsis MAX1 converts carlactone into carlactonoic acid via the intermediate 19-hydroxy carlactone.

Carlactonoic acid can be converted into methyl carlactonoate. It is also supposed that carlactonoic acid is a further precursor of 4- deoxyorobanchol in rice. 5- Deoxystrigol, the parent of the strigol-like SLs is likely produced from carlactone by yet unidentified CYP450. Figure 18. Examples of synthetic strigolactone analogues.

Figure 19. Examples of 10 strigolactone analogs (methyl- phenlactonoates) as shown in Figure 1A but excluding MP3, MP7, MP12, and MP14. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

INTRODUCTION

The entire disclosure of priority US provisional application serial number 62/400,506 filed September 27, 2016 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes, including written description, working examples, Figures, cited references, and claims.

Additional detailed description about SLs and SL analogs is provided in the following description.

References cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. No admission is made that any reference is prior art.

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derivatives that were originally identified in roots exudates, due to their capability in inducing seed germination of roots parasitic weeds of the genus Striga (Xie et al., 2010). Later on, they were shown to be involved in establishing the beneficial mycorrhizal symbiosis, by triggering the hyphal branching of mycorrhizal fungi (Akiyama et al., 2005). Shoot-branching mutants in Arabidopsis, rice, pea and petunia have then paved the way for the discovery of the general of SLs as plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant development, including shoot branching/tiller number, plant height, stem thickness, root growth and architecture (all types of roots), and leaf senescence (Figure 14, for review, see Al-Babili et al., 2015; Beveridge, 2014; Gomez-Rolden et al., 2008; Lopez-Obando et al., 2015; Morffy et al., 2016; and Ruyter-Spira et al., 2013). In addition to these developmental functions, SLs are supposed to positively contribute to abiotic stress tolerance (salt and drought stress) (Ha et al., 2014) and to the colonization by rhizobial bacteria (Foo et al., 2011 ). SLs modulate also the growth of pathogenic fungi (Dor et al., 2011 ), and in composition with oligosaccharides, SLs can be used to protect plants from pathogenic fungi and to increase their yield (see, for example, WO 2010125065 A3, "Compositions comprising a strigolactone compound and a chito-oligosaccharide compound for enhanced plant growth and yield").

A recent definition of SLs (structures are depicted in Figure 15) describes them as carotenoid-derived compounds that consist of two moieties: a highly conserved butenolide ring that is linked by enol ether bridge to a second, variable structure (Al-Babili, et al., 2015). Following this definition, SLs can be divided into (a) the tricyclic lactone (ABC ring)- containing, strigol- and orobanchol-like compounds, and (b) SLs without tricyclic lactone, such as carlactonoate that only contains a β-ionone ring (corresponding to the A-ring) instead (Figure 5). The strigol- and orobanchol-like SLs are distinguished by the stereochemistry of the Bering junction (Al-Babili, et al., 2015). The C ring of the strigol-like SLs, likely derived from 5-deoxystrigol, is in the β orientation (up), while that of orobanchol-like SLs, which originate from 4-deoxyorobanchol (known as e/7f-2'-ep/-5-deoxystrigol), is in a orientation (down) (Figure 14).

Derivatizations, such as methylation, hydroxylation, epoxidation, or ketolation, of this skeletons lead to the diversity of natural SLs (Figure 14).

Striga spp. of the Orobanchaceae family (Tank, et al., 2006) are root parasitic plants that rely on their host to obtain their needs on water, minerals and photosynthetic products (Hearne et al., 2009). Striga seeds persist for many years in the soil and do not germinate unless they detect the presence of a host, including many crops such cereals, tomato, sunflowers, cowpea, and the like, in their direct proximity

(Matusova, et al., 2005, Yoneyama et al., 2010, Zwanenburg et al., 2009). In general, these germination signals are SLs (Xie et al., 2010). Emerging Striga seedlings develop a physical connection to the host plant, which is called haustorium and which enable them to sap their requirements on water and nutrition water minerals and sugars (for lifecycle of the parasites, see Figure 16; for review, see Xie et al, 2010). Striga parasitism has severe effects on the growth of the host plant and is responsible for enormous yield losses in many parts of the world worldwide (Parker, 2009). Moreover, Striga is considered as one of the seven most severe threats to food security. Striga infestation can cause total yield losses and crop shortfalls in cereals in the range of $US 7 billion (Parker, 2009).

Root parasitic weeds infect different crops. For instance, Striga spp. like S. asiatica, S. aspera, S. forbesii and particularly S.

hermonthica parasitize cereal crops, e.g. sorghum, maize, millet and rice, while S. gesnerioides attacks cowpea and other legumes. Alectra vogelii is responsible for considerable yield losses of grain legume crops, particularly cowpea, in semiarid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. In the Middle East, India and large parts of Europe and North America,

Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. infect dicotyledonous crops including tomato, tobacco, carrot, clovers, cucumber, sunflower and legumes. In 1991 , it was estimated that 16 million hectares in the Mediterranean and West Asia are threatened by Orobanche and Phelipanche (for review, see Parker, 2009; Xie et al., 2010). The fact that SLs are also important for establishing the mycorrhizal symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi may explain why plants release SLs, though they are inviting the roots parasites.

SLs, STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS

Enzymatic studies combined with mutant analysis has led to the biosynthetic scheme shown in Figure 17. The pathway starts with reversible isomerization of all-frans- into 9-c/s-p-carotene, which is catalyzed by the enzyme DWARF27 and followed by the stereospecific cleavage of 9-c/s-p-carotene into a 9-c/s-configured intermediate (Alder et al., 2012; Bruno et al., 2014). The latter undergoes repeated

oxidation/cleavage and intramolecular rearrangements that lead to carlactone (Alder et al., 2012). This combination of reactions is catalyzed by CCD8 (Alder et al., 2012). In rice, MAX1-homologs, CYP450 enzymes of the 711 clade, convert carlactone into 4-deoxy- orobanchol, the supposed parent molecule of the orobanchol-like subfamily of SLs. Orobanchol is formed by a further rice MAX1 homolog (Zhang et al 2014). The Arabidopsis MAX1 oxidizes carlactone into carlactonoate (Abe et al., 2014), which, after methylation, can bind to SLs receptor D14 (see below).

SLs, MODE OF ACTION

It is generally accepted that SLs bind to an α/β hydrolase (D14 in rice), enabling the interaction with a F-box protein (MAX2 in Arabidopsis) that conveys repressor proteins, such as the recently discovered rice D53, to proteasomal degradation. In addition to this transcriptional regulation, it is believed that that SLs inhibition of shoot branching is a result of alterations in polar auxin transport (Al-Babili et al., 2005;

Beveridge, 2014; Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Ruyter-Spira et al., 2013).

SL ANALOGUES AND THEIR USAGE

Natural SLs are produced at very low concentrations and are known to be unstable. In some cases, the organic synthesis of such compounds can be difficult. Hence, there is a demand for easy to synthesize and inexpensive SLs analogs. Such compounds can find application in combating roots parasitic weeds, following the so called "suicidal germination" strategy. Suicidal germination refers to the application of seed germination stimulant, such as SLs analogs, in the absence of a host, resulting in germination which is followed by

seedlings death and leading to elimination/reduction of seed bank in soil. SLs analogs may be also used to regulate tillering number, alter roots growth, increase wood production and, in composition, as fungicide. SLs analogs have been developed and tested for particular properties (examples are shown in Figure 18).

Additional introduction is provided. The plant hormones,

strigolactones (SLs), were originally isolated from plant root exudates, as stimulants of seed germination in root parasitic plants, such as Striga and Orobanche species. During the evolution of parasitism, root parasitic plants have either totally lost or significantly reduced their capability for photosynthesis and, hence, cannot survive without a host plant that provides them photosynthates, water and minerals. Root parasitic weeds are one of the most severe global threats for agriculture, causing enormous yield losses in Africa, the Mediterranean and large parts of Asia. The parasitic weeds Striga species S. asiatica and S.

hermonthica infect cereals, including maize, sorghum, pearl millet, and rice, while Orobanche species affect crops such as sunflower, tomato and legumes. In this parasite-host interplay, SLs act as chemical signals required for the germination of the parasite seeds, coordinating the emergence of the parasite seedlings with the availability of an

appropriate host (for life cycle of the parasites, see Figure 16). The reason why plants release SLs into soil where they invite parasitic infestation was unraveled by the discovery that these compounds induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which is required for building up the beneficial AM symbiosis. AM symbiosis is present in around 80% of land plants species that use a fungal partner to obtain minerals, such as phosphorus. In return, the fungus covers its needs on carbohydrates from the plant host. Studies on pea, Arabidopsis, rice and petunia mutants that show an increase in the number of shoot branches/tillers led to the discovery of the hormonal function of SLs. These mutants were affected either in the biosynthesis or the perception of a supposed signaling molecule that inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds. The lack of SLs in the biosynthesis mutants and the capability of the SL analog GR24 in rescuing the high-branching/-tillering phenotype suggested that SLs are the long-sought after hormone inhibiting shoot branching (Matusova, et al., 2005). In addition, SLs are known to be involved in many other processes, including secondary growth, leaf senescence, response to salt stress, and to determine shoot and root architecture according to nutritional conditions. For developmental functions of SLs, see Figure 14.

Canonical SLs have a typical structure consisting of a tricyclic (ABC-ring) and a monocyclic lactone (D-ring), which are connected by an enol ether bridge with C2' in R configuration (Figure 15). ABC-ring containing SLs are classified based on the stereochemistry of the B-C junction into the (-)-orobanchol-like SLs that have the C-ring in a orientation and the (+) strigol-like SLs with β orientation of the C-ring. Modifications of the ABC ring in both classes give rise to the diversity of natural SLs. According to a recent definition, SL-related compounds that lack the ABC ring, such as the SL biosynthesis intermediate carlactone and the recently identified carlactonoic acid, can be also considered as SLs. Structures of SLs are depicted in Figure 15.

The availability of mutants affected in SL biosynthesis paved the way for elucidating major steps in the biosynthesis of these compounds. The pathway starts with the reversible c/s/frans-isomerization of all- trans- into 9-c/s- -carotene (Alder et al., 2012), catalyzed by the iron- binding enzyme DWARF27. In the next step, the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7, a member of an ubiquitous family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids and which includes enzymes mediating retinal formation and abscisic acid biosynthesis, catalyzes the stereospecific cleavage of 9-c/s-p-carotene (C4o-backbone) into the volatile β-ionone (C13) and the C27-c/s-configured intermediate 9- c/s^-apo-IO'-carotenal. The latter is the substrate of CCD8, a further member of the carotenoid oxygenase enzyme family, which catalyzes a yet not understood combination of reactions leading to the intermediate carlactone (Figure 17). The rice carlactone oxidase, a CYP711 homolog of the Arabidopsis MAX1 , converts carlactone into 4-deoxyorobanchol (e/7i-2'-ep/-5-deoxystrigol) the supposed precursor of the orobanchol-like group of SLs. A further rice MAX1 homolog, the rice orobanchol synthase, mediates the hydroxylation of 4-deoxyorobanchol, yielding orobanchol. The Arabidopsis MAX1 converts carlactone into

carlactonoic acid which is methylated by a yet unknown enzyme into methyl-carlactonoic acid (Abe et al., 2014) (see also Figure 17).

SLs perception involves the α/β-fold hydrolase corresponding to D14 in rice and DAD2 in petunia, and the leucine-rich-repeat F-box protein corresponding to MAX2 in Arabidopsis. It was shown that the SL analog GR24 binds to DAD2 and that it is targeted by the hydrolytic activity of this receptor. Binding of GR24 enables the interaction of the receptor with the F-box protein and leads to proteasome-mediated degradation of target proteins, such as the recently identified rice D53 that acts as a repressor.

A major part of knowledge on the biological activities of SLs has been obtained by using analogs (examples are presented in Figure 18), particularly GR24 that shows high structural similarity to canonical SLs. Indeed, GR24 can rescue the phenotype of SL deficient mutants, induces hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and triggers seed germination in root parasitic weeds. Other compounds, such as AR36 (Boyer et al., 2014) and 4-Br debranone (4BD) (Fukui et al., 2013), which contain a D-ring connected by an enol ether bridge less complex second moieties, showed moderate activity in inducing seed

germination. Another analog, Nijmegen-1 , has been developed to induce suicidal germination in roots parasitic weeds, i.e. germination in the absence of a host, and showed very promising results in a trial performed in a tobacco field infested by Orobanche ramosa.

Carlactone was originally identified as an in vitro product formed by the sequential action of heterologously expressed D27, CCD7 and CCD8. Carlactone showed considerable activity in inducing seed germination in S. hermonthica, athough the compound lacks the enone moiety that is present in the C-ring of canonical SLs and which is supposed to be required for inducing the germination activity

(Zwanenburg et al., 2013).

COMPOSITIONS AND COMPOUNDS

A variety of compounds are now described which can be

formulated as needed with further ingredients and used in various methods and applications described herein. Methods for making these compounds are also described.

The stereochemistry of the compounds represented by the formula provided herein (e.g., Formulae II, III, IV, V, and VI) are not particularly limited. Unless otherwise specified, structures shown include all stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, isomers, and the like, as understood by one skilled in the art. The Formulae, compounds, and compositions also include, for example, salts, solvates, polymorphs, and the like.

As used herein, the phrase "optionally substituted" means that a hydrogen substituent can be replaced by (substituted with) another moiety as understood by one skilled in the art. For example, an optionally substituted C-H moiety can be replaced by C-CI, C-NO2, or C- OH. There is no particularly limit on what the new substituent such as - CI or -OH can be as long as it is chemically enabled. In many cases, the new substituent will have ten or fewer atoms. In many cases, the new substituent will have a heteratom such as O or N. The C of the C-H moiety can be part of an alky, aryl, or alkylaryl group. For an aryl group, the optional substitution can be ortho, meta, and/or para. Substituents can be electron donating or electron accepting. Preferred examples of the substituents in the optionally substituted embodiments include halogens, pseudohalogens, nitro, amino, nitrile, alkoxy, hydroxyl, and other functional groups known in the art. The halogens are F, CI, Br, and I.

Monovalent and bivalent groups are generally known in the art. Monovalent groups can be represented by -MVG where MVG is the monovalent group (e.g., -CH3) and bivalent groups can be represented by -BVG- where BVG is the bivalent group (e.g., -CH2-).

Compositions and compounds can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of elements and substituents as known in the art. The appended claims can be open-ended, partially closed, or closed as known in the art.

First, a composition is provided comprising at least one compound which is represented by formula II:

(II)

wherein R _e is an optionally substituted C6-C24 aryl group or an optionally substituted C6-C24 alkylaryl group, and

wherein R _z is hydrogen, a monovalent optionally substituted C1- C12 alkyl group, or a bivalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene group which bonds to the optionally substituted C1-C12 aryl group or optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylaryl group of the R _e moiety forming a ring, and

wherein R _a , Rb and R _c , independently from each other, represent:

(a) a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a formyloxy group, a formylamino group or a carbamate group,

(b) a substituent Ri, wherein Ri represents C1-C8-alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, C3-C8-cycloalkyl, or C1-C8-alkoxy, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(c) a substituent -OR2, wherein R2 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C8-alkyl, C2-C8-alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, C1 -C8-alkylcarbonyl, C1- C8-alkylaminocarbonyl or C1-C8-alkoxycarbonyl, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(d) a substituent -NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4, independently from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8- alkylcarbonyl, C1-C8-halogenoalkylcarbonyl, phenyl or benzyl, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms,

(e) a substituent -(O)-Rs, wherein R5 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C8-alkyl or C1-C8-alkyloxy, in each of which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, -Nhfe, NHR5 or NR5R5 (where the two substituents R5 may be the same or different), -NRs(OH),

(f) a substituent -S(0) _n -R6, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2 and Re represents C1-C8-alkyl in which the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, -H 2, -NHR6 or NR6R6 (where the two

substituents Re may be the same or different), or

(g) a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring comprising up to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, where in each of these rings the hydrogen atoms may be partly replaced by other groups or atoms, and

R _f represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group or C1-C8-alkyl-, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8-alkynyl, or C3-C8- cycloalkyl.

Aryl groups are generally known in the art and include, for example, phenyl (Ph) and naphthyl (Np). Fused aromatic rings can be present. The aryl group can comprise two or more fused phenyl rings. The phenyl rings of the aryl group can be linked by a bridge moiety such as an alkylene group.

Alkylaryl groups are generally known in the art. They are bonded to the Formula II alkene carbon via the alkyl portion of the alkylaryl group. Examples include -CH2-Ph and -ChfeCH^Ph. The aryl portion of the alkylaryl group can be as described herein for aryl groups.

In a preferred embodiment, R _a is hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment, R is hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment, Rf is

hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment, R _c is an alkyl group, preferably a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably methyl. In a preferred embodiment, R _a is hydrogen, Rb is hydrogen, Rf is hydrogen, and R _c is methyl.

In a preferred embodiment, Re is the optionally substituted C6-C24 aryl group. More preferably, Re is an optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl group. Preferably, the aryl group has one or two aromatic rings, and the two aromatic rings can be fused.

In particular, in a preferred embodiment, Re is an optionally substituted phenyl group or an optionally substituted naphthyl group.

A particularly preferred embodiment is that Re is an optionally substituted phenyl group.

In one embodiment, Re is represented by Formula III:

(III)

wherein X of Formula III is a monovalent group which is ortho, meta, or para-substituted, and n is 0, 1 , or 2.

Examples of the monovalent group X include nitro, alkyl (include a C1-C12 alkyl such as methyl or ethyl and the like), halogen (such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo), amino, nitrile, alkoxy (such as C1-C12 alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy), aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ester, or hydroxyl. Nitro is a particularly preferred embodiment for X. Para- substituted nitro-phenyl is a particular preferred embodiment for Re. In another preferred embodiment, Rz is the monovalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkyl group such as methyl or ethyl. In particular, methyl is a preferred embodiment.

In another embodiment, Rz is the bivalent optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene group which bonds to an aryl group of the Re moiety forming a ring. Compound 5, below, is an example of Rz forming a ring with the aryl group of Re. For example, in this embodiment, Rz can be a methylene group, -(CH2)-.

In more preferred embodiments, the compound is represented by Formula (IV):

(IV)

wherein Rz is as described as it was defined for Formula (II) and X for Formula IV is a monovalent group as described herein in the ortho, meta, or para position.

In more preferred embodiments, the compound is represented by Formula (V):

(V)

wherein X for Formula V is ortho, meta, or para-substituted on the phenyl ring and X is nitro, alkyl, halogeno, alkoxy, or hydroxyl.

Specific compounds within the scope of Formula II are shown below including compounds (Figure 1A, corresponding to compounds MP1 - MP11 and MP14 - MP15, but excluding MP12 of Figure 1 A which is comparative):

Compound 1 is a particularly preferred embodiment (see working examples below). For clarity, the compounds do not include the compounds claimed and/or described in US Patent No. 8,980,795.

COMPOUNDS A VERSUS COMPOUNDS B

In an important embodiment, the formulae provided above for Formula II (which can be called "Compounds A") are further described with the exclusionary proviso that the formulae do not include the five compounds shown in the Mangnus, et al., 1992 reference at Figure 2 (where R is methoxy; see Formula VI). This grouping of compounds based on Formula II but with this exclusionary proviso can be termed "Compounds B." The five excluded compounds in Compounds B are reproduced from Mangus and shown below:

(VI)

Mangnus 1992, Figure 2 reproduced as Table I:

10 0 H

11 0 CI

12 0 OCH ₃

In these embodiments, five Formula VI compounds are excluded wherein (i) R is methyl, X is H and n=0; (ii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=1 ; (iii) R is methyl, X is H, and n=2; (iv) R is methyl, X is CI, and n=0; and (v) R is methyl, X is -OCH3 and n=0.

To illustrate, three of these compounds (compounds 10-12 in Mangnus, where n is 0) are shown below, which correspond to compounds MP3, MP7, and MP14 shown in Figure 1A:

Compound 7

Compound 12.

Compounds MP3, MP7, and MP14 (Figure 1A) were reported to have weak Striga germination activity (20-30% germination at millimolar concentrations) (Hearne, 2009). However, for the presently claimed inventions, the germination tests of the working examples have very high activity in inducing seed germination of Striga seeds.

In some embodiments, for example, Compounds A (Figure 1A, minus MP12 ) can be used for certain compositions, methods, and applications, but in other embodiments, the smaller group of compounds B (which do not include the Mangnus 1992 compounds 8-12, Figure 19) can be used in other compositions, methods, and applications.

COMPOSITIONS

For purposes herein, the term "composition" includes both a compound (e.g, those of Formula II) and also a compound mixed with one or more other components. In particular, agriculturally acceptable or agrochemically acceptable ingredients can be used as known by those skilled in the art. The compound such as those of Formula II can be called an "active ingredient" or "active compound" as known in the art. Mixtures of active ingredients can be used. For the methods of use and applications described herein, one skilled in art is aware of other components which can be included. For example, US Patent No. 8,980,795 describes other components which can be included including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and additives.

In many cases, at least one active compound is in the composition, and a mixture of two or more active compounds can be used. Additional ingredients can include a carrier system including one or more carrier solvents including water. Examples of additional ingredients include supports, fillers, surfactants, protective colloids, adhesives, thickeners, stabilizers, thixotropic agents, penetration agents, and sequestering agents. Examples of additives are given in WO 2008/152091 and WO 2008/152092. Other ingredients which can be included in the

composition include those known in the art.

In one preferred embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one second active ingredient. For example, in some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one insecticide compound or fungicide compound.

The molar and weight ratios of the different components can be adjusted for the particular need as known in the art. For example, the amount of active ingredient can be 0.5 wt.% to 99 wt.%, or 10 wt.% to 90 wt.%.

The particular form of the composition is not particularly limited and can be adapted as known in the art.

METHODS OF MAKING

The compounds can be made by methods known in the art.

Chemical methods can be used, and Figure 2 illustrates methods for making the compounds. See also working examples herein.

METHODS OF USING / APPLICATIONS Many methods of uses of the compositions and compounds can be carried out, both for compounds A and compounds B. Methods are generally known such as found in the technical literature, e.g., see US Patent No. 8,980,795 and US Patent Publications 2015/0274690;

2015/0141255.

Target plants are known in the art. Examples of useful plants include rice, wheat, barley, rye, triticale, sugarcane, soybean, peanut, pulse crops, cotton, rape, sunflower, linseed, sugarbeet, fodder beet, potato, and/or dicotyledonous vegetables. Seeds can also be targeted.

Target plants also can be weeds or generally unwanted plants.

A variety of methods are provided comprising applying a

composition as described herein for the control of a target plant growth.

A lead embodiment , for example, is a method comprising applying a composition as described herein for the control of a target parasitic plant growth. Compounds B in particular, can be used in this method.

Another embodiment is a method, wherein the control of target plant growth is to encourage the target plant growth.

Another embodiment is a method, wherein the control of target plant growth is to discourage the target plant growth. Compounds B in particular, can be used in this method.

Another embodiment is a method, wherein the control of target plant growth is for controlling the germination of parasitic root plants. Compounds B in particular, can be used in this method.

Another embodiment is a method, wherein the control of target plant growth is for regulating branching, tillering, and root development of plants.

Another embodiment is a method, wherein the control of target plant growth is for controlling hyphal growth of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. WORKING EXAMPLES

Additional embodiments are provided in the following non-limiting working examples.

Chemical synthesis of Methyl Phenlactonoates

All compounds (Figure 1 A) synthesized here were produced and applied as a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers that differ in the configuration of C2' atom (2'R and 2'S configuration). For the synthesis of MP3 ((/≡)-methyl 3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)- 2- phenylacrylate), we used a previously described protocol (Mangnus et a/., 1992). Sodium hydride (372 mg, 3.32 mM) was added to a cooled (0°C) and stirred solution of methyl phenylacetate (2.0 g, 13.3 mM) and methyl formate (1.1 ml, 18.0 mM) in dry THF (27 ml) in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask. After 10 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight under elevated ambient nitrogen. Then reaction mixture was cooled again with an ice bath, and 5- bromo-3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (2.4 g, 13.3 mM) in THF (5 ml) was gradually added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (70 ml), and organic layer was washed successively with water (80 ml) and saturated sodium chloride solution (80 ml), dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. Oily residue was purified with silica gel Wakosil®C-300HG) column with hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give title compound MP3 (Fig. 2A). Physico-chemical properties of MP3 are shown in Table 1. The compounds MP2, MP4-11 , MP13 and MP14 were synthesized following same procedure by using accordingly substituted methyl phenylacetates as starting materials. MP 1 ((/r)-methyl 3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)-2-(4- nitrophenyl) acrylate) was prepared by nitration of MP3 (Fig. 2B). In a 10 ml round-bottom flask, 0.4 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added drop-wise to 1 mM of MP3, and cooled with an ice bath. After complete addition of sulfuric acid, approximately 0.2 ml of concentrated nitric acid was added drop-wise with cooling by a small graduated plastic pipette and mixed by gentle swirling. The reaction mixture was then allowed to stand at room temperature for about 15 min and poured into 10 ml of ice water with stirring. Organic chemicals were then extracted three times with ethyl acetate. After evaporation in vacuo, the residue was purified using a silica gel column with ethyl acetate-hexane as eluents to give nitrated compounds (65% yield). This nitrated compounds, 2-nitro (MP2) and 4-nitro (MP1 ), were separated by reverse-phase column (ODS) with MeOH: water = 1 :1. Final yield of MP1 is 23%. Physico-chemical properties of MP1 are shown in Table 1.

MP12 was a comparative compound. MP12 ((E)-3-(4-methyl-5- oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) acrylaldehyde) was synthesized as follows. To a stirred solution of 4-nitrophenyl acetic acid (1.8 g) in DMF (5 ml), POC (2.9 ml, 30 mM) was added slowly (over 15 min) so that the reaction temperature was kept below 70°C. Then reaction mixture was stirred at 70°C for another 12 h. The mixture was poured into 10 g of ice and neutralized by K2CO3 solution (200 ml).

Resultant solid was isolated by filtration, dried to give (Z)-3- (dimethylamino)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylaldehyde, which was used in the next reaction without further purification. (Z)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-(4- nitrophenyl)acrylaldehyde (150 mg, 0.68 mM) and 7.7 N NaOH aq 97 μΙ (1.1 eq, 0.75 mM) was heated at 70°C until reaction mixture became homogeneous. Then reaction mixture was dried by evaporation under reduced pressure. To the solution of resultant residue in DMSO (1.5 ml), 5-bromo-3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (120 mg, 0.68 mM) was added slowly and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with diethylether and organic layer was washed successively with water and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried (Na2S04) and evaporated (Figure 2C). The residue was column chromatographed on silica gel using a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give (E)-3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5- 247 dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylaldehyde (MP12). Final yield is 51 %. Physico-chemical properties of MP12 are shown in Table 1.

Chemical stability

Aqueous solutions of MPs (50 g ml-1 ; pH 6.8) were incubated at 21 °C in amber HPLC vials. For sample preparation, 50 μΙ of an acetone solution (1 mg ml-1 ) was diluted to the final concentration with methanol (425 μΙ), water (500 μΙ) and 25 μΙ of 1-lndanol (1.0 mg ml-1 solution in acetone) as internal standard. The time course of degradation

was monitored by HPLC analysis on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (3.5 pm, 2.1 x150 mm), eluted by a gradient from 5% to 95% acetonitrile in water within 15 min, and then kept final mobile phase for 4 min. The column was operated at 35°C with a flow rate of 0.25 ml per min. Compounds eluted from the column were detected with a Diode array detector. Relative quantity of remaining (non-degraded) product was determined by comparison to the internal standard. Stability was monitored at 24 h intervals up to 3 weeks.

Parasitic weed seeds germination bioassays

Parasitic weed seeds (S. hermonthica and P. ramosa) germination activity was recorded as described previously (Jamil et ai, 2012). Six pre-conditioned seed discs were placed in a 90 mm petri-dish containing a filter paper ring wetted with 0.9 ml sterile MilliQ water. Then 50 μΙ of SL analog solution (10-5 M to 10-12 M) was applied on each six disc, for each concentration. GR24 solutions with equal concentrations and sterile MilliQ water were included as a positive and negative control, respectively. After application, seeds were incubated at 30°C/25°C in the dark for two days. Germination (seeds with radicle emerging through seed coat) was scored under a binocular microscope, and germination rate (%) was calculated.

Rice micro tillering bioassays

Rice seeds (WT, 43, d10) were surface-sterilized by washing with 70% ethanol for 1 min and then with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min. Seeds were then rinsed thoroughly with sterile MilliQ water and incubated in water for 2 days at 30°C in the dark. Pre-germinated seeds were transferred to filter papers containing ½ strength MS medium in 90 mm petri dishes and incubated at 30°C under fluorescent white light (130-180 μΜ rrr ² s ^_1 ) for one week. Seven day-old seedlings were transferred to 50 ml falcon tubes (one seedling per tube) containing modified half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution and grown in

greenhouse. Plants were treated with MPs at 2.5 μΜ - 2.5x10-7 μΜ, using GR24 as positive control. The compounds were applied six times, twice a week. Number of tillers per plant, plant height and fresh biomass were measured at final harvest.

Protein expression and purification

Striga hermonthica ShHTL7 cDNA, GenBank accession

KR013127 was kindly provided by Prof. Tadao Asami (The University of Tokyo, Japan). Arabidopsis thaliana D14 (AtD14) cDNA, GenBank accession AY097402 was synthesized and cloned into pUC57

(GenScript). ShHTL7 and OsD14 cDNAs were amplified by RT-PCR using the primers shown in Table 2, digested with BamHI and Xhol, and ligated into BamHI/Xhol digested pGEX-6P-1 expression vector (GE Healthcare). Integrity of plasmids was confirmed by sequencing

(KAUST Bioscience Core Lab). The plasmids were then transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The cells were grown in LB broth containing ampicillin (100 mg ml ¹ ), incubated at 37°C until OD600 of 0.6 and induced with 0.1 mM isopropyl- -D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 16 °C for 16 h. Harvested cells were re-suspended in lysis buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCI (pH 8.0), 200 mM NaCI, 0.5% Tween-20 and 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). After sonication on ice for 10 mins, the lysate was centrifuged at 25,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. Supernatant was allowed to bind to glutathione-sepharose beads (GE Healthcare) for 2 h at 4°C, washed 3 times with buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI (pH 8.0), 200 mM NaCI, 2 mM DTT), and eluted by cleaving GST moiety with PreScission™

Protease (GE Healthcare) at 4 °C overnight. Eluted protein was further purified by gel filtration using HiLoad 16/60 Superdex200 prep grade column (GE Healthcare) on an AKTA prime system (GE Healthcare) in gel filtration buffer (10 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 50 mM KCI and 2 mM DTT). Protein eluted as a sharp single peak and purity was judged by 4-15% SDS-PAGE (Bio-Rad). Purified protein was concentrated using an Amicon 10K filter unit (Merck Millipore) and stored at -80 °C until use. Similar expression and purification protocol was followed for OsD14 protein, except that OsD14 was eluted from Glutathione resins using 0.2 mM reduced Glutathione (Sigma) without cutting GST tag.

Measurement of dark-induced leaf senescence One week old rice (O. sativa, var. Shiokari) seedlings were established as mentioned above. Uniform seedlings were transferred to 50 ml tubes containing half strength Hoaglands nutrient solution for 7 days and grown in an incubator under white fluorescent light (130-180 μΜ nr ² s ^'1 ) with 16h:8h (L/D) at 28 °C for one week. Leaf segments of 2 cm were cut from middle part of third leaves of rice plants. Each segment was put in a well (in 24-well plates) containing 2 ml of 2.5 mM MES buffer with 0.05% Tween-20, and incubated at 30 °C in the dark for 7 days. After application of MPs, color change, chlorophyll content, ion leakage and gene expression were monitored daily for 7 days.

Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation assays

Sterilized Arabidopsis seeds were sown on half strength MS (with 0.5% sucrose +1% agar, 0.5 g L-1 MES, pH 5.7) plates supplemented with MPs or GR24 (at 1.0 μΜ). Plates were stored at 4°C in darkness for 3 days. To initiate germination, plates were exposed to continuous white light for 24 h then transferred to continuous monochromatic red light (160 Lux, 22 °C) conditions for another 4 days. For hypocotyl length measurement, at least 30 seedlings were measured using the publically available ImageJ software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/) after taking digital photographs. Monochromatic red light source was applied as described previously (Wu and Yang, 2010). Light flow rates were measured using a Li250 quantum photometer (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA).

Measurement of Arabidopsis lateral root density and primary root length Sterilized Arabidopsis seeds were sown on half strength MS (with 0.5% sucrose +1% agar, 0.5 g L ^"1 MES, pH 5.7) plates supplemented with GR24 or MPs (at 1.0 μΜ). Plates were stored at 4°C in darkness for 3 days and then vertically grown at 22 °C in Percival incubator under long day condition (16 h at 22°C/ 8 h at 16°C day/night, 60% relative humidity, 4000-5000 LUX white light) for 8 days. For determining the effect on lateral root density and primary root length, at least 30 seedlings were measured using publically available ImageJ software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/) after scanning roots.

Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence assays

ShHTL7 tryptophans were excited at 280 nm and 347 emission intensity was measured at 333 nm. ShHTL7 (10 μΜ) was incubated at various dilutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μΜ) of GR24 and MPs for 30 minutes at room temperature before

measurement. Each concentration point was measured in triplicates. Emitted fluorescence was monitored using spectraMaxi3 (Molecular Devices) plate reader in 96-wells black plates. Changes in tryptophan fluorescence intensity occur due to conformational changes in protein when it is bound to ligand; differences in fluorescence intensity were recorded and analyzed. Data were normalized and dissociation coefficient ( d) values were calculated by fitting to a binding saturation single-site model with GraphPad (PRISM 6).

In vitro hydrolysis assays

The hydrolysis of GR24 and MPs by ShHTL7/OsD14 was performed in a total volume of 0.5 ml of PBS buffer containing 10 μΜ of substrate. Purified ShHTL7/OsD14 was added at a concentration of 50 μg ml ¹ and incubated for indicated time at 37°C. After adding 1-lndanol (10 μΙ of a 2.5 mg ml" ¹ solution in methanol), as internal standard, solutions were filtered and transferred to HPLC vials. Hydrolysis of substrates was monitored by HPLC analysis using an Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (3.5 μηι, 2.1 x150 mm), eluted by a gradient from 10% to 90% acetonitrile in water within 15 min and keeping final condition for 4 min. The column was operated at 30 °C with a flow rate of 0.2 ml min ^{" 1} . Eluted compounds were detected using a Diode Array Detector.

Amounts of remaining substrates were determined by calculating corresponding peaks, in comparison to that of internal standard.

YLG (Yoshimulactone Green) in vitro assays

In vitro YLG hydrolysis assays were performed as described by Tsuchiya et a/., 2015. Hydrolysis assays were carried out using 0.15 μΜ of recombinant protein OsD14 in a reaction buffer (100 mM PBS buffer, pH 7.3) with 0.1 % dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a 300 μΙ volume on a 96- well black plate (Thermo). For competitive assays, (±) GR24 and (±) MPs at range between 0.03 to 10 μΜ (or 100 μΜ) were co-incubated with 0.3 μΜ of YLG and reacted at 30° C incubator for 15 min.

Fluorescent intensity was measured with excitation at 485 nm and detected at 535 nm. IC50 values were calculated online

(http://www.ic50.tk/index.html). Later, values were converted to the existing conditions when treated by 1.0 μΜ of recombinant proteins.

Statisticai analyses

Statistical analyses were carried out using statistical software package R (version 3.2.2). Dose-response curves and Half Maximum Effective Concentrations (EC50) were calculated to determine optimum amount of MPs. Synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 was used as reference to estimate efficacy of selected compounds. EC50 and estimated response were calculated using drc package

(https://cran.r390 project.org/web/packages/drc/) with a Four Parameter Logistic Curve (Dose Response Curve) (Ritz and Streibig, 2005). The results of the working examples are further described and discussed.

Synthesis and chemical stability of MPs

The 14 methyl-phenlactonoates (MPs) were synthesized as described above in material and methods section (structures are shown in Figure 1 and synthesis steps in Figure 2) and determined their stability, which is a decisive factor for their activity and application.

Stability measurements were performed in comparison to GR24, using aqueous solution (pH 6.8) of the different compounds. MP2, MP3, MP4, MPS, MP7, and MP10 were more stable than GR24, with MP5 being the most stable compound (Figure 9). MP12 that carries an aldehyde function instead of carboxy methyl group was quite unstable and not detectable even after only 24 h. Hence, MP12 was considered

comparative. MP1 and MP15 were slightly less stable than GR24, while the stability of MP6, MP8, MP9, MP11 , and MP14 was very similar to that of GR24.

MPs are potent inducer of seed germination in root parasitic weeds

The activity of MPs in inducing seed germination of the root parasitic weeds S. hermonthica and P. ramose was determined. In the first assay, MPs at a 1.0 μΜ concentration were applied. All compounds showed considerable activity in S. hermonthica germination assay (Figure 10) with rates ranging from 32% (MP11) to 75% (MP1).

Differences between MPs were more pronounced in P. ramose

germination assay where we observed much higher activity with MP1 , MP2, and MP8, compared to other MPs (Figure 10). Next, half maximal effective concentration (EC50) for S. hermonthica seed germination was established, using concentrations ranging from 10 ^"5 to 10 ^*12 M. Among MPs, the highest activity with MP1 that exhibited an EC50 value of 1.5x10 ^"9 M was observed. Other MPs were at least about five-fold weaker, showing EC50 values ranging from 3.2*10 ^"8 (MP2) to 1.7*10 ^"6 M (MP11). The EC50 of the lead compound MP3 was 8.7*10- ⁸ M. GR24 was the most active analog exhibiting an EC50 value of 9.1 x10 ¹¹ M (Figure 3).

MPs rescue the tillering phenotype in rice d10 mutant

Next, it was tested whether MPs restore wild type tillering in the rice d10 mutant. For this purpose, the plants were grown in hydroponic culture, and the compounds were applied at a 2.5 μΜ concentration. As shown in Figure 4, all MPs rescued the high tillering phenotype of the d10 mutant, similar to GR24. The recorded number of tillers of d10 was 4 tillers per plant on average in untreated (Mock) plants; this was reduced to 1 tiller per plant in all MPs and GR24 treated samples (Figure 4A). In contrast, neither MPs nor GR24 could restore the high-tillering phenotype of the SL insensitive d3 mutant that maintained an average of 4 tillers per plant (overall average of all tested compounds) in treated and untreated samples (Figure 4A and 4B). This result suggested that MPs act through the SL signaling pathway that requires the D3 protein. The EC50 values of MP1 , MP3, and MP7 for reducing the high-tillering phenotype of the d10 mutant were determined, using concentrations ranging from 2.5x10 ^-6 to 2.5x10 ¹² M and in comparison to GR24. MP3 showed the lowest EC50 value (2.98x10 ^"9 M), followed by MP7

(2.54X10- ⁸ M), GR24 (1.24x10 ^"1 M) and MP1 (2.38 M) (Figure 4C). This result suggests that MP3 and MP7 are more active than GR24 in inhibiting rice tillering, with MP3 being the most active compound (Figure 4C; Figure 12). Besides reducing the number of tillers, it was observed that treatment with MP2, MP3, MP6, MP9, and MP10 at 2.5 μΜ, concentration stunted the growth and caused senescence symptoms of rice seedlings, leading to an obvious decrease in biomass (Figure 11). It was assumed that this effect is caused by the high activity of these compounds in inducing senescence.

MP3 accelerates dark-induced leaf senescence

Also investigated was the effect of MP3 on dark-induced leaf senescence, in comparison with GR24. A change in color was observed in GR24 and MP3 treated leaf segments already on the third day after treatment and about two days earlier than the control (Figure 5A).

Consistently, measurement of the chlorophyll content showed a clear reduction in GR24 and MP3 treated segments on the third day, which further increased in the following days (Figure 5B). Also measured was the ion leakage that is usually caused by senescence. As shown in Figure 5C, one did not detect a difference between GR24 or MP3 treated segments and the control in the first five days. However, on the sixth and seventh day, both GR24 and MP3 treated leaf segments showed a striking increase, compared to the control. Finally, the transcript levels of the Senescence Associated Genes (SAG) Os/20 (coding for branched chain a-keto dehydrogenase) and Osl295 (coding for aspartic protease) (Lee ei a/. 2001 ) were determined. After 5 days of treatment, both genes showed a striking increase in their transcripts, which was more pronounced in MP3 treated samples (Figure 5D, E).

Effect of MPs on seedlings development in Arabidopsis Also, the effect of MPs on hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings was tested. Apart from MP12 and MP15, all MPs showed significant inhibition of hypocotyl growth, particularly MP7 that displayed a stronger inhibitory effect than GR24 that was applied at the same concentration (1.0 μΜ; Figure 13). The effect on lateral roots density was also investigated. Here again, all compounds reduced the number of lateral roots with different efficiencies. MP1 was the most efficient compound and showed an activity higher than that of GR24, followed by MP7 and MP8 that were slightly more active than GR24 (Figure 6A). Also tested was the activity of MPs in increasing primary root length (Figure 6B). In this experiment, one evaluated the lead molecule MP3 and three compounds MP1 , MP7 and MP8 that showed the highest activity in decreasing lateral root densities. MP1 was the most active compound, followed by MP7 and the positive control GR24. MP3 showed a weaker activity than GR24 and MP8. The latter two caused a similar increase in primary root length (Figure 6C).

MP1 is the preferred substrate for ShHTL7 and OsD14

To better understand the differences 483 in inducing germination of S. hermonthica seeds, the affinity of ShHTL7 for MP1 , MP3, and MP7 was determined by measuring its intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence upon binding to different concentrations of these compounds and in

comparison to GR24. ShHTL7 exhibited the highest affinity towards GR24 with a Kd value of 0.44±0.21 μΜ (Figure 7A). One observed a slightly weaker affinity to MP1 (Kd : 0.72 ± 0.55 μΜ), followed by MP7 (Kd: 1.15±0.31 μΜ), and the lowest affinity to MP3 (Kd : 10.1 ±5.1 μΜ) (Figure 7A). To test affinity of MPs towards OsD14, a competition hydrolysis assay was performed using the fluorescent analog YLG and IC50 values were determined. As depicted in Figure 7B, OsD14 showed the highest affinity towards MP1 (2.41 ±0.175 μΜ), followed by MP7 (4.46±0.80 μΜ), GR24 (5.68±0.183 μΜ) and finally MP3 (10.14±2.94 μΜ). The hydrolysis rates of three MPs by SHTL7, in comparison to GR24, were investigated. For this purpose, one incubated purified SHTL7 with the compounds and monitored hydrolysis by HPLC after defined time intervals. As shown in Figure 8A, one observed the highest hydrolysis rates with MP1 , followed by MP7, GR24 and finally MP3. Also tested was hydrolysis of three MPs by purified OsD 14. Here again, one observed the same tendency, by detecting the highest hydrolysis rate with MP , followed by MP7, GR24 and finally MP3 (Figure 8b).

Further discussion of the working examples is provided. SLs regulate different aspects of plant development and responses to environmental changes. Moreover, they play a key role in the life cycle of root parasitic weeds and in establishing the plant beneficial

mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, SLs can be used for application in agriculture, horticulture and forestry (Screpanti et al., 2016). Sources of natural SLs are quite limited, since plants usually produce these compounds at very low concentrations (exudates of 300,000 sorghum plants were required to isolate only 5 μg sorgolactone (Humphrey ef a/., 2006)). Moreover, organic synthesis of natural SLs is challenging, due to their complex structures that also contains several chiral centers (Zwanenburg ei a/., 2013). Therefore, there is a need for low-cost and efficient SL analogs/mimics. Developing SL analogs with specificity for particular function(s) would also imply an important step in translating SL research into applications.

Particular interest is in developing SLs analogs that can be applied as a suicidal seed germination agent to combat the root parasites S. hermonthica and P. ramosa. The suicidal germination approach would address a major constraint in the control of root parasitic weeds, which is the generally observed large size of seed bank of parasite-infested soil. Seasonal applications of germination stimulants in the absence of a host would gradually deplete this seed bank. This strategy has been recently tested in P. ramosa and S. hermonthica infested tobacco and sorghum fields, respectively (Samejima et al., 2016; Zwanenburg et al., 2016). Results obtained from these field trials are both uncertain and promising and demonstrate the feasibility of suicidal germination approach and consequently the importance of developing optimized SLs analogs.

Most knowledge about SLs functions was deducted from

experiments performed with the widely used SL analog GR24. However, the synthesis of this compound is laborious and requires 6-8 steps (Malik et al., 2011 ). Similarly, the synthesis of potent fluorescent analog CISA- 1 requires 8 steps (Rasmussen et al., 2012). Other compounds, such as AR36 (Boyer et al., 2014) and 4-Br debranone (4BD) (Fukui et al., 2013), which contain a D-ring connected by an enol ether bridge to less complex second moieties, showed moderate activity in inducing parasite seed germination. Nijmegen-1 is a potent inducer of seed germination in P. ramosa, but with an EC50 that is 3 orders of magnitude higher than GR24, it causes a weak germination response of S. hermonthica

(Wigchert et al., 1999). In this working example study, a new series of SL analogs, MPs, which resemble non-canonical SL methyl

carlactonoate, were developed. MPs are easy to prepare and very potent in inducing seed germination of S. hermonthica seeds and in exerting several SL developmental functions, such as inhibition of tillering, triggering senescence and regulation of root architecture in Arabidopsis. Previously, a carlactone-based analog, nitro-phenlactone, was designed that showed very weak activity in stimulating S. hermonthica germination (Jia et al., 2016). In the above working examples, the structure of nitro-phenlactone was modified by replacing the methyl group by a methyl carboxyl group, which led to MP1 , the most efficient Striga germination stimulant (EC50 = 1.5x10 ^" ° M) among the MPs tested herein. This activity was just around 17 times weaker than that of GR24, pointing to MP1 as a suitable candidate for the suicidal germination approach.

Very recently, the activity of MP1 was also evaluated in a trial conducted in Burkina Faso, in which 1 1 m ² wooden boxes were used which were filled with artificially infested soil and pearl millet as a host. In this experiment, MP1 showed even significantly higher germination activity than GR24. The activity of MP1 in inducing seed 549

germination in P. ramosa was quite similar to that of GR24 and only slightly weaker than that of MP2 that carries the nitro group at the ortho position and of the chlorophenyl compound MP8. Apart from these three compounds, one observed lower germination activity with P. ramosa seeds than with those of S. hermonthica.

To test whether MPs can recover the high-tillering phenotype of SL deficient d10/CCD8 mutant, a hydroponic culture system was used (Figure 4). The tillering inhibition observed with ail MPs in 610 mutant and insensitivity of high-tillering perception mutant d3 prove that these compounds act as SL analogs via the F-box protein D3/MAX2- dependent signaling pathway. The high activity of MP3 and MP7 prompted a quantification of the effect on tillering in more detail and to determine the corresponding EC50 value. The results obtained

demonstrate that both MP3 (EC50=2.98x10 ⁹ M) and MP7

(EC50=2.54x10- ⁸ M) are more efficient than GR24 (EC50=1.24x10 ^"1 M) in restoring wild type tillering to d10 mutant. MP1, that showed the highest activity in S. hermonthica seed germination test, was weaker than GR24. One also observed that the treatment with several MPs (at 2.5 μΜ), particularly MP3, leads to growth retardation and senescence. Therefore, the activity of MP3 was tested in accelerating dark-induced leaf senescence, as reported for SLs before (Yamada et al., 2014). In this experiment, treatment with MP3 accelerated the change in leaf color and led to a decrease in chlorophyll content and an increase in

electrolytes leakage, similar to GR24. Supporting data were also obtained by investigating the changes in transcript levels of senescence- associated genes Osl295 and Osl20. These results suggest the possibility of developing MP-based post emergence herbicides.

The growth promoting effect of widely used GR24 on primary roots is subtle and depends on the plant species and growth conditions

(Ruyter-Spira et a/., 2013). Moreover, it is less pronounced than the inhibitory effect of this compound on lateral root densities (Matthys et al., 2016). This study on the activity of MPs on root architecture in

Arabidopsis demonstrates that MP7 and particularly MP1 are more efficient than GR24 in inducing the growth of primary roots and reducing the lateral root density. These results suggest that MP1 and, to a lesser extent, MP7 are better analogs for investigating the role of SLs in regulating root architecture in Arabidopsis and, likely, in other species. Interestingly, nitro-phenlactone that lacks the enone moiety did not affect lateral roots density as reported by Jia ef a/., 2016. To the best of our knowledge, MP1 is the first reported analog 582 that outperforms GR24 in impacting root development.

Comparison of the activities of different MPs unraveled the impact of substitutions in phenyl ring on the efficiency of these compounds in exerting specific SL functions. The lead compound MP3 was less active than MP1 in inducing S. hermonthica seed germination but showed the most pronounced inhibitory effect on tillering. Substitutions increased the efficiency of the compounds in inducing seed germination and in regulating root architecture. Besides being the most potent compound in the S. hermonthica seed germination assay, MP1 also showed the highest activities in repressing the number of lateral roots and enhancing the length of primary roots, followed by the chlorophenyl-containing P7 and MP8. The position of the modification can be decisive. Among the chlorophenyl compounds MP7, MP8 and MP9, one observed highest germination activity with MP7 (CI in para position) followed by MP9 (ortho position) and MP8 (meta position).

To shed light on molecular events underlying the differences in activity between MP1 , MP3 and MP7, the affinity of S. hermonthica SL receptor ShHTL7 for these compounds was determined. The results obtained were consistent with the S. hermonthica germination assay, with GR24 being the most active ligand followed by slightly weaker MP1 , MP7 and finally MP3. However, one observed higher hydrolysis activities with MP3 and MP7 than with GR24. These compounds were also compared regarding their hydrolysis by rice SL receptor D14, and a competition assay with fluorescent analog YLG was performed. MP1 exhibited the highest hydrolysis rate and the lowest IC50, followed by MP7, GR24 and finally MP3. It may be that the high conversion of MP1 and MP7 is due to the presence of electron withdrawing groups NO2 (MP1 ) and CI (MP7), which alleviate the hydrolysis by the two receptors. In the case of ShHTL7 assays, hydrolysis and affinity results are consistent with the determined biological activity. In contrast, MP3 was the less preferred substrate in the incubations with OsD14, although it showed the highest activity in the tillering assay. This difference indicates that other factors, such as uptake and transport, are also decisive for the tillering inhibitory and growth retarding activity.

However, it is also possible that hydrolysis rates determined here do not accurately reflect the situation in planta where D14 is part of a protein complex that may impact/modulate hydrolysis activity of this receptor.

In conclusion, the working example findings showed that MPs are highly efficient SL analogs which can be used to investigate the biological functions of SLs and employed to combat root parasitic weeds or to modulate plant architecture. Moreover, the working example study demonstrated that type and position of substitutions in the phenol-ring, which corresponds to A-ring in SLs, determine and modulate the efficiency of MPs in exerting specific SLs functions.

Table 1. Physico-Chemical Properties of Methyl Phenlactonoates

1.97 (3H,s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for

C16H16Na1O5:311.0895, found: 311.08907.

MP5 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.90 (1 H, s), 7.81 (1 H, d,

J = 7.5 Hz), 7.34 (1H, t, J = 8 Hz), 7.27 (1 H, t, J = 8 Hz), 7.17

(1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.03 (1 H, s), 6.29 ( H, s), 5.29 (2H, dd, J = 18.5, 8.5 Hz), 2.05 (3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M- Na]-

Calcd for C15H12Na1O5:295.05824, found: 295.05756.

MP6 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.75 (1 H, s), 7.30 (1 H, q,

J = 7 Hz), 7.08 (1 H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 7.01 (2H, m), 6.87 (1 H, s),

6.14 (1 H, s) 3.77 (3H, s), 1.99 (3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C15H 3F1 Na105:315.06447, found: 315.06407.

MP7 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.74 (1 H, s), 7.31 (2H, d,

J = 8.5 Hz), 7.24 (2H, d, = 8.5 Hz), 6.86 (1 H, s), 6.13 (1 H, s),

3.77 (3H, s), 1.99 (3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C15H13CI1 Na105:33103492, found:

331.03461.

MP8 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.77 ( H, s), 7.30 (3H, m), 7.20 (1 H, m), 6.89 (1 H, s), 6.16 (1 H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 2.01

(3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C15H13CI1 Na1 O5:33103492, found: 331.03503.

MP9 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.75 (1 H, s), 7.41 (1 H, m), 7.26 (2H, m), 7.21 (1 H, m), 6.84 (1 H, s), 6.13 (1 H, s), 3.74

(3H, s), 1.96 (3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C15H13CI1 Na105:33103492, found: 331.03401.

MP10 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.39 (1 H, d, J= 7 Hz),

7.28 (3H, m), 7.06 (1 H, s), 6.82 (1 H, s), 6.16 (1 H, s), 3.71 (3H, s),2.01 (3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C15H 13CI1 Na105:33103492, found: 331.03452.

MP11 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): (E- and Z- stereoisomers are the major and minor products, respectively) d 7.96 (1 H major isomer , s), 7.79 - 7.88(2H major isomer and 3H minor isomer of aromatic rings, m), 7.69(1 H major isomer, m), 7.43 - 7.51 (3H major isomer and 3H minor isomer of aromatic rings, m), 7.37(1 H minor isomer, d, J = 7 Hz), 7.32(1 H major isomer, d, J = 7 Hz), 7.17(1 H minor isomer, s), 6.89(1 H minor isomer, s), 6.70(1 H major isomer, s), 6.16(1 H minor isomer, s), 6.11(1 H major isomer, s), 3.70(3H major isomer, s), 3.64(3H minor isomer, s), 2.01 (3H minor isomer, s) 1.89(3H major isomer, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C19H16Na1O5:347.08954, found: 347.08909.

MP12 Final yield is 51%. 1 H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 9.15

(1 H, s), 8.23 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.44

(1 H, s), 6.97 (1 H, s), 6.29 (1 H, s), 2.04 (3H, s).

MP14 ¹ H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): (E- and Z- stereoisomers are the major and minor products, respectively) d 7.70 (1 H major isomer , s), 7.24 (2H d, J = 8.5 Hz major isomer) 7.21 (2H d, J = 8.5Hz minor isomer), 7.03(1 H minor isomer, s), 6.90 - 6.86(3H major isomer and 2H minor isomer, m), 6.82(1 H minor isomer, s), 6.13(1H major isomer, s), 6.12(1 H minor isomer, s), 3.81 (3H minor isomer, s), 3.80(3H major isomer, s), 3.77(3H minor isomer, s), 3.76(3H major isomer, s), 2.00(3H minor isomer, s), 1.98(3H major isomer, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C16H16Na1O6:327.08446, found:

327.08362.

MP15 H NMR (500MHz, CDCI3): d 7.71 (1 H, s), 7.19 (2H, d,

J = 8.5 Hz), 6.87 (1 H, s), 6.81 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 6.14 (1H, s),

5.04 (1 H, bs), 3.77 (3H, s), 1.99 (3H, s). HRMS-Esi: m/z [M-Na]- Calcd for C15H14Na1 O6:313.06881 , found: 313.06760.

Table 2. List primers sequences used in this study

Osl20-R CGCGGTTTCGGCATTCTTTCTG qRTPCR

Osl295-F TGATGGGAAGCATGGTGTTAGTG qRTPCR

Osl295-R CACTTTGGAGACCATTCGATTCC qRTPCR

Ubi-F GCCCAAGAAGAAGATCAAGAAC qRTPCR

Ubi-R AGATAACAACGGAAGCATAAAAGTC qRTPCR

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