NON-GAUSSIAN BEAMFORMING FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

OPTIMIZATION

[0001] All subject matter of the Priority Application(s) is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to wireless power transfer. Specifically, this disclosure relates to wireless power transfer using non-Gaussian beamforming.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of multi-element electromagnetic radiation (EMR) receiver on the underside of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

[0004] FIG. 1 B illustrates an additional example of a target device that may be fitted or retrofitted with an EMR receiver to facilitate wireless power transfer.

[0005] FIG. 1 C illustrates an example of a mobile phone target device with an EMR receiver to facilitate wireless power transfer.

[0006] FIG. 2A illustrates an example of a Gaussian beam with a minimum waist that is larger than an EMR receiver on a UAV.

[0007] FIG. 2B illustrates a close-up of the Gaussian beam with the minimum waist larger than the EMR receiver on the UAV.

[0008] FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a Gaussian beam with a minimum waist that is smaller than an EMR receiver on a UAV.

[0009] FIG. 3B illustrates a close-up of the Gaussian beam with the minimum waist smaller than the EMR receiver on the UAV.

[0010] FIG. 3C illustrates a multi-element transmitter transmitting an overpowering Gaussian beam with a waist that is smaller than the EMR receiver of the UAV.

[0011] FIG. 4A illustrates an example of a non-Gaussian beam with a ring- shaped distribution of EMR transmitted to an EMR receiver on a UAV.

[0012] FIG. 4B illustrates a close-up of the non-Gaussian beamform incident on the multi-element EMR receiver in a ring shape. [0013] FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a multi-element EMR receiver with four distinct quadrants on the underside of a UAV.

[0014] FIG. 5B illustrates a non-Gaussian beamform incident on the underside of the UAV.

[0015] FIG. 6A illustrates another example of a multi-element EMR receiver.

[0016] FIG. 6B illustrates a non-Gaussian beamform incident on the multi- element EMR receiver.

[0017] FIG. 6C illustrates an alternative non-Gaussian beamform incident on the multi-element EMR receiver.

[0018] FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of one example of a wireless power flow for a UAV.

[0019] FIG. 7B illustrates a block diagram of an alternative example of a wireless power flow for a UAV that includes battery bank.

[0020] FIG. 7C illustrates a block diagram of an alternative example of a wireless power flow for a UAV that includes capacitors.

[0021] FIG. 7D illustrates a block diagram of an alternative example of a wireless power flow for a UAV that includes capacitors and a battery.

[0022] FIG. 8A illustrates a transmitter to selectively transmit a Gaussian or a non-Gaussian beam to provide power to a UAV with a multi-element EMR receiver.

[0023] FIG. 8B illustrates a transmitter to provide power to a UAV with a multi- element EMR receiver and a transmitter-tracking sensor.

[0024] FIG. 8C illustrates a laser range finder associated with the transmitter to track a relative location of a UAV.

[0025] FIG. 8D illustrates a location transmitter on the UAV to provide location information to a location receiver of the transmitter.

[0026] FIG. 8E illustrates another embodiment of determining a location of a UAV relative to an EMR transmitter.

[0027] FIG. 9 illustrates a system in which a global positioning satellite GPS system is utilized to determine relative locations of the transmitter and the UAV.

[0028] FIGS. 10A-E illustrate various examples of possible multi-element receiver configurations for a UAV.

[0029] FIG. 1 1 illustrates an example of a harvester element of a multi-element receiver. [0030] FIG. 12A illustrates an example of a beam from a transmitter that is not efficiently powering a UAV.

[0031] FIG. 12B illustrates the UAV transmitting a signal with power characteristic information to the transmitter.

[0032] FIG. 12C illustrates the transmitter adjusting the beam based on the received power characteristic.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] According to various embodiments of the systems and method described herein, a power transmitter provides wireless power to a receiver or a target device. A beamform calculator may determine a target beamform suitable for providing wireless power based on a relative location of the target device and the power transmitter. An updated or revised target beamform may be calculated based on movement of one or both of the target device and the power transmitter. That is, an optimized beamform may be calculated for each location of the target device relative to the power transmitter. Updated target beamforms may be calculated based on movement of the power transmitter and/or movement of the target device.

[0034] The power transmitter may receive an indication of a location of the target device and calculate a target beamform for wireless power transfer. As described below, the target beamform may be non-Gaussian based on the relative location and/or for optimization or attainment of one or more goals. The principles of this disclosure relate to wireless power transfer from a power transmitter to a receiver associated with any of a wide variety of target devices. Examples of target device include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, tablet computing devices, wearable tech devices, watches, laptop computers, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), robots, autonomous sensors, mobile battery storage devices, automobiles, busses, passenger and cargo trains, computer peripheral devices, and other mobile or stationary devices that consume electricity.

[0035] Other examples of target devices include autonomous vehicles, mobile sensor arrays or sensor platforms, stationary sensor arrays or platforms, and the like. In one embodiment, a target device comprises a wireless base station configured to provide wireless communication access to various devices (e.g., Wi- Fi or LTE signals to mobile devices). The wireless base station may be deployed and powered via wireless power transfer from a power transmitter, as described herein.

[0036] Many of the examples described herein, including the illustrated embodiments, relate to wireless power transfer via a stationary or mobile power transmitter to a mobile UAV. Nevertheless, many of the principles described in the context of powering UAVs are equally applicable to wireless power transfer to any of a wide variety of target devices. Specifically, any of a wide variety of target devices may be configured with multi-element receiver configured to receive electromagnetic energy (EMR) from the power transmitter and convert received EMR into an electric current. Thus, descriptions of an EMR receiver in the context of a UAV can be uniformly applied to a wide variety of other target devices, unless the context explicitly requires otherwise. In many embodiments, a single-element receiver configured to receive electromagnetic energy (EMR) from a power transmitter may be used instead of a multi-element receiver. Thus, the term EMR receiver, unless context explicitly requires otherwise, encompasses both single- element and multi-element receivers that are configured to receive electromagnetic energy (EMR) from the power transmitter and convert received EMR into an electric current.

[0037] Using a UAV as an example of a mobile target device, a power transmitter may provide wireless power to one or more receivers on one or more UAVs, also known as unmanned aerial systems (UASs). In various embodiments, a location determination subsystem may determine a location of the UAV relative to a transmitter. Location data used to calculate, determine or otherwise identify the relative location of the UAV may be collected by the power transmitter itself, send by the UAV, and/or collected by a third electronic device. A beamform calculator may determine a target beamform based at least in part on the relative location of the UAV. In some instances, the transmitter may determine an electromagnetic radiation (EMR) pattern (i.e. , a target beamform) that has a non-Gaussian field distribution. The power transmitter may transmit the EMR with the target beamform to one or more multi-element EMR receivers connected to or otherwise associated with the UAV.

[0038] In some embodiments, an EMR receiver is connected to the UAV, or another target device, during the manufacturing or construction process. In other embodiments, an EMR receiver may be connected to an existing UAV, or another target device, as a retrofit. An EMR receiver is configured to convert at least a portion of received EMR into an electric current. The electric current can then be used to power batteries, capacitors, motors, processors, and/or other electrically- driven components. An EMR receiver may include multiple sub EMR receivers that function independently and/or are electrically connected via a combiner, common power storage device, and/or other electrical components.

[0039] In some embodiments, a power transmitter may be configured to function based on the type, size, style, and/or another characteristic of the EMR receiver(s) on the UAV. For example, an EMR receiver on a UAV may be rated for a maximum power load and/or temperature. Similarly, a UAV may be configured with one or more EMR receivers arranged in a particular shape and/or have specific dimensions.

[0040] In some embodiments, the transmitter may be manually programmed by a user based on the particular EMR receiver(s) used by a UAV. In other embodiments, the EMR transmitter system may be configured to receive or request (e.g., via a receiver identification module) information identifying one or more characteristics of one or more EMR receivers of the UAV.

[0041] A location determination system may acquire or receive location data to determine the relative location of the UAV. In one embodiment, a camera (infrared, optical, UV, etc.) may be used to track the location of the UAV. One or more images (including video images or sequences of still images) captured by a UAV may be used to determine a relative location of the UAV. For example, an image captured by a UAV that includes the transmission system may provide sufficient data to estimate the relative locations of the UAV and the transmitter. In some embodiments, laser range finders, radar system, and/or LIDAR systems may provide location data that can be used to identify the relative location of the UAV. Such systems may be positioned on the transmitter, positioned on the UAV, and/or configured as part of a third device in communication with at least one of the power transmitter and the UAV.

[0042] In some embodiments, location data may be encapsulated or transmitted using the same communication channel used to receive a video feed from the target device (e.g., a UAV). In some embodiments, a power transmitter may send a query signal to the target device and one or more reflectors, transponders, and/or transceivers may provide a response signal with location data from the target device back to the transmitter or associated third device. For example, the power transmitter may receive a signal reflected from a UAV that has been modulated by the UAV. In some embodiments, the target device and/or the power transmitter may utilize location data obtained from a global positioning satellite system.

[0043] The power transmitter or associated third device, such as a cloud computing system, may utilize the location information to determine (e.g., calculate, look-up, estimate, or otherwise identify) the location and/or orientation of the receiver of the target device relative to the transmitter. The target device may provide the location data within the coherence bandwidth of the EMR transmitted by the power transmitter to the target device.

[0044] A receiver, such as a multi-element EMR receiver, of a UAV may include one or more transponders, reflectors, receiver, transceivers, and/or transmitters that are dedicated to or additionally configured to send location data from the UAV to the power transmitter. Transponders, reflectors, receivers, transceivers, transmitters, etc. that are used for sending or returning location data to the power transmitter may be positioned proximate a perimeter of the UAV or at corners of the UAV to aid in the determination of the orientation of the UAV relative to the power transmitter. Various techniques and approaches may be used by the UAV and/or the power transmitter to determine the relative location (optionally including orientation information). Examples of such techniques include, but are not limited to, relative time-of-flight measurements, phase offset measurements, code phase shift measurements, code phase delay measurements, frequency-offset measurements, angle-of-arrival measurements, triangulation calculations, and the like.

[0045] In various embodiments, the location data may be directly measured and/or indirectly measured by the power transmitter and/or distinct location determination devices. Indirect measurement and determination of the relative location of a UAV may be performed based on phase differences in received signals, delay differences in received signals, using nonlinear multiple-input- multiple-output (MIMO) techniques, nonlinear time-reversal beamform calculation techniques, and the like. [0046] Using a calculated relative location (which includes orientation information in some embodiments), the power transmitter may calculate or otherwise determine a target beamform. The target beamform may be Gaussian if the UAV is beyond a distance at which the smallest possible waist of the beam is larger than the UAV. However, when the UAV is closer to the power transmitter, a Gaussian beam may not be chosen. A range determination subsystem may determine whether the UAV is beyond a threshold distance at which a smallest achievable waist (for a given frequency being utilized) is larger than a multi-element receiver of the UAV. A range determination subsystem and a location determine subsystem may be components that share one or more resources for determining a relative location of the UAV and then determining if the UAV is within a first distance range at which a non-Gaussian beam is utilized or if the UAV is within a second distance range at which a Gaussian beam will have a minimum waist larger than the EMR receiver of the UAV.

[0047] For example, the power transmitter may select a non-Gaussian beam to increase efficiency, decrease power supplied to particular portions of the UAV and/or portions of the EMR receiver of the UAV. For example, a target beamform with a non-Gaussian field distribution may approximate a ring-shaped distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the UAV. This may, for example, limit the amount of EMR incident at a center portion of the UAV where a camera is positioned. In various embodiments, the target beamform may be determined to provide incident EMR on an EMR receiver that approximates the shape of the EMR receiver. Matching the incident EMR to the shape of the EMR receiver may increase overall efficiency and/or uniformity of incident EMR at locations on the UAV that is able to convert the EMR into an electrical current.

[0048] The target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution may be selected to limit peak levels of incident power on one or more sensitive portions of the UAV. In various embodiments, the UAV may communicate the relative locations of the sensitive portions of the UAV to the power transmitter. The target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution may be selected based on a weighted function to accomplish one or more goals. For example, the target beamform may be determined based on a weight function to accomplish the goals of uniformly distributing EMR incident on the EMR receiver and simultaneously reducing spillover EMR on the edges of the receiver. It is appreciated that these two goals may conflict, thus a weighted approach may be utilized to achieve an application- specific outcome. Other goals may be achieved, maximized, minimized, and/or considered as part of a weighted function. Examples of such goals include, but are not limited to, uniform distribution of EMR on the UAV, uniform distribution of EMR on an EMR receiver of the UAV, reducing spillover on edges of the EMR receiver, maximizing the production of electric current by the EMR receiver, minimizing scattering, and/or maintaining any of the above within upper and/or lower threshold boundaries.

[0049] In some embodiments, the UAV may provide an indication of a power characteristic associated with the EMR receiver. In other embodiments, the power transmitter may measure capture the indication of the power characteristic (e.g., via a thermal camera). A power monitoring system associated with the power transmitter may monitor the power characteristic and adjust or determine the target beamform according. In some embodiments, the power characteristic may provide an indication of actual current produced by the EMR receiver, a temperature of the EMR receiver, a temperature of an energy storage device on the UAV (e.g., battery, capacitor, etc.), a temperature of another component of the UAV, a voltage produced by the EMR receiver, and/or the like.

[0050] Infrared sensors, cameras, resistive devices, current transformers, voltage transformers, and/or a wide variety of known sensor types may be used to measure (directly or indirectly) the power characteristic of the UAV and/or associated EMR receiver. A power level and/or shape of the target beamform may be modified based on the received or measured power characteristic.

[0051] In one particular embodiment, the target beamform may be continually adjusted to maximize the power (e.g., based on measured current and/or voltage) generated by the EMR receiver. For example, while theoretical models may indicate that a uniform distribution of incident EMR on the EMR receiver of a UAV will produce the most efficient or even the highest power output, the realities of manufacturing and/or degradation of receiver components over time may undermine the theoretical models. The target beamform may be calculated to maximize actual power output based on a measured power characteristic. Thus, if a portion of the EMR receiver no longer functions or inefficiently converts received EMR to electric current, the target beamform will modify its shape and/or power distribution to continually maximize (optionally within some thresholds to prevent damage) actual power conversion.

[0052] In some embodiments, the target beamform may be selected to prevent overcurrent conditions, overpower conditions, overvoltage conditions, overheating of one or more receiver components, etc. For example, the power receiver (or associated computational device) may receive power characteristic information that includes various temperature measurements and power outputs of the EMR receiver. A target beamform may be selected (e.g., calculated and/or continually modified) to maximize the power output of the EMR receiver without exceeding a temperature threshold. The target beamform may be further configured to prevent scattering or spillover beyond a threshold limit. In some embodiments, an EMR receiver may include multiple receiver elements, each of which as a maximum temperature rating, maximum conversion ability, and maximum EMR intensity rating. The target beamform may be tailored to not exceed rated capacities of the EMR receiver as a whole and/or the rated capacities of any individual EMR receiver element or component.

[0053] As noted above, the target beamform may be calculated using a processor in the power transmitter and/or via associated computing devices (such as cloud-computing devices). In other embodiments, a number of predetermined target beamforms (and transmitter settings to attain each) may be stored in a memory (e.g., a look-up-table) and retrieved for a given location of the UAV and/or desired field distribution.

[0054] The EMR receiver on the UAV may be part of the system for providing wireless power and/or may be an existing EMR receiver on the UAV. The EMR receiver may receive EMR from the EMR transmitter and convert the received EMR to an electric current. In many embodiments, the EMR receiver of the UAV may include a plurality of sub-receivers. The EMR receiver and/or each sub-receiver portion may be described as a multi-element receiver, or a multi-element receive aperture, that contains a plurality of harvester elements. Each harvester element may receive EMR from the EMR transmitter and convert the received EMR to electric current (e.g., via half-wave or full-wave rectification). Conversion of the EMR to electric current may be performed using a wide variety of techniques and circuit components. For example, a wide variety of antenna elements, transmission lines, resonant elements, capacitors, inductors, resistors, transistors, and the like may be utilized. Specific examples of suitable components for a rectenna include, but are not limited to, coiled wire inductors, Schottky diodes and varactor diodes.

[0055] The electric current from each harvester element may be directly used to power a particular motor, rotor, processor, or another electrical component. In some embodiments, a combiner circuit may be used to combine the output of two or more harvester elements into a single electric current.

[0056] The electric current produced by the EMR receiver may be directly used to power a processor of the UAV, motor(s) of the UAV, camera(s) of the UAV, sensor(s) of the UAV, and/or other electrical components of the UAV. In some embodiments, the electric current produced by the EMR may be additionally or alternatively used to charge one or more power storage device on the UAV, such as capacitors and/or batteries.

[0057] Components may be adapted based on the frequency used for EMR power transmission. For example, components for radio frequencies (RF) may be different than those used for optical or infrared frequencies. Examples of possible frequency bands include those in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band, 5.8 GFIz, 2.4 GFIz, 24 GFIz, optical frequencies, and infrared frequencies. It is appreciated that specific frequency bands may be more suitable for different power levels, desired minimum waists, for longer distances, for line-of-sight applications, etc. Moreover, it is appreciated that specific frequency bands may be utilized to comply with government regulations, to limit interference with other equipment, and/or to otherwise conform to the specifications of a particular application or use-case.

[0058] A wide variety of tunable multi-element transmitters may be used for the power transmitter. In some embodiments, a phased array antenna may be used for beamforming. In other embodiments, a tunable metasurface antenna may be used for the power transmitter. Elements of the tunable metasurface may be tuned via one or more inputs to achieve a specific target beamform. Similarly, a tunable metasurface may be used for the EMR receiver on the UAV. The metasurface antenna (used for the power transmitter and/or EMR receiver) may include a plurality of antenna elements that are spaced at subwavelength intervals relative to an operating frequency. A plurality of tunable impedance elements, tunable via control inputs, may be coupled to the plurality of antenna elements. Each unique permutation of impedance values may result in a unique beamform. Thus, a target beamform may be attained by adjusting or tuning the impedance values of the tunable metasurface of subwavelength tunable antenna elements.

[0059] Many existing computing devices and infrastructures may be used in combination with the presently described systems and methods. Some of the infrastructure that can be used with embodiments disclosed herein is already available, such as general-purpose computers, computer programming tools and techniques, digital storage media, and communication links. Many of the systems, subsystems, modules, components, and the like that are described herein may be implemented as hardware, firmware, and/or software. Various systems, subsystems, modules, and components are described in terms of the function(s) they perform because such a wide variety of possible implementations exist. For example, it is appreciated that many existing programming languages, hardware devices, frequency bands, circuits, software platforms, networking infrastructures, and/or data stores may be utilized alone or in combination to implement a specific function.

[0060] It is also appreciated that two or more of the systems, subsystems, components, modules, etc. that are described herein may be combined as a single system, subsystem, module, or component. Moreover, many of the systems, subsystems, components, and modules may be duplicated or further divided into discrete systems, subsystems, components or modules to perform subtasks of those described herein. Any of the embodiments described herein may be combined with any combination of other embodiments described herein. Many of the embodiments of the systems and methods described herein that appear to be mutually exclusive may be used in combination as weighted functions of one another and/or in primary-backup configurations in which one embodiment is used primarily, and the other embodiment is available as a backup.

[0061] As used herein, a computing device, system, subsystem, module, or controller may include a processor, such as a microprocessor, a microcontroller, logic circuitry, or the like. A processor may include one or more special-purpose processing devices, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable array logic (PAL), programmable logic array (PLA), programmable logic device (PLD), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other customizable and/or programmable device. The computing device may also include a machine- readable storage device, such as non-volatile memory, static RAM, dynamic RAM, ROM, CD-ROM, disk, tape, magnetic, optical, flash memory, or another machine- readable storage medium. Various aspects of certain embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.

[0062] The components of some of the disclosed embodiments are described and illustrated in the figures herein. Many portions thereof could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Furthermore, the features, structures, and operations associated with one embodiment may be applied to or combined with the features, structures, or operations described in conjunction with another embodiment. In many instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of this disclosure. The right to add any described embodiment or feature to any one of the figures and/or as a new figure is explicitly reserved.

[0063] The embodiments of the systems and methods provided within this disclosure are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure but are merely representative of possible embodiments. In addition, the steps of a method do not necessarily need to be executed in any specific order, or even sequentially, nor do the steps need to be executed only once. As described above, descriptions and variations described in terms of transmitters are equally applicable to receivers, and vice versa.

[0064] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a target device with a multi-element electromagnetic radiation (EMR) receiver for receiving wireless power. Specifically, FIG. 1A illustrates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 105 with a multi-element EMR receiver 150 on the underside of the UAV 105. The illustrated UAV 105 is a quadcopter with four discrete motors 1 10 and associated rotors 1 15. It is appreciated that any of a wide variety of UAVs may utilize the systems and methods described herein, including fixed-wing UAVs, helicopter UAVs, and n-copter devices with any number of discrete rotors, propellers, stabilizers, or other propulsion or lift devices.

[0065] In the illustrated embodiment, the EMR receiver 150 is rectangular, and the multi-element nature of the EMR receiver 150 is represented by the grid of square elements. It is appreciated that the EMR receiver 150 may be any shape, size, thickness, and may have elements that face in directions other than straight down. In some embodiments, the EMR receiver pivot and/or rotate to maximize a power characteristic, as described herein.

[0066] FIG. 1 B illustrates an additional example of a target device that may be fitted or retrofitted with an EMR receiver for receiving EMR and converting the received EMR into an electric current. Specifically, the illustrated example is a packaged computer chip 180 with a small EMR receiver 181 affixed thereto. The EMR receiver 181 may supply a DC electric current to the computer chip 180 by converting EMR received from an EMR transmitter according to any of various embodiments described herein.

[0067] FIG. 1 C illustrates a user 190 of a mobile phone 191 . The user 190 may retrofit a case of the mobile phone 191 with an EMR receiver 192 to receive wireless power. Alternatively, the EMR receiver 192 may be integrated within the mobile phone 191 by, for example, the manufacturer of the mobile phone 191 or manufacturer of the power supply of the mobile phone 191 . As previously noted, any of a wide variety of target devices may be fitted, configured with, retrofitted with, or manufactured with integral EMR receivers to receive EMR from mobile and/or stationary power transmitters. Examples of target device include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, tablet computing devices, wearable tech devices, watches, laptop computers, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), mobile battery storage devices, robots automobiles, busses, laptops, computer peripheral devices, and other mobile or stationary devices that consume electricity.

[0068] FIG. 2A illustrates an example of a Gaussian beam 275 with a minimum waist, ouo, that is larger than an EMR receiver on a UAV 200. In such an embodiment, a location determination subsystem may determine a relative location of the UAV 200. A range determination subsystem may determine that the UAV 200 is at a distance at which the smallest achievable waist of a Gaussian beam at a given operational frequency is larger than the UAV or a receiver of the UAV. Accordingly, a beamform calculated may determine to use a target beamform with a Gaussian distribution to transmit EMR to the receiver of the UAV for conversion to an electric current. [0069] FIG. 2B illustrates a close-up of the Gaussian beam 275 with the minimum waist larger than the EMR receiver (obscured by the beam) on the UAV 200. Given that the UAV 200 is at a distance for which a more focused beam is not possible (for the given frequency band), a Gaussian beam may be utilized and/or an alternative frequency band may be utilized for which a smaller minimum waist is attainable.

[0070] FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a Gaussian beam 375 with a minimum waist, ouo, that is smaller than an EMR receiver on a UAV 300. In such an embodiment, a location determination subsystem may determine the relative location of the UAV 300. A range determination subsystem may determine that, for a given power transfer frequency band, the UAV is at a distance at which the smallest achievable waist of the Gaussian beam is smaller or even much smaller than a multi-element receive aperture of the UAV. Accordingly, a beamform calculator may calculate a Gaussian distribution in some embodiments but may calculate target beamforms having non-Gaussian energy distributions according to any of the embodiments described herein and/or to achieve any of the goals described herein, or combinations thereof.

[0071] FIG. 3B illustrates a close-up of the Gaussian beam 375 with the minimum waist smaller than the EMR receiver 350 on the UAV 300.

[0072] FIG. 3C illustrates a multi-element transmitter 390 transmitting an overpowering Gaussian beam 375 with a waist that is smaller than the receiver 375 of the UAV 300. The focused Gaussian beam 375 may overpower and even burn up (as illustrated by smoke 377) receive elements (e.g., harvester elements) in the center of the receiver 375. Such an outcome is likely undesirable unless destruction of the UAV 300 is the goal.

[0073] FIG. 4A illustrates an example of a non-Gaussian beam 476 with a ring- shaped distribution of EMR transmitted to an EMR receiver on a UAV 400. A ring- shaped distribution of EMR may be beneficial when, for example, the receiver of the UAV 400 is ring-shaped, portions on the outer edge of the receiver are cooled better than portions toward the middle of the receiver, and/or when other non- receiving equipment (e.g., processors, sensors, cameras, etc.) are located at the center of the UAV 400 with EMR receiver located around a perimeter or near the corners of the UAV 400. [0074] FIG. 4B illustrates a close-up of the non-Gaussian beamform 477 incident on a multi-element EMR receiver 450 in a ring shape. In some embodiments, a ring-shaped distribution of incident EMR via the non-Gaussian beamform 477 may be desirable to limit overheating of a center of the receiver 450. In some embodiments, the distribution of incident power via the non-Gaussian beamform may not resemble any recognizable or normal shape. Rather, power characteristic information (e.g., temperature measurement data, current values, voltage values, etc.) may be used to calculate a distribution to achieve a specific goal.

[0075] For example, the conversion ability and/or efficiency of each of the receiver elements may differ based on manufacturing variances and/or degradation of equipment over time. In such an embodiment, the distribution of energy in the non-Gaussian beam may be iteratively or continuously modified to maximize (or minimize) one or more specific power characteristic. For instance, the distribution of energy in the non-Gaussian beam may be iteratively modified to maximize DC power output by the EMR receiver on the UAV. In another embodiment, the distribution of energy may be iteratively modified to maximize DC power output by the EMR receiver on the UAV without exceeding a threshold temperature value or maximum energy rating of the EMR receiver or its subcomponents.

[0076] FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a multi-element EMR receiver with four distinct sectors (quadrants) 550, 551 , 552, and 553 on the underside of a UAV 500. In the illustrated embodiment, a camera 530 is positioned near a center of the UAV 530. Each of the receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, and 553 may be positioned directly beneath each rotor, offset from the center of each rotor, and/or a certain distance below each rotor. The receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, and 553 may be positioned and/or sized to benefit from cooling by the rotors of the UAV 500 without impeding the rotors ability to lift the UAV 500 at all or more than a threshold amount.

[0077] FIG. 5B illustrates a non-Gaussian beamform 576 incident on the underside of the UAV 500. The non-Gaussian beamform 576 provides a relatively even distribution of energy to each of the receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, and 553, while reducing or even minimizing the amount of energy incident on the camera 530 and/or spilling around the edges of the UAV 500. To the contrary, a Gaussian beamform would likely include the highest energy density toward the center of the UAV 500 where the camera 530 is located. Thus, a Gaussian beamform may be less efficient and/or potentially interfere with the functionality of the camera 530 and/or other control circuitry within the center body of the UAV 500.

[0078] In some embodiments, each of the receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, or 553 is connected to the same power storage and/or via a common combiner circuit. In other embodiments, each receiver sector 550, 551 , 552, and 553 is directly connected to a motor controlling one of the rotors of the UAV 500. In such an embodiment, the distribution of energy of the ring-shaped non-Gaussian beamform 576 may be modified to provide more (or less) power to one or more of the receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, or 553. The increase (or decrease) in power to the one or more receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, or 553 may be used to control the movement of the UAV 500. For instance, by increasing the power to all four receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, and 553, the UAV will rise in elevation. Conversely, decreasing power to all four receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, and 553, will cause the UAV to lower in elevation. By increasing (or decreasing) power to one or two of the receiver sectors 550, 551 , 552, and 553, forward, backward, and lateral movement of the UAV can be controlled.

[0079] FIG. 6A illustrates another example of a multi-element EMR receiver 650 on UAV 600. As illustrated, the multi-element EMR receiver may be shaped like a ring with a camera 630 and/or other sensors and control circuitry in the center of the ring-shaped multi-element EMR receiver 650.

[0080] FIG. 6B illustrates a non-Gaussian beamform 676 incident on the ring- shaped multi-element EMR receiver 650. It is appreciated that matching the shape of the non-Gaussian beamform 676 to the receiver and/or arrangement of receivers on a UAV may, in some embodiments, improve overall efficiency and/or reduce spillover or interference with other electronic components.

[0081] FIG. 6C illustrates an alternative non-Gaussian beamform 677 incident on the ring-shaped multi-element EMR receiver 650. In the illustrated embodiment, the location information obtained by the power transmitter may include information identifying the orientation (including rotation) of the UAV 600. The transmitter may generate a non-Gaussian beamform 677 that has a higher energy density on portions of the ring-shaped multi-element EMR receiver 650 that are cooled by the rotors of the UAV. A lower energy density may be allocated to portions of the ring- shaped multi-element EMR receiver 650 that are not cooled (or less cooled) by the rotors.

[0082] In an alternative embodiment, the transmitter may utilize power characteristic information to generate the non-Gaussian beamform 677. For example, power characteristic information may provide information identifying the temperature at one or more locations on the ring-shaped multi-element EMR receiver 650, total current output, and/or other information. The transmitter may calculate or iteratively identify through a series of small changes to the beamform, a target beamform that results in a desired or target power output, temperature profile, and/or attains another goal as described herein.

[0083] FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of one example of a wireless power flow for a UAV that includes a receiver 750 with a plurality of receiver elements 751 and a battery 760. As illustrated, the multi-element receiver 750 may convert incident EMR 701 into a DC power output 755. For example, multi-element receiver 750 may comprise a plurality of rectennas connected to a combiner circuit to produce a DC power output 755. The DC power 755 may be used to power motors 710 of rotors 715, processor(s) 770, and/or camera equipment 730.

[0084] It is appreciated that the block diagram of FIG. 7A may be adapted for any of a wide variety of alternative target devices in addition to UAVs. For example, the receiver 750 with the plurality of receiver elements 751 may be used to power a motor of a vehicle instead of rotors 715. Similarly, the processor(s) 770 may be associated with a mobile electronic device such as a mobile phone instead of a UAV.

[0085] FIG. 7B illustrates an alternative block diagram of the wireless power flow in FIG. 7A that further includes a battery 760. In the illustrated embodiment, the DC power output 755 of the multi-element receiver 750 is used to charge a battery bank 760 that is used to power the various components of the UAV (e.g., the motors 710 of rotors 715, processor(s) 770, and/or camera equipment 730). Such an embodiment may allow for intermittent loss of wireless power availability without affecting the UAVs ability to operate.

[0086] FIG. 7C illustrates an alternative block diagram of the wireless power flow in FIG. 7A that further includes capacitors 761 , 762, and 763. Similar to the battery bank 760 in FIG. 7B, the capacitor may improve the operational reliability of the UAV in the event of wireless power disruptions. In some embodiments, capacitors in the rectenna design of the multi-element receiver 750 may obviate the need for capacitors 761 , 762, and 763.

[0087] FIG. 7D illustrates an embodiment in which the DC power output 755 of the multi-element receiver 750 is used to directly drive load devices, such as motor(s) 710, processor 770, and/or sensor equipment 731 (e.g., a camera, IR sensor, LIDAR, ultrasonic sensor, etc.). Capacitors 761 , 762, and 763 may be optionally included between the DC power output 755 and load devices. A battery 760 may be charged when the multi-element receiver 750 produces a DC power output 755 that exceeds the load demand. The battery 760 may also provide power to the load devices when the multi-element receiver 750 produces a DC power output 755 less than the load demand. In embodiments that include both battery 760 and capacitors 761 , 762, and 763, short-term power fluctuations may be leveled by the capacitors 761 , 762, and 763 and long-term power fluctuations may be handled by the battery 760.

[0088] FIG. 8A illustrates a transmitter 820 (i.e. , a power transmitter) configured to selectively transmit a Gaussian or a non-Gaussian beam to provide power to a UAV 801 with a multi-element EMR receiver 850. The illustrated embodiment shows the transmitter 820 as a ground-based transmitter. In various alternative embodiments, transmitter 820 may be mounted on a vehicle, an aerial vehicle, and/or even hand-held in some applications. For small UAVs, the power consumption may be low enough that a handheld, battery-operated transmitter may be used to supply wireless power to the UAV 801 . In some embodiments, a handheld, battery-operated device may be a combination unit for providing control signals to the UAV, receiving sensor information from the UAV (e.g., a video feed), and/or providing wireless power. In some embodiments, such a handheld device may include a display and/or various control functions and/or be configured to connect to a display and/or control device.

[0089] A location determination subsystem may include a sensor 870 to identify a relative location of the UAV 801 . The sensor 870 may include a transmitter to transmit a signal that is reflected, refracted, modulated by the UAV back to a receiver of the sensor 870. In other embodiments, the sensor 870 may receive information from the UAV without sending a query or other signal to the UAV. For Example, the sensor 870 may be an optical camera configured to track the location of the UAV.

[0090] FIG. 8B illustrates another embodiment in which a transmitter 820 to provide power to a UAV 801 with a multi-element EMR receiver 850. As illustrated, the UAV may include a transmitter-tracking sensor 871 , such as a camera.

[0091] FIG. 8C illustrates another embodiment in which a laser range finder 825 associated with the transmitter 820 to track a relative location of a UAV 801 .

[0092] FIG. 8D illustrates another embodiment in which a location transmitter 827 on the UAV 801 is used to provide location information to a location receiver 826 of the transmitter 820. The location transmitter 827 may be an active power transmitter configured to transmit a signal to the location receiver 826 of the transmitter 820. Alternatively, the location transmitter 827 may be a passive device configure to modulate received signal. Location receiver 826 may receive the modulated received signals to determine a relative location of the UAV 810.

[0093] FIG. 8E illustrates another embodiment in which an external tracking system includes transmission devices 850 and receiving device 830 for identifying the location of the UAV. Information is communicated, at 821 and 831 , from the external tracking system to the power transmitter 820. A device 828 on the UAV may be a reflector, transmitter, refractor, transponder, modulator, or another device to aid the external tracking system.

[0094] FIG. 9 illustrates a system in which a global positioning satellite GPS system 990 is utilized to determine relative locations of the transmitter 920 and the UAV 901 with a multi-element receiver 950. Each of the transmitter 920 and the UAV 901 may include GPS modules 921 and 902, respectively. In some embodiments, a GPS module 921 and/or 902 may be used to identify a rough location of the UAV and then one or more of the other approaches described herein may be utilized to further refine the location of the UAV.

[0095] In one embodiment, a rough GPS location is used to generate a first target beamform. Subsequent iterations of the target beamform may be based on determined power characteristic information. For example, a first target beam may be continually adjusted to increase or even maximize the DC power output by the EMR receiver of the UAV. [0096] FIGS. 10A-E illustrate various examples of possible multi-element receiver configurations for a UAV. The multi-element receivers may be affixed to the underside of a UAV such that they are substantially planar, or may be alternative affixed perpendicular to the plane of a UAV. For example, in the case of a helicopter UAV, a two-sided multi-element receiver may be affixed the tail of the helicopter. Any number of sub-receivers may be affixed to any of a wide variety of locations on a UAV. IN some embodiments, receiver(s) may be pivoted and/or rotated while attached to the UAV to improve power reception.

[0097] FIG. 1 1 illustrates an example of a harvester element 1 100 of a multi- element receiver. A multi-element receiver may include any number of harvester elements 1 100 to convert received EMR into an electric current. The output electric current may be provided to any of a wide variety of energy storage devices or energy consumption devices associated with any of a wide variety of target devices. For instance, a plurality of harvester elements 1 100 may be part of a multi-element receiver connected to a mobile phone, a UAV, a laptop, a vehicle, or the like.

[0098] As illustrated, input EMR 1 150 may be received by an antenna element 1 101 . An inductor 1 102, diode 1 103, and a capacitor 1 104 connected to a negative terminal and/or ground 1 105 may be used to convert received EMR to a DC output 1 175. FIG. 1 1 is intended to show one basic example of EMR-to-DC power conversion and is not intended to be limited in any way. More complex approaches to rectification and power conversion are not only possible but are highly likely to be employed in the various embodiments of this disclosure. Less complex approaches may also be employed. For example, an alternative harvester element may consist of an antenna element 1 101 and a diode 1 103 to convert input EMR 1 150 to a DC output 1 175.

[0099] FIG. 12A illustrates an example of a beam 1275 from a metasurface transmitter 1290 that is not efficiently powering a UAV 1201 because it is not centered or even fully incident on the multi-element receiver 1250.

[00100] FIG. 12B illustrates the UAV 1201 transmitting, at 1205, a signal with power characteristic information to a receiver 1295 of the metasurface transmitter 1290. As described above, the power characteristic information may include any of a wide variety of information types to directly or indirectly determine power output and/or thermal characteristics of the EMR receiver 1250. [00101] FIG. 12C illustrates the metasurface transmitter 1290 with an adjusted beam 1276 based on the power characteristic received at 1295. As described herein, updated power characteristic information may be provided with the adjusted beam 1276 centered. The updated power characteristic information may indicate that the focused beam should be widened to more uniformly power the receiver 1250. Further updates to the power characteristic information may indicate that a non-Gaussian beam should be used to further improve (e.g., maximize or increase efficiency) of the power conversion without exceeding a threshold limitation associated with temperature and/or maximum intensity rating.

[00102] This disclosure has been made with reference to various exemplary embodiments, including the best mode. Flowever, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. While the principles of this disclosure have been shown in various embodiments, many modifications of structure, arrangements, proportions, elements, materials, and components may be adapted for a specific environment and/or operating requirements without departing from the principles and scope of this disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[00103] This disclosure is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope thereof. Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to various embodiments. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element. This disclosure should, therefore, be determined to encompass at least the following claims.

[00104] Aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out in the following numbered clauses: 1. A method for providing wireless power to a target device,

comprising:

receiving, by a transmission system, location data of a target device relative to the transmission system;

determining a target beamform with a non-Gaussian field distribution for transmission of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to a receiver of the target device, based on the received location,

wherein the receiver of the target device is configured to convert at least a portion of the received EMR into an electric current; and

transmitting, via the transmission system, the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution to the receiver of the target device.

2. The method of clause 1 , wherein the target device is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

3. The method of clause 1 , wherein the target device is a mobile target device.

4. The method of clause 1 , wherein the transmission system is mobile relative to the target device.

5. The method of clause 1 , wherein the target device is a personal computing device, vehicle, or battery-powered device.

6. The method of any of clauses 1 -5, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data from a camera viewing the target device.

7. The method of clause 2, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data obtained from images captured by a camera on the UAV.

8. The method of clause 7, wherein the location data is based on images of the transmission system captured by the camera on the UAV. 9. The method of any of clauses 1 -8, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data from a laser range finder device, a LIDAR system, or a radar system.

10. The method of any of clause 1 -9, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data from the target device.

11. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is included within a data stream from the target device.

12. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is included within a video data stream from the target device.

13. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is provided by one or more transponders on the target device.

14. The method of clause 13, wherein receiving the location data comprises transmitting a query signal to the target device and receiving a response signal from the one or more transponders on the target device.

15. The method of any of clauses 1 -14, wherein receiving location data of the target device comprises receiving reflected EMR.

16. The method of clause 15, wherein the target device is configured to modulate the reflected EMR.

17. The method of clause 15, wherein the target device is configured to calculate the location of the target device based on the received modulated reflected EMR.

18. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data comprises GPS coordinate information from the target device. 19. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data comprises a relative location and an orientation.

20. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is transmitted by the target device directly to the transmission system.

21. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is provided by one or more transmitters on the target device.

22. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is provided by at least one transmitter operating within the coherence bandwidth of the EMR transmitted by the transmission system.

23. The method of clause 10, wherein the location data is provided by a plurality of transmitters.

24. The method of clause 23, wherein each of the plurality of

transmitters is positioned proximate a perimeter of the receiver of the target device.

25. The method of clause 23, wherein each of the plurality of

transmitters is positioned proximate a corner of the receiver of the target device.

26. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a relative time-of-flight measurement of a received signal.

27. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a non-relative time-of-flight measurement of a received signal.

28. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a phase-offset measurement of a signal. 29. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a code phase shift measurement of a received signal.

30. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a code phase delay measurement of a received signal.

31. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a frequency-offset measurement of a received signal.

32. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on an angle-of-arrival measurement of a received signal.

33. The method of clause 10, wherein a relative location is determined based on a triangulation measurement of a signal received by each of a plurality of receivers associated with the transmission system.

34. The method of any of clauses 1 -33, further comprising receiving updated location data at least periodically from one or more transponders on the target device in response to receiving the target beamform.

35. The method of any of clauses 1 -34, wherein the location data is indirectly measured.

36. The method of clause 35, wherein the location data is indirectly measured using phase or delay differences in signals received from the target device.

37. The method of any of clauses 1 -36, wherein the location data comprises a relative location and an orientation of the receiver on the target device. 38. The method of clause 37, further comprising:

calculating the target beamform using nonlinear multiple-input-multiple- output (MIMO) techniques.

39. The method of clause 37, further comprising:

calculating the target beamform using nonlinear time-reversal beamform calculation techniques.

40. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution approximates a ring-shaped distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

41. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the receiver of the target device is ring-shaped.

42. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the receiver of the target device is rectangular with a circular aperture therein.

43. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution approximates a toroidal distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

44. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver corresponds to the shape of the receiver.

45. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected to limit peak levels of incident power on at least one sensitive portion of the target device.

46. The method of clause 45, wherein at least one transmitter or reflector on the target device transmits relative location data of the sensitive portion. 47. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a weighted function of (i) uniformly distributing EMR incident on the receiver and (ii) reducing spillover EMR on the edges of the receiver.

48. The method of clause 47, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the uniformity of the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver without (ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

49. The method of any of clauses 1 -39, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

50. The method of any of clauses 1 -49, further comprising receiving an indication of a power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

51. The method of clause 50, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises a temperature measurement.

52. The method of clause 51 , wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one temperature sensor on the target device.

53. The method of clause 51 , wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one infrared sensor or infrared camera.

54. The method of clause 51 , wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is modified to prevent over-temperature conditions of at least one receiver element of the receiver, based on the received

temperature measurement.

55. The method of any of clauses 1 -49, further comprising receiving, from a power strength signal transmitter of the target device, an indication of a power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

56. The method of clause 55, wherein the power characteristic comprises a voltage characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

57. The method of clause 56, wherein the voltage characteristic comprises a root mean square (RMS) voltage.

58. The method of clause 55, wherein the power characteristic comprises a current characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

59. The method of clause 58, wherein the current characteristic comprises a current magnitude.

60. The method of clause 55, wherein the indication of the power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver comprises:

an indication of the power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by each of a plurality of receive elements of the receiver.

61. The method of clause 55, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected to maximize the received power characteristic.

62. The method of clause 55, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is modified to prevent over-voltage, over-current, over-power, or over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received power characteristic.

63. The method of clause 55, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without (i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

64. The method of clause 55, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

65. The method of clause 64, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is individually defined for each receiver element of the receiver.

66. The method of clause 64, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one measured temperature associated with the target device.

67. The method of clause 64, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one power load of the target device.

68. The method of clause 64, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is defined for the receiver as a whole, and wherein the maximum intensity of EMR for each receiver element is defined in proportion to a total number of receiver elements of the receiver and the defined maximum intensity of EMR for the receiver as a whole.

69. The method of clause 55, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver. 70. The method of any of clauses 1 -49, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

71. The method of any of clauses 1 -49, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

72. The method of any of clauses 1 -49, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

73. The method of any of clauses 1 -49, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a target spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver.

74. The method of clause 73, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a maximum spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver. 75. The method of any of clauses 1 -74, wherein the target beamform is calculated based on the location data of the target device using time reversal beamforming calculations.

76. The method of any of clauses 1 -74, wherein the target beamform is determined based on the location data of the target device and corresponding beamforms stored in a memory.

77. The method of clause 2, wherein the electric current is used to drive one or more motors of the UAV.

78. The method of any of clauses 1 -76, wherein the electric current is used to charge a capacitor.

79. The method of clause 78, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the capacitor is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

80. The method of any of clauses 1 -76, wherein the electric current is used to charge a battery.

81. The method of clause 80, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the battery is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

82. The method of any of clauses 1 -76, wherein the electric current is used to charge a power storage device of the target device.

83. The method of any of clauses 1 -76, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the electric current is used to directly supply power to one or more motors of the UAV and supply at least some excess power to a power storage device of the UAV. 84. The method of clause 83, wherein the power storage device comprises at least one of a capacitor and a battery.

85. The method of any of clauses 1 -84, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of sub-receivers and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the sub-receivers.

86. The method of clause 85, wherein the receiver is divided into four quadrants and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the four quadrants.

87. The method of clause 86, wherein each quadrant of the receiver comprises a multi-element receive aperture. 88. The method of clause 85, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the receiver is divided into two or more sectors and each of the sectors is used to power one or more motors of the UAV. 89. The method of clause 88, further comprising:

controlling movement of the UAV by providing varying amounts of power to each of the sectors.

90. The method of clause 85, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of rings and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the plurality of rings.

91. The method of any of clauses 1 -84, wherein the receiver comprises a multi-element receive aperture.

92. The method of clause 91 , wherein the multi-element receive aperture comprises a plurality of harvester elements configured to convert EMR to an electric current. 93. The method of clause 92, wherein the electrical current comprises direct current (DC). 94. The method of clause 92, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester element of the receiver.

95. The method of clause 94, wherein at least two of the harvester elements have different defined maximum intensities of EMR.

96. The method of clause 94, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein a first set of harvester elements is cooled by propellers of the UAV and each harvester element in the first set of harvester elements has a defined maximum intensity of EMR greater than each harvester element in a second set of harvester elements that is not cooled by the propellers of the UAV.

97. The method of clause 92, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one diode configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

98. The method of clause 97, wherein the at least one diode comprises at least one of a Schottky diode and a varactor diode.

99. The method of clause 92, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one rectenna configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

100. The method of clause 92, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one of a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and a voltage-controlled non-linear element. 101. The method of clause 92, wherein each of plurality of harvester elements outputs an electric current:

as an increasing function of a magnitude of received EMR between a zero magnitude of EMR and a peak-output magnitude of EMR, and

as a decreasing function of the magnitude of EMR after the peak- output magnitude of EMR.

102. The method of clause 101 , wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding the peak-output magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 103. The method of clause 101 , wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

104. The method of clause 101 , wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at an average magnitude approximating the peak- output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 105. The method of clause 101 , wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected from a plurality of possible beamforms based on a determination that the selected target beamform corresponds to a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver at an average magnitude most closely approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

106. The method of clause 92, further comprising at least one electric current combiner to combine the electric current from one or more sets of harvester elements.

107. The method of clause 106, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

108. The method of clause 106, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

109. The method of clause 106, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without: (ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

110. The method of any of clauses 1 -109, wherein the transmission system comprises a phased array of antennas for beamforming.

111. The method of any of clauses 1 -109, wherein the transmission system comprises a metasurface antenna for beamforming. 112. The method of clause 111 , wherein the metasurface antenna comprises:

a plurality of antenna elements that are spaced at subwavelength intervals relative to an operating frequency;

a plurality of tunable impedance elements coupled to the plurality of antenna elements; and

a plurality of impedance control inputs configured to allow for a selection of an impedance value for each of the plurality of lumped impedance elements, wherein each unique permutation of impedance values for the plurality of lumped impedance elements corresponds to a unique beamform.

113. The method of any of clauses 1 -112, wherein the EMR is transmitted within a defined industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. 114. The method of any of clauses 1 -112, wherein the EMR is transmitted at approximately 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, or 24 GHz.

115. A method for providing wireless power to a target device,

comprising:

receiving location data of target device relative to a tunable multi-element transmitter configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to the target device;

determining within which of a first distance range and a second distance range the target device is located from the tunable multi-element transmitter, wherein the first distance range includes distances at which a smallest achievable waist of a Gaussian beam of the EMR transmitted by the tunable multi-element transmitter is larger than a multi-element EMR receiver of the target device, and

wherein the second distance range includes distances at which the smallest achievable waist of the Gaussian beam of the EMR transmitted by the tunable multi-element transmitter is smaller than the multi-element EMR receiver of the target device;

transmitting EMR from the tunable multi-element transmitter to the multi- element EMR receiver of the target device

(i) using a Gaussian beamform when the target device is determined to be within the first distance range, and

(ii) using a non-Gaussian beamform when the target device is determined to be within the second distance range.

116. The method of clause 115, wherein the target device is mobile relative to the tunable multi-element transmitter.

117. The method of clause 115, wherein the tunable multi-element transmitter is mobile relative to the target device.

118. The method of clause 115, wherein both the target device and the tunable multi-element transmitter are mobile relative to one another.

119. The method of clause 115, wherein the target device is an unmanned aerial vehicle. 120. The method of clause 115, wherein the target device is a vehicle, robot, autonomous vehicle, mobile sensor platform, stationary sensor platform, or personal computing device.

121. The method of clause 115, wherein the target device is a base station to provide a wireless signal to other devices.

122. The method of clause 115, wherein the target device comprises one of: a mobile phone, a tablet computing device, a wearable tech device, a wristwatch, laptop computers, a mobile battery storage devices, an automobile, a bus, a passenger train, and a computer peripheral device.

123. The method of any of clauses 115-122, wherein based on a determination that the target device is within the second distance range, transmitting EMR using a non-Gaussian beamform incident on the multi-element EMR receiver in a ring shape.

124. The method of any of clauses 115-122, wherein based on a determination that the target device is within the second distance range, transmitting EMR using a non-Gaussian beamform incident on the multi-element EMR receiver that corresponds to the shape of the multi-element EMR receiver.

125. The method of any of clauses 115-122, wherein the target device is determined to be within the second distance range such that transmitting EMR from the tunable multi-element transmitter to the multi-element receiver of the target device comprises transmitting a non-Gaussian beamform.

126. The method of any of clauses 115-125, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data from a camera viewing the target device.

127. The method of any of clauses 115-125, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data obtained from images captured by a camera on the target device. 128. The method of clause 127, wherein the location data is based on images of the transmission system captured by the camera on the target device.

129. The method of any of clauses 115-128, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data from a laser range finder device, a LIDAR system, or a radar system. .

130. The method of any of clauses 115-129, wherein receiving the location data comprises transmitting a query signal to the target device and receiving a response signal from the one or more transponders on the target device.

131. The method of clause 130, wherein the query signal is transmitted by the transmission system.

132. The method of clause 130, wherein the query signal comprises at least a portion of the target beamform.

133. The method of clause 130, wherein the transponder comprises a passive reflector, and wherein the response signal comprises a reflection of the transmitted query signal.

134. The method of clause 130, wherein the transponder comprises an active transponder, and wherein the response signal comprises a signal generated by the active transmitter in response to the transmitted query signal transmitted by the transmission system.

135. The method of any of clauses 115-134, wherein receiving the location data of the target device comprises receiving location data from the target device.

136. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is included within a data stream from the target device. 137. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is included within a video data stream from the target device.

138. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is provided by one or more transponders on the target device.

139. The method of any of clauses 115-138, wherein receiving location data of the target device comprises receiving reflected EMR.

140. The method of clause 139, wherein the target device is configured to modulate the reflected EMR.

141. The method of clause 139, wherein the target device is configured to calculate the location of the target device based on the received modulated reflected EMR.

142. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data comprises GPS coordinate information from the target device.

143. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data comprises a relative location and an orientation.

144. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is transmitted by the target device directly to the transmission system.

145. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is provided by one or more transmitters on the target device.

146. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is provided by a plurality of transmitters, each of which is positioned proximate a corner of the receiver of the target device.

147. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is provided by a plurality of transmitters. 148. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is provided by a plurality of transmitters, each of which is positioned proximate a perimeter of the receiver of the target device.

149. The method of clause 135, wherein the location data is provided by at least one transmitter operating within the coherence bandwidth of the EMR transmitted by the transmission system.

150. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a relative time-of-flight measurement of a received signal.

151. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a time-of-flight measurement of a received signal.

152. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a phase-offset measurement of a received signal.

153. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a code phase shift measurement of a received signal.

154. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a code phase delay measurement of a received signal.

155. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on a frequency-offset measurement of a received signal.

156. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined from the location data based on an angle-of-arrival measurement of a received signal. 157. The method of clause 135, wherein a relative location is determined based on a triangulation measurement of a signal received by each a plurality of receivers associated with the transmission system.

158. The method of any of clauses 115-157, further comprising receiving updated location data at least periodically from one or more transponders on the target device in response to receiving the target beamform.

159. The method of any of clauses 115-158, wherein the location data is indirectly measured to determine that the target device is within the second distance range.

160. The method of clause 159, wherein the location data is indirectly measured using phase differences in signals received from the target device.

161. The method of any of clauses 115-60, wherein the location data used to determine that the target device is within the second distance range comprises a relative location and an orientation of the target device.

162. The method of any of clauses 115-161 , further comprising:

calculating the target beamform using nonlinear multiple-input-multiple- output (MIMO) techniques.

163. The method of any of clauses 115-161 , further comprising:

calculating the target beamform using nonlinear time-reversal beamform calculation techniques.

164. The method of any of clauses 115-163, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution approximates a ring-shaped distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

165. The method of any of clauses 115-164, wherein the receiver of the target device is ring-shaped. 166. The method of any of clauses 115-164, wherein the receiver of the target device is rectangular with a circular aperture therein.

167. The method of any of clauses 115-163, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution approximates a toroidal distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

168. The method of any of clauses 115-163, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver corresponds to the shape of the receiver.

169. The method of any of clauses 115-168, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected to limit peak levels of incident power on at least one sensitive portion of the target device.

170. The method of clause 169, wherein at least one transmitter or reflector on the target device transmits relative location data of the sensitive portion.

171. The method of any of clauses 115-170, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a weighted function of (i) uniformly distributing EMR incident on the receiver and (ii) reducing spillover EMR on the edges of the receiver.

172. The method of clause 171 , wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the uniformity of the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver without (ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

173. The method of any of clauses 115-170, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver. 174. The method of any of clauses 115-173, further comprising receiving an indication of a power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

175. The method of clause 174, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises a temperature measurement.

176. The method of clause 174, wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one temperature sensor on the target device.

177. The method of clause 174, wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one infrared sensor or infrared camera.

178. The method of clause 174, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is modified to prevent over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received temperature measurement.

179. The method of any of clauses 115-178, further comprising receiving, from a power strength signal transmitter of the target device, an indication of a power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

180. The method of clause 179, wherein the power characteristic comprises a voltage characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

181. The method of clause 180, wherein the voltage characteristic comprises a root mean square (RMS) voltage.

182. The method of clause 179, wherein the power characteristic comprises a current characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver. 183. The method of clause 182, wherein the current characteristic comprises a current magnitude.

184. The method of clause 179, wherein the indication of the power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver comprises:

an indication of the power characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by each of a plurality of receive elements of the receiver.

185. The method of clause 179, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected to maximize the received power characteristic.

186. The method of clause 179, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is modified to prevent over-voltage, over-current, over-power, or over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received power characteristic.

187. The method of clause 179, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without (i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

188. The method of clause 179, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

189. The method of clause 188, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is individually defined for each receiver element of the receiver. 190. The method of clause 188, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one measured temperature associated with the target device.

191. The method of clause 188, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one power load of the target device.

192. The method of clause 188, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is defined for the receiver as a whole, and wherein the maximum intensity of EMR for each receiver element is defined in proportion to a total number of receiver elements of the receiver and the defined maximum intensity of EMR for the receiver as a whole.

193. The method of clause 179, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

194. The method of any of clauses 115-178, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

195. The method of any of clauses 115-178, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver. 196. The method of clause any of clauses 115-178, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

197. The method of any of clauses 115-178, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a target spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver.

198. The method of clause 197, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a maximum spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver.

199. The method of any of clauses 115-198, wherein the target beamform is calculated based on the location data of the target device using time reversal beamforming calculations.

200. The method of any of clauses 115-198, wherein the target beamform is determined based on the location data of the target device and corresponding beamforms stored in a memory.

201. The method of any of clauses 115-200, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the electric current is used to drive one or more motors of the UAV.

202. The method of any of clauses 115-200, wherein the electric current is used to charge a capacitor. 203. The method of clause 202, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the capacitor is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

204. The method of any of clauses 115-200, wherein the electric current is used to charge a battery.

205. The method of clause 204, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the battery is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

206. The method of any of clauses 115-200, wherein the electric current is used to charge a power storage device of the target device.

207. The method of any of clauses 115-200, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the electric current is used to directly supply power to one or more motors of the UAV and supply at least some excess power to a power storage device of the UAV.

208. The method of clause 207, wherein the power storage device comprises at least one of a capacitor and a battery.

209. The method of any of clauses 115-208, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of sub-receivers and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the sub-receivers.

210. The method of clause 209, wherein the receiver is divided into four quadrants and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the four quadrants.

211. The method of clause 209, wherein the receiver is divided into six sectors and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the six sectors. 212. The method of clause 210, wherein each quadrant of the receiver comprises a multi-element receive aperture.

213. The method of clause 209, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the receiver is divided into four quadrants and each of the four quadrants is used to power one motor of the UAV.

214. The method of clause 213, further comprising:

controlling movement of the UAV by providing varying amounts of power to each of the four quadrants.

215. The method of clause 209, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the receiver is divided into two or more sectors and each of the two or more sectors is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

216. The method of clause 215, further comprising:

controlling movement of the UAV by providing varying amounts of power to each of the sectors.

217. The method of clause 209, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of rings and a combiner circuit is configured to combine power from each of the plurality of rings.

218. The method of any of clauses 115-208, wherein the receiver comprises a multi-element receive aperture.

219. The method of clause 218, wherein the multi-element receive aperture comprises a plurality of harvester elements configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

220. The method of clause 219, wherein the electrical current comprises direct current (DC). 221. The method of clause 219, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester element of the receiver.

222. The method of clause 221 , wherein at least two of the harvester elements have different defined maximum intensities of EMR.

223. The method of clause 221 , wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein a first set of harvester elements is cooled by propellers of the UAV and each harvester element in the first set of harvester elements has a defined maximum intensity of EMR greater than each harvester element in a second set of harvester elements that is not cooled by the propellers of the UAV.

224. The method of clause 219, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one diode configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

225. The method of clause 224, wherein the at least one diode comprises at least one of a Schottky diode and a varactor diode.

226. The method of clause 219, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one rectenna configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

227. The method of clause 219, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one of a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and a voltage-controlled non-linear element. 228. The method of clause 219, wherein each of plurality of harvester elements outputs an electric current:

as an increasing function of a magnitude of received EMR between a zero magnitude of EMR and a peak-output magnitude of EMR, and

as a decreasing function of the magnitude of EMR after the peak- output magnitude of EMR.

229. The method of clause 228, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding the peak-output magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 230. The method of clause 228, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

231. The method of clause 228, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at an average magnitude approximating the peak- output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 232. The method of clause 228, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected from a plurality of possible beamforms based on a determination that the selected target beamform corresponds to a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver at an average magnitude most closely approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

233. The method of clause 219, further comprising at least one electric current combiner to combine the electric current from one or more sets of harvester elements.

234. The method of clause 233, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

235. The method of clause 233, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

236. The method of clause 233, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution is selected based on a function to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without: (ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

237. The method of any of clauses 115-236, wherein the transmission system comprises a phased array of antennas for beamforming.

238. The method of any of clauses 115-236, wherein the transmission system comprises a metasurface antenna for beamforming. 239. The method of clause 238, wherein the metasurface antenna comprises:

a plurality of antenna elements that are spaced at subwavelength intervals relative to an operating frequency;

a plurality of impedance elements coupled to the plurality of antenna elements; and

a plurality of impedance control inputs configured to allow for a selection of an impedance value for each of the plurality of lumped impedance elements, wherein each unique permutation of impedance values for the plurality of lumped impedance elements corresponds to a unique beamform.

240. The method of any of clauses 115-239, wherein the EMR is transmitted within a defined industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. 241. The method of any of clauses 115-239, wherein the EMR is transmitted at approximately 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, or 24 GHz. .

242. A system to provide wireless power to a target device, comprising: a location determination subsystem to determine a location of target device based on location data;

a beamform calculator to determine a target beamform having a

non-Gaussian field distribution for transmission of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to a receiver of the target device, based on the received location; and

a transmitter to transmit EMR with the target beamform having the non-Gaussian field distribution to the receiver of the target device.

243. The system of clause 242, wherein the target device is an

unmanned aerial vehicle.

244. The system of clause 242, wherein the target device is a mobile target device.

245. The system of clause 242, wherein the transmitter is mobile relative to the target device.

246. The system of clause 242, wherein the target device is a personal computing device.

247. The system of any of clauses 242-246, further comprising a receiver configured to be coupled to the target device.

248. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver is configured to convert at least a portion of the received EMR into an electric current.

249. The system of any of clauses 242-248, further comprising a receiver identification module to receive information identifying a characteristic of the receiver of the target device.

250. The system of clause 249, wherein the characteristic comprises at least one of a length, width, shape, and size. 251. The system of clause 249, wherein the characteristic comprises at least one of a maximum power rating.

252. The system of clause 249, wherein the characteristic comprises at least one of a maximum temperature rating.

253. The system of any of clauses 242-252, further comprising a power monitoring system to receive an indication of a power characteristic of an electric current produced from the EMR received by the receiver of the target device.

254. The system of clause 253, wherein the power monitoring system comprises at least one of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a

microprocessor, a processor, a non-transitory computer readable medium, a lookup table, and an electronic circuit component.

255. The system of any of clauses 242-254, wherein the location determination subsystem comprises at least one of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, a processor, and an electronic circuit component.

256. The system of any of clauses 242-255, wherein the beamform calculator comprises at least one of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, a processor, a non-transitory computer readable medium, a lookup table, and an electronic circuit component.

257. The system of clause 242, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the location data comprises data received from a camera viewing the UAV.

258. The system of clause 242, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the location data comprises data obtained from images captured by a camera on the UAV. 259. The system of clause 258, wherein the images captured by the camera comprise images of the transmission system captured by the camera on the UAV.

260. The system of any of clauses 242-259, wherein the location data comprises data from a laser range finder device, LIDAR system, or radar system.

261. The system of any of clauses 242-260, wherein the location data comprises data from the target device.

262. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data is included within a data stream from the target device.

263. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data is included within a video data stream from the target device.

264. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data is provided by one or more transponders on the target device.

265. The system of clause 264, wherein the location data is obtained by transmitting a query signal to the target device and receiving a response signal from the one or more transponders on the target device.

266. The system of any of clauses 242-265, wherein the location data comprises reflected EMR.

267. The system of any of clauses 242-265, wherein the location data comprises modulated EMR

268. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data comprises GPS coordinate information of the target device.

269. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data comprises a relative location and an orientation of the target device. 270. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data is provided by one or more transmitters on the target device.

271. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data is provided by at least one transmitter on the target device operating within the coherence bandwidth of the EMR transmitted by the transmitter.

272. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location data is provided by a plurality of transmitters on the target device.

273. The system of clause 272, wherein each of the plurality of transmitters on the target device is positioned proximate a perimeter of the receiver of the target device.

274. The system of clause 272, wherein each of the plurality of transmitters is positioned proximate a corner of the receiver of the target device.

275. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a relative time- of-flight measurement of a received signal.

276. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a time-of-flight measurement of a received signal.

277. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a phase-offset measurement of a signal.

278. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a code phase shift measurement of a received signal.

279. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a code phase delay measurement of a received signal. 280. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a frequency- offset measurement of a received signal.

281. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on an angle-of- arrival measurement of a received signal.

282. The system of clause 261 , wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a triangulation measurement of a signal received by each of a plurality of receivers associated with the transmitter.

283. The system of any of clauses 242-282, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine an updated location on a periodic basis.

284. The system of any of clauses 242-283, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on location data that indirectly measured.

285. The system of clause 284, wherein the indirectly measured location data is measured using phase or delay differences in signals received from the target device.

286. The system of any of clauses 242-285, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location and an orientation of the receiver of the target device.

287. The system of clause any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform by calculating the target beamform using nonlinear multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. 288. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform by calculating the target beamform using nonlinear time-reversal beamform calculation techniques.

289. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform having a non-Gaussian field distribution that approximates a ring-shaped distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

290. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver of the target device is ring-shaped.

291. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver of the target device is rectangular with a circular aperture therein.

292. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution approximates a toroidal distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

293. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver corresponds to the shape of the receiver.

294. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to limit peak levels of incident power on at least one sensitive portion of the target device.

295. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on a weighted function of (i) uniformly distributing EMR incident on the receiver and (ii) reducing spillover EMR on the edges of the receiver. 296. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on a function to maximize the uniformity of the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver without (ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

297. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

298. The system of clause 253, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises a temperature measurement.

299. The system of clause 298, wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one temperature sensor on the target device.

300. The system of clause 298, wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one infrared sensor or infrared camera.

301. The system of clause 298, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to modify the target beamform to prevent over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received temperature measurement.

302. The system of clause 253, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises a temperature measurement associated with the target device, and wherein the system further comprises an infrared camera to capture the temperature measurement.

303. The system of clause 253, wherein the power characteristic comprises a voltage characteristic of the electric current.

304. The system of clause 303, wherein the voltage characteristic comprises a root mean square (RMS) voltage. 305. The system of clause 253, wherein the power characteristic comprises a current characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

306. The system of clause 305, wherein the current characteristic comprises a current magnitude.

307. The system of clause 253, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises an indication of the power characteristic of the electric current produced at each of a plurality of receive elements of the receiver.

308. The system of clause 253, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the received power characteristic.

309. The system of clause 253, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to prevent over-voltage, over- current, over-power, or over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received power characteristic.

310. The system of clause 253, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without (i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

311. The system of clause 253, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without (i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver. 312. The system of clause 253, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

313. The system of clause 312, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is individually defined for each receiver element of the receiver.

314. The system of clause 312, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one measured temperature associated with the target device.

315. The system of clause 312, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one power load of the target device.

316. The system of clause 312, wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is defined for the receiver as a whole, and wherein the maximum intensity of EMR for each receiver element is defined in proportion to a total number of receiver elements of the receiver and the defined maximum intensity of EMR for the receiver as a whole.

317. The system of clause 253, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver. 318. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

319. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

320. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

321. The system of any of clauses 242-286, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a target spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver.

322. The system of clause 321 , wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a maximum spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver. 323. The system of any of clauses 242-322, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on the location data of the target device using time reversal beamforming calculations.

324. The system of any of clauses 242-322, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on the location data of the target device and corresponding beamforms stored in a memory.

325. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of sub-receivers, and wherein the system further comprises a combiner circuit to combine power from each of the sub-receivers.

326. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver is divided into four quadrants and, wherein the system further comprises a combiner circuit to combine power from each of the four quadrants.

327. The system of clause 326, wherein each quadrant of the receiver comprises a multi-element receive aperture.

328. The system of clause 247, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein the receiver is divided into two or more sectors and each of the sectors is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

329. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of rings and, wherein the system further comprises a combiner circuit to combine power from each of the plurality of rings.

330. The system of clause 247, wherein the receiver comprises a multi- element receive aperture.

331. The system of clause 330, wherein the multi-element receive aperture comprises a plurality of harvester elements configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

332. The system of clause 331 , wherein the electrical current comprises direct current (DC). 333. The system of clause 331 , wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester element of the receiver.

334. The system of clause 333, wherein at least two of the harvester elements have different defined maximum intensities of EMR.

335. The system of clause 333, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wherein a first set of harvester elements is cooled by propellers of the UAV and each harvester element in the first set of harvester elements has a defined maximum intensity of EMR greater than each harvester element in a second set of harvester elements that is not cooled by the propellers of the UAV.

336. The system of clause 331 , wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one diode configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

337. The system of clause 336, wherein the at least one diode comprises at least one of a Schottky diode and a varactor diode.

338. The system of clause 331 , wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one rectenna configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

339. The system of clause 331 , wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one of a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and a voltage-controlled non-linear element. 340. The system of clause 331 , wherein each of plurality of harvester elements outputs an electric current:

as an increasing function of a magnitude of received EMR between a zero magnitude of EMR and a peak-output magnitude of EMR, and

as a decreasing function of the magnitude of EMR after the peak- output magnitude of EMR.

341. The system of clause 340, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak- output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding the peak-output magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 342. The system of clause 340, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak- output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

343. The system of clause 340, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at an average magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 344. The system of clause 340, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform by selecting one of a plurality of possible beamforms based on a determination that the selected target beamform corresponds to a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver at an average magnitude most closely approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

345. The system of clause 331 , wherein the system further comprises at least one electric current combiner to combine the electric current from one or more sets of harvester elements.

346. The system of clause 345, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

347. The system of clause 345, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

348. The system of clause 345, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver. 349. The system of any of clauses 242-348, wherein the transmitter comprises a phased array of antennas for beamforming.

350. The system of any of clauses 242-348, wherein the transmitter comprises a metasurface antenna for beamforming.

351. The system of clause 350, wherein the metasurface antenna comprises:

a plurality of antenna elements that are spaced at subwavelength intervals relative to an operating frequency;

a plurality of impedance elements coupled to the plurality of antenna elements; and

a plurality of impedance control inputs configured to allow for a selection of an impedance value for each of the plurality of lumped impedance elements, wherein each unique permutation of impedance values for the plurality of lumped impedance elements corresponds to a unique beamform.

352. The system of any of clauses 242-351 , wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the EMR within a defined industrial, scientific and medical

(ISM) radio band.

353. The system of any of clauses 242-351 , wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the EMR at approximately 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, or 24 GHz.

354. A system to provide wireless power to an unmanned aerial vehicle, comprising:

a tunable multi-element transmitter to transmit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to target device

(i) using a Gaussian beamform when the target device is determined to be within a first distance range, and

(ii) using a non-Gaussian beamform when the target device is determined to be within a second distance range;

a location determination subsystem to determine a location of the target device relative to the multi-element transmitter, based on received location data; a range determination subsystem to determine within which of the first distance range and the second distance range the target device is located relative to the multi-element transmitter,

wherein the first distance range includes distances at which a smallest achievable waist of a Gaussian beam of the EMR transmitted by the tunable multi-element transmitter is larger than a multi-element EMR receiver of the target device, and

wherein the second distance range includes distances at which the smallest achievable waist of the Gaussian beam of the EMR transmitted by the tunable multi-element transmitter is smaller than the multi-element EMR receiver of the target device.

355. The system of clause 354, wherein the target device is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

356. The system of clause 354, wherein the target device is a mobile target device.

357. The system of clause 354, wherein the transmitter is mobile relative to the target device.

358. The system of clause 354, wherein the target device is a tablet computer. 359. The system of any of clauses 354-358, further comprising a receiver configured to be coupled to the target device.

360. The system of clause 359, wherein the receiver is configured to convert at least a portion of the received EMR into an electric current.

361. The system of clause 359, further comprising a receiver

identification module to receive information identifying a characteristic of the receiver of the target device.

362. The system of clause 361 , wherein the receiver identification module comprises a software module comprising instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium to be executed by a processor.

363. The system of clause 361 , wherein the receiver identification module comprises a field programmable gate array (FPGA).

364. The system of clause 361 , wherein the characteristic comprises at least one of a length, width, shape, and size.

365. The system of clause 361 , wherein the characteristic comprises at least one of a maximum power rating.

366. The system of clause 361 , wherein the characteristic comprises at least one of a maximum temperature rating.

367. The system of clause 359, further comprising a power monitoring system to receive an indication of a power characteristic of an electric current produced from the EMR received by the receiver of the target device.

368. The system of clause 367, wherein the power monitoring system comprises at least one of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a

microprocessor, a processor, a non-transitory computer readable medium, a lookup table, and an electronic circuit component. 369. The system of any of clauses 354-368, wherein the location determination subsystem comprises at least one of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, a processor, and an electronic circuit

component.

370. The system of any of clauses 354-369, wherein the range

determination subsystem comprises at least one of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, a processor, and an electronic circuit

component.

371. The system of any of clauses 354-370, wherein the location determination subsystem and the range determination subsystem are subsystems of an antenna controller.

372. The system of clause 371 , wherein the antenna controller comprises at least one resource shared by the range determination subsystem and the location determination subsystem.

373. The system of any of clauses 354-372, wherein at least one of the range determination subsystem and the location determination subsystem is cloud-based.

374. The system of any of clauses 354-373, wherein the location data comprises data received from a camera viewing the target device.

375. The system of any of clauses 354-373, wherein the location data comprises data obtained from images captured by a camera on the target device.

376. The system of clause 375, wherein the images captured by the camera comprise images of the transmission system captured by the camera on the target device. 377. The system of any of clauses 354-373, wherein the location data comprises data from a laser range finder device, a LIDAR system, or a radar system .

378. The system of any of clauses 354-373, wherein the location data comprises data from the target device.

379. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data is included within a data stream from the target device.

380. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data is included within a video data stream from the target device.

381. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data is provided by one or more transponders on the target device.

382. The system of clause 381 , wherein the location data is obtained by transmitting a query signal to the target device and receiving a response signal from the one or more transponders on the target device.

383. The system of any of clauses 354-382, wherein the location data comprises reflected EMR.

384. The system of clause 383, wherein the location data comprises modulated EMR

385. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data comprises GPS coordinate information of the target device.

386. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data comprises a relative location and an orientation of the target device.

387. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data is provided by one or more transmitters on the target device. 388. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data is provided by at least one transmitter on the target device operating within the coherence bandwidth of the EMR transmitted by the tunable multi-element transmitter.

389. The system of clause 378, wherein the location data is provided by a plurality of transmitters on the target device.

390. The system of clause 389, wherein each of the plurality of transmitters on the target device is positioned proximate a perimeter of the receiver of the target device.

391. The system of clause 389, wherein each of the plurality of transmitters is positioned proximate a corner of the receiver of the UAV.

392. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a relative time- of-flight measurement of a received signal.

393. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a time-of-flight measurement of a received signal.

394. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a phase-offset measurement of a signal.

395. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a code phase shift measurement of a received signal.

396. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a code phase delay measurement of a received signal. 397. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a frequency- offset measurement of a received signal.

398. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on an angle-of- arrival measurement of a received signal.

399. The system of clause 378, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on a triangulation measurement of a signal received by each of a plurality of receivers associated with the tunable multi-element transmitter.

400. The system of any of clauses 354-399, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine an updated location on a periodic basis.

401. The system of any of clauses 354-399, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location based on location data that indirectly measured.

402. The system of clause 401 , wherein the indirectly measured location data is measured using phase differences in signals received from the target device.

403. The system of clause 401 , wherein the indirectly measured location data is measured using delay differences in signals received from the target device.

404. The system of any of clauses 354-399, wherein the location determination subsystem is configured to determine a relative location and an orientation of the target device. 405. The system of any of clauses 354-404, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target, non-Gaussian beamform when the target device is determined within the second distance range.

406. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculated is configured to determine the target beamform by calculating the target beamform using nonlinear multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques.

407. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculated is configured to determine the target beamform by calculating the target beamform using nonlinear time-reversal beamform calculation techniques.

408. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform having a non-Gaussian field distribution that approximates a ring-shaped distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

409. The system of clause 355, wherein the receiver of the target device is ring-shaped.

410. The system of clause 355, wherein the receiver of the target device is rectangular with a circular aperture therein.

411. The system of clause 405, wherein the target beamform with the non-Gaussian field distribution approximates a toroidal distribution of EMR incident on the receiver of the target device.

412. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver corresponds to the shape of the receiver.

413. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform to limit peak levels of incident power on at least one sensitive portion of the target device. 414. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on a weighted function of (i) uniformly distributing EMR incident on the receiver and (ii) reducing spillover EMR on the edges of the receiver.

415. The system of clause 414, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on a function to maximize the uniformity of the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver without (ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

416. The system of clause 405, wherein the beamform calculator is configured to determine the target beamform based on a function to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

417. The system of clause 367, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises a temperature measurement.

418. The system of clause 417, wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one temperature sensor on the target device.

419. The system of clause 417, wherein the temperature measurement is determined by at least one infrared sensor or infrared camera.

420. The system of clause 417, further comprising a beamform calculator to modify the target beamform to prevent over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received temperature measurement.

421. The system of clause 367, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises a temperature measurement associated with the target device, and wherein the system further comprises an infrared camera to capture the temperature measurement. 422. The system of clause 367, wherein the power characteristic comprises a voltage characteristic of the electric current.

423. The system of clause 422, wherein the voltage characteristic comprises a root mean square (RMS) voltage.

424. The system of clause 367, wherein the power characteristic comprises a current characteristic of the electric current produced from the received EMR by the receiver.

425. The system of clause 424, wherein the current characteristic comprises a current magnitude.

426. The system of clause 367, wherein the indication of the power characteristic comprises an indication of the power characteristic of the electric current produced at each of a plurality of receive elements of the receiver.

427. The system of clause 367, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the received power characteristic.

428. The system of clause 367, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to prevent over-voltage, over-current, over- power, or over-temperature conditions of at least one receive element of the receiver, based on the received power characteristic.

429. The system of clause 367, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without (i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

430. The system of clause 367, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without (i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver. 431. The system of clause 367, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

432. The system of clause 431 , wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is individually defined for each receiver element of the receiver.

433. The system of clause 431 , wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one measured temperature associated with the target device.

434. The system of clause 431 , wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is dynamically defined based on at least one power load of the target device.

435. The system of clause 431 , wherein a maximum intensity of EMR is defined for the receiver as a whole, and wherein the maximum intensity of EMR for each receiver element is defined in proportion to a total number of receiver elements of the receiver and the defined maximum intensity of EMR for the receiver as a whole.

436. The system of clause 367, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the power characteristic of the electric current produced by the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver. 437. The system of any of clauses 354-436, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

438. The system of any of clauses 354-436, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one receiver element of the receiver.

439. The system of any of clauses 354-436, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

440. The system of any of clauses 354-436, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a target spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver.

441 . The system of clause 440, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform such that the distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides a maximum spatially average power density incident on the receiver without exceeding a threshold maximum value at any one location on the receiver. 442. The system of any of clauses 354-436, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform based on the location data of the target device using time reversal beamforming calculations.

443. The system of any of clauses 354-436, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform based on the location data of the target device and corresponding beamforms stored in a memory.

444. The system of clause 355, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of sub-receivers, and wherein the system further comprises a combiner circuit to combine power from each of the sub-receivers.

445. The system of clause 355, wherein the receiver is divided into four quadrants and, wherein the system further comprises a combiner circuit to combine power from each of the four quadrants.

446. The system of clause 445, wherein each quadrant of the receiver comprises a multi-element receive aperture.

447. The system of clause 355, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein the receiver is divided into two or more sectors and each of the sectors is used to power one or more motors of the UAV.

448. The system of clause 355, wherein the receiver is divided into a plurality of rings and, wherein the system further comprises a combiner circuit to combine power from each of the plurality of rings.

449. The system of clause 355, wherein the receiver comprises a multi- element receive aperture.

450. The system of clause 449, wherein the multi-element receive aperture comprises a plurality of harvester elements configured to convert EMR to an electric current. 451. The system of clause 450, wherein the electrical current comprises direct current (DC).

452. The system of clause 450, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total EMR incident on the receiver without:

(i) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester element of the receiver.

453. The system of clause 452, wherein at least two of the harvester elements have different defined maximum intensities of EMR.

454. The system of clause 452, wherein the target device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and wherein a first set of harvester elements is cooled by propellers of the UAV and each harvester element in the first set of harvester elements has a defined maximum intensity of EMR greater than each harvester element in a second set of harvester elements that is not cooled by the propellers of the UAV.

455. The system of clause 450, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one diode configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

456. The system of clause 455, wherein the at least one diode comprises at least one of a Schottky diode and a varactor diode.

457. The system of clause 450, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one rectenna configured to convert EMR to an electric current.

458. The system of clause 450, wherein each of the plurality of harvester elements comprises at least one of a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and a voltage-controlled non-linear element. 459. The system of clause 450, wherein each of plurality of harvester elements outputs an electric current:

as an increasing function of a magnitude of received EMR between a zero magnitude of EMR and a peak-output magnitude of EMR, and

as a decreasing function of the magnitude of EMR after the peak- output magnitude of EMR.

460. The system of clause 459, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding the peak-output magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

461. The system of clause 459, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at a magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

462. The system of clause 459, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform such that a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver provides EMR at an average magnitude approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements.

463. The system of clause 459, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform by selecting one of a plurality of possible beamforms based on a determination that the selected target beamform

corresponds to a distribution of EMR incident on the receiver at an average magnitude most closely approximating the peak-output magnitude of EMR on each of the plurality of harvester elements, without exceeding a damage threshold magnitude of EMR on any one of the harvester elements. 464. The system of clause 450, wherein the system further comprises at least one electric current combiner to combine the electric current from one or more sets of harvester elements.

465. The system of clause 464, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(i) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver, and without

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

466. The system of clause 464, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(ii) exceeding a defined maximum intensity of EMR on any one harvester of the receiver.

467. The system of clause 464, further comprising a beamform calculator to determine the target beamform to maximize the total combined electric current from the one or more sets of the harvester elements without:

(ii) exceeding a threshold percentage of EMR that spills over the edges of the receiver.

468. The system of any of clauses 354-467, wherein the tunable multi- element transmitter comprises a phased array of antennas for beamforming.

469. The system of any of clauses 354-467, wherein the tunable multi- element transmitter comprises a metasurface antenna for beamforming. 470. The system of clause 469, wherein the metasurface antenna comprises:

a plurality of antenna elements that are spaced at subwavelength intervals relative to an operating frequency;

a plurality of impedance elements coupled to the plurality of antenna elements; and

a plurality of impedance control inputs configured to allow for a selection of an impedance value for each of the plurality of lumped impedance elements, wherein each unique permutation of impedance values for the plurality of lumped impedance elements corresponds to a unique beamform.

471. The system of any of clauses 354-470, wherein the tunable multi- element transmitter is configured to transmit the EMR within a defined industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band.

472. The system of any of clauses 354-470, wherein the tunable multi- element transmitter is configured to transmit the EMR at approximately 2.4, 5.8 GHz, or 24 GHz.