NOVEL AQUEOUS ADHESIVES USING SACCHARIDE FATTY ACID ESTERS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates generally to adhesives, and more specifically to aqueous adhesives compositions comprising, inter alia, saccharide fatty acid esters (SFAE), including compositions containing such a combination and articles made with such a combination.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

[0002] Drinking straws are well-known and extensively utilized to consume beverages. Generally, drinking straws comprise an elongate cylindrical sleeve defining a lumen therein through which a liquid beverage can be channeled to a consumer's mouth and imbibed.

Essentially, an opposed end of the straw is submerged within the beverage to be consumed, the latter of which is drawn upwardly there through via a vacuum force created by the user's mouth on the other opposed end of the straw.

[0003] The vast majority of drinking straws currently in use are manufactured from plastic. In this respect, most straws are manufactured through an extrusion process whereby straws are formed to have a desired length, cut, and thereafter packaged. Because such straws are made from plastic, however, there are a number of significant problems. For instance, by virtue of being formed from plastic, the straws are not biodegradable. Since such plastic straws are typically disposed of following use, it is a substantial source of pollution.

[0004] A variety of products, such as paper straws, tubes, and corrugated paperboard are constructed from multiple layers of sheet material joined together by adhesive, referred to herein as laminated structures. Laminated structures can be formed of many different types of rigid or flexible sheet materials. The motivation for making a structure as a laminated structure, as opposed to using a single layer of equivalent thickness, can vary depending on the particular application.

[0005] In paper straws, tubes and corrugated paperboard, for example, multiple layers are used because the particular material of which the structure is to be made is available only in sheets whose thickness is substantially smaller than the needed thickness of the final structure. For instance, many types of paperboard structures are formed as laminated structures because paperboard generally is not available in thicknesses greater than about one-tenth of a millimeter, whereas the structure to be formed may have to have a thickness of one millimeter or more to meet strength and/or dimensional requirements. In many of these types of structures, dimensional and/or strength requirements dictate that from three (3) to as many as ten (10) or more layers of paperboard must be used to build the structure.

[0006] A paperboard tube, for example, is typically made by sequentially wrapping a plurality of paperboard plies about a mandrel having the desired shape of the tube. Adhesive is applied to the plies to join them together. For corrugated paper board, a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat linerboards are joined together. In either case, the strength of a paperboard depends on a number of factors.

[0007] It is known in the art to bond sheets with polyvinyl acetate or starch-based adhesives. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) does give some degree of strength but the level of strength improvement is low and, for many applications, inadequate. PVA can also provide some water resistance to the resulting article. However, a major disadvantage of PVA is relative high cost. Starch based adhesives, although lower in cost, will add to the resulting article’s strength but will have little water resistance.

[0008] Laminated structures such as those described above tend to be limited in strength by the strength of the weakest link in the structure. In many laminated structures, the sheet material layers are weaker than the adhesive that binds them together. Where the structure is made up of layers of dissimilar materials, and hence different strengths, the factor limiting the strength of the structure therefore tends to be the strength of the weakest sheet material layer. Nevertheless, there may be good reasons to use such weaker layers in the structure, as opposed to using all strong layers. For example, in some cases there may be a cost advantage to using at least some weaker layers in the structure. In other cases, the weaker layer may serve another purpose that is needed and cannot be fulfilled by the other stronger layers; as an example, the weaker layer may be included because it serves as a needed fluid barrier while the other stronger layers do not. In some laminated structures constructed from layers of dissimilar materials, some layers may not be as readily bondable to the adhesive used for joining the layers together as other layers of the structure. As a result, the weak link in the structure may be the adhesive bond between such a less-bondable layer and its adjacent layer or layers.

[0009] In other laminated paperboard structures, the chosen paperboard material for constructing the structure may be such that it does not bond to the adhesive as well as would be desired for optimal strength. For instance, paperboards that are densified to increase their strength sometimes tend to have poorer adhesive bonding than paperboards of lower density and strength. The strength benefit that such stronger plies provide thus can be partially offset by the lower adhesive bond strength between the plies. It would be desirable to remedy this situation as well as to be able to reinforce such weaker layers to improve the strength of the laminated structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The present disclosure relates to combinations of saccharide fatty acid esters and adhesives to produce aqueous adhesive compositions having, inter alia, improved water/grease resistance. Such combinations comprise at least one saccharide fatty acid ester (SFAE) with at least one adhesive, such as starch or polyvinyl acetate, and applying such combinations to substrates, including cellulose-based materials to make multi-ply articles such as paper tubes, paper drinking straws, and corrugated paperboard. Such compositions may also include other binders such as PvOH, latex, and optionally inorganic/mineral pigments or catalysts.

[0011] In embodiments, an aqueous adhesive composition is disclosed including at least one saccharide fatty acid ester and at least one adhesive. In one aspect, the aqueous adhesive composition comprises an unsaturated saccharide fatty acid ester (i.e., a saccharide fatty acid ester containing unsaturated fatty acid moieties). In another aspect, the at least one adhesive includes, but is not limited to, animal glue, collagen based adhesives or collagen based glues, such as bone glue, fish glue, hide glue, hoof glue, albumin glue, casein glue, meat glue (culinary binding agent); a plant based adhesives, such as Canada balsam, pine rosin based, coccoina, gum Arabic, postage stamp gum, latex (natural rubber), library paste (starch-based glue), methyl cellulose, mucilage, resorcinol resin, starch, urea-formaldehyde resin; solvent type glues, such as polystyrene cement/butanone, dichloromethane; synthetic glues, such as synthetic monomer glues, cyanoacrylate, acrylonitrile, acrylic, resorcinol glue; synthetic polymer glues, such as epoxy resins, epoxy putty, ethylene-vinyl acetate, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfides, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), including white glue and yellow carpenter's glue (Aliphatic resin), polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl chloride emulsion (PVCE), polyvinylpyrrolidone, rubber cement, silicones, silyl modified polymers, and styrene acrylic copolymer, or combinations thereof.

[0012] In one aspect, the aqueous adhesive composition may include and inorganic/mineral, where the inorganic/mineral includes kaolin, talc, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, attapulgite, bentonite, montmorillonite, natural clays, and synthetic clays.

[0013] In another aspect, the aqueous adhesive composition includes a latex, where the latex is a styrene butadiene (SB) latex or a styrene acrylate (SA) latex. In a related aspect, the latex is carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex.

[0014] In one aspect, the aqueous adhesive composition is combined with two or more layers of cellulosic material to form a laminated structure.

[0015] In a related aspect, the laminated structure is a tube, drinking straw or corrugated paperboard.

[0016] In another aspect, the aqueous adhesion composition further comprises one or more catalysts including, but not limited to, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and acetates of Fe ³⁺ , Al ³⁺ , In ³⁺ , Hf0 ²⁺ , Zr0 ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Mn ³⁺ , Cr ³⁺ and/or Cu ²⁺ , and/or glycols (blocked and unblocked), aldehydes, and dialdehydes. In a related aspect, the one or more catalysts are present at about 0.1 wt% to about 10wt% of the adhesive.

[0017] In one aspect, the at least one saccharide fatty acid ester is a sucrose fatty acid ester. In a related aspect, the composition includes a blend of two or more saccharide fatty acid esters having different HLB values. In a further related aspect, the two or more saccharide fatty acid esters include one saccharide fatty acid ester having all saturated fatty acid moieties and another containing saturated and unsaturated fatty acid moieties or all unsaturated fatty acid moieties.

[0018] In another aspect, the SFAE is present in the aqueous adhesive composition at a concentration of about 0.5wt% to about 50wt% of the adhesive composition.

[0019] In one aspect, the aqueous adhesive composition may comprise SFAE combined with polyol fatty acid esters and/or polysaccharide fatty acid esters.

[0020] In embodiments, an article of manufacture is disclosed including one or more layers of sheet materials, where the sheet materials are bound together with a composition comprising at least one saccharide fatty acid ester and at least one adhesive.

[0021] In one aspect, the sheet material comprises cellulosic material. In a related aspect, the cellulosic material is paper. In a further related aspect, the article of manufacture is a tube, a drinking straw or corrugated paperboard. In another aspect, the article may comprise two or more tubes having different diameters and comprising different numbers of plies. In a related aspect, the tubes may comprise different aqueous adhesive compositions, where the tubes may be bound to each other or may articulate and/or telescope. In a further related aspect, an articulated portion of the article comprises a difference aqueous adhesive composition and/or number of plies than a non-articulated portion.

[0022] In one aspect, the article comprises two (2) to ten (10) layers. In a related aspect, the article comprises five (5) or more or ten (10) or more layers.

[0023] In one aspect, the layers have a thickness between about 0.02mm to about 4mm.

[0024] In another aspect, the article of manufacture is a corrugated paper board containing container.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] FIG. 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of untreated, medium porosity Whatman Filter Paper (58x magnification).

[0026] FIG. 2 shows an SEM of untreated, medium porosity Whatman Filter Paper (1070x magnification).

[0027] FIG. 3 shows a side-by-side comparison of SEMs of paper made from recycled pulp before (left) and after (right) coating with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) (27x magnification).

[0028] FIG. 4 shows a side-by-side comparison of SEMs of paper made from recycled pulp before (left) and after (right) coating with MFC (98x magnification).

[0029] FIG. 5 shows water penetration in paper treated with various coating formulations: polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH), diamonds; SEFOSE® + PvOH at 1: 1 (v/v), squares; Ethylex (starch), triangles; SEFOSE® + PvOH at 3: 1 (v/v), crosses.

[0030] FIG. 6 shows water beading on paper treated with an aqueous composition comprising 2 sucrose fatty acid esters having different HLB values and precipitated calcium carbonate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] Before the present composition, methods, and methodologies are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular compositions, methods, and experimental conditions described, as such compositions, methods, and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only in the appended claims.

[0032] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, references to "a saccharide fatty acid ester" includes one or more saccharide fatty acid esters, and/or compositions of the type described herein which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and so forth.

[0033] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice or testing of the invention, as it will be understood that modifications and variations are encompassed within the spirit and scope of the instant disclosure.

[0034] As used herein, "about," "approximately," "substantially" and "significantly" will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art and will vary in some extent depending on the context in which they are used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which it is used, "about" and "approximately" will mean plus or minus <10% of particular term and "substantially" and "significantly" will mean plus or minus >10% of the particular term. "Comprising" and "consisting essentially of have their customary meaning in the art.

[0035] As stated above, it is known in the art that polyvinyl acetate or starch-based adhesives are used to bond materials. Again, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) does give some degree of strength but the level of strength improvement is low and, for many applications, inadequate. PVA can also provide some water resistance to the resulting article however, a major disadvantage of PVA is relative high cost. Starch based adhesives, although lower in cost, will add substantially to the strength of the resulting article, but will provide little water resistance.

[0036] Saccharide fatty acid esters containing unsaturated fatty acid moieties (or unsaturated fatty acid esters; uSFAE) have been shown, inter alia, to make materials strongly hydrophobic and may be used as wet strength additives for paper (see U.S. Pub. No. 20180066073, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). These saccharide fatty acid esters, for example, once removed by bacterial enzymes, are easily digested as such. As disclosed herein, the unsaturated saccharide fatty acid esters also provide an ideal solution to the problem of strength improvement and water resistance for adhesives including, but not limited to, PVA and starch. Further, such uSFAE may be useful in formulating synthetic/fossil-fuel based adhesives with increased bio content, as well as reducing the number of plies needed to make certain material (e.g., tubes and drinking straws).

[0037] In embodiments, the aqueous formulations as disclosed herein may provide laminated articles with a water-resistant bond. In one aspect, the aqueous adhesive would contain one or more water soluble, or partially soluble, or water dispersible binders including, but not limited to, modified and unmodified starch, gums, casein, proteins, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, acrylics, styrene, styrene butadiene, and styrene acrylic. In a related aspect, the binder may be present in the range of about 45wt% to about 50wt%, about 50wt% to about 60wt%, about 60wt% to about 70wt%, about 70wt% to about 80wt%, about 80wt% to about 90wt%, about 90wt% to about 99.5wt% of the adhesive.

[0038] In addition, the aqueous adhesive composition may contain one or more polyol or polysaccharide fatty acid esters. In one aspect, the saccharide fatty acid ester is an unsaturated saccharide fatty acid ester (uSFAE), such as an unsaturated sucrose fatty acid ester. The uSFAE would be present in the range of about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt% of the adhesive. Optionally, a saturated SFAE (sSFAE) may also be incorporated into the adhesive, either alone or blended with a uSFAE, to improve the water resistance of the bond or add grease resistance to the bond.

[0039] In embodiments, a catalyst may be added in the range of about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5wt%, about 0.5wt% to about 1.0wt%, about 1.0 wt% to about 2.0 wt%, about 2.0 wt% to about 5.0 wt%, and about 5.0 wt% to about 10 wt% of the adhesive mixture to accelerate the reaction between the substrate, binder and uSFAE. The catalyst may be one or more multivalent metal salts or hydrates, including but not limited to chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and acetates of Fe ³⁺ , Al ³⁺ , In ³⁺ , Hf0 ²⁺ , Zr0 ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Mn ³⁺ , Cr ³⁺ and/or Cu ²⁺ , and/or glycols (blocked and unblocked), aldehydes, and dialdehydes. In one aspect, the reaction rate may be such that the bond between the binder and substrate would develop, or mostly develop, prior to the reaction with the uSFAE, the binder, and the substrate. While not being bound by theory, such a reaction should maximize the strength of the bond within the laminate and also provide water-resistance to any exposed binder surface or binder surface accessible to water. [0040] Advantages of the aqueous adhesive composition as disclosed herein include that the aqueous adhesive composition may be made from renewable agricultural components - saccharides and vegetable oils, where such SFAEs have a low toxicity profile and are suitable for food contact; may be tuned to reduce the coefficient of friction of the paper/paperboard surface itself (i.e., does not make the paper too slippery for downstream processing or end use or affect adhesion to the paper), even at high levels of water/grease resistance; may or may not be used with special emulsification equipment or emulsification agents; and is compatible with traditional paper recycling programs: i.e., poses no adverse impact on recycling operations, like

polyethylene, polylactic acid, or wax containing adhesive formulations do.

[0041] As used herein, "adhesive" means a substance used for joining objects or materials together. For example, in embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid ester may be combined with one or more adhesives, including but not limited to, animal glue, collagen based adhesives or collagen based glues such as bone glue, fish glue, hide glue, hoof glue, albumin glue, casein glue, meat glue (culinary binding agent); a plant based adhesives such as Canada balsam, pine rosin based, coccoina, gum Arabic, postage stamp gum, latex (natural rubber), library paste (starch- based glue), methyl cellulose, mucilage, resorcinol resin, starch, urea-formaldehyde resin;

solvent type glues such as polystyrene cement/butanone, dichloromethane; synthetic glues such as synthetic monomer glues, cyanoacrylate, acrylonitrile, acrylic, resorcinol glue; synthetic polymer glues such as epoxy resins, epoxy putty, ethylene-vinyl acetate, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyamide, polyester resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfides, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), including white glue and yellow carpenter's glue (Aliphatic resin), polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl chloride emulsion (PVCE), polyvinylpyrrolidone, rubber cement, silicones, silyl modified polymers, and styrene acrylic copolymer.

[0042] As used herein, "articulate", including grammatical variations thereof, means having joints or jointed segments.

[0043] As used herein, "aqueous" means of or containing water, typically as a solvent or medium.

[0044] As used herein, "telescope" means (with reference to an object made of concentric tubular parts) slide or cause to slide into itself, so that it becomes smaller. [0045] As used herein, "biobased" means a material intentionally made from substances derived from living (or once-living) organisms. In a related aspect, material containing at least about 50% of such substances is considered biobased.

[0046] As used herein, "bind", including grammatical variations thereof, means to cohere or cause to cohere essentially as a single mass.

[0047] As used herein, "cellulosic" means natural, synthetic or semisynthetic materials that can be molded or extruded into objects (e.g., bags, sheets) or films or filaments, which may be used for making such objects or films or filaments, that is structurally and functionally similar to cellulose, e.g., coatings and adhesives (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose). In another example, cellulose, a complex carbohydrate (O,H ioOA _i that is composed of glucose units, which forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants, is cellulosic.

[0048] As used herein, "coating weight" is the weight of a material (wet or dry) applied to a substrate. It is expressed in pounds per specified ream or grams per square meter.

[0049] As used herein "Cobb value" means the water absorption (in weight of water per unit area) of a sample. The procedure for determining the "Cobb value" is done in compliance with TAPPI standard 441-om. The Cobb value is calculated by subtracting the initial weight of the sample from the final weight of the sample and then dividing by the area of the sample covered by the water. The reported value represents grams of water absorbed per square meter of paper.

[0050] As used herein, "compostable" means these solid products are biodegradable into the soil.

[0051] As used herein, "edge wi eking" means the sorption of water in a paper structure at the outside limit of said structure by one or more mechanisms including, but not limited to, capillary penetration in the pores between fibers, diffusion through fibers and bonds, and surface diffusion on the fibers. In a related aspect, the saccharide fatty acid ester containing coating as described herein prevents edge wi eking in treated products. In one aspect, a similar problem exists with grease/oil entering creases that may be present in paper or paper products. Such a "grease creasing effect" may be defined as the sorption of grease in a paper structure that is created by folding, pressing or crushing said paper structure.

[0052] As used herein, "effect", including grammatical variations thereof, means to impart a particular property to a specific material. [0053] As used herein, "hydrophobe" means a substance that does not attract water. For example, waxes, rosins, resins, saccharide fatty acid esters, diketenes, shellacs, vinyl acetates, PLA, PEI, oils, fats, lipids, other water repellant chemicals or combinations thereof are hydrophobes.

[0054] As used herein, "hydrophobicity" means the property of being water-repellent, tending to repel and not absorb water.

[0055] As used herein, "lipid resistance" or "lipophobicity" means the property of being lipid- repellent, tending to repel and not absorb lipids, grease, fats and the like. In a related aspect, the grease resistance may be measured by a "3M KIT" test or a TAPPI T559 Kit test.

[0056] As used herein, "laminated structures" means an article of manufacture constructed from multiple layers of sheet material joined together by adhesive. For example, paper tubes, paper drinking straws and corrugated paperboard are all laminated structures.

[0057] As used herein, "cellulose-containing material" or "cellulose-based material" means a composition which consists essentially of cellulose. For example, such material may include, but is not limited to, paper, paper sheets, paperboard, paper pulp, a carton for food storage, parchment paper, cake board, butcher paper, release paper/liner, a bag for food storage, paper drinking straw, paper tube, corrugated paperboard, a shopping bag, a shipping bag, bacon board, insulating material, tea bags, containers for coffee or tea, a compost bag, eating utensil, container for holding hot or cold beverages, cup, a lid, plate, a bottle for carbonated liquid storage, gift cards, a bottle for non-carbonated liquid storage, film for wrapping food, a garbage disposal container, a food handling implement, a fabric fibre (e.g., cotton or cotton blends), a water storage and conveying implement, alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks, an outer casing or screen for electronic goods, an internal or external piece of furniture, a curtain and upholstery.

[0058] As used herein, "polyol" means an organic compound containing more than two hydroxyl groups (e.g., sugar alcohols).

[0059] As used herein, "polysaccharide" means a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen).

[0060] As used herein, "release paper" means a paper sheet used to prevent a sticky surface from prematurely adhering to an adhesive or a mastic. In one aspect, the coatings as disclosed herein can be used to replace or reduce the use of silicon or other coatings to produce a material having a low surface energy. Determining the surface energy may be readily achieved by measuring contact angle (e.g., Optical Tensiometer and/or High Pressure Chamber; Dyne Testing, Staffordshire, United Kingdom) or by use of Surface Energy Test Pens or Inks (see, e.g., Dyne Testing, Staffordshire, United Kingdom).

[0061] As used herein "releasable" with reference to the SFAE means that the SFAE coating, once applied, may be removed from the cellulose-based material (e.g., removeable by manipulating physical properties). As used herein "non-releasable" with reference to the SFAE means that the SFAE coating, once applied, is substantially irreversibly bound to the cellulose- based material (e.g., removable by chemical means).

[0062] As used herein, "fluffy" means an airy, solid material having the appearance of raw cotton or a Styrofoam peanut. In embodiments, the fluffy material may be made from

nanocellulose fibers (e.g., MFC) cellulose nanocrystals, and/or cellulose filaments and saccharide fatty acid esters, where the resulting fibers or filaments or crystals are hydrophobic (and dispersible), and may be used in composites (e.g., concretes, plastics and the like).

[0063] As used herein, "fibers in solution" or "pulp" means a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, fiber crops or waste paper. In a related aspect, where cellulose fibers are treated by the methods as disclosed herein, the cellulose fibers themselves contain bound saccharide fatty acid esters as isolated entities, and where the bound cellulose fibers have separate and distinct properties from free fibers (e.g., pulp- or cellulose fiber- or nanocellulose or microfibrillated cellulose-saccharide fatty acid ester bound material would not form hydrogen bonds between fibers as readily as unbound fibers).

[0064] As used herein, "repulpable" means to make a paper or paperboard product suitable for crushing into a soft, shapeless mass for reuse in the production of paper or paperboard.

[0065] As used herein, "tunable", including grammatical variations thereof, means to adjust or adapt a process to achieve a particular result.

[0066] As used herein, "water contact angle" means the angle measured through a liquid, where a liqui d/vapor interface meets a solid surface. It quantifies the wettability of the solid surface by the liquid. The contact angle is a reflection of how strongly the liquid and solid molecules interact with each other, relative to how strongly each interacts with its own kind. On many highly hydrophilic surfaces, water droplets will exhibit contact angles of 0° to 30°. Generally, if the water contact angle is larger than 90°, the solid surface is considered hydrophobic. Water contact angle may be readily obtained using an Optical Tensiometer (see, e.g., Dyne Testing, Staffordshire, United Kingdom).

[0067] As used herein, "water vapour permeability" means breathability or a textile's ability to transfer moisture. There are at least two different measurement methods. One, the MVTR Test (Moisture Vapour Transmission Rate) in accordance with ISO 15496, describes the water vapor permeability (WVP) of a fabric and therefore the degree of perspiration transport to the outside air. The measurements determine how many grams of moisture (water vapor) pass through a square meter of fabric in 24 hours (the higher the level, the higher the breathability).

[0068] In one aspect, TAPPI T 530 Hercules size test (i.e., size test for paper by ink resistance) may be used to determine water resistance. Ink resistance by the Hercules method is best classified as a direct measurement test for the degree of penetration. Others classify it as a rate of penetration test. There is no one best test for "measuring sizing." Test selection depends on end use and mill control needs. This method is especially suitable for use as a mill control sizing test to accurately detect changes in sizing level. It offers the sensitivity of the ink float test while providing reproducible results, shorter test times, and automatic end point determination.

[0069] Sizing, as measured by resistance to permeation through or absorption into paper of aqueous liquids, is an important characteristic of many papers. Typical of these are bag, containerboard, butcher's wrap, writing, and some printing grades.

[0070] This method may be used to monitor paper or board production for specific end uses provided acceptable correlation has been established between test values and the paper's end use performance. Due to the nature of the test and the penetrant, it will not necessarily correlate sufficiently to be applicable to all end use requirements. This method measures sizing by rate of penetration. Other methods measure sizing by surface contact, surface penetration, or absorption. Size tests are selected based on the ability to simulate the means of water contact or absorption in end use. This method can also be used to optimize size chemical usage costs.

[0071] Tests to be performed may also include, but are not limited to, bond strength, cure time, smoothness, paper stiffness, water resistance (hot water and cold water), printability, beam strength, ease of cutting, forming, and putty adhesion.

[0072] As used herein, "oxygen permeability" means the degree to which a polymer allows the passage of a gas or fluid. Oxygen permeability (Dk) of a material is a function of the diffusivity (D) (i.e., the speed at which oxygen molecules traverse the material) and the solubility (k) (or the amount of oxygen molecules absorbed, per volume, in the material). Values of oxygen permeability (Dk) typically fall within the range 10-150 x 10 ^{1 1} (cm ² ml C>2)/(s ml mmHg). A semi-logarithmic relationship has been demonstrated between hydrogel water content and oxygen permeability (Unit: Barrer unit). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has specified permeability using the SI unit hectopascal (hPa) for pressure. Hence Dk = 10 ⁿ (cm ² ml O2) /(s ml hPa). The Barrer unit can be converted to hPa unit by multiplying it by the constant 0.75.

[0073] As used herein "biodegradable", including grammatical variations thereof, means capable of being broken down especially into innocuous products by the action of living things (e.g., by microorganisms).

[0074] As used herein, "recyclable", including grammatical variations thereof, means a material that is treatable or that can be processed (with used and/or waste items) so as to make said material suitable for reuse.

[0075] As used herein "latex" means a stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium. It is found in nature, but synthetic latexes can be made by polymerizing a monomer such as styrene that has been emulsified with surfactants. Latex as found in nature is a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants (angiosperms). It is a complex emulsion consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums that coagulate on exposure to air.

[0076] As used herein, "filler" means finely divided white mineral (or pigments) added to paper making furnishes to improve the optical and physical properties of the sheet. The particles serve to fill in the spaces and crevices between the fibers, thus, producing a sheet with increased brightness, opacity, smoothness, gloss, and printability, but generally, lower bonding and tear strength. Common paper making fillers include clay (kaolin, bentonite), calcium carbonate (both GCC and PCC), talc (magnesium silicate), and titanium dioxide.

[0077] As used herein, "Gurley second" or "Gurley number" is a unit describing the number of seconds required for 100 cubic centimeters (deciliter) of air to pass through 1.0 square inch of a given material at a pressure differential of 4.88 inches of water (0.176 psi) (ISO 5636- 5:2003)(Porosity). In addition, for stiffness, "Gurley number" is a unit for a piece of vertically held material measuring the force required to deflect said material a given amount (1 milligram of force). Such values may be measured on a Gurley Precision Instruments' device (Troy, New York).

[0078] HLB-The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a surfactant is a measure of the degree to which it is hydrophilic or lipophilic, determined by calculating values for the different regions of the molecule.

[0079] Griffin's method for non-ionic surfactants as described in 1954 works as follows:

HLB 20 M _h /M

[0080] where M _h is the molecular mass of the hydrophilic portion of the molecule, and M is the molecular mass of the whole molecule, giving a result on a scale of 0 to 20. An HLB value of 0 corresponds to a completely lipophilic/hydrophobic molecule, and a value of 20 corresponds to a completely hydrophilic/lipophobic molecule.

[0081] The HLB value can be used to predict the surfactant properties of a molecule:

< 10 : Lipid-soluble (water-insoluble)

> 10 : Water-soluble (lipid-insoluble)

1.5 to 3: anti-foaming agent

3 to 6: W/O (water in oil) emulsifier

7 to 9: wetting and spreading agent 13 to 15: detergent

12 to 16: O/W (oil in water) emulsifier

15 to 18: solubiliser or hydrotrope

[0082] In some embodiments, the HLB values for the saccharide fatty acid esters (or composition comprising said ester) as disclosed herein may be in the lower range. In other embodiments, the HLB values for the saccharide fatty acid esters (or composition comprising said ester) as disclosed herein may be in the middle to higher ranges. In embodiments, mixing SFAEs with different HLB values may be used.

[0083] As used herein, "SEFOSE ^® " denotes a sucrose fatty acid ester made from soybean oil (soyate) which is commercially available from Procter & Gamble Chemicals (Cincinnati, OH) under the trade name SEFOSE 1618U (see sucrose polysoyate below), which contains one or more fatty acids that are unsaturated. As used herein, "OLEAN ^® " denotes a sucrose fatty acid ester which is available from Procter & Gamble Chemicals having the formula C _n+i2 H _2n+22 0i ₃ , where all fatty acids are saturated. In addition, SFAEs may be purchased from Mitsubishi Chemicals Foods Corporation (Tokyo, JP), which offers a variety of such SFAEs.

[0084] As used herein, "unsaturated fatty acid" means a fatty acid in which some of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are joined by double or triple bonds.

[0085] As used herein, "soyate" means a mixture of salts of fatty acids from soybean oil.

[0086] As used herein, "oilseed fatty acids" means fatty acids from plants, including but not limited to soybeans, peanuts, rapeseeds, barley, canola, sesame seeds, cottonseeds, palm kernels, grape seeds, olives, safflowers, sunflowers, copra, com, coconuts, linseed, hazelnuts, wheat, rice, potatoes, cassavas, legumes, camelina seeds, mustard seeds, and combinations thereof.

[0087] As used herein "wet strength" means the measure of how well the web of fibers holding the paper together can resist a force of rupture when the paper is wet. The wet strength may be measured using a Finch Wet Strength Device from Thwing- Albert Instrument Company (West Berlin, NJ). Where the wet strength is typically effected by wet strength additives such as kymene, cationic glyoxylated resins, polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resins, polyamine- epichlorohydrin resins, including epoxide resins. In embodiments, SFAE coated cellulose based material as disclosed herein effects such wet strength in the absence of such additives.

[0088] As used herein "wet" means covered or saturated with water or another liquid.

[0089] In embodiments, a process as disclosed herein includes mixing a saccharide fatty acid ester and an adhesive to form an aqueous adhesive composition (optionally, mixing a latex with an inorganic particle (e.g., clay, talc, calcium carbonate) to form a slurry and blending the slurry with the SFAE and adhesive, including use of one or more catalysts) and applying said aqueous adhesive composition to a cellulosic material, where said process optionally comprises exposing the contacted cellulose-based material to heat, radiation, or a combination thereof for a sufficient time to bind the aqueous adhesive composition to the cellulose based material. In a related aspect, such radiation may include, but is not limited to UV, IR, visible light, or a combination thereof. In another related aspect, the reaction may be carried out at room temperature (i.e., 25°C) to about 150°C, about 50°C to about 100°C, or about 60°C to about 80°C. Further, the resulting surface of the cellulosic material will exhibit a lower Cobb value compared to a surface of cellulosic material not so treated, where the surface of the material has been coated with a SFAE/latex mix.

[0090] As disclosed herein, fatty acid esters of all saccharides, including mono-, di saccharides and tri-saccharides, are adaptable for use in connection with this aspect of the present invention. In a related aspect, the saccharide fatty acid ester may be a mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, or octaester, and combinations thereof, including that the fatty acid moieties may be saturated, unsaturated or a combination thereof.

[0091] While not being bound by theory, the interaction between the saccharide fatty acid ester and the cellulose-based material may be by ionic, hydrophobic, van der Waals interaction, or covalent bonding, or a combination thereof. In a related aspect, the saccharide fatty acid ester binding to the cellulose-based material may be substantially irreversible (e.g., using an SFAE comprising a combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids).

[0092] Further, at a sufficient concentration, the binding of the unsaturated saccharide fatty acid ester alone is enough to make the cellulose-based material water resistant: i.e., water resistance is achieved in the absence of the addition of waxes, rosins, resins, diketenes, shellacs, vinyl acetates, PLA, PEI, oils, other water repellant chemicals or combinations thereof (i.e., secondary hydrophobes), including that other properties such as, inter alia, strengthening, stiffening, and bulking of the cellulose-based material is achieved by saccharide fatty acid ester binding alone.

[0093] An advantage of the uSFAEs as disclosed is that multiple fatty acid chains are reactive with the cellulose, and with the two saccharide molecules in the structure, for example, the sucrose fatty acid esters as disclosed give rise to a stiff crosslinking network, leading to strength improvements in fibrous webs such as paper, paperboard, air-laid and wet-laid non-wovens, and textiles, thus may overcome potential unwanted effects of some fillers (e.g., calcium carbonates and lower bonding and tear strength). This is typically not found in other sizing or hydrophobic treatment chemistries. The saccharide fatty acid esters as disclosed herein also generate/increase wet strength, a property absent when using many other water resistant chemistries.

[0094] In addition, while not being bound by theory, the uSFAE may act as a catalyst for functional groups in the adhesives and increase the water resistance of the resulting aqueous adhesive compositions without affect binding strength. [0095] Another advantage is that the saccharide fatty acid esters as disclosed soften the fibers, increasing the space between them, thus, increasing bulk without substantially increasing weight. In addition, fibers and cellulose-based material modified as disclosed herein, may be repulped. Further, for example, water cannot be easily "pushed" past the low surface energy barrier into the sheet.

[0096] Saturated SFAE are typically solids at nominal processing temperatures, whereas unsaturated SFAE are typically liquids. This permits the formation of uniform, stable dispersions of saturated SFAE in aqueous coatings without significant interactions or incompatibilities with other coating components, which are typically hydrophilic. In addition, this dispersion allows for high concentrations of saturated SFAE to be prepared without adversely affecting coating rheology, uniform coating application, or coating performance characteristics. The coating surface will become hydrophobic when the particles of saturated SFAE melt and spread upon heating, drying and consolidation of the coating layer. In embodiments, a method of producing bulky, fibrous structures that retain strength even when exposed to water is disclosed. Generally fibrous slurries that are dried form dense structures that are easily broken down upon exposure to water. Formed fiber products made using the method as disclosed may include paper plates, drink holders (e.g., cups), lids, food trays and packaging that would be light weight, strong, and be resistant to exposure to water and other liquids.

[0097] In embodiments, saccharide fatty acid esters may be mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH) to produce binding agents for water resistant adhesives. As disclosed herein, a synergistic relationship between saccharide fatty acid esters and PvOH has been demonstrated, including that with inorganic mixtures, the amount of PvOH may be reduced. While it is known in the art that PvOH is itself a good film former, and forms strong hydrogen bonds with cellulose, it is not very resistant to water, particularly hot water. In aspects, the use of PvOH helps to emulsify saccharide fatty acid esters into an aqueous coating. In one aspect, PvOH provides a rich source of OH groups for saccharide fatty acid esters to crosslink along the fibers, which increases the strength of paper, for example, particularly wet strength, and water resistance beyond what is possible with PvOH alone. For saturated saccharide fatty acid esters with free hydroxyls on the saccharide, a crosslinking agent such as a dialdehyde (e.g., glyoxal,

glutaraldehyde, and the like) may also be used.

[0098] In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid esters comprise or consist essentially of sucrose esters of fatty acids. Many methods are known and available for making or otherwise providing the saccharide fatty acid esters of the present invention, and all such methods are believed to be available for use within the broad scope of the present invention. For example, in certain embodiments it may be preferred that the fatty acid esters are synthesized by esterifying a saccharide with one or more fatty acid moieties obtained from oil seeds including but not limited to, soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, and mixtures thereof.

[0099] In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid esters comprise a saccharide moiety, including but not limited to a sucrose moiety, which has been substituted by an ester moiety at one or more of its hydroxyl hydrogens. In a related aspect, disaccharide esters have the structure of Formula I.

Formula I

[00100] where "A" is hydrogen or of Structure I below:

Structure I

[00101] where "R" is a linear, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic moiety of about eight to about 40 carbon atoms, and where at least one "A," is at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, and all eight "A" moieties of Formula are in accordance with Structure I. In a related aspect, the saccharide fatty acid esters as described herein may be mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, or octa- esters, and combinations thereof, where the aliphatic groups may be all saturated or may contain saturated and/or unsaturated groups or combinations thereof. [00102] Suitable "R" groups include any form of aliphatic moiety, including those which contain one or more substituents, which may occur on any carbon in the moiety. Also included are aliphatic moieties which include functional groups within the moiety, for example, an ether, ester, thio, amino, phospho, or the like. Also included are oligomer and polymer aliphatic moieties, for example sorbitan, polysorbitan and polyalcohol moieties. Examples of functional groups which may be appended to the aliphatic (or aromatic) moiety comprising the "R" group include, but are not limited to, halogens, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, ether and ester functional groups. In one aspect, said moieties may have crosslinking functionalities. In another aspect, the SFAE may be crosslinked to a surface (e.g., activated clay/pigment particles). In another aspect, double bonds present on the SFAE may be used to facilitate reactions onto other surfaces.

[00103] Suitable disaccharides include raffmose, maltodextrose, galactose, sucrose, combinations of glucose, combinations of fructose, maltose, lactose, combinations of mannose, combinations of erythrose, isomaltose, isomaltulose, trehalose, trehalulose, cellobiose, laminaribiose, chitobiose and combinations thereof.

[00104] In embodiments, the substrate for addition of fatty acids may include starches, hemicelluloses, lignins or combinations thereof.

[00105] In embodiments, a composition comprises a starch fatty acid ester, where the starch may be derived from any suitable source such as dent com starch, waxy com starch, potato starch, wheat starch, rice starch, sago starch, tapioca starch, sorghum starch, sweet potato starch, and mixtures thereof.

[00106] In more detail, the starch may be an unmodified starch, or a starch that has been modified by a chemical, physical, or enzymatic modification.

[00107] Chemical modification includes any treatment of a starch with a chemical that results in a modified starch (e.g., plastarch material). Within chemical modification are included, but not limited to, depolymerization of a starch, oxidation of a starch, reduction of a starch, etherification of a starch, esterification of a starch, nitrification of a starch, defatting of a starch,

hydrophobization of a starch, and the like. Chemically modified starches may also be prepared by using a combination of any of the chemical treatments. Examples of chemically modified starches include the reaction of alkenyl succinic anhydride, particularly octenyl succinic anhydride, with starch to produce a hydrophobic esterified starch; the reaction of 2,3- epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride with starch to produce a cationic starch; the reaction of ethylene oxide with starch to produce hydroxy ethyl starch; the reaction of hypochlorite with starch to produce an oxidized starch; the reaction of an acid with starch to produce an acid depolymerized starch; defatting of a starch with a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and the like, to produce a defatted starch.

[00108] Physically modified starches are any starches that are physically treated in any manner to provide physically modified starches. Within physical modification are included, but not limited to, thermal treatment of the starch in the presence of water, thermal treatment of the starch in the absence of water, fracturing the starch granule by any mechanical means, pressure treatment of starch to melt the starch granules, and the like. Physically modified starches may also be prepared by using a combination of any of the physical treatments. Examples of physically modified starches include the thermal treatment of starch in an aqueous environment to cause the starch granules to swell without granule rupture; the thermal treatment of anhydrous starch granules to cause polymer rearrangement; fragmentation of the starch granules by mechanical disintegration; and pressure treatment of starch granules by means of an extruder to cause melting of the starch granules.

[00109] Enzymatically modified starches are any starches that are enzymatically treated in any manner to provide enzymatically modified starches. Within enzymatic modification are included, but not limited to, the reaction of an alpha amylase with starch, the reaction of a protease with starch, the reaction of a lipase with starch, the reaction of a phosphorylase with starch, the reaction of an oxidase with starch, and the like. Enzymatically modified starches may be prepared by using a combination of any of the enzymatic treatments. Examples of enzymatic modification of starch include the reaction of alpha-amylase enzyme with starch to produce a depolymerized starch; the reaction of alpha amylase debranching enzyme with starch to produce a debranched starch; the reaction of a protease enzyme with starch to produce a starch with reduced protein content; the reaction of a lipase enzyme with starch to produce a starch with reduced lipid content; the reaction of a phosphorylase enzyme with starch to produce an enzyme modified phosphated starch; and the reaction of an oxidase enzyme with starch to produce an enzyme oxidized starch.

[00110] Disaccharide fatty acid esters may be sucrose fatty acid esters in accordance with Formula I wherein the "R" groups are aliphatic and are linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated and have between about 8 and about 40 carbon atoms. [00111] As used herein the terms "saccharide fatty acid esters" and "sucrose fatty acid ester" include compositions possessing different degrees of purity as well as mixtures of compounds of any purity level. For example, the saccharide fatty acid ester compound can be a substantially pure material, that is, it can comprise a compound having a given number of the "A" groups substituted by only one species of Structure I moiety (that is, all "R" groups are the same and all of the sucrose moieties are substituted to an equal degree). It also includes a composition comprising a blend of two or more saccharide fatty acid ester compounds, which differ in their degrees of substitution, but wherein all of the substituents have the same "R" group structure. It also includes compositions which are a mixture of compounds having differing degrees of "A" group substitution, and wherein the "R" group substituent moieties are independently selected from two or more "R" groups of Structure I. In a related aspect, "R" groups may be the same or may be different, including that said saccharide fatty acid esters in a composition may be the same or may be different (i.e., a mixture of different saccharide fatty acid esters).

[00112] For compositions of the present invention, the composition may be comprised of saccharide fatty acid ester compounds having a high degree of substitution. In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid ester is a sucrose polysoyate.

A Sucrose Polysoyate (SEFOSE®

1618U) [00113] Saccharide fatty acid esters may be made by esterification with substantially pure fatty acids by known processes of esterification. They can be prepared also by trans-esterification using saccharide and fatty acid esters in the form of fatty acid glycerides derived, for example, from natural sources, for example, those found in oil extracted from oil seeds, for example soybean oil. Trans-esterification reactions providing sucrose fatty acid esters using fatty acid glycerides are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,963,699; 4,517,360; 4,518,772;

4,611,055; 5,767,257; 6,504,003; 6,121,440; and 6,995,232, and WO1992004361 Al, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[00114] In addition to making hydrophobic sucrose esters via transesterification, similar hydrophobic properties may be achieved in fibrous, cellulosic articles by directly reacting acid chlorides with polyols.

[00115] As mentioned above, sucrose fatty acid esters may be prepared by trans-esterification of sucrose from methyl ester feedstocks which have been prepared from glycerides derived from natural sources (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,995,232, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). As a consequence of the source of the fatty acids, the feedstock used to prepare the sucrose fatty acid ester contains a range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters having fatty acid moieties containing between 12 and 40 carbon atoms. This will be reflected in the product sucrose fatty acid esters made from such a source in that the sucrose moieties comprising the product will contain a mixture of ester moiety substituents, wherein, with reference to Structure I above, the "R" groups will be a mixture having between 12 and 26 carbon atoms with a ratio that reflects the feedstock used to prepare the sucrose ester. Further to illustrate this point, sucrose esters derived from soybean oil will be a mixture of species, having "R" group structures which reflect that soybean oil comprises 26 wt. % triglycerides of oleic acid (H ₃ C-CH ₂ ] ₇ -CH=CH-[CH ₂ ] ₇ -C(0)0H), 49 wt. % triglycerides of linoleic acid (H3C-[CH2]3-[- CFh— CH=CH] ₂ -[-CH ₂ -] ₇ -C(0)0H), 11 wt. % of triglycerides of linolenic acid (FbC-f-CFk— CH=CH-] ₃ -[-CH ₂ -] ₇ -C(0)0H), and, 14 wt. % of triglycerides of various saturated fatty acids, as described in the Seventh Ed. Of the Merck Index, which is incorporated herein by reference. All of these fatty acid moieties are represented in the "R" groups of the substituents in the product sucrose fatty acid ester. Accordingly, when referring to a sucrose fatty acid ester herein as the product of a reaction employing a fatty acid feed stock derived from a natural source, for example, sucrose soyate, the term is intended to include all of the various constituents which are typically found as a consequence of the source from which the sucrose fatty acid ester is prepared. In a related aspect, the saccharide fatty acid esters as disclosed may exhibit low viscosity (e.g., between about 10 to 2000 centipoise at room temperature or under standard atmospheric pressure). In another aspect, the unsaturated fatty acids, may have one, two, three or more double bonds.

[00116] In embodiments of the present invention, the saccharide fatty acid ester, and in aspects, the disaccharide ester, is formed from fatty acids having greater than about 6 carbon atoms, from about 8 to 16 carbon atoms, from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, from about 14 to about 18 carbons atoms, from about 16 to about 18 carbon atoms, from about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms, and from about 20 to about 40 carbon atoms, on average.

[00117] In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid ester may be present in different

concentrations to achieve hydrophobicity depending on the form of the cellulose-based material. In one aspect, when a saccharide fatty acid ester (SFAE) is bound as a coating on the cellulose- based material, the SFAE is present at a coating weight of at least about 0. lg/m ² to about 1.0g/m ² , about 1.0g/m ² to about 2.0g/m ² , about 2g/m ² to about 3g/m ² on a surface of the cellulose-based material. In a related aspect, it may be present from about 3g/m ² to about 4g/m ² , about 4g/m ² to about 5g/m ² , about 5g/m ² to about 10g/m ² , about 10g/m ² to about 20g/m ² . In another aspect, when the cellulose-based material is a solution containing cellulose fiber, the SFAE is present at a concentration of at least about 0.025% (wt/wt) of the total fiber present. In a related aspect, it may be present at about 0.05% (wt/wt) to about 0.1% (wt/wt), about 0.1% (wt/wt) to about 0.5% (wt/wt), about 0.5% (wt/wt) to about 1.0% (wt/wt), about 1.0% (wt/wt) to about 2.0% (wt/wt), about 2.0% (wt/wt) to about 3.0% (wt/wt), about 3.0% (wt/wt) to about 4.0% (wt/wt), about 4.0% (wt/wt) to about 5.0% (wt/wt), about 5.0%(wt/wt) to about 10% (wt/wt), about 10% (wt/wt) to about 50% (wt/wt) of the total fiber present. In a further related aspect, the amount of SFAE may be equal to the amount of fiber present. In some embodiments, the SFAE may coat the entire outer surface of a cellulose-based material (e.g., coat an entire piece of paper or cellulose-containing article).

[00118] When used in an aqueous adhesive composition, the SFAE is at a concentration of about 0.5wt% to about 1.0wt%, about 1.0wt% to about 5.0wt%, about 5.0wt% to about 10.0wt%, about 10wt% to about 20wt%, about 20wt% to about 30wt%, about 30wt% to about 40wt% and about 40wt% to about 50wt% of the adhesive composition.

[00119] In other embodiments, a coating may comprise between about 0.9% to about 1.0%, about 1.0% to about 5.0%, about 5.0 to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 40% to about 50% saccharide fatty acid ester by weight of the coating (wt/wt). In a related aspect, the coating may contain between about 25% to about 35% saccharide fatty acid ester by weight of the coating (wt/wt).

[00120] In embodiments, the cellulose-based material includes, but is not limited to, paper, paperboard, paper sheets, paper pulp, cups, boxes, trays, lids, release papers/bners, compost bags, shopping bags, shipping bags, paper straws, paper tubes, corrugated paperboard, bacon board, tea bags, insulating material, containers for coffee or tea, pipes and water conduits, food grade disposable cutlery, plates and bottles, screens for TV and mobile devices, clothing (e.g., cotton or cotton blends), bandages, pressure sensitive labels, pressure sensitive tape, feminine products, and medical devices to be used on the body or inside it such as contraceptives, drug delivery devices, container for pharmaceutical materials (e.g., pills, tablets, suppositories, gels, etc.), and the like. Also, the coating technology as disclosed may be used on furniture and upholstery, outdoors camping equipment and the like.

[00121] In one aspect, the coatings as described herein are resistant to pH in the range of between about 3 to about 9. In a related aspect, the pH may be from about 3 to about 4, about 4 to about 5, about 5 to about 7, about 7 to about 9.

[00122] In embodiments, a method for treating a surface of a cellulose containing (or cellulosic) material is disclosed including applying to the surface a composition containing an alkanoic acid derivative having the formula (II) or (III):

R-CO-X Formula (II)

X-CO-R-CO-Xi Formula (III),

[00123] where R is a straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and where X and Xi are independently Cl, Br, R-CO-O-R, or 0(CO)OR, where when the alkanoic acid derivative comprises formula (III) X or Xi is the same or is different, where the SFAE as disclosed herein is a carrier, and where the method does not require an organic base, gaseous HC1, VOCs or catalyst.

[00124] In embodiments, an alkanoic acid derivative is mixed with a saccharide fatty acid ester to form an emulsion, where the emulsion is used to treat the cellulose-based material.

[00125] In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid ester may be an emulsifying agent and may comprise a mixture of one or more mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, or octaesters. In another aspect, the fatty acid moiety of the saccharide fatty acid ester may contain saturated groups, unsaturated groups or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the saccharide fatty acid ester-containing emulsions, including adhesives, may contain proteins, polysaccharides and/or lipids, including but not limited to, milk proteins (e.g., casein, whey protein and the like), wheat glutens, gelatins, prolamines (e.g., com zein), soy protein isolates, starches, acetylated polysaccharides, alginates, carrageenans, chitosans, inulins, long chain fatty acids, waxes, and combinations thereof.

[00126] In embodiments the saccharide fatty acid ester as disclosed herein may be used to carry coatings or other chemicals used for paper manufacturing including, but not limited to, agalite, esters, diesters, ethers, ketones, amides, nitriles, aromatics (e.g., xylenes, toluenes), acid halides, anhydrides, alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), alabaster, alganic acid, alum, albarine, glues, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, chlorine dioxide, dolomite, diethylene triamine penta acetate, EDTA, enzymes, formamidine sulfuric acid, guar gum, gypsum, lime, magnesium bisulfate, milk of lime, milk of magnesia, polyvinayl alcohol (PvOH), rosins, rosin soaps, satins, soaps/fatty acids, sodium bisulfate, soda-ash, titania, surfactants, starches, modified starches, hydrocarbon resins, polymers, waxes, polysaccharides, proteins, latex, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the mixture as disclosed may contain one or more SFAEs and one or more of the following inorganic particles: clay (kaolin, bentonite), calcium carbonate (both GCC and PCC), talc (magnesium silicate), and titanium dioxide.

[00127] In embodiments, the adhesive and cellulose-containing material generated by the methods as disclosed herein exhibits greater hydrophobicity or water-resistance relative to the adhesive or cellulose-containing material without the saccharide fatty acid ester. In a related aspect, the resulting adhesive and/or cellulose-containing material exhibits greater lipophobicity or grease resistance relative to the adhesive and/or cellulose-containing material without the saccharide fatty acid ester. In a further related aspect, the resulting adhesive and/or cellulose- containing material may be biodegradable, compostable, and/or recyclable. In one aspect, the resulting adhesive and/or cellulose-containing material is hydrophobic (water resistant) and lipophobic (grease resistant).

[00128] In embodiments, the resulting adhesive and/or cellulose-containing material may have improved mechanical properties compared to that same material containing no SFAE. For example, paper bags treated by the process as disclosed herein show increased burst strength, Gurley Number, Tensile Strength and/or Energy of Maximum Load. In one aspect, the burst strength is increased by a factor of between about 0.5 to 1.0 fold, between about 1.0 and 1.1 fold, between about 1.1 and 1.3 fold, between about 1.3 to 1.5 fold. In another aspect, the Gurley Number increased by a factor of between about 3 to 4 fold, between about 4 to 5 fold, between about 5 to 6 fold and about 6 to 7 fold. In still another aspect, the Tensile Strain increased by a factor of between about 0.5 to 1.0 fold, between about 1.0 to 1.1 fold, between about 1.1 to 1.2 fold and between about 1.2 to 1.3 fold. And in another aspect, the Energy of Max Load increased by a factor of between about 1.0 to 1.1 fold, between about 1.1 to 1.2 fold, between about 1.2 to 1.3 fold, and between about 1.3 to 1.4 fold.

[00129] In embodiments, the cellulose-containing material is a base paper comprising microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) or cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as described for example in U.S. Pub. No. 2015/0167243 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), where the MFC or CNF is added during the forming process and paper making process and/or added as a coating or a secondary layer to a prior forming layer to decrease the porosity of said base paper. In a related aspect, the base paper is contacted with the saccharide fatty acid ester as described above. In a further related aspect, the contacted base paper is further contacted with a polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH). In embodiments, the resulting contacted base paper is tuneably water and lipid resistant. In a related aspect, the resulting base paper may exhibit a Gurley value of at least about 10-15 (i.e., Gurley Air Resistance (sec/100 cc, 20 oz. cyl.)), or at least about 100, at least about 200 to about 350. In one aspect, the saccharide fatty acid ester coating may be a laminate for one or more layers or may provide one or more layers as a laminate or may reduce the amount of coating of one or more layers to achieve the same performance effect (e.g., water resistance, grease resistance, and the like). In a related aspect, the laminate may comprise a biodegradable and/or composable heat seal or adhesive.

[00130] In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid esters may be formulated as emulsions, where the choice emulsifying agent and the amount employed is dictated by the nature of the composition and the ability of the agent to facilitate the dispersion of the saccharide fatty acid ester. In one aspect, the emulsifying agents may include, but are not limited to, water, buffers, polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), latex, milk proteins, wheat glutens, gelatins, prolamines, soy protein isolates, starches, acetylated polysaccharides, alginates, carrageenans, chitosans, inulins, long chain fatty acids, waxes, agar, alginates, glycerol, gums, lecithins, poloxamers, mono-, di-glycerols, monosodium phosphates, monostearate, propylene glycols, detergents, cetyl alcohol, and combinations thereof. In another aspect, the saccharide ester: emulsifying agent ratios may be from about 0.1:99.9, from about 1 :99, from about 10:90, from about 20:80, from about 35:65, from about 40:60, and from about 50:50. It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that ratios may be varied depending on the property(ies) desired for the final product.

[00131] In embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid esters may be combined with one or more coating components for internal and surface sizing (alone or in combination), including but not limited to, binders (e.g., starch, soy protein, polymer emulsions, PvOH, latex), additives (e.g., glyoxal, glyoxalated resins, zirconium salts, calcium stearate, lecithin oleate, polyethylene emulsion, carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic polymers, alginates, polyacrylate gums,

polyacrylates, microbiocides, oil based defoamers, silicone based defoamers, stilbenes, direct dyes and acid dyes) and varnishes. In a related aspect, such components may provide one or more properties, including but not limited to, building a fine porous structure, providing light scattering surface, improving ink receptivity, improving gloss, binding pigment particles, binding coatings to paper, base sheet reinforcement, filling pores in pigment structure, reducing water sensitivity, resisting wet pick in offset printing, preventing blade scratching, improving gloss in

supercalendering, reducing dusting, adjusting coating viscosity, providing water holding, dispersing pigments, maintaining coating dispersion, preventing spoilage of coating/coating color, controlling foaming, reducing entrained air and coating craters, increasing whiteness and brightness, and controlling color and shade. It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that combinations may be varied depending on the property(ies) desired for the final product.

[00132] In embodiments, the methods employing said saccharide fatty acid esters may be used to lower the cost of applications of primary/secondary coating (e.g., silicone-based layer, starch- based layer, clay-based layer, PLA-layer, Bio-PBS, PEI-layer and the like) by providing a layer of material that exhibits a necessary property (e.g., water resistance, low surface energy, and the like), thereby reducing the amount of primary/secondary layer necessary to achieve that same property. In one aspect, materials may be coated on top of an SFAE layer (e.g., heat sealable agents). In embodiments, the composition is fluorocarbon and silicone free.

[00133] In embodiments, the compositions increase both mechanical and thermal stability of the treated product. In one aspect, the surface treatment is thermostable at temperatures between about -100°C to about 300°C. In further related aspect, the surface of the cellulose-based material exhibits a water contact angle of between about 60° to about 120°. In another related aspect, the surface treatment is chemically stable at temperatures of between about 200°C to about 300°C. [00134] The substrate which may be dried prior to application (e.g., at about 80-150°C), may be treated with the modifying composition by dipping, for example, and allowing the surface to be exposed to the composition for less than 1 second. The substrate may be heated to dry the surface, after which the modified material is ready for use. In one aspect, according to the method as disclosed herein the substrate may be treated by any suitable coating/sizing process typically carried out in a paper mill (see, e.g., Smook, G., Surface Treatments in Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists , (2016), 4 ^th Ed., Cpt. 18, pp. 293-309, TAPPI Press, Peachtree Comers, GA USA, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[00135] No special preparation of the material is necessary in practicing this invention, although for some applications, the material may be dried before treatment. In embodiments, the methods as disclosed may be used on any cellulose-based surface, including but not limited to, a film, a rigid container, fibers, pulp, a fabric or the like. In one aspect, the saccharide fatty acid esters or coating agents may be applied by conventional size press (vertical, inclined, horizontal), gate roll size press, metering size press, calender size application, tube sizing, on-machine, off- machine, single-sided coater, double-sided coater, short dwell, simultaneous two-side coater, blade or rod coater, gravure coater, gravure printing, flexographic printing, ink-jet printing, laser printing, supercalendering, and combinations thereof.

[00136] Depending on the source, the cellulose may be paper, paperboard, pulp, softwood fiber, hardwood fiber, or combinations thereof, nanocellulose, cellulose nanofibres, whiskers or microfibril, microfibrillated, cotton or cotton blends, other non-wood fibers, (such as sisal, jute or hemp, flax and straw) cellulose nanocrystals, or nanofibrilated cellulose.

[00137] In embodiments, the amount of saccharide fatty acid ester coating applied is sufficient to completely cover at least one surface of a cellulose-containing material. For example, in embodiments, the saccharide fatty acid ester coating may be applied to the complete outer surface of a container, the complete inner surface of a container, or a combination thereof, or one or both sides of a base paper. In other embodiments, the complete upper surface of a film may be covered by the saccharide fatty acid ester coating, or the complete under surface of a film may be covered by the saccharide fatty acid ester coating, or a combination thereof. In some

embodiments, the lumen of a device/instrument may be covered by the coating or the outer surface of the device/instrument may be covered by the saccharide fatty acid ester coating, or a combination thereof. In embodiment, the amount of saccharide fatty acid ester coating applied is sufficient to partially cover at least one surface of a cellulose-containing material. For example, only those surfaces exposed to the ambient atmosphere are covered by the saccharide fatty acid ester coating, or only those surfaces that are not exposed to the ambient atmosphere are covered by the saccharide fatty acid ester coating (e.g., masking). As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, the amount of saccharide fatty acid ester coating applied may be dependent on the use of the material to be covered. In one aspect, one surface may be coated with a saccharide fatty acid ester and the opposing surface may be coated with an agent including, but not limited to, proteins, wheat glutens, gelatins, prolamines, soy protein isolates, starches, modified starches, acetylated polysaccharides, alginates, carrageenans, chitosans, inulins, long chain fatty acids, waxes, and combinations thereof. In a related aspect, the SFAE can be added to a furnish, and the resulting material on the web may be provided with an additional coating of SFAE.

[00138] Any suitable process may be used to deliver any of the various saccharide fatty acid ester compositions applied in the course of practicing this aspect of the method. In embodiments, saccharide fatty acid ester composition application processes include immersion, spraying, painting, printing, and any combination of any of these processes, alone or with other coating processes adapted for practicing the methods as disclosed.

[00139] By increasing the concentration of saccharide fatty acid ester, for example, the composition as disclosed herein may react more extensively with the cellulose being treated with the net result that again improved water-repellent/lipid resistance characteristics are exhibited. However, higher coat weights do not necessarily translate to increased water resistance. In one aspect, various catalysts might allow for speedier "curing" to precisely tune the quantity of saccharide fatty acid ester to meet specific applications.

[00140] It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the selection of cellulose to be treated, the saccharide fatty acid ester, the reaction temperature, and the exposure time are process parameters that may be optimized by routine experimentation to suit any particular application for the final product.

[00141] The derivatized materials have altered physical properties which may be defined and measured using appropriate tests known in the art. For hydrophobicity the analytical protocol may include, but is not limited to, the contact angle measurement and moisture pick-up. Other properties include, stiffness, WVTR, porosity, tensile strength, lack of substrate degradation, burst and tear properties. A specific standardized protocol to follow is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (protocol ASTM D7334 - 08). [00142] The permeability of a surface to various gases such as water vapour and oxygen may also be altered by the saccharide fatty acid ester coating process as the barrier function of the material is enhanced. The standard unit measuring permeability is the Barrer and protocols to measure these parameters are also available in the public domain (ASTM std F2476-05 for water vapour and ASTM std F2622-8 for oxygen).

[00143] In embodiments, materials treated according to the presently disclosed procedure display a complete biodegradability as measured by the degradation in the environment under microorganismal attack.

[00144] Various methods are available to define and test biodegradability including the shake- flask method (ASTM E1279 - 89(2008)) and the Zahn-Wellens test (OECD TG 302 B).

[00145] Various methods are available to define and test compostability including, but not limited to, ASTM D6400.

[00146] Materials suitable for treatment by the process of this invention include various forms of cellulose, such as cotton fibers, plant fibers such as flax, wood fibers, regenerated cellulose (rayon and cellophane), partially alkylated cellulose (cellulose ethers), partially esterified cellulose (acetate rayon), and other modified cellulose materials which have a substantial portion of their surfaces available for reaction/binding. As stated above, the term "cellulose" includes all of these materials and others of similar polysaccharide structure and having similar properties. Among these the relatively novel material microfibrillated cellulose (cellulose nanofiber) (see e.g., US patent US4,374,702 and US Pub. Nos. 2015/0167243 and 2009/0221812, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties) is particularly suitable for this application. In other embodiments, celluloses may include but are not limited to, cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate), cellulose sulfate, celluloid, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, ethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose nanocrystals, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and combinations thereof.

[00147] The modification of the cellulose as disclosed herein, in addition to increasing its hydrophobicity, may also increase its tensile strength, flexibility and stiffness, thereby further widening its spectrum of use. All biodegradable and partially biodegradable products made from or by using the modified cellulose disclosed in this application are within the scope of the disclosure, including recyclable and compostable products.

[00148] Among the possible applications of the coating technology such items include, but are not limited to, containers for all purpose such as paper, paperboard, paper pulp, cups, lids, boxes, trays, release papers/liners, compost bags, shopping bags, pipes and water conduits, food grade disposable cutlery, plates and bottles, screens for TV and mobile devices, clothing (e.g., cotton or cotton blends), bandages, pressure sensitive labels, pressure sensitive tape, feminine products, and medical devices to be used on the body or inside it such as contraceptives, drug delivery devices, and the like. Also, the coating technology as disclosed may be used on furniture and upholstery, outdoors camping equipment and the like.

[00149] The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the invention.

EXAMPLES

[00150] Example 1. Saccharide Fatty Acid Ester Formulations

[00151] SEFOSE® is a liquid at room temperature and all coatings/emulsions containing this material were applied at room temperature using a bench top drawdown device. Rod type and size were varied to create a range of coat weights.

Formulation 1

[00152] 50 ml of SEFOSE® were added to a solution containing 195 ml of water and 5 grams of carboxymethylcellulose (FINNFIX® 10; CP Kelco, Atlanta, GA). This formulation was mixed using a Silverson Homogenizer set to 5000 rpm for 1 minute. This emulsion was coated on a 50 gram base sheet made of bleached hardwood pulp and an 80 gram sheet composed of unbleached softwood. Both papers were placed into an oven (105°C) for 15 minutes to dry. Upon removal from the oven, sheets were placed on the lab bench and 10 drops of water (room temperature) applied via pipette to each sheet. The base sheets selected for this testing would absorb a droplet of water immediately, whereas sheets coated with varying amounts of SEFOSE® showed increasing levels of water resistance as coat weight increased (see Table 1).

Table 1. Base Sheet Results with SEFOSE® _ _

[00153] It was observed that water resistance was less in the heavier sheet and no water resistance was achieved unless the sheet was dry.

Formulation 2

[00154] Addition of SEFOSE® to cup stock: (note this is single layer stock with no MFC treatment. 110 gram board made of Eucalyptus pulp). 50 grams of SEFOSE® was added to 200 grams of 5% cooked ethylated starch (Ethylex 2025) and stirred using a bench top kady mill for 30 seconds. Paper samples were coated and placed in the oven at 105°C for 15 minutes. 10-15 test droplets were placed on the coated side of the board and water holdout time was measured and recorded in the table below. Water penetration on the untreated board control was instant (see Table 2).

Table 2. Penetration of Hot Water for SEFOSE® Treated Cup Stock

Formulation 3

[00155] Pure SEFOSE® was warmed to 45°C and placed in a spray bottle. A uniform spray was applied to the paper stock listed in the previous example, as well as to a piece of fiberboard and an amount of cotton cloth. When water drops were placed on the samples, penetration into the substrate occurred within 30 seconds, however after drying in the oven for 15 minutes at 105°C beads of water evaporated before being absorbed into the substrate. [00156] Continued investigation concerned whether SEFOSE® might be compatible with compounds used for oil and grease resistant coatings. SEFOSE® is useful for water resistance as well as stiffness improvements. 240 gram board stock was used to do stiffness tests. Table 3 shows the results. These data were obtained at a single coat weight: 5 grams/square meter with a 5 sample average being reported. Results are in Taber stiffness units recorded with our V-5 Taber stiffness tester Model 150-E.

Table 3. Stiffness Test

[00157] Example 2. Bonding of Saccharide Ester to Cellulosic Substrate

[00158] In an effort to determine whether SEFOSE® was reversibly bound to a cellulosic material, pure SEFOSE® was mixed with pure cellulose at ratio of 50:50. The SEFOSE® was allowed to react for 15 min at 300°F and the mixture was extracted with methylene chloride (non-polar solvent) or distilled water. The samples were refluxed for 6 hours, and gravimetric analysis of the samples was carried out.

Table 4. Extraction of SEFOSE® from Cellulosic Material

[00159] Example 3. Examination of Cellulosic Surfaces

[00160] Scanning electron microscope images of base papers with and without MFC illustrate how a less porous base has potential to require far less waterproofing agents reacted to the surface. FIGs. 1-2 show untreated, medium porosity Whatman filter paper. FIGs. 1 and 2 show the relative high surface area exposed for a derivitizing agent to react with; however, it also shows a highly porous sheet with plenty of room for water to escape. FIGs. 3 and 4 show a side by side comparison of paper made with recycled pulp before and after coating with MFC. (They are two magnifications of the same samples, no MCF obviously on the left side of image). The testing shows that derivitization of a much less porous sheet shows more promise for long term water/vapor barrier performance. The last two images are just close ups taken of an average "pore" in a sheet of filter paper as well as a similar magnification of CNF coated paper for contrast purposes.

[00161] The data above demonstrate a critical point: that addition of more material results in a corresponding increase in performance. While not being bound by theory, the reaction appears to be faster with unbleached papers, suggesting that the presence of lignin may speed the reaction.

[00162] The fact that a product like the SEFOSE® is a liquid, it can readily emulsify, suggesting that it can easily be adapted to work in coating equipment commonly used in paper mills.

Example 4. "Phluphi"

[00163] Liquid SEFOSE® was mixed and reacted with bleached hardwood fiber to generate a variety of ways to create a waterproof handsheet. When the sucrose ester was mixed with pulp prior to sheet formation it was found that the majority of it is retained with the fiber. With sufficient heating and drying, a brittle, fluffy but very hydrophobic handsheet was formed. In this example, 0.25 grams SEFOSE® was mixed with 4.0 grams bleached hardwood fiber in 6 Liters of water. This mixture was stirred by hand and the water drained in a standard handsheet mold. The resulting fiber mat was removed and dried for 15 minutes at 325°F. The produced sheet exhibited significant hydrophobicity as well as greatly reduced hydrogen bonding between the fibers themselves. (Water contact angle was observed to be greater than 100 degrees). An emulsifier may be added. SEFOSE® to fiber may be from about 1 : 100 to 2: 1.

[00164] Subsequent testing shows that talc is only a spectator in this and was left out of additional testing.

Example 5. Environmental Effects on SEFOSE® Coating Properties

[00165] In an effort to better understand the mechanism of sucrose esters reaction with fiber, low viscosity coatings were applied to a bleach kraft sheet that had wet strength resin added, but no water resistance (no sizing). Coatings were all less than 250 cps as measured using a Brookfield Viscometer at 100 rpm. [00166] SEFOSE® was emulsified with Ethylex 2025 (starch) and applied to the paper via a gravure roll. For comparison, SEFOSE® was also emulsified with Westcote 9050 PvOH. As shown in FIG. 5, oxidation of the double bonds in SEFOSE® is enhanced by the presence of heat and additional chemical environments that enhance oxidative chemistry (see also, Table 5).

Table 5. Environmental Effects on SEFOSE® (Minutes to Failure)

SEFOSE®

Time PVOH -PVOH Ethylex 3:1

0 0.08 0.07 0.15 2

1 0.083 0.11 0.15 1.8

2 0.08 0.18 0.13 1.8

5 0.09 0.25 0.1 1.3

10 0.08 0.4 0.1 0.9

30 0.08 1.1 0.08 0.8

60 0.08 3.8 0.08 0.8

120 0.08 8 0.08 0.7

500 0.07 17 0.07 0.4

Example 6. Effect of Unsaturated vs. Saturated Fatty Acid Chains

[00167] SEFOSE® was reacted with bleached softwood pulp and dried to form a sheet.

Subsequently, extractions were carried out with CH2CI2, toluene and water to determine the extent of the reaction with pulp. Extractions were performed for at least 6 hours using Soxhlet extraction glassware. Results of the extractions are shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Extraction of SEFOSE®-bound Pulp

[00168] The data indicate that essentially all of the SEFOSE® remains in the sheet. To further verify this, the same procedure was carried out on the pulp alone, and results shows that approximately O.Olg per lOg of pulp was obtained. While not being bound by theory, this could easily be accounted for as residual pulping chemicals or more likely extractives that had not been completely removed.

[00169] Pure fibers of cellulose (e.g., a-cellulose from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were used, and the experiment repeated. As long as the loading levels of SEFOSE® remained below about 20% of the mass of the fibers, over 95% of the mass of SEFOSE® was retained with the fibers and not extractable with either polar on non-polar solvents. While not being bound by theory, optimizing baking time and temperature may further enhance the sucrose esters remaining with the fibers.

[00170] As shown, the data demonstrate a general inability to extract SEFOSE® out of the material after drying. On the other hand, when the fatty acids containing all saturated fatty acid chains are used instead of SEFOSE® (e.g., OLEAN®, available from Procter & Gamble Chemicals (Cincinnati, OH)), nearly 100% of the of the material can be extracted using hot water (at or above 70°C). OLEAN® is identical to SEFOSE® with the only change being saturated fatty acids attached (OLEAN®) instead of unsaturated fatty acids (SEFOSE®).

[00171] Another noteworthy aspect is that multiple fatty acid chains are reactive with the cellulose, and with the two saccharide molecules in the structure, the SEFOSE® gives rise to a stiff crosslinking network leading to strength improvements in fibrous webs such as paper, paperboard, air-laid and wet-laid non-wovens, and textiles.

Example 7. SEFOSE® Additions to Achieve Water Resistance

[00172] 2 and 3 gram handsheets were made using both hardwood and softwood kraft pulps.

When SEFOSE® was added to the 1% pulp slurry at a level of 0.1% or greater and water was drained forming the handsheet, SEFOSE® was retained with the fibers, where it imparted water resistance. From 0.1% to 0.4% SEFOSE®, water beaded on the surface for a few seconds or less. After SEFOSE® loading went above 0.4%, the time of water resistance quickly increased to minutes and then to hours for loading levels greater than 1.5%.

Example 8. Production of Bulky Fibrous Material

[00173] Addition of SEFOSE® to pulp acts to soften the fibers, increase space between them increasing bulk. For example, a 3% slurry of hardwood pulp containing 125g (dry) of pulp was drained, dried and found to occupy 18.2 cubic centimeters volume. 12.5g of SEFOSE® was added to the same 3% hardwood pulp slurry that contained an equivalent of 125g dry fiber. Upon draining the water and drying, the resulting mat occupied 45.2 cubic centimeters.

[00174] 30g of a standard bleached hardwood kraft pulp (produced by Old Town Fuel and

Fiber, LLC, Old Town, ME) was sprayed with SEFOSE® that had been warmed to 60°C. This 4.3 cm ³ was placed in a disintegrator for 10,000 rpm and essentially repulped. The mixture was poured through a handsheet mold and dried at 105°C. The resulting hydrophobic pulp occupied a volume of 8.1 cm ³ . A 2 inch square of this material was cut and placed in a hydraulic press with 50 tons of pressure applied for 30 seconds. The volume of the square was reduced significantly but still occupied 50% more volume than the same 2 inch square cut for the control with no pressure applied.

[00175] It is significant that not only is an increase in bulk and softness observed, but that a forcibly repulped mat when the water was drained resulted in a fiber mat where all of the hydrophobicity was retained. This quality, in addition to the observations that water cannot be easily "pushed" past the low surface energy barrier into the sheet, is of value. Attachment of hydrophobic single-chains of fatty acids do not exhibit this property.

[00176] While not being bound by theory, this represent additional evidence that SEFOSE® is reacting with the cellulose and that the OH groups on the surface of the cellulose fibers are no longer available to participate in subsequent hydrogen bonding. Other hydrophobic materials interfere with initial hydrogen bonding, but upon repulping this effect is reversed and the OH groups on the cellulose are free to participate in hydrogen bonding upon redrying.

Example 9. Bag Paper Testing Data

[00177] The following table (Table 7) illustrates properties imparted by coating 5-7g/m ² with a SEFOSE® and polyvinyl alcohol (PvOH) mixture onto an unbleached kraft bag stock (control). Also included for reference are commercial bags.

Table 7. Bag Paper Tests

[00178] As may be seen in the Table, tensile and burst increase with the coating of the control base paper with SEFOSE® and PvOH.

Example 10. Wet/Dry Tensile Strength

[00179] 3 gram handsheets were made from bleached pulp. The following compares wet and dry tensile strength at different levels of SEFOSE® addition. Note that with these handsheets SEFOSE® was not emulsified into any coating, it was simply mixed into the pulp and drained with no other chemistry added (see Table 8).

Table 8. Wet/Dry Tensile Strength

[00180] Note also, that the 5% addition for the wet strength is not far below the dry strength of the control.

Example 11. Use of Esters Containing Less Than 8 Saturated Fatty Acids

[00181] A number of experiments were carried out with sucrose esters produced having less than 8 fatty acids attached to the sucrose moiety. Samples of SP50, SP10, SP01 and F20W (from Sistema, The Netherlands) which contain 50, 10, 1 and essentially 0% monoesters, respectively. While these commercially available products are made by reacting sucrose with saturated fatty acids, thus relegating them less useful for further crosslinking or similar chemistries, they have been useful in examining emulsification and water repelling properties.

[00182] For example, lOg of SP01 was mixed with lOg of glyoxal in a 10% cooked PvOH solution. The mixture was "cooked" at 200°F for 5 mins and applied via drawdown to a porous base paper made from bleached hardwood kraft. The result was a crosslinked waxy coating on the surface of the paper that exhibited good hydrophobicity. Where a minimum of 3g/m ² was applied, the resulting contact angle was greater than 100°. Since the glyoxal is a well-known crystallizer used on compounds having OH groups, this method is a potential means to affix fairly unreactive sucrose esters to a surface by bonding leftover alcohol groups on the sucrose ring with an alcohol group made available in the substrate or other coating materials.

Example 12. HST Data and Moisture Uptake

[00183] To demonstrate that SEFOSE® alone provides the water proofing properties observed, porous Twins River (Matawaska, ME) base paper was treated with various amounts of SEFOSE (and PvOH or Ethylex 2025 to emulsify, applied by drawdown) and assayed by Hercules Size Test. The results are shown in Table 9.

Table 9. HST Data with SEFOSE®.

[00184] As can be seen in Table 9, increased SEFOSE® applied to the surface of the paper lead to increased water resistance (as shown by increased HST in seconds).

[00185] This may also be seen using coatings of a saturated sucrose ester product. For this particular example, the product, F20W (available from Sistema, The Netherlands) is described as a very low% monoester with most molecules in the 4-8 substitution range. Note that the F20W product pickup is only 50% of the total coating, as it was emulsified with PvOH using equal parts of each to make a stable emulsion. So, where the pickup is labeled "0.5 g/m ² " there is also the same pickup of PvOH giving a total pickup of 1.0 g/m ² . Results are shown in Table 10. Table 10. HST Data F20W.

[00186] As can be seen from Table 10, again, increase F20W increases the water resistance of the porous sheet. Thus, the applied sucrose fatty acid ester itself is making the paper water resistance.

[00187] That the water resistance is not simply due to the presence of a fatty acid forming an ester bond with the cellulose, softwood handsheets (bleached softwood kraft) were loaded with SEFOSE® and oleic acid was directly added to the pulp, where the oleic acid forms an ester bond with the cellulose in the pulp. The mass at time zero represents the "bone dry" mass of the handsheets taken out of the oven at 105°C. The samples were placed in a controlled humidity room maintained at 50% RH. The change in mass is noted over time (in minutes). The results are shown in Tables 11 and 12.

Table 11. Moisture Uptake SEFOSE®.

Table 12. Moisture Uptake Oleic Acid.

[00188] Note the difference here where oleic acid is directly added to the pulp forming an ester bond greatly slows moisture uptake. In contrast, only 2% SEFOSE® slows moisture uptake, at higher concentrations, SEFOSE® does not. As such, while not being bound by theory, the structure of the SEFOSE® bound material cannot be simply explained by the structure formed by simple fatty acid esters and cellulose.

Example 13. Saturated SFAEs

[00189] The saturated class of esters are waxy solids at room temperature which, due to saturation, are less reactive with the sample matrix or itself. Using elevated temperatures (e.g., at least 40°C and for all the ones tested above 65°C) these material melt and may be applied as a liquid which then cools and solidifies forming a hydrophobic coating. Alternatively, these materials may be emulsified in solid form and applied as an aqueous coating to impart hydrophobic characteristics.

[00190] The data shown here represent HST (Hercules Size test) readings obtained from papers coated with varying quantities of saturated SFAEs.

[00191] A #45, bleached, hardwood kraft sheet obtained from Turner Falls paper was used for test coatings. The Gurley porosity measured approximately 300 seconds, representing a fairly tight base sheet. S-370 obtained from Mitsubishi Foods (Japan) was emulsified with Xanthan Gum (up to 1% of the mass of saturated SFAE formulation) before coating.

[00192] Coat weight of saturated SFAE formulation (pounds per ton) HST (average of 4 measurements per sample). Table 13

[00193] Lab data generated also supports that limited amounts of saturated SFAE may enhance water resistance of coatings that are designed for other purposes/applications. For example, saturated SFAE was blended with Ethylex starch and polyvinyl alcohol based coatings and increased water resistance was observed in each case.

[00194] The examples below were coated on a #50, bleached recycled base with a Gurley porosity of 18 seconds.

[00195] 100 grams of Ethylex 2025 were cooked at 10% solids (1 liter volume) and 10 grams of S-370 were added in hot and mixed using a Silverson homogenizer. The resulting coating was applied using a common benchtop drawdown device and the papers were dried under heat lamps.

[00196] At 300#/ton coat weight, the starch alone had an average HST of 480 seconds. With the same coat weight of the starch and saturated SFAE mixture, the HST increased to 710 seconds.

[00197] Enough polyvinyl alcohol (Selvol 205S) was dissolved in hot water to achieve a 10% solution. This solution was coated on the same #50 paper described above and had an average HST of 225 at 150 pounds/ton of coat weight. Using this same solution, S-370 was added to achieve a mixture in which contained 90% PVOH /10% S-370 on a dry basis (i.e., 90 ml water, 9 grams PvOH, lgram S-370): average HST increased to 380 seconds.

[00198] Saturated SFAEs are compatible with prolamines (specifically, zein; see U.S. Pat. No. 7,737,200, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Since one of the major barriers to commercial production of the subject matter of said patent is that the formulation be water soluble: the addition of saturated SFAEs assists in this manner.

Example 14. Other Saturated SFAEs [00199] Size press evaluations of saturated SFAE based coatings were done on a bleached lightweight sheet (approx. 35 #) that had no sizing and relatively poor formation. All evaluations were done using Exceval HR 3010 PvOH cooked to emulsify the saturated SFAE. Enough saturated SFAE was added to account for 20% of the total solids. The focus was on evaluating the S-370 vs the C-1800 samples (available from Mitsubishi Foods, Japan). Both of these esters performed better than the control, some of the key data are shown in Table 14:

Table 14

[00200] Note that the saturated compounds appear to give an increase in kit, with both the S-370 and the C-1800 yielding a -100% increase in HST.

Example 15. Wet Strength Additive

[00201] Laboratory testing has shown that the chemistry of the sucrose esters can be tuned to achieve a variety of properties, including use as a wet strength additive. When the sucrose esters are made by attaching saturated groups to each alcohol functionality on the sucrose (or other polyol), the result is a hydrophobic, waxy substance having low miscibility/solubility in water. These compounds may be added to cellulosic materials to impart water resistance either internally or as a coating, however; since they are not chemically reacted to each other or any part of the sample matrix they are susceptible to removal by solvents, heat and pressure.

[00202] Where waterproofing and higher levels of water resistance are desired, sucrose esters containing unsaturated functional groups may be made and added to the cellulosic material with the goal of achieving oxidation and/or crosslinking which helps fix the sucrose ester in the matrix and render it highly resistant to removal by physical means. By tuning the number of unsaturated groups as well as the size of the sucrose esters, a means is obtained for crosslinking to impart strength, yet with a molecule that is not optimal for imparting water resistance.

[00203] The data shown here is taken by adding SEFOSE® to a bleached kraft sheet at varying levels and obtaining wet tensile data. The percentages shown in the table represent the percent sucrose ester of the treated 70# bleached paper (see Table 15). Table 15

[00204] The data illustrate a trend in that adding unsaturated sucrose esters to papers increases the wet strength as loading level increases. The dry tensile shows the maximum strength of the sheet as a point of reference.

Example 16. Method of producing sucrose esters using acid chlorides.

[00205] In addition to making hydrophobic sucrose esters via transesterification, similar hydrophobic properties can be achieved in fibrous articles by directly reacting acid chlorides with polyols containing analogous ring structures to sucrose.

[00206] For example, 200 grams of palmitoyl chloride (CAS 112-67-4) were mixed with

50 grams of sucrose and mixed at room temperature. After mixing the mixture was brought to 100°F and maintained at that temperature overnight (ambient pressure). The resulting material was washed with acetone and deionized water to remove any unreacted or hydrophilic materials. Analysis of remaining material using C-13 NMR showed a significant quantity of hydrophobic sucrose ester had been made.

[00207] While it has been shown (by BT3 and others) that the addition of fatty acid chlorides to cellulosic materials could impart hydrophobic properties, the reaction itself is undesirable on site as the by-product given off, gaseous HC1, creates a number of problems including corrosion of surrounding materials and is hazardous to workers and surrounding environment. One additional problem created by the productions of hydrochloric acid is that as more is formed, i.e., more polyol sites are reacted, the weaker the fibrous composition becomes. Palmitoyl chloride was reacted in increasing amounts with cellulose and cotton materials and as hydrophobicity increased, strength of the article decreased.

[00208] The reaction above was repeated several times using 200 grams of R-CO-chloride reacted with 50 grams each of other similar polyols, including com starch, xylan from birch, carboxymethylcellulose, glucose and extracted hemicelluloses. Example 17. Peel Test

[00209] Peel test utilizes a wheel between the two jaws of the tensile tester to measure force needed to peel tape off from a papers surface as a reproducible angle (ASTM D1876; e.g., 100 Series Modular Peel Tester, TestResources, Shakopee, MN).

[00210] For this work, bleached kraft paper with high Gurley (600 seconds) from Turner

Falls paper (Turner's Falls, MA) was used. This #50 pound sheet represents a fairly tight, but quite absorbant sheet.

[00211] When the #50 pound paper was coated with 15% Ethylex starch as a control, the average force (over 5 samples) that was needed was 0.55 pound/inch. When treated with the same coating but with SEFOSE® substituted for 25% of the Ethylex starch (so 25% pickup is SEFOSE®, 75% is still Ethylex) the average force decreased to 0.081 pounds/inch. With a 50% substitution of SEFOSE® for the Ethylex, the force needed decreased to less than 0.03 pounds per inch.

[00212] The preparation of this paper is in accord with TAPPI standard method 404 for determining tensile strength of papers.

[00213] Finally, the same paper was used with S-370 at a loading rate of 750 pounds per ton - which effectively fills all the pours in the sheet creating a complete physical barrier. This indeed passes a TAPPI kit 12 on the flat. This brief experiment shows that it is possible to get grease resistance using saturated SFAE varieties.

Example 18 Saturated SFAE and Inorganic Particles (Fillers)

[00214] Saturated sucrose fatty acid esters range from hydrophilic to hydrophobic depending on the number of fatty acid chains (and the chain length) attached to the sucrose molecule. These are not considered to be highly reactive compounds.

[00215] A range of substituted SAFE has been investigated, side chains being 16 or 18 carbons in length. The examined materials are waxy solids with melting point below 150° C. When coated on paper the highly substituted esters impart significant levels of water resistance depending on coat weight and sheet porosity. Finally, the same paper was used with S-370 at a loading rate of 750 pounds per ton - which effectively fills all the pours in the sheet creating a complete physical barrier. The paper treated so was found to possess a TAPPI kit 12. This brief experiment shows that it is possible to get grease resistance using saturated SFAE varieties. [00216] Observations:

More hydrophobic esters tend to aggregate in aqueous emulsions/dispersions and so uniform coatings on the paper become challenging.

The low melting point of a number of these molecules results on the coating "melting" into the sheet.

If hydrophobic SAFE are mixed with polymers to help stabilize the dispersion, these polymers (i.e., latex, starch, polyvinyl alcohol) tend to surround these esters in a way that mutes the desired hydrophobic properties.

When mixed with calcium carbonate (e.g., precipitated calcium carbonate) there is an attraction which is unexpected. The SAFE does not melt into the paper under the same drying conditions.

Calcium carbonate appears to aid in dispersion of the SAFE and adherence is such that the SAFE acts as a binder to attach the calcium carbonate particles to the surface of coated papers. It is thought that this uniform dispersion results in enhanced water resistance for a given amount of ester.

Example 19. Pigmented Coating Formulations Methods

[00217] Analysis of SEFOSE ^® with a number of MALLARD CREEK samples (TYKOTE ^® 1019, 1004, 6160, 1005, 6152) as well as DOW 620 ^® and some BASF samples appear to support that latexes are compatible with SEFOSE ^® from a chemistry standpoint. The order of addition does not appear to matter and the viscosity does not seem to change appreciably.

Cup Paper Stock

[00218] MALLARD CREEK TYKOTE ^® 1019 was blended with IMERYS LX ^® clay slurry. SEFOSE ^® was blended into this mixture with the resulting ratio being latex: 70%, LX ^® clay:

20%, SEFOSE ^® : 10% (top coat) or 75%, GCC: 75%; SEFOSE ^® : 3%; TYKOTE ^® 1019: 21.5% (base coat). The base coat blend had a pH of about 7.6, viscosity of 215cps, and 60-70% solids. The top coat had a pH of 7.8 about 57% solids, viscosity of about 240 cps. Reported coat weight was around 8 g/m ² as applied via blade to the pre-coated board. Rolls of hot cup stock, cold cup stock and cup bottom stock were made with 2 different coatings.

[00219] Table 16 shows the affect of the SEFOSE ^® curing in a pigmented coating formulation on Cobb values.

Table 16. Curing time vs. Cobb value

[00220] As can be seen from the table, latex coated board, having a Cobb value of 39 saw that number reduced to 3 with the addition of SEFOSE ^® (10% by weight) to the coating.

[00221] SEFOSE ^® does not seem to be as an effective film former as Latex, and so, not to be bound by theory, it was hypothesized that the latex forms a barrier film and the SEFOSE ^® acts synergistically by adding hydrophobicity to any voids/pin holes in the latex film.

Plastic Substrate

[00222] In order to further understand the Cobb effect, plastic substrate was coated with DOW 620 ^® latex, dried (on the plastic substrate) and Cobb was measured (Cobb Value = 10.5). This data point reflects the fact that Cobb readings are influenced not only by water penetrating the paper itself, but also reflects that water is soaking or absorbing into the coating itself. When this experiment was repeated with 10% SEFOSE ^® added to the latex (again coated on a plastic substrate) the Cobb value dropped to 3.8, reflecting hydrophobicity in the film itself.

Prophetic Example 20. Paper Straw Paper and Adhesive

Test 1 [00223] A paper for the straw can contain at least 4 layers, where the paper can be coated with a composition comprising a uSFAE, and a composition comprising a uSFAE and a PvOH can be added to an adhesive comprising polyvinyl acetate. As a control, the same paper can be treated with a coating comprising the same uSFAE, and the adhesive can be the same except that no uSFAE will be added.

Test 2

[00224] A paper for the straw can contain at least 4 layers, where at least one layer will be coated with varnish. Further, all papers can be coated with a composition comprising a uSFAE, and a composition comprising a uSFAE and a PvOH can be added to an adhesive comprising polyvinyl acetate. As a control, the same paper can be treated with a coating comprising the same uSFAE, and the adhesive can be the same except that no uSFAE will be added.

Test 3

[00225] A paper for the straw can contain two (2) layers, where one (1) layer can be coated with varnish and tested for printability. Further, all paper can be coated with a composition comprising a uSFAE, and a composition comprising a uSFAE and a PvOH can be added to an adhesive comprising polyvinyl acetate. For a control, the same papers can be treated with a coating comprising the same uSFAE, and the adhesive can be the same except that no uSFAE will be added.

[00226] Tests to be performed can include, for example, bond strength, cure time, smoothness, paper stiffness, printability, water resistance (hot water and cold water), beam strength, ease of cutting, and forming.

[00227] Although the invention has been described with reference to the above examples, it will be understood that modifications and variations are encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims. All references disclosed herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.