NUTRITIONAL POWDER WITH POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID

AND IMPROVED ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/026,950, filed July 21, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to nutrient delivery systems that provide a nutritional formula for consumption. The nutrient delivery system includes a pod and a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Not all infants are in a position to receive human breast milk. It is therefore desirable to provide nutritional compositions, such as synthetic infant formulas, that can produce nutritional benefits in infants. Typical infant formulas are provided as packaged bulk powders, which a user must reconstitute by measuring out a specified amount of powder and adding it to an appropriate volume of liquid with shaking. This can lead to inconsistent amounts of both powder and liquid being used, and can lead to significant air being introduced into the formula when it is shaken. Furthermore, an infant formula is typically heated prior to consumption by the infant. However, heating infant formula through traditional methods can lead to deactivation of essential nutrients and vitamins. In addition, constant temperature monitoring is required to ensure that the infant formula is at the ideal temperature for easy consumption by the infant, leading to potential delays in providing an infant with formula in a timely manner.

[0004] To address the above concerns, it would be beneficial to provide nutritional compositions in an inexpensive and convenient manner, with all of the desirable nutrient deliverables at a proper temperature, and yet to provide the parent or caretaker a decrease in time for preparation. One such system is a single-serving pod system that could provide single bottle infant formulas in minutes with the proper nutrients for the infant, at the proper temperature. Issues related to proper reconstitution of the powder, lack of appropriate mixing in the pod, ensuring water safety, and minimizing or eliminating growth of microorganisms are challenges for current single-use pod systems for any type of liquid deliverable such as coffee or other nutrient formulations. Another issue is the expense and environmental impact of these single-serving pod systems.

[0005] Accordingly, there is a need for a single use pod system for providing nutritional compositions, such as infant formulas, which addresses the issues outlined above.

SUMMARY

[0006] The present invention may be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less.

[0007] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA).

[0008] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA). The nutritional powder comprises, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the nutritional powder, about 0.1% to about 0.9% of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.

[0009] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA). The nutritional powder comprises, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the nutritional powder, about 0.2% to about 0.8% of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.

[0010] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA). The polyunsaturated fatty acid is DHA.

[0011] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA). The polyunsaturated fatty acid is DHA. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the nutritional powder, about 0.1% to about 0.9% DHA.

[0012] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA). The polyunsaturated fatty acid is DHA. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the nutritional powder, about 0.2% to about 0.8% DHA.

[0013] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.001% to about 10% of the antioxidant.

[0014] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0015] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant.

[0016] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.001% to about 3% of the lipophilic antioxidant.

[0017] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The lipophilic antioxidant is a terpene or a terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, or lecithin.

[0018] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The lipophilic antioxidant is a terpene or a terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, or lecithin. The terpene or a terpenoid is a tocopherol, a tocotriene, mixed tocopherols, a carotenoid, or rosemary extract.

[0019] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The lipophilic antioxidant is a terpene or a terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, or lecithin. The terpene or a terpenoid is a tocopherol, a tocotriene, mixed tocopherols, a carotenoid, or rosemary extract. The terpene or a terpenoid is mixed tocopherols.

[0020] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The lipophilic antioxidant is a terpene or a terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, or lecithin. The terpene or a terpenoid is a tocopherol, a tocotriene, mixed tocopherols, a carotenoid, or rosemary extract. The terpene or a terpenoid is mixed tocopherols. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.02% to about 0.2% of the mixed tocopherols.

[0021] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The lipophilic antioxidant is a terpene or a terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, or lecithin. The terpene or a terpenoid is a tocopherol, a tocotriene, mixed tocopherols, a carotenoid, or rosemary extract. The lipophilic antioxidant is ascorbyl palmitate.

[0022] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a lipophilic antioxidant. The lipophilic antioxidant is a terpene or a terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, or lecithin. The terpene or a terpenoid is a tocopherol, a tocotriene, mixed tocopherols, a carotenoid, or rosemary extract. The lipophilic antioxidant is ascorbyl palmitate. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.001% to about 0.4% of the ascorbyl palmitate.

[0023] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. [0024] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.001% to about 1% of the organic acid antioxidant.

[0025] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. The organic acid antioxidant is alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, or pyrogallol.

[0026] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. The organic acid antioxidant is alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, or pyrogallol. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.1% of the citric acid.

[0027] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. The organic acid antioxidant is alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, or pyrogallol. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.1% of the sodium citrate.

[0028] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. The organic acid antioxidant is alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate (sodium salt of citric acid), potassium citrate (potassium salt of citric acid), benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, or pyrogallol. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.1 % of the potassium citrate.

[0029] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an organic acid antioxidant. The organic acid antioxidant is alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate (salt), potassium citrate (salt), benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, or pyrogallol. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.01 ) to about 0.5%> of the ascorbic acid.

[0030] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a protein antioxidant.

[0031] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a protein antioxidant. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.1% to about 5% of the protein antioxidant.

[0032] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is a protein antioxidant. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.1% to about 5% of the protein antioxidant. The protein antioxidant is whey protein hydrolysate.

[0033] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an amino acid or derivative thereof.

[0034] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an amino acid or derivative thereof. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.1% to about 3% of the amino acid or derivative thereof.

[0035] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an amino acid or derivative thereof. The amino acid or derivative thereof is tryptophan, cysteine, lysine, lysine acetate, histidine, tyrosine, valine, a sulfur-containing amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0036] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an amino acid or derivative thereof. The amino acid or derivative thereof is tryptophan, cysteine, lysine, lysine acetate, histidine, tyrosine, valine, a sulfur-containing amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The sulfur- containing amino acid or derivative thereof is methionine, cysteine, or cystine dihydrochloride.

[0037] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an amino acid or derivative thereof. The amino acid or derivative thereof is tryptophan, cysteine, lysine, lysine acetate, histidine, tyrosine, valine, a sulfur-containing amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The sulfur- containing amino acid or derivative thereof is methionine, cysteine, or cystine dihydrochloride. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.1% to about 1% of the methionine.

[0038] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The antioxidant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, protein antioxidant, and amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The antioxidant is an amino acid or derivative thereof. The amino acid or derivative thereof is tryptophan, cysteine, lysine, lysine acetate, histidine, tyrosine, valine, a sulfur-containing amino acid or derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. The sulfur- containing amino acid or derivative thereof is methionine, cysteine, or cystine dihydrochloride. The nutritional powder comprises, by weight, about 0.1% to about 1% of the cysteine.

[0039] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder has a sensory oxidation score of 3.5 or less under standard sensory oxidation testing conditions.

[0040] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder has a sensory oxidation score of 3.5 or less after 4 weeks, under standard sensory oxidation testing conditions.

[0041] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder, after 1 month, has a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less.

[0042] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder, after 3 months, has a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less.

[0043] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 0.5 or less.

[0044] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional powder, after 1 month, has a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 0.5 or less.

[0045] The present invention may also be a nutrient delivery system comprising a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less, and the nutrient delivery system delivers a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non- degraded 1 or less. The nutritional formula has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 0.5 or less.

[0046] The present invention may be a pod comprising a nutritional powder. The nutritional powder comprises a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less.

[0047] The present invention may be a method of administering a nutritional formula to a subject in need thereof. The method comprises (a) contacting a pod with the nutrient delivery system; (b) the nutrient delivery system contacting a liquid with the nutritional powder to provide a nutritional formula having a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less; and (c) administering the nutritional formula to a subject in need thereof. The pod comprises a nutritional powder, and the nutritional powder comprises a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. The nutritional powder has a fishy off-note score of non-degraded 1 or less.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0048] FIG. 1 shows the chemical structures of vitamin E. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The present invention is directed to a nutrient delivery system which delivers a nutritional formula from a pod. The pod comprises a nutritional powder which is reconstituted to form the nutritional formula. The nutritional powder contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant. Foods and nutritional items which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to be susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation results in general deterioration of the

organoleptic properties of the foods and nutritional items. Inclusion of an antioxidant in the nutritional powder results in protection of the nutritional powder from oxidation and subsequent deterioration of the organoleptic properties of the nutritional powder. The nutritional powder has reduced fishy off-notes as well as reduced oxidation as measured by sensory oxidation methods and the oxidative stability index (OSI). Reduction of oxidation of the nutritional powder results in greater stability of the nutritional powder and a longer shelf life.

1. Definitions

[0050] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present invention. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. [0051] The terms "comprise(s)," "include(s)," "having," "has," "can," "contain(s)," and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms "a," "and" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments "comprising," "consisting of and "consisting essentially of," the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not.

[0052] The terms "adult formula" and "adult nutritional product" as used herein are used interchangeably to refer to nutritional compositions for generally maintaining or improving the health of an adult.

[0053] The terms "bioavailable" or "bioavailability" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refer to the amount of a nutrient made available to target tissues in a subject through the systemic circulation in the subject's body. In this context, the terms "bioavailable" or "bioavailability" may specifically refer to the ability of a lipophilic nutrient, such as Vitamin D, to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into lymph which will then enter into the bloodstream of an individual such that the substance can be absorbed into organs and tissues in the body. As the degree of bioavailability of a nutrient increases, the nutrient becomes more likely to enter into and remain in the bloodstream where it can be absorbed and used by the body. As the degree of bioavailability of a nutrient decreases, the nutrient becomes less likely to be absorbed into lymph from the gastrointestinal tract and instead is excreted from the body before entering the bloodstream.

[0054] The term "composition" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to mixtures that are suitable for enteral administration to a subject. Compositions may be in the form of powders, solids, semi-solids, liquids, gels, and semi-liquids. Compositions may further comprise vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients.

[0055] The term "dry blended" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to the mixing of dry or semi-dry components or ingredients to form a base powder, or to the addition of a dry, powdered or granulated component or ingredient to a base powder, to form a powdered composition.

[0056] The terms "enteral administration" or "enterally administering" as used herein refer to providing a composition that is ingested by the subject through the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., orally or through a feeding tube into the stomach. This is in contrast to parenteral administration, which occurs through means other than the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., intravenously.

[0057] The terms "fat," "lipid," and "oil" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, are used interchangeably to refer to lipid materials derived or processed from plants or animals. These terms also include synthetic lipid materials so long as such synthetic materials are suitable for administration to subjects as defined herein.

[0058] The term "fatty acids" as used herein refers generally to carboxylic acids with long lipophilic chains comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms. Specific fatty acids can be identified by counting the number of carbon atoms and determining other chemical properties, such as the presence and location of double bonds between the carbon atoms, any branching of carbon atoms off the main lipophilic chain, and the presence of other atomic species in the chain. Fatty acids may be described as "saturated" (no double bonds between the carbon atoms),

"monounsaturated" (one double bond between the carbon atoms), or "polyunsaturated" (more than one double bond between the carbon atoms). For the purpose of this disclosure, "free fatty acids" refer to unbonded fatty acid molecules, while "fatty acid groups" refer to fatty acid moieties bonded to other molecules. For the purpose of this disclosure, fatty acid groups are preferably bonded to glycerol molecules to form glycerides. For the purpose of this disclosure, "fatty acids" refers to both free fatty acids and fatty acid groups in a composition, unless otherwise specified.

[0059] The term "glycerides" as used herein refer generally to lipophilic compounds comprising a glycerol molecule bonded to fatty acid groups. Monoglycerides are glycerol molecules bonded to a single fatty acid group; diglycerides are glycerol molecules bonded to two fatty acid groups; and triglycerides are glycerol molecules bonded to three fatty acid groups. Fats and oils comprise glycerides, and typical fats and oils from animal, fish, algae, vegetable, or seed sources are comprised primarily of triglycerides.

[0060] The term "human milk fortifier" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to compositions suitable for mixing with breast milk, or infant formula for consumption by an infant.

[0061] The term "infant," as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a human about 12 months of age or younger. The term "toddler," as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a human about 12 months of age to about 3 years of age. The term "child," as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a human about 3 years of age to about 18 years of age. The term "adult, " as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a human about 18 years of age or older.

[0062] The terms "infant formula" or "infant nutritional product" as used herein are used interchangeably to refer to nutritional compositions that have the proper balance of

macronutrients, micro-nutrients, and calories to provide sole or supplemental nourishment for and generally maintain or improve the health of infants, toddlers, or both. Infant formulas preferably comprise nutrients in accordance with the relevant infant formula guidelines for the targeted consumer or user population, an example of which would be the Infant Formula Act, 21 U.S.C. Section 350(a).

[0063] The term "lipophilic nutrient" as used herein refers to components that have greater solubility in organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, ethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, benzene, or lipids than they have in water. Vitamin D is one example of a lipophilic nutrient. For the purpose of this disclosure, the term "lipophilic nutrient" may be applied to other lipophilic compounds, including but not limited to pharmaceutical compounds.

[0064] The term "lipophilic antioxidant" as used herein refers to a compound that is soluble in fat, oil, lipids, and/or non-polar solvents and acts as an antioxidant. Lipophilic antioxidants may act as a substance to prevent, or retard the oxidation of the other components of the nutritional powder, and prolong the shelf-life of the nutritional powder.

[0065] The term "liquid composition" as used herein refers to compositions in ready-to- consume liquid form or concentrated liquid form.

[0066] The terms "liquid nutritional composition" and "nutritional liquid" as used herein are used interchangeably to refer to nutritional products in ready-to-consume liquid form or concentrated liquid form.

[0067] The term "nutritional composition" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to nutritional powders, solids, semi-solids, liquids, and semi-liquids that comprise at least one of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, and are suitable for enteral administration to a subject.

Nutritional compositions may further comprise vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients, and represent sole, primary, or supplemental sources of nutrition.

[0068] The term "nutritional formula" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to nutritional compositions in ready-to-drink liquid form, concentrated form, and nutritional liquids made by reconstituting the nutritional powders described herein, wherein the powder can be completely dissolved, partially dissolved, mixed, suspended or any combination thereof, prior to use. The formula may be completely homogeneous or partially homogeneous, and may be a solution, a homogeneous suspension, an emulsion, a homogeneous dispersion, or any

combination thereof.

[0069] The term "nutritional powder" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to nutritional products in flowable or scoopable form that can be reconstituted with water or another aqueous liquid prior to consumption and includes both spray-dried, dry-mixed/dry-blended, and extruded powders.

[0070] The term "organic acid antioxidant" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to an organic compound or derivative thereof, containing one or more acidic protons, that maybe a component of the nutritional powder and acts as an antioxidant. Organic acid antioxidants may also include conjugate bases of the organic acid and salts thereof. The organic acid antioxidant acts as a substance to prevent, or retard the oxidation of the other components of the nutritional powder, and prolong the shelf-life of the nutritional powder.

[0071] The terms "pediatric formula" or "pediatric nutritional product," as used herein, are used interchangeably to refer to nutritional compositions for generally maintaining or improving the health of infants and children.

[0072] The term "powder" as used herein describes a physical form of a composition, or portion thereof, that is a finely divided particulate solid that is flowable or scoopable.

[0073] The term "protein antioxidant" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a protein component of the nutritional powder that acts as an antioxidant. The protein antioxidant acts as a substance to prevent, or retard the oxidation of the other components of the nutritional powder, and prolong the shelf-life of the nutritional powder.

[0074] The term "reconstitute" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a process in which a powder such as a nutritional powder is mixed with a liquid, such as water or another aqueous liquid to create a liquid composition that is essentially homogeneous. The reconstituted composition, such as a nutritional formula (e.g., an infant formula) may be completely homogeneous or partially homogeneous. The reconstituted composition may be a solution, a homogeneous suspension, an emulsion, a homogeneous dispersion, or any combination thereof. [0075] The term "serving" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, is any amount of a composition that is intended to be ingested by a subject in one sitting or within less than about one hour. The size of a serving (i.e., "serving size") may be different for diverse subjects, depending on one or more factors including, but not limited to, age, body mass, gender, species, or health. For a typical human adult, a serving size of the formulas disclosed herein is from about 25 mL to 1,000 mL. For a typical human infant or baby, a serving size of the formulas disclosed herein is from about 5 mL to about 250 mL.

[0076] The term "shelf life" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to the time that a nutritional product such as a formula or powder remains commercially stable after being packaged and then stored at 18-30 °C (e.g., 18 °C, 19 °C, 20 °C, 21 °C, 22 °C, 23 °C 24 °C, 25 °C, 26 °C, 27 °C, 28 °C, 29 °C or 30 °C). A nutritional product may have a shelf life of at least 1 month, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 12 months, at least 18 months, at least 24 months, or at least 36 months, including from about 1 month to about 36 months, 3 months to about 36 months, 6 months to about 36 months, 12 months to about 36 months, 18 months to about 36 months, 24 months to about 36 months, 1 month to about 24 months, 3 months to about 24 months, 6 months to about 24 months, 12 months to about 24 months, 18 months to about 24 months, 1 month to about 18 months, 3 months to about 18 months, 6 months to about 18 months, 12 months to about 18 months, 1 month to about 12 months, 3 months to about 12 months, 6 months to about 12 months, or up to 36 months.

[0077] The term "subject" as used herein refers to a mammal, including but not limited to a human (e.g., an infant, toddler, child or adult), a domesticated farm animal (e.g., cow, horse, or pig), or a pet (e.g., dog or cat), who ingests the composition.

[0078] "Total protein" and "total amount of protein" are used interchangeably in connection with the amount of protein in a protein system or a particular nutritional composition to mean all the protein in that system or composition.

[0079] To the extent that the terms "includes," "including," "contains," or "containing" are used herein, they are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as that term is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "or" is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean "A or B or both." When the applicants intend to indicate "only A or B but not both" then the term "only A or B but not both" will be employed. Thus, use of the term "or" herein is the inclusive, and not the exclusive use. Also, to the extent that the terms "in" or "into" are used herein, they are intended to additionally mean "on" or "onto."

[0080] All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein are by weight of the total product, unless specified otherwise. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active ingredients and, therefore, do not include solvents or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless specified otherwise.

[0081] All references to singular characteristics or limitations of the present disclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristics or limitations, and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made.

[0082] All combinations of method or process steps as used herein can be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the referenced combination is made.

[0083] The various embodiments of the powders and formulas of the present disclosure may include trace amounts of any optional or selected essential ingredient or feature described herein, provided that the remaining composition (e.g., powder or formula) still contains all of the required ingredients or features as described herein. In this context, and unless otherwise specified, the term "trace amount" means that the selected composition (e.g., powder or formula) contains no more than 2 wt% of the optional ingredient, typically less than 1 wt%, and also includes zero percent, of such optional or selected essential ingredient, by weight of the composition.

[0084] The various embodiments of the powders and formulas of the present disclosure may also be substantially free of any optional ingredient or feature described herein, provided that the remaining composition still contains all of the required ingredients or features as described herein. In this context, and unless otherwise specified, the term "substantially free" means that the selected composition contains less than a functional amount of the optional ingredient, typically less than about 1 wt%, including less than about 0.5 wt%, including less than about 0.1 wt%, and also including zero percent, of such optional ingredient, by weight of the composition.

[0085] The powders and formulas may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the required elements of the products as described herein, as well as any additional or optional element described herein or otherwise useful in product applications. [0086] For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.

2. Nutrient Delivery System

[0087] Provided herein is a nutrient delivery system. This system includes a nutritional powder, and the system provides a nutritional formula for consumption. This nutritional formula may be ingested by an infant and thus, provides the infant nutrients needed for proper development and growth. The nutritional formula may also be ingested by toddler or child, for proper delivery of nutrients for continued development and growth. The nutritional formula may also be ingested by an adult, as a nutritional supplement. The system also includes a pod, which contains the nutritional powder. The nutritional powder may be contained in the pod such that a headspace in the pod includes a maximum of about 10% 0 ₂ (i.e. less than or equal to about 10% 0 ₂ ), thereby reducing oxidation of the nutritional powder or formula and preventing the development of undesirable flavors, smells, and textures. Prior to ingestion of the nutritional formula, water is introduced into the pod to form a mixture of the water and the nutritional powder, ultimately providing the nutritional formula. The temperature of the water may be about

5 °C to 60 °C, e.g., about 25 °C to about 50 °C, to allow reconstitution of the nutritional powder to provide the nutritional formula. For example, the temperature of the water may be about 5 °C,

6 °C, 7 °C, 8 °C, 9 °C, 10 °C, 11 °C, 12 °C, 13 °C, 14 °C, 15 °C, 16 °C, 17 °C, 18 °C, 19 °C, 20 °C, 21 °C, 22 °C, 23 °C, 24 °C, 25 °C, 26 °C, 27 °C, 28 °C, 29 °C, 30 °C, 31 °C, 32 °C, 33 °C, 34 °C, 35 °C, 36 °C, 37 °C, 38 °C, 39 °C, 40 °C, 41 °C, 42 °C, 43 °C, 44 °C, 45 °C, 46 °C, 47 °C, 48 °C, 49 °C, 50 °C, 51 °C, 52 °C, 53 °C, 54 °C, 55 °C, 56 °C, 57 °C, 58 °C, 59 °C, or 60 °C. The resulting nutritional formula is then discharged from the pod into a container suitable for facilitating consumption of the nutritional formula by an individual (e.g., infant, toddler, child or adult).

a. Nutritional Powder

[0088] The nutrient delivery system may comprise a nutritional powder that is within a pod and delivers a nutritional formula. The nutritional powder includes compounds that affect the overall physical characteristics of the nutritional formula. The nutritional powder is sealed in the pod and is measured in amount that provides the optional nutritional formula when used in the nutrient delivery system. The physical characteristics that are important for the overall function of the nutritional powder include powder reconstitution characteristics (e.g., wettability), viscosity, foaming, emulsion stability, amino acid profile, mineral delivery, antioxidant capacity, shelf-life stability, odor, flavor, and digestibility.

[0089] The nutritional powder is characterized by particles having shape, size, and physical properties that allow it to be chemically stable while being stored for extended periods of time. In particular, antioxidant components of the nutritional powder protect it against oxidation, and prevent or retard oxidation of the nutritional powder, resulting in enhanced organoleptic qualities. These organoleptic qualities include reduced fishy off-notes, longer oxidative stability index, reduced volatile organic oxidation products, and reduced oxidation as determined by sensory testing. The physical properties of the nutritional powder further promote the

reconstitution into a nutritional formula that can be ingested by an infant. The physical properties of the nutritional powder are described below in more detail.

(1) Size and Shape

[0090] The nutritional powder may comprise a particle size distribution of about 1 μιη to about 1000 μιη. The particle size of the nutritional powder is a significant factor determining the wettability and flow properties of the nutritional formula. The nutritional powder mean particle size may be measured by particle size analysis techniques that include, but are not limited to, laser diffraction, sieve separation analysis and image analysis (e.g., using a microscopic method such as light microscopy or scanning electron microscopy). The nutritional powder mean particle size may be from about 1 μιη to about 1000 μιη, about 10 μιη to about 700 μιη, about 20 μιη to about 600 μιη, about 30 μιη to about 500 μιη, about 40 μιη to about 400 μιη, about 30 μιη to about 300 μιη, about 60 μιη to about 200 μιη, about 80 μιη to about 200 μιη, or about 100 μιη to about 190 μιη. The nutritional powder mean particle size may be about 1 μιη, 5 μιη, 10 μιη, 20 μιη, 30 μιη, 40 μιη, 50 μιη, 60 μιη, 70 μιη, 80 μιη, 90 μιη, 100 μιη, 110 μιη, 120 μιη, 130 μιη, 140 μιη, 150 μιη, 160 μιη, 170 μιη, 180 μιη, 190 μιη, 200 μιη, 225 μιη, 250 μιη, 275 μιη, 300 μιη, 325 μιη, 350 μιη, 375 μιη, 400 μιη, 425 μιη, 450 μιη, 475 μιη, 500 μιη, 525 μιη, 550 μιη, 575 μιη, 600 μιη 625 μιη, 650 μιη, 675 μιη, 700 μιη, 725 μιη, 750 μιη, 775 μιη, 800 μιη, 825 μιη, 850 μιη, 875 μιη, 900 μιη, 925 μιη, 950 μιη, 975 μιη, or 1000 μιη. [0091] The nutritional powder may comprise particles of variable shapes. The shape of the particles differs from size of the particles by describing the external boundaries and surface of the particles. The shape and size of the nutritional composition particles can be used together to better characterize the nutritional powder. The shape of the nutritional powder is important in determining the wettability and flow properties of the formula. The nutritional powder particle shape and/or distribution of particle shapes may be determined by laser diffraction, and image analysis (e.g., using a microscopic method such as light microscopy or scanning electron microscopy). For example, size shape and morphology may be ascertained using a Malvern Morphologi G3, or other similar equipment used within the art. Using the above techniques it may be possible to determine statistical numbers for surface roughness, solidity and/or ruggedness. The aspect ratio (length divided by width), circularity, convexity, elongation, high sensitivity (HS) circularity, solidity fiber elongation, and fiber straightness can also be determined. The shape of the nutritional powder may be, but is not limited to, sphere, cube, plate, flake, rod or thread, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nutritional powder may include irregularly shaped particles.

[0092] The nutritional powder may comprise particles of an aspect ratio of about 0.1 to about 1.0. The aspect ratio is a value which can aid in the analyzing the particle shapes comprised within the nutritional powder. The aspect ratio of the nutritional powder particles can affect the wettability and flow properties of the formula. The nutritional powder particle aspect ratio may be determined by laser diffraction, and image analysis. For example, particle aspect ratio may be ascertained using a Malvern Morphologi G3, or other similar equipment used within the art. The particles of the nutritional powder may have an aspect ratio of about 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.11, 0.13, 0.15, 0.17, 0.19, 0.21, 0.23, 0.25, 0.27, 0.29, 0.31, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37, 0.39, 0.41, 0.43, 0.45, 0.47, 0.49, 0.51, 0.53, 0.55, 0.57, 0.59, 0.61, 0.63, 0.65, 0.67, 0.69, 0.71, 0.73, 0.75, 0.77, 0.79, 0.81, 0.83, 0.85, 0.87, 0.89, 0.91, 0.93, 0.95, 0.97, 0.99, or 1.

(2) Density

[0093] The nutritional powder may comprise a loose bulk density of about 0.2 g/mL to about 1.0 g/mL. The loose bulk density of said powder quantifies the density of the powder without vibration. The loose bulk density may be examined by measuring the mass of a known volume of nutritional powder. The loose bulk density of the nutritional powder may be about 0.20 g/mL, 0.205 g/mL, 0.21 g/mL, 0.215 g/mL, 0.22 g/mL, 0.225 g/mL, 0.23 g/mL, 0.235 g/mL, 0.24 g/mL, 0.245 g/mL, 0.25 g/mL, 0.255 g/mL, 0.26 g/mL, 0.265 g/mL, 0.27 g/mL, 0.275 g/mL, 0.28 g/mL, 0.285 g/mL, 0.29 g/mL, 0.295 g/mL, 0.30 g/mL, 0.305 g/mL, 0.31 g/mL, 0.315 g/mL, 0.32 g/mL, 0.325 g/mL, 0.33 g/mL, 0.335 g/mL, 0.34 g/mL, 0.345 g/mL, 0.35 g/mL, 0.355 g/mL, 0.36 g/mL, 0.365 g/mL, 0.37 g/mL, 0.375 g/mL, 0.38 g/mL, 0.385 g/mL, 0.39 g/mL, 0.395 g/mL, 0.40 g/mL, 0.405 g/mL, 0.41 g/mL, 0.415 g/mL, 0.42 g/mL, 0.425 g/mL, 0.43 g/mL, 0.435 g/mL, 0.44 g/mL, 0.445 g/mL, 0.45 g/mL, 0.455 g/mL, 0.46 g/mL, 0.465 g/mL, 0.47 g/mL, 0.475 g/mL, 0.48 g/mL, 0.485 g/mL, 0.49 g/mL, 0.495 g/mL, 0.50 g/mL, 0.505 g/mL, 0.51 g/mL, 0.515 g/mL, 0.52 g/mL, 0.525 g/mL, 0.53 g/mL, 0.535 g/mL, 0.54 g/mL, 0.545 g/mL, 0.55 g/mL, 0.555 g/mL, 0.56 g/mL, 0.565 g/mL, 0.57 g/mL, 0.575 g/mL, 0.58 g/mL, 0.585 g/mL, 0.59 g/mL, 0.595 g/mL, 0.60 g/mL, 0.605 g/mL, 0.61 g/mL, 0.615 g/mL, 0.62 g/mL, 0.625 g/mL, 0.63 g/mL, 0.635 g/mL, 0.64 g/mL, 0.645 g/mL, 0.65 g/mL, 0.655 g/mL, 0.66 g/mL, 0.665 g/mL, 0.67 g/mL, 0.675 g/mL, 0.68 g/mL, 0.685 g/mL, 0.69 g/mL, 0.695 g/mL, 0.70 g/mL, 0.705 g/mL, 0.71 g/mL, 0.715 g/mL, 0.72 g/mL, 0.725 g/mL, 0.73 g/mL, 0.735 g/mL, 0.74 g/mL, 0.745 g/mL, 0.75 g/mL, 0.755 g/mL, 0.76 g/mL, 0.765 g/mL, 0.77 g/mL, 0.775 g/mL, 0.78 g/mL, 0.785 g/mL, 0.79 g/mL, 0.795 g/mL, 0.80 g/mL, 0.805 g/mL, 0.81 g/mL, 0.815 g/mL, 0.82 g/mL, 0.825 g/mL, 0.83 g/mL, 0.835 g/mL, 0.84 g/mL, 0.845 g/mL, 0.85 g/mL, 0.855 g/mL, 0.86 g/mL, 0.865 g/mL, 0.87 g/mL, 0.875 g/mL, 0.88 g/mL, 0.885 g/mL, 0.89 g/mL, 0.895 g/mL, 0.90 g/mL, 0.905 g/mL, 0.91 g/mL, 0.915 g/mL, 0.92 g/mL, 0.925 g/mL, 0.93 g/mL, 0.935 g/mL, 0.94 g/mL, 0.945 g/mL, 0.95 g/mL, 0.955 g/mL, 0.96 g/mL, 0.965 g/mL, 0.97 g/mL, 0.975 g/mL, 0.98 g/mL, 0.985 g/mL, 0.99 g/mL, 0.995 g/mL or 1.0 g/mL.

[0094] The nutritional powder may comprise a vibrated bulk density of 0.2 g/mL to 1.0 g/mL. The vibrated bulk density quantifies the density of a powder that has been subjected to vibration over a period of a time. The vibrated bulk density may be examined by measuring the mass of a known volume of nutritional powder, after undergoing at least once vibrational cycle. The vibrated bulk density of the nutritional powder may be about 0.20 g/mL, 0.205 g/mL, 0.21 g/mL, 0.215 g/mL, 0.22 g/mL, 0.225 g/mL, 0.23 g/mL, 0.235 g/mL, 0.24 g/mL, 0.245 g/mL, 0.25 g/mL, 0.255 g/mL, 0.26 g/mL, 0.265 g/mL, 0.27 g/mL, 0.275 g/mL, 0.28 g/mL, 0.285 g/mL, 0.29 g/mL, 0.295 g/mL, 0.30 g/mL, 0.305 g/mL, 0.31 g/mL, 0.315 g/mL, 0.32 g/mL, 0.325 g/mL, 0.33 g/mL, 0.335 g/mL, 0.34 g/mL, 0.345 g/mL, 0.35 g/mL, 0.355 g/mL, 0.36 g/mL, 0.365 g/mL, 0.37 g/mL, 0.375 g/mL, 0.38 g/mL, 0.385 g/mL, 0.39 g/mL, 0.395 g/mL, 0.40 g/mL, 0.405 g/mL, 0.41 g/mL, 0.415 g/mL, 0.42 g/mL, 0.425 g/mL, 0.43 g/mL, 0.435 g/mL, 0.44 g/mL, 0.445 g/mL, 0.45 g/mL, 0.455 g/mL, 0.46 g/mL, 0.465 g/mL, 0.47 g/mL, 0.475 g/mL, 0.48 g/mL, 0.485 g/mL, 0.49 g/mL, 0.495 g/mL, 0.50 g/mL, 0.505 g/mL, 0.51 g/mL, 0.515 g/mL, 0.52 g/mL, 0.525 g/mL, 0.53 g/mL, 0.535 g/mL, 0.54 g/mL, 0.545 g/mL, 0.55 g/mL, 0.555 g/mL, 0.56 g/mL, 0.565 g/mL, 0.57 g/mL, 0.575 g/mL, 0.58 g/mL, 0.585 g/mL, 0.59 g/mL, 0.595 g/mL, 0.60 g/mL, 0.605 g/mL, 0.61 g/mL, 0.615 g/mL, 0.62 g/mL, 0.625 g/mL, 0.63 g/mL, 0.635 g/mL, 0.64 g/mL, 0.645 g/mL, 0.65 g/mL, 0.655 g/mL, 0.66 g/mL, 0.665 g/mL, 0.67 g/mL, 0.675 g/mL, 0.68 g/mL, 0.685 g/mL, 0.69 g/mL, 0.695 g/mL, 0.70 g/mL, 0.705 g/mL, 0.71 g/mL, 0.715 g/mL, 0.72 g/mL, 0.725 g/mL, 0.73 g/mL, 0.735 g/mL, 0.74 g/mL, 0.745 g/mL, 0.75 g/mL, 0.755 g/mL, 0.76 g/mL, 0.765 g/mL, 0.77 g/mL, 0.775 g/mL, 0.78 g/mL, 0.785 g/mL, 0.79 g/mL, 0.795 g/mL, 0.80 g/mL, 0.805 g/mL, 0.81 g/mL, 0.815 g/mL, 0.82 g/mL, 0.825 g/mL, 0.83 g/mL, 0.835 g/mL, 0.84 g/mL, 0.845 g/mL, 0.85 g/mL, 0.855 g/mL, 0.86 g/mL, 0.865 g/mL, 0.87 g/mL, 0.875 g/mL, 0.88 g/mL, 0.885 g/mL, 0.89 g/mL, 0.895 g/mL, 0.90 g/mL, 0.905 g/mL, 0.91 g/mL, 0.915 g/mL, 0.92 g/mL, 0.925 g/mL, 0.93 g/mL, 0.935 g/mL, 0.94 g/mL, 0.945 g/mL, 0.95 g/mL, 0.955 g/mL, 0.96 g/mL, 0.965 g/mL, 0.97 g/mL, 0.975 g/mL, 0.98 g/mL, 0.985 g/mL, 0.99 g/mL, 0.995 g/mL, or 1.0 g/mL.

(3) Surface Area

[0095] The nutritional powder may comprise particles with a surface of about 0.02 m ² /g to about 3.0 m ² /g. The surface area of the particles within the nutritional powder is dependent on the size, shape and porosity of said particles, and is important in determining properties of the nutritional formula, such as dispersibility and rate of reconstitution. The particle porosity of the nutritional powder may be examined by the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (e.g., mercury) at high pressure into the powder through the use of a porosimeter. The pore size can be determined based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid's surface tension. The particles of the nutritional powder may have a surface area of about 0.02 m ² /g, 0.04 m ² /g, 0.06 m ² /g, 0.08 m ² /g, 0.10 m ² /g, 0.15 m ² /g, 0.20 m ² /g, 0.25 m ² /g, 0.30 m ² /g, 0.35 m ² /g, 0.40 m ² /g, 0.45 m ² /g, 0.50 m ² /g, 0.55 m ² /g, 0.60 m ² /g, 0.65 m ² /g, 0.70 m ² /g, 0.75 m ² /g, 0.80 m ² /g, 0.85 m ² /g, 0.90 m ² /g, 0.95 m ² /g, 1.0 m ² /g, 1.05 m ² /g, 1.1 m ² /g, 1.15 m ² /g, 1.2 m ² /g, 1.25 m ² /g, 1.3 m ² /g, 1.35 m ² /g, 1.4 m ² /g, 1.45 m ² /g, 1.5 m ² /g, 1.55 m ² /g, 1.6 m ² /g, 1.65 m ² /g, 1.7 m ² /g, 1.75 m ² /g, 1.8 m ² /g, 1.85 m ² /g, 1.9 m ² /g, 1.95 m ² /g, 2.0 m ² /g, 2.05 m ² /g, 2.1 m ² /g, 2.15 m ² /g, 2.2 m ² /g, 2.25 m ² /g, 2.3 m ² /g, 2.35 m ² /g, 2.4 m ² /g, 2.45 m ² /g, 2.5 m ² /g, 2.55 m ² /g, 2.6 m ² /g, 2.65 m ² /g, 2.7 m ² /g, 2.75 m ² /g, 2.8 m ² /g, 2.85 m ² /g, 2.9 m ² /g, 2.95 m ² /g, or 3.0 m ² /g.

(4) Glass and Melt Transition Temperatures

[0096] The nutritional powder may comprise a glass transition temperature of about 30 °C to about 90 °C. The glass transition temperature of the nutritional powder describes the

liquification of said powder. Upon heating, the amorphous domain in a material will change from a glassy state to a rubbery state, while the crystalline domain will liquefy from a solid to a liquid. Glass transition analysis is useful as a comparison for a new product at standard moisture range. The glass transition temperature of a nutritional powder may be investigated via Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The glass transition temperature of the nutritional powder may be about 30 °C, 31 °C, 32 °C, 33 °C, 34 °C, 35 °C, 36 °C, 37 °C, 38 °C, 39 °C, 40 °C, 41 °C, 42 °C, 43 °C, 44 °C, 45 °C, 46 °C, 47 °C, 48 °C, 49 °C, 50 °C, 51 °C, 52 °C, 53 °C, 54 °C, 55 °C, 56 °C, 57 °C, 58 °C, 59 °C, 60 °C, 61 °C, 62 °C, 63 °C, 64 °C, 65 °C, 66 °C, 67 °C, 68 °C, 69 °C, 70 °C, 71 °C, 72 °C, 73 °C, 74 °C, 75 °C, 76 °C, 77 °C, 78 °C, 79 °C, 80 °C, 81 °C, 82 °C, 83 °C, 84 °C, 85 °C, 86 °C, 87 °C, 88 °C, 89 °C, or 90 °C.

[0097] The nutritional powder may comprise a melt transition temperature of about 40 °C to about 100 °C. The melting temperature of the nutritional powder describes the liquification of said powder upon heating the powder, which has the ability to form crystalline domains, in a solid state to one in the fluid state. The nutritional powder may comprise a melting point when it is composed of solid fats versus liquid fats, which are more likely to instill some crystallinity within the powder. Melting temperature analysis is useful as a comparison for a new product at standard moisture range. The melting temperature of a nutritional powder may be investigated via Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The melting temperature of the nutritional powder may be about 40 °C, 41 °C, 42 °C, 43 °C, 44 °C, 45 °C, 46 °C, 47 °C, 48 °C, 49 °C, 50 °C, 51 °C, 52 °C, 53 °C, 54 °C, 55 °C, 56 °C, 57 °C, 58 °C, 59 °C, 60 °C, 61 °C, 62 °C, 63 °C, 64 °C, 65 °C, 66 °C, 67 °C, 68 °C, 69 °C, 70 °C, 71 °C, 72 °C, 73 °C, 74 °C, 75 °C, 76 °C, 77 °C, 78 °C, 79 °C, 80 °C, 81 °C, 82 °C, 83 °C, 84 °C, 85 °C, 86 °C, 87 °C, 88 °C, 89 °C, 90 °C, 91 °C, 92 °C, 93 °C, 94 °C, 95 °C, 96 °C, 97 °C, 98 °C, 99 °C, or 100 °C.

(5) Flowability [0098] The nutritional powder may comprise a flow factor of about 1 to about 10. The flowability of the nutritional powder is important in determining flow properties of the nutritional formula, such as rate of reconstitution and dispersibility. The flowability of the nutritional powder is a function of the nutritional powder particle characteristics, as well as the compounds within the powder, and is a measurement of the cohesion property of the nutritional powder. Flowability may be measured by a Brookfield powder flow tester, and is reported as a value of the flow factor and flow index. Flow factor is defined as the ratio of major principal consolidating stress (y-axis) to unconfmed failure strength (x-axis) at 10 kPa of x-axis. Flow index is the inverse of flow factor. The flow factor of the nutritional powder may be about 1 to 10 or 1 to 8; for example the flow factor may be about 1 , 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, or 10.

(6) Particle Porosity

[0099] The nutritional powder may comprise a particle porosity of about 5% to about 80%. The porosity of nutritional powder particles is important in determining the wettability and flow properties of the composition. The porosity of the nutritional powder particles may be measured by determining the volume of the open pores and interstitial void divided by the envelope powder volume, providing values in units of percent (from 0 - 100%). For example, the porosity of the nutritional powder particles may be about 5 to 80%>, about 10%> to about 80%>, about 15%> to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 25% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 35%) to about 80%>, or about 40%> to about 75%>. The porosity of the nutritional powder particles may be about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%.

(7) Wettability

[00100] The nutritional powder may comprise a wettability of about 1 second to about 180 seconds, about 1 second to about 120 seconds, or about 1 second to about 30 seconds. The wettability of the nutritional powder is important on the overall flow performance of the nutritional formula through the nutrient delivery system. The wettability of the nutritional powder may be measured indirectly by adding a powder to the surface of water in a container (e.g., a beaker) and recording the time it takes for the powder to fall below the surface. The wettability may be about 1 second to about 20 seconds, or about 2 seconds to about 10 seconds. For example, the wettability may be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 seconds, or up to 180 seconds.

(8) Color Scale Values

[00101] The nutritional powder may comprise a Hunter Lab "L" value between about 20 and about 100. The Hunter Lab "L" value is a measurement of the lightness of the formula. The lightness of the nutritional powder is dependent on, but not limited to, the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity. The Hunter Lab "L" value of the nutritional powder can be measured by a spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the powder as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "L" value of the nutritional powder may be about 20.00, 25.00, 30.00, 35.00, 40.00, 45.00, 50.00, 55.00, 60.00, 65.00, 70.00, 75.00, 80.00, 80.10, 80.15, 80.20, 80.25, 80.30, 80.35, 80.40, 80.45, 80.50, 80.55, 80.60, 80.65, 80.70, 80.75, 80.80, 80.85, 80.90, 80.95, 81.00, 81.10, 81.15, 81.20, 81.25, 81.30, 81.35, 81.40, 81.45, 81.50, 81.55, 81.60, 81.65, 81.70, 81.75, 81.80, 81.85, 81.90, 81.95, 82.00, 82.10, 82.15, 82.20, 82.25, 82.30, 82.35, 82.40, 82.45, 82.50, 82.55, 82.60, 82.65, 82.70, 82.75, 82.80, 82.85, 82.90, 82.95, 83.00, 83.10, 83.15, 83.20, 83.25, 83.30, 83.35, 83.40, 83.45, 83.50, 83.55, 83.60, 83.65, 83.70, 83.75, 83.80, 83.85, 83.90, 83.95, 84.00, 86.00, 88.00, 90.00, 95.00 or 100.00.

[00102] The nutritional powder may comprise a Hunter Lab "a" value between about -5.00 and about 1.00. The Hunter Lab "a" value is a measurement of the color-opponent dimension of a formula. The "a" value of the nutritional powder is dependent on, but not limited to, the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity. The Hunter Lab "a" value of the nutritional powder can be measured by a spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the powder as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "a" value of the nutritional powder may be about -5.00, -4.50, - 4.00, -3.50, -3.00, -2.50, -2.00, -1.50, -1.00, -0.50, -0.10, -0.09, -0.08, -0.07, -0.06, -0.05, -0.04, - 0.03, -0.02, -0.01, 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.22, 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, or 1.00.

[00103] The nutritional powder may comprise a Hunter Lab "b" value between about 1 and about 30. The Hunter Lab "b" value is a measurement of the color-opponent dimension of a formula. The "b" value of the nutritional powder is dependent on, but not limited to, the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity. The Hunter Lab "b" value of the nutritional powder can be measured by a spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the powder as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "b" value of the nutritional powder may be about 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00, 6.00, 7.00, 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 12.00, 13.00, 13.10, 13.20, 13.30, 13.31, 13.32, 13.33, 13.34, 13.35, 13.36, 13.37, 13.38, 13.39, 13.40, 13.41, 13.42, 13.43, 13.44, 13.45, 13.46, 13.47, 13.48, 13.49, 13.50, 13.51, 13.52, 13.53, 13.54, 13.55, 13.56, 13.57, 13.58, 13.59, 13.60, 13.61, 13.62, 13.63, 13.64, 13.65, 13.66, 13.67, 13.68, 13.69, 13.70, 13.71, 13.72, 13.73, 13.74, 13.75, 13.76, 13.77, 13.78, 13.79, 13.80, 13.81, 13.82, 13.83, 13.84, 13.85, 13.86, 13.87, 13.88, 13.89, 13.90, 13.91, 13.92, 13.93, 13.94, 13.95, 13.96, 13.97, 13.98, 13.99, 14.00, 15.00, 16.00, 17.00, 18.00, 19.00, 20.00, 25.00, or 30.00.

(9) Free Fat

[00104] The nutritional powder may comprise free fat of about 0.1 g/lOOg powder to about 12 g/lOOg powder. High levels of free fat in the nutritional powder can be detrimental to the flowability of the powder, and potentially lead to difficulties in providing the nutritional formula. The free fat within the nutritional powder may be determined by performing a hexane (or other suitable non-polar solvents, for example petroleum ether) extraction, followed by filtration (e.g., Whatman No. 41 filter paper) of the solvent extract (to remove suspended powder particles), drying oven evaporation of the solvent from the filtrate (e.g., at 60 °C for 2 hours) and weighing of the non- volatile residue (i.e., the extracted free fat) from the filtrate. The nutritional powder may comprise a free fat of about 0.1 g/lOOg powder, 0.3 g/lOOg powder, 0.5 g/lOOg powder, 0.7 g/lOOg powder, 0.9 g/lOOg powder, 1.1 g/lOOg powder, 1.3 g/lOOg powder, 1.5 g/lOOg powder, I .7 g/lOOg powder, 1.9 g/lOOg powder, 2.1 g/lOOg powder, 2.3 g/lOOg powder, 2.5 g/lOOg powder, 2.7 g/lOOg powder, 2.9 g/lOOg powder, 3.1 g/lOOg powder, 3.3 g/lOOg powder, 3.5 g/lOOg powder, 3.7 g/lOOg powder, 3.9 g/lOOg powder, 4.1 g/lOOg powder, 4.3 g/lOOg powder, 4.5 g/lOOg powder, 4.7 g/lOOg powder, 4.9 g/lOOg powder, 5.1 g/lOOg powder, 5.3 g/lOOg powder, 5.5 g/lOOg powder, 5.7 g/lOOg powder, 5.9 g/lOOg powder, 6.1 g/lOOg powder, 6.3 g/lOOg powder, 6.5 g/lOOg powder, 6.7 g/lOOg powder, 6.9 g/lOOg powder, 7.1 g/lOOg powder, 7.3 g/lOOg powder, 7.5 g/lOOg powder, 7.7 g/lOOg powder, 7.9 g/lOOg powder, 8.1 g/lOOg powder, 8.3 g/lOOg powder, 8.5 g/lOOg powder, 8.7 g/lOOg powder, 8.9 g/lOOg powder, 9.1 g/lOOg powder, 9.3 g/lOOg powder, 9.5 g/lOOg powder, 9.7 g/lOOg powder, 9.9 g/lOOg powder, 10.1 g/lOOg powder, 10.3 g/lOOg powder, 10.5 g/lOOg powder, 10.7 g/lOOg powder, 10.9 g/lOOg powder, 11.1 g/lOOg powder, 11.3 g/lOOg powder, 11.5 g/lOOg powder, 11.7 g/lOOg powder,

I I .9 g/lOOg powder, 12.1 g/lOOg powder, 12.3 g/lOOg powder, 12.5 g/lOOg powder, 12.7 g/lOOg powder, 12.9 g/lOOg powder, 13.1 g/lOOg powder, 13.3 g/lOOg powder, 13.5 g/lOOg powder, 13.7 g/lOOg powder, 13.9 g/lOOg powder, 14.1 g/lOOg powder, 14.3 g/lOOg powder, 14.5 g/lOOg powder, 14.7 g/lOOg powder, 14.9 g/lOOg powder, or 15 g/lOOg powder.

(10) Reconstitution

[00105] The nutritional powder may comprise a percent of reconstitution of about 75% to about 100%. The percent of reconstitution is important in determining the flow characteristics of the formula through the nutrient delivery system. The percent of reconstitution of the nutritional powder is dependent on properties of the nutritional powder such as, powder particle size, porosity and shape. The percent of reconstitution of the nutritional powder may be examined by measuring the percentage of the nutritional powder that is reconstituted when contacted by the liquid (e.g., does not remain in the pod following contact with the liquid, but is incorporated into the nutritional formula). The percent of reconstitution may be about 75%>, 76%>, 77%>, 78%>, 79%>, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

[00106] The nutritional powder may be reconstituted in an amount of time from about 10 seconds to about 5 minutes. The reconstitution time is the time it takes for the 75% to 100% of the powder to be reconstituted to provide the nutritional formula, by the nutrient delivery system as described above. The reconstitution time is important in determining the flow characteristics of the formula through the nutrient delivery system. The reconstitution time is dependent on properties of the nutritional powder such as, powder particle size, porosity and shape. The reconstitution time may be determined by examining aliquots of the nutritional formula as it is produced by the nutrient delivery system (e.g., at intervals of time such as about every 5 seconds or about every 10 seconds), and calculating the total solids delivered over time using the interval samples. The reconstitution time may be about 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 25 seconds, 30 seconds, 35 seconds, 40 seconds, 45 seconds, 50 seconds, 55 seconds, 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, 2 minutes, 2.5 minutes, 3 minutes, 3.5 minutes, 4 minutes, 4.5 minutes, 5 minutes, 5.5 minutes, 6 minutes, 6.5 minutes, 7 minutes, 7.5 minutes, 8 minutes, 8.5 minutes, 9 minutes, 9.5 minutes, or 10 minutes.

[00107] Techniques used in the analysis of reconstitution, may vary in regards to temperatures and pressures used to remove the liquid. The liquid may be removed at temperatures of about 20 °C, 22 °C, 24 °C, 26 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, 40 °C, 42 °C, 44 °C, 46 °C, 48 °C, 50 °C, 52 °C, 54 °C, 56 °C, 58 °C, 60 °C, 62 °C, 64 °C, 66 °C, 68 °C, 70 °C, 72 °C, 74 °C, 76 °C, 78 °C, 80 °C, 82 °C, 84 °C, 86 °C, 88 °C, 90 °C, 92 °C, 94 °C, 96 °C, 98 °C, 100 °C, 102 °C, 104 °C, 106 °C, 108 °C, or 110 °C. The pressure may be lowered by techniques known within the art, such as a vacuum pump. Pressures that may be used to remove the liquid in the analysis of reconstitution may be about 1 mbar, 10 mbar, 20 mbar, 40 mbar, 60 mbar, 80 mbar, 100 mbar, 120 mbar, 140 mbar, 160 mbar, 180 mbar, 200 mbar, 220 mbar, 240 mbar, 260 mbar, 280 mbar, 300 mbar, 320 mbar, 340 mbar, 360 mbar, 380 mbar, 400 mbar, 420 mbar, 440 mbar, 460 mbar, 480 mbar, 500 mbar, 520 mbar, 540 mbar, 560 mbar, 580 mbar, 600 mbar, 620 mbar, 640 mbar, 660 mbar, 680 mbar, 700 mbar, 720 mbar, 740 mbar, 760 mbar, 780 mbar, 800 mbar, 820 mbar, 840 mbar, 860 mbar, 880 mbar, 900 mbar, 920 mbar, 940 mbar, 960 mbar, 980 mbar, 1.0 bar, 1.5 bar, 2.0 bar, 2.5 bar, 3.0 bar, 3.5 bar, 4.0 bar, 4.5 bar, 5.0 bar, 5.5 bar, 6.0 bar, 6.5 bar, 7.0 bar, 7.5 bar, 8.0 bar, 8.5 bar, 9.0 bar, 10 bar, 10.5 bar, 11 bar, 11.5 bar, 12 bar, 12.5 bar, 13 bar, 13.5 bar, 14 bar, 14.5 bar or 15 bar.

(11) Macronutrients

[00108] Nutritional powders (e.g., infant nutritional powders) according to the present disclosure may comprise one or more macronutrients selected from the group of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and mixtures thereof. Generally, any source of fat, carbohydrate, or protein that is suitable for use in nutritional products is also suitable for use herein, provided that such macronutrients are also compatible with the essential elements of the nutritional powders, nutritional formulas and nutrient delivery systems as defined herein.

[00109] Although total concentrations or amounts of fat, protein, and carbohydrates may vary depending upon the nutritional needs of the subject, such concentrations or amounts most typically fall within one of the following embodied ranges, inclusive of any other essential fat, protein, and or carbohydrate ingredients as described herein.

[00110] Carbohydrate concentrations in the nutritional powders may typically range from about 5 wt% to about 70 wt%, including from about 7 wt% to about 60 wt%, including from about 10 wt% to about 55 wt%, by weight of the nutritional powders. Fat concentrations most typically range from about 0.5 wt% to about 35 wt%, including from about 0.75 wt% to about 30 wt%, including from about 1 wt% to about 28 wt%, and also including from about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, by weight of the nutritional powders. Protein concentrations may range from about 1 wt% to about 85 wt%, from about 5 wt% to about 50 wt%, from about 7 wt% to about 32 wt%, or from about 8 wt% to about 30 wt%, by weight of the nutritional powders.

[00111] Additional ranges for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, in those embodiments where the nutritional powder is formulated to provide an infant formula, based on percent of calories of the nutritional powder, are set forth in Table 1. Note: each numerical value in Table 1 is preceded by the term "about."

Table 1

[00112] Additional ranges for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, in those embodiments where the nutritional powder is formulated to provide an adult formula, based on percent of calories of the nutritional powder, are set forth in Table 2. Note: each numerical value in Table 2 is preceded by the term "about."

Table 2 Embodiment A Embodiment B Embodiment C

Macronutrient

(% Calories) (% Calories) (% Calories)

Protein 1-98 5-80 15-55

Carbohydrate 1-98 0-75 20-50

Fat 1-98 20-70 25-40

[00113] For example, in some embodiments the nutritional powder may include: about 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69% or 70% carbohydrate as a percentage of total calories; about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79% or 80% fat as a percentage of total calories; and about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% protein as a percentage of total calories.

[00114] In some embodiments, the nutritional powder includes one or more of a protein source, a carbohydrate source, or a fat source. In those embodiments where the nutritional powder includes a protein source, the protein source can include one or more of whey protein

concentrates, whey protein isolates, whey protein hydrolysates, acid caseins, sodium casemates, calcium casemates, potassium casemates, casein hydrolysates, milk protein concentrates, milk protein isolates, milk protein hydrolysates, nonfat dry milk, condensed skim milk, soy protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, soy protein hydrolysates, pea protein concentrates, pea protein isolates, pea protein hydrolysates, collagen proteins, potato proteins, rice proteins, fungal proteins, proteins expressed by microorganisms, and combinations thereof.

[00115] In those embodiments where the nutritional powder includes a carbohydrate source, the carbohydrate source can include one or more of maltodextrin; hydrolyzed or modified starch or cornstarch; glucose polymers; corn syrup; corn syrup solids; rice-derived carbohydrates; high fructose corn syrup; honey; sugar alcohols, such as maltitol, erythritol, sorbitol, glycerine;

sucrose; glucose; fructose; lactose; isomaltulose, sucromalt, pullulan, potato starch, and other slowly-digested carbohydrates; oligosaccharides such as fructo-oligosaccharides; dietary fibers including, but not limited to, oat fiber, soy fiber, gum arabic, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, guar gum, gellan gum, locust bean gum, konjac flour, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, gum acacia, chitosan, arabinoglactins, glucomannan, xanthan gum, alginate, pectin, low and high methoxy pectin, cereal beta-glucans, carrageenan and psyllium, soluble dietary fibers such as digestion resistant maltodextrins, resistant modified food starches, other resistant starches; soluble and insoluble fibers derived from fruits or vegetables; and combinations thereof.

[00116] In those embodiments where the nutritional powder includes a fat source, the fat source can include one or more of coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soy oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, medium chain triglyceride oil, high gamma linolenic safflower oil, sunflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, palm olein, canola oil, marine oils, algal oils, cottonseed oils, interesterified oils, transesterified oils, and combinations thereof.

[00117] In those embodiments where the nutritional powder includes a fat source, the fat source can include a fatty acid. The fatty acid may include palmitic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, and combinations thereof. The nutritional powder may comprise a fatty acid, such as palmitic acid, up to about 5% by weight of the total fat content, including about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1 % to about 4%, about 0.1 % to about 3%>, about 0.1 % to about 2%), about 0.1 % to about 1.0%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 3%), about 1% to about 2%, about 2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 1.0%, about 0.3% to about 1.0%, about 0.4% to about 1.0%, about 0.5% to about 1.0%, about 0.6% to about 1.0%, about 0.7% to about 1.0%, about 0.8% to about 1.0%, about 0.9% to about 1.0%, about 0.2% to about 1.0%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.3% to about 0.9%, about 0.3% to about 0.8%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.6%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, about 0.4% to about 0.9%,about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 0.7%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, or about 0.8% to about 0.9%, by weight of the total fat content. The total fat content may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%), at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%, at least about 3.2%), at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%, or at least about 5% of a fatty acid, such as palmitic acid. The total fat content may comprise, by weight, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%), about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%>, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%), about 4.8%), about 4.9%, or about 5% of a fatty acid, such as palmitic acid.

[00118] In some embodiments, the nutritional powders include a protein component that consists of only intact or partially hydrolyzed protein; that is, the protein component is substantially free of any protein that has a degree of hydrolysis of 25% or more. In this context, the term "partially hydrolyzed protein" refers to proteins having a degree of hydrolysis of less than 25%), including less than 20%, including less than 15%, including less than 10%, and including proteins having a degree of hydrolysis of less than 5%. The degree of hydrolysis is the extent to which peptide bonds are broken by a hydrolysis chemical reaction. To quantify the partially hydrolyzed protein component of these embodiments, the degree of protein hydrolysis is determined by quantifying the amino nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio (AN/TN) of the protein component of the selected nutritional powder. The amino nitrogen component is quantified by USP titration methods for determining amino nitrogen content, while the total nitrogen component is determined by the Tecator® Kjeldahl method. These analytical methods are well known. (12) Optional Ingredients

[00119] The nutritional powders described herein may further comprise other optional ingredients that may modify the physical, chemical, hedonic or processing characteristics of the products or serve as additional nutritional components when used for a targeted population. Many such optional ingredients are known or otherwise suitable for use in other nutritional products and may also be used in the nutritional powders described herein, provided that such optional ingredients are safe and effective for oral administration and are compatible with the essential and other ingredients in the selected product form.

[00120] Non-limiting examples of such optional ingredients include preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifying agents, buffers, additional nutrients as described herein, colorants, flavors, thickening agents, stabilizers, and so forth.

[00121] The nutritional powders may further comprise minerals, non-limiting examples of which include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, chloride, and combinations thereof.

[00122] The nutritional powders may further comprise vitamins or related nutrients, non- limiting examples of which include vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, other carotenoids, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, salts and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.

[00123] In some embodiments, the nutritional powders may comprise a compound selected from the group of beta-hydro xyl beta-methyl butyrate, L-leucine, beta-alanine, epigallocatechin gallate, human milk oligosaccharides, prebiotics, probiotics, and combinations thereof.

[00124] The nutritional powders may also include one or more masking agents to reduce or otherwise obscure bitter flavors and after taste. Suitable masking agents include natural and artificial sweeteners, sodium sources such as sodium chloride, and hydrocolloids, such as guar gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, gellan gum, and combinations thereof. The amount of masking agent in the nutritional powder may vary depending upon the particular masking agent selected, other ingredients in the nutritional powder, and other nutritional powder or product target variables. Such amounts, however, most typically range from at least 0.1 wt%, including from about 0.15 wt% to about 3.0 wt%, and also including from about 0.18 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, by weight of the nutritional powder. (13) Specific Ingredients of the Nutritional Powder

[00125] Nutritional powders according to the present disclosure may comprise a

polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one antioxidant selected from the group of lipophilic antioxidant, organic acid antioxidant, hydrolyzed protein antioxidant, amino acid or amino acid derivative, and combinations or mixtures thereof.

(aa) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

[00126] The nutritional powder of the present invention comprises a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids as part of the composition, wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acids comprise n-3 fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, or combinations thereof. The source of polyunsaturated fatty acid can be any known or otherwise suitable source that is safe and effective for oral administration and is compatible with the essential and other ingredients in the selected product formulation.

[00127] A growing body of evidence now suggests that diets containing sufficient amounts of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial for maintaining overall health, and may also be helpful for treating or preventing a variety of human diseases or afflictions. Certain long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to be beneficial in the prevention and/or management of cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, depression, Alzheimer's, ulcers, cancer, hyperactivity, asthma, or other diseases or conditions responsive to anti-inflammatory effects.

[00128] The source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for use in the compositions of the present invention include free fatty acids as well as fatty acid esters such as triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, ethyl esters, and so forth, including various concentrated forms thereof as well as those in structured lipid form.

[00129] The polyunsaturated fatty acids suitable for use herein comprise n-3 fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of the n-3 fatty acids include alpha- linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3), stearidonic acid (C18:4n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), and combinations thereof. Preferred are docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or combinations thereof.

[00130] Preferred sources of n-3 fatty acids for use herein include flax seed oil, canola oil, transgenic oils, and fish oil. Non-limiting examples of fish oil sources include saltwater or cold fresh water fish, non-limiting examples of which include albacore, black bass, bluefish, carp, menhaden oil, anchovy oil, pilchard oil, channel catfish, herring, lake herring, sardines, lake trout, mackerel, pompano, salmon, tuna, and white fish.

[00131] Other polyunsaturated fatty acids suitable for use herein include the n-6

polyunsaturated fatty acids, non- limiting examples of which include linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3n-6), eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n-6), arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6), di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6), and combinations thereof.

Preferred is arachidonic acid.

[00132] Non-limiting examples of suitable n-6 fatty acid sources for use herein include evening primrose oil, borage oil, black currant seed oil, flaxseed oil, transgenic sources, purified fatty acid sources, and combinations thereof.

[00133] The nutritional powder may comprise the polyunsaturated fatty acid up to about 30% by weight of the total fatty acid content of the powder, including about 0.1 %> to about 30%>, 0.1 %> to about 20%, about 0.1% to about 15%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 9%, about 0.1%) to about 8%>, about 0.1 %> to about 7%>, about 0.1 %> to about 6%>, about 0.1 %> to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.2% to about 1.0%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.3% to about 1.0%, about 0.3% to about 0.9%, about 0.3% to about 0.8%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.6%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, about 0.4% to about 1.0%, about 0.4% to about 0.9%, about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 0.7%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.5% to about 1.0%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.6% to about 1.0%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.7% to about 1.0%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.8% to about 1.0%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, and about 0.9% to about 1.0%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the powder, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%>, at least about 0.04%>, at least about 0.05%>, at least about 0.06%>, at least about 0.07%>, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%>, at least about 0.1 %, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%), at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%), at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%), at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%>, at least about 0.99%>, at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.05%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.15%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.25%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.35%), at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.45%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.55%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.65%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.75%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.85%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 1.95%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%, at least about 3.2%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%), at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%, at least about 5%, at least about 5.1 %, at least about 5.2%, at least about 5.3%, at least about 5.4%o, at least about 5.5%, at least about 5.6%, at least about 5.7%, at least about 5.8%, at least about 5.9%, at least about 6%, at least about 6.1%>, at least about 6.2%, at least about 6.3%, at least about 6.4%, at least about 6.5%, at least about 6.6%, at least about 6.7%, at least about 6.8%), at least about 6.9%, at least about 7%, at least about 7.1%>, at least about 7.2%, at least about 7.3%), at least about 7.4%, at least about 7.5%, at least about 7.6%, at least about 7.7%, at least about 7.8%, at least about 7.9%, at least about 8%, at least about 8.1%>, at least about 8.2%, at least about 8.3%, at least about 8.4%, at least about 8.5%, at least about 8.6%, at least about 8.7%), at least about 8.8%, at least about 8.9%, at least about 9%, at least about 9.1%>, at least about 9.2%), at least about 9.3%, at least about 9.4%, at least about 9.5%, at least about 9.6%, at least about 9.7%, at least about 9.8%, at least about 9.9%, at least about 10%, at least about 1 1%, at least about 12%, at least about 13%, at least about 14%, at least about 15%, at least about 16%), at least about 17%, at least about 18%, at least about 19%, at least about 20%, at least about 21%, at least about 22%, at least about 23%, at least about 24%, at least about 25%, at least about 26%, at least about 27%, at least about 28%, at least about 29%, or at least about 30% of the polyunsaturated fatty acid. The total fatty acid content of the nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.1 1%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%), about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%, about 5%, about 5.1%, about 5.2%), about 5.3%, about 5.4%, about 5.5%, about 5.6%, about 5.7%, about 5.8%, about 5.9%, about 6%, about 6.1%, about 6.2%, about 6.3%, about 6.4%, about 6.5%, about 6.6%, about 6.7%), about 6.8%, about 6.9%, about 7%, about 7.1%, about 7.2%, about 7.3%, about 7.4%, about 7.5%, about 7.6%, about 7.7%, about 7.8%, about 7.9%, about 8%, about 8.1%, about 8.2%, about 8.3%, about 8.4%, about 8.5%, about 8.6%, about 8.7%, about 8.8%, about 8.9%, about 9%, about 9.1%, about 9.2%, about 9.3%, about 9.4%, about 9.5%, about 9.6%, about 9.7%, about 9.8%, about 9.9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%), about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the polyunsaturated fatty acid,

(bb) Antioxidant

[00134] In the present invention, the nutritional powder may further comprise one or more antioxidants. The antioxidants may be used as additives to help guard against deterioration of the nutritional powder. Exposure to oxygen, sunlight, and elevated temperatures are the main factors in the oxidation of food, so the nutritional powder may be preserved by careful storage in the dark and/or by adding antioxidants as preservatives. The addition of antioxidants to the nutritional powder results in an increased shelf-life of the nutritional powder as well as enhancing the organoleptic qualities of the nutritional powder. The most common molecules oxidized in foods are unsaturated fats; oxidation causes them to turn rancid. Since oxidized lipids are often discolored and usually have unpleasant tastes such as metallic or sulfurous flavors, it is important to avoid oxidation in fat-containing foods. Antioxidants exhibit varying degrees of efficiency in protecting food systems. Combinations of antioxidants may have a synergistic action, providing greater overall protection than can be accounted for through the simple additive effects of each antioxidant.

[00135] The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be a lipophilic antioxidant, an organic acid antioxidant, a protein, and an amino acid or amino acid derivative. [00136] The nutritional powder may comprise the antioxidant up to about 10% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 10%, about 0.001% to about 9%, about 0.001% to about 8%, about 0.001% to about 7%, about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.001% to about 4%, about 0.001% to about 3%, about 0.001% to about 2%, about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.01% to about 9%, about 0.01% to about 8%, about 0.01% to about 7%, about 0.01% to about 6%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.01% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%), and about 0.01% to about 0.1 %, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%>, at least about 0.04%>, at least about 0.05%>, at least about 0.06%>, at least about 0.07%>, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%, at least about 0.33%, at least about 0.34%, at least about 0.35%), at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%>, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%), at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%), at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%, at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%>, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%>, at least about 0.95%>, at least about 0.96%>, at least about 0.97%>, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99%, at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.05%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.15%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.25%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.35%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.45%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.55%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.65%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.75%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.85%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 1.95%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%, at least about 3.2%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%o, at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%o, at least about 5%, at least about 5.1 %, at least about 5.2%, at least about 5.3%, at least about 5.4%o, at least about 5.5%, at least about 5.6%, at least about 5.7%, at least about 5.8%, at least about 5.9%, at least about 6%, at least about 6.1%>, at least about 6.2%, at least about 6.3%, at least about 6.4%, at least about 6.5%, at least about 6.6%, at least about 6.7%, at least about 6.8%o, at least about 6.9%, at least about 7%, at least about 7.1%>, at least about 7.2%, at least about 7.3%o, at least about 7.4%, at least about 7.5%, at least about 7.6%, at least about 7.7%, at least about 7.8%, at least about 7.9%, at least about 8%, at least about 8.1%>, at least about 8.2%, at least about 8.3%, at least about 8.4%, at least about 8.5%, at least about 8.6%, at least about 8.7%o, at least about 8.8%, at least about 8.9%, at least about 9%, at least about 9.1%>, at least about 9.2%o, at least about 9.3%, at least about 9.4%, at least about 9.5%, at least about 9.6%, at least about 9.7%, at least about 9.8%, at least about 9.9% or at least about 10% of the antioxidant. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.1 1%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%), about 2%>, about 2.1%>, about 2.2%>, about 2.3%>, about 2.4%>, about 2.5%>, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%), about 3.5%>, about 3.6%>, about 3.7%>, about 3.8%>, about 3.9%>, about 4%>, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%), about 5%>, about 5.1 %, about 5.2%>, about 5.3%>, about 5.4%>, about 5.5%>, about 5.6%, about 5.7%, about 5.8%, about 5.9%, about 6%, about 6.1%, about 6.2%, about 6.3%, about 6.4%), about 6.5%>, about 6.6%>, about 6.7%>, about 6.8%>, about 6.9%>, about 7%>, about 7.1%, about 7.2%, about 7.3%, about 7.4%, about 7.5%, about 7.6%, about 7.7%, about 7.8%, about 7.9%, about 8%, about 8.1%, about 8.2%, about 8.3%, about 8.4%, about 8.5%, about 8.6%, about 8.7%, about 8.8%, about 8.9%, about 9%, about 9.1%, about 9.2%, about 9.3%, about 9.4%, about 9.5%, about 9.6%, about 9.7%, about 9.8%, about 9.9%, or about 10% of the antioxidant.

(i) Lipophilic Antioxidant

[00137] The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be a lipophilic antioxidant. For example, the lipophilic antioxidant may be a terpene and/or terpenoid, ascorbyl palmitate, a fatty acid, lecithin, or combinations thereof.

[00138] The nutritional powder may comprise the lipophilic antioxidant up to about 10% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001%> to about 10%>, about 0.001%> to about 9%>, about 0.001% to about 8%, about 0.001% to about 7%, about 0.001% to about 6%, about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.001% to about 4%, about 0.001% to about 3%, about 0.001% to about 2%, about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.01% to about 9%, about 0.01% to about 8%, about 0.01% to about 7%, about 0.01% to about 6%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.01% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01%) to about 0.2%>, and about 0.01% to about 0.1 %, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%), at least about 0.04%>, at least about 0.05%>, at least about 0.06%>, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%>, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%), at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%), at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%), at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%), at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%, at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99%, at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.05%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.15%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.25%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.35%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.45%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.55%), at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.65%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.75%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.85%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 1.95%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%, at least about 3.2%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%>, at least about 5%, at least about 5.1%>, at least about 5.2%, at least about 5.3%, at least about 5.4%, at least about 5.5%, at least about 5.6%, at least about 5.7%, at least about 5.8%), at least about 5.9%, at least about 6%, at least about 6.1%>, at least about 6.2%, at least about 6.3%), at least about 6.4%, at least about 6.5%, at least about 6.6%, at least about 6.7%, at least about 6.8%, at least about 6.9%, at least about 7%, at least about 7.1%>, at least about 7.2%, at least about 7.3%, at least about 7.4%, at least about 7.5%, at least about 7.6%, at least about 7.7%), at least about 7.8%, at least about 7.9%, at least about 8%, at least about 8.1%>, at least about 8.2%), at least about 8.3%, at least about 8.4%, at least about 8.5%, at least about 8.6%, at least about 8.7%, at least about 8.8%, at least about 8.9%, at least about 9%, at least about 9.1%>, at least about 9.2%, at least about 9.3%, at least about 9.4%, at least about 9.5%, at least about 9.6%), at least about 9.7%, at least about 9.8%, at least about 9.9% or at least about 10% of the lipophilic antioxidant. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.10%, about 0.1 1%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%), about 3.4%>, about 3.5%>, about 3.6%>, about 3.7%>, about 3.8%>, about 3.9%>, about 4%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%, about 5%, about 5.1%, about 5.2%, about 5.3%, about 5.4%, about 5.5%, about 5.6%, about 5.7%, about 5.8%, about 5.9%, about 6%, about 6.1%, about 6.2%, about 6.3%), about 6.4%>, about 6.5%>, about 6.6%>, about 6.7%>, about 6.8%>, about 6.9%>, about 7%, about 7.1%, about 7.2%, about 7.3%, about 7.4%, about 7.5%, about 7.6%, about 7.7%, about 7.8%, about 7.9%, about 8%, about 8.1%, about 8.2%, about 8.3%, about 8.4%, about 8.5%, about 8.6%, about 8.7%, about 8.8%, about 8.9%, about 9%, about 9.1%, about 9.2%, about 9.3%, about 9.4%, about 9.5%, about 9.6%, about 9.7%, about 9.8%, about 9.9%, or about 10% of the lipophilic antioxidant.

[00139] Terpenes and Terpenoids: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be terpenes and/or terpenoids. Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from units of isoprene. The basic molecular formulae of terpenes are multiples of (C5H ₈ ) _n , wherein n is the number of linked isoprene units. Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are terpenes that are chemically modified, such as oxidation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton. The terpene and/or terpenoid may include tocopherols, tocotrienes, carotenoids, rosemary extracts or combinations thereof.

[00140] Tocopherols and Tocotrienes: The terpene and/or terpenoid may be tocopherols and tocotrienes. Tocopherols are a class of organic chemical compounds (more precisely, various methylated phenols), many of which have vitamin E activity. Tocotrienes are members of the vitamin E family, with the slight difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols is that the unsaturated side chain in the tocotrienol has three double bonds in its farnesyl isoprenoid tail. Tocotrienols are natural compounds found in select vegetable oils, including rice bran oil and palm oil, wheat germ, barley, saw palmetto, anatto, and certain other types of seeds, nuts, grains, and the oils derived from them. The tocopherol and/or tocotriene may include a Vitamin E, mixed tocopherols, or combinations thereof.

[00141] The nutritional powder may comprise the tocopherol and/or tocotriene up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%>, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.09%, about 0.001% to about 0.08%, about 0.001% to about 0.07%, about 0.001% to about 0.06%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.04%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, and about 0.01% to about 0.02% by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%>, at least about 0.04%>, at least about 0.05%>, at least about 0.06%>, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%>, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%), at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%), at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%), at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%), at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%>, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%>, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%o, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the tocopherol and/or tocotriene. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about

0.17%, about 0.18°/ Ό, about 0.19°/ ^/ Q, about 0.2% , about 0.21% , about 0.22% , about 0.23°/ o, about

0.24%, about 0.25°/ Ό, about 0.26°/ Ό, about 0.27°, ^/ ₀ , about 0.28? / ₀ , about 0.29? o, about 0.3°/ Ό, about

0.31%, about 0.32°/ Ό, about 0.33°/ ^/ ₀ , about 0.34°, ^/ ₀ , about 0.35°, / ₀ , about 0.36? o, about 0.37 %, about

0.38%, about 0.39°/ Ό, about 0.4% , about 0.41% , about 0.42% , about 0.43% , about 0.44°/ Ό, about

0.45%, about 0.46°/ Ό, about 0.47°/ Ό, about 0.48°, ^/ ₀ , about 0.49? / ₀ , about 0.5% , about 0.5 P/ Ό, about

0.52%, about 0.53°/ Ό, about 0.54°/ ^/ Q, about 0.55°, ^/ ₀ , about 0.56? / ₀ , about 0.57? ^' /o, about 0.58 %, about

0.59%, about 0.6% , about 0.61% , about 0.62% , about 0.63% , about 0.64% , about 0.65°/ Ό, about

0.66%, about 0.67°/ Ό, about 0.68°/ Ό, about 0.69°, ^/ ₀ , about 0.7% , about 0.71% , about 0.72°/ Ό, about

0.73%, about 0.74°/ Ό, about 0.75°/ ^/ Q, about 0.76°, ^/ ₀ , about 0.77? / ₀ , about 0.78? o, about 0.79 %, about

0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1% of the tocopherol and/or tocotriene.

[00142] Vitamin E: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be vitamin E. There are eight naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, as shown in Figure 1. All forms feature a chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into biological membranes. Both the tocopherols and tocotrienols occur in a (alpha), β (beta), γ (gamma) and δ (delta) forms, determined by the number and position of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. Vitamin E has the ability to stop free-radical reactions and can improve stability of other compounds by scavenging singlet oxygen and thus be degraded itself first instead of other compounds. The order of reactivity towards singlet oxygen has been reported to be α>β>γ>δ. The antioxidant potency has been reported in the reverse order δ>γ>β>α>. Vitamin E is oxidized readily. Light, heat, alkali, iron, and copper increase its rate of oxidation. Byproducts of its oxidation include tocopheryl quinone and hydroquinone as well as dimers and trimers.

[00143] The nutritional powder may comprise the vitamin E up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.09%, about 0.001% to about 0.08%, about 0.001% to about 0.07%, about 0.001% to about 0.06%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.04%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%), and about 0.01% to about 0.02%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%), at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%), at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%), at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of vitamin E. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%>, about 0.03%>, about 0.04%>, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of vitamin E.

[00144] a-Tocopherol: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be a-tocopherol, which is a form of Vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans, a-tocopherol may include i?i?i?-a-tocopherol (see structure below) and the synthetic 2i?-steoreoisomeric forms, RRR-, RSR-, and RSS-a-tocopherols.

[00145] The nutritional powder may comprise i?i?i?-a-tocopherol up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.09%, about 0.001% to about 0.08%, about 0.001% to about 0.07%, about 0.001% to about 0.06%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.04%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%), and about 0.01% to about 0.02%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%>, at least about 0.09%>, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%), at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%, at least about 0.33%, at least about 0.34%, at least about 0.35%, at least about 0.36%, at least about 0.37%, at least about 0.38%, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%, at least about 0.54%, at least about 0.55%, at least about 0.56%, at least about 0.57%, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%), at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of i?i?i?-a-tocopherol. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%>, about 0.03%>, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% ofRRR-a- tocopherol.

[00146] Mixed Tocopherols: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be mixed tocopherols. Mixed tocopherols are a combination of the four tocopherols present in vitamin E: a-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol. Some mixed tocopherols may contain a combination of two or three of said tocopherols in various concentrations. For example, mixed tocopherols may contain at least 20% w/w other natural R,R,R-tocopherols, i.e., R,R,R-a-tocopherol content plus at least 25% R,R,R-P-, R,R,R-y-, R,R,R-5-tocopherol.

[00147] The mixed tocopherols may comprise up to about 99% of the natural R,R,R- tocopherols, such as R,R,R-a-tocopherol, R,R,R-P-tocopherol, R,R,R-y-tocopherol, and/or R,R,R-5-tocopherol, by weight of the mixed tocopherols, including about 0.5%> to about 99%, about 0.5% to about 95%, about 0.5% to about 90%, about 0.5% to about 85%, about 0.5% to about 80%), about 0.5%> to about 75%, about 0.5% to about 70%, about 0.5% to about 65%, about 0.5% to about 60%, about 0.5% to about 55%, about 0.5% to about 50%, about 0.5% to about 45%, about 0.5% to about 40%, about 0.5% to about 35%, about 0.5% to about 30%, about 0.5% to about 25%, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 15.0%, about 0.5% to about 10.0%, about 0.5% to about 5.0%, about 1.0% to about 99%, about 1.0% to about 95%, about 1.0% to about 90%, about 1.0% to about 85%, about 1.0% to about 80%, about 1.0% to about 75%, about 1.0% to about 70%, about 1.0% to about 65%, about 1.0% to about 60%, about 1.0% to about 55%, about 1.0% to about 50%, about 1.0% to about 45%, about 1.0% to about 40%, about 1.0% to about 35%, about 1.0% to about 30%, about 1.0% to about 25%, about 1.0% to about 20%, about 1.0% to about 15.0%, about 1.0% to about 10.0%, about 1.0% to about 5.0%, about 5.0% to about 99%, about 5.0% to about 95%, about 5.0% to about 90%, about 5.0% to about 85%, about 5.0% to about 80%, about 5.0% to about 75%, about 5.0% to about 70%, about 5.0% to about 65%,about 5.0% to about 60%, about 5.0% to about 55%, about 5.0%> to about 50%, about 5.0% to about 45%, about 5.0% to about 40%, about 5.0% to about 35%, about 5.0% to about 30%, about 5.0% to about 25%, about 5.0% to about 20%, about 5.0% to about 15.0%, about 5.0% to about 10.0%, about 10.0% to about 99%, about 10.0% to about 95%, about 10.0% to about 90%, about 10.0% to about 85%, about 10.0% to about 80%, about 10.0% to about 75%, about 10.0% to about 70%, about 10.0% to about 65%, about 10.0% to about 60%, about 10.0% to about 55%, about 10.0% to about 50%, about 10.0% to about 45%, about 10.0% to about 40%, about 10.0% to about 35%, about 10.0% to about 30%, about 10.0% to about 25%, about 10.0% to about 20%, about 10.0% to about 15.0%, about 20.0% to about 99%, about 20.0% to about 95%, about 20.0% to about 90%, about 20.0% to about 85%, about 20.0% to about 80%, about 20.0% to about 75%, about 20.0% to about 70%, about 20.0% to about 65%, about 20.0% to about 60%, about 20.0% to about 55%, about 20.0% to about 50%, about 20.0% to about 45%, about 20.0% to about 40%, about 20.0% to about 35%, about 20.0% to about 30%, about 20.0% to about 25%, about 30.0% to about 99%, about 30.0% to about 95%, about 30.0% to about 90%, about 30.0% to about 85%, about 30.0% to about 80%, about 30.0% to about 75%, about 30.0% to about 70%, about 30.0% to about 65%, about 30.0% to about 60%, about 30.0% to about 55%, about 30.0% to about 50%, about 30.0% to about 45%, about 30.0% to about 40%, about 30.0% to about 35%, about 40.0% to about 99%, about 40.0% to about 95%, about 40.0% to about 90%, about 40.0% to about 85%, about 40.0% to about 80%, about 40.0% to about 75%, about 40.0% to about 70%, about 40.0% to about 65%, about 40.0% to about 60%, about 40.0% to about 55%, about 40.0% to about 50%, about 40.0% to about 45%, about 50.0% to about 99%, about 50.0% to about 95%, about 50.0% to about 90%, about 50.0% to about 85%, about 50.0% to about 80%, about 50.0% to about 75%, about 50.0% to about 70%, about 50.0% to about 65%, about 50.0% to about 60%, about 50.0% to about 55%, about 60.0% to about 99%, about 60.0% to about 95%, about 60.0% to about 90%, about 60.0% to about 85%, about 60.0% to about 80%, about 60.0% to about 75%, about 60.0% to about 70%, about 60.0% to about 65%, about 70.0% to about 99%, about 70.0% to about 95%, about 70.0% to about 90%, about 70.0% to about 85%, about 70.0% to about 80%), or about 70.0%> to about 75% by weight of the mixed tocopherols.

[00148] The mixed tocopherols may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.5%>, at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 2.0%, at least about 3.0%, at least about 4.0%>, at least about 5.0%, at least about 10.0%, at least about 11.0%, at least about 12.0%, at least about 13.0%), at least about 14.0%, at least about 15.0%, at least about 16.0%, at least about 17.0%, at least about 18.0%, at least about 19.0%, at least about 20.0%, at least about 21.0%, at least about 22.0%, at least about 23.0%, at least about 24.0%, at least about 25.0%, at least about 30.0%, at least about 35.0%>, at least about 40.0%, at least about 45.0%>, at least about 50.0%, at least about 55.0%), at least about 60.0%, at least about 61.0%, at least about 62.0%>, at least about 63.0%>, at least about 64.0%>, at least about 65.0%>, at least about 66.0%>, at least about 67.0%>, at least about 68.0%, at least about 69.0%, at least about 70.0%, at least about 75.0%, at least about 80.0%, at least about 85.0%>, at least about 90.0%, at least about 95.0%>, or at least about 99% of the of the natural R,R,R-tocopherols, such as R,R,R-a-tocopherol, R,R,R-P-tocopherol, R,R,R-y- tocopherol, and/or R,R,R-5-tocopherol.

[00149] The mixed tocopherols may comprise, by weight, about 0.5%, about 1.0%), about 1.5%, about 2.0%, about 3.0%, about 4.0%, about 5.0%, about 10.0%, about 11.0%, about 12.0%, about 13.0%, about 14.0%, about 15.0%, about 16.0%, about 17.0%, about 18.0%, about 19.0%, about 20.0%, about 21.0%, about 22.0%, about 23.0%, about 24.0%, about 25.0%, about 30.0%, about 35.0%, about 40.0%, about 45.0%, about 50.0%, about 55.0%, about 60.0%, about 61.0%, about 62.0%, about 63.0%, about 64.0%, about 65.0%, about 66.0%, about 67.0%, about 68.0%, about 69.0%, about 70.0%, about 75.0%, about 80.0%, about 85.0%, about 90.0%, about 95.0%), or about 99% of the of the natural R,R,R-tocopherols, such as R,R,R-a-tocopherol, R,R,R"P-tocopherol, R,R,R-y-tocopherol, and/or R,R,R-5-tocopherol.

[00150] For example, the mixed tocopherols may comprise, by weight, at least about 12% R,R,R-a-tocopherol, at least about 1.5% R,R,R-P-tocopherol, at least about 64% R,R,R-y- tocopherol, and at least about 21% R,R,R-5-tocopherol; or at least about 5% R,R,R-a- tocopherol, at least about 15.0 % R,R,R-P-tocopherol, and at least about 80% R,R,R-y- tocopherol and R,R,R-5-tocopherol.

[00151] Carotenoids: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be a carotenoid.

Carotenoids are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids are split into two classes, xanthophylls, which contain oxygen, and carotenes, which are purely hydrocarbons and do not contain oxygen. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids that contain 8 isoprene molecules and 40 carbon atoms. Some carotenoids have vitamin A activity, such as beta- carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin.

[00152] Lutein: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be lutein. Lutein is a carotenoid xanthophyll that is synthesized by plants. The lutein may be trans-lutein. The nutritional powder may comprise lutein up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.00005% to about 1.0%, about 0.00005% to about 0.5%, about 0.00005% to about 0.4%, about 0.00005% to about 0.3%, about 0.00005% to about 0.2%, about 0.00005% to about 0.1%, about 0.00005% to about 0.09%, about 0.00005% to about 0.08%, about 0.00005% to about 0.07%, about 0.00005% to about 0.06%, about 0.00005% to about 0.05%, about 0.00005% to about 0.04%, about 0.00005% to about 0.03%, about 0.00005% to about 0.02%, about 0.00005% to about 0.01%, about 0.0001% to about 1.0%, about 0.0001% to about 0.5%, about 0.0001% to about 0.4%, about 0.0001% to about 0.3%, about 0.0001% to about 0.2%, about 0.0001% to about 0.1%, about 0.0001% to about 0.09%, about 0.0001% to about 0.08%, about 0.0001% to about 0.07%, about 0.0001% to about 0.06%, about 0.0001% to about 0.05%, about 0.0001% to about 0.04%, about 0.0001% to about 0.03%, about 0.0001% to about 0.02%, about 0.0001% to about 0.01%, about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.09%, about 0.001% to about 0.08%, about 0.001% to about 0.07%, about 0.001% to about 0.06%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.04%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%), and about 0.01% to about 0.02%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.00005%), at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%), at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%), at least about 0.33%, at least about 0.34%, at least about 0.35%, at least about 0.36%, at least about 0.37%, at least about 0.38%, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%), at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%, at least about 0.54%, at least about 0.55%, at least about 0.56%, at least about 0.57%, at least about 0.58%, at least about 0.59%), at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%, at least about 0.63%, at least about 0.64%, at least about 0.65%, at least about 0.66%, at least about 0.67%, at least about 0.68%, at least about 0.69%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%, at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%>, at least about 0.94%>, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of lutein. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of lutein.

[00153] β-Carotene: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be β-carotene. β-carotene is a terpenoid, and a strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits. The nutritional powder may comprise β-carotene up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.00001% to about 1.0%, about 0.00001% to about 0.5%, about 0.00001% to about 0.4%, about 0.00001% to about 0.3%, about 0.00001% to about 0.2%, about 0.00001% to about 0.1%, about 0.00001% to about 0.09%, about 0.00001% to about 0.08%, about 0.00001% to about 0.07%, about 0.00001% to about 0.06%, about 0.00001% to about 0.05%, about 0.00001% to about 0.04%, about 0.00001% to about 0.03%, about 0.00001% to about 0.02%, about 0.00001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01%) to about 0.03%>, and about 0.01% to about 0.02%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.00001%, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%>, at least about 0.04%>, at least about 0.05%>, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%, at least about 0.33%), at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%>, at least about 0.48%>, at least about 0.49%>, at least about 0.5%>, at least about 0.51%), at least about 0.52%>, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%), at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%), at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%>, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%>, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%>, at least about 0.94%>, at least about 0.95%>, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the β-carotene. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.00001%, about 0.00002%, about 0.0001%, about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the β-carotene.

[00154] Rosemary extract: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be rosemary extract. Rosemary extract is produced from rosemary leaves and is rich in antioxidant and antiinflammatory agents. Rosemary extract contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including the diterpene carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid.

[00155] The nutritional powder may comprise rosemary extract up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.09%, about 0.001% to about 0.08%, about 0.001% to about 0.07%, about 0.001% to about 0.06%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.04%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%), and about 0.01% to about 0.02%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%), at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%), at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%), at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of rosemary extract. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%>, about 0.03%>, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of rosemary extract.

[00156] Ascorbyl Palmitate: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be ascorbyl palmitate. Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat soluble form of vitamin C. Ascorbyl palmitate is an amphipathic molecule that has powerful antioxidant properties.

[00157] The nutritional powder may comprise ascorbyl palmitate up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.09%, about 0.001% to about 0.08%, about 0.001% to about 0.07%, about 0.001% to about 0.06%, about 0.001% to about 0.05%, about 0.001% to about 0.04%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001% to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2.5%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1.5%, about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%), and about 0.01% to about 0.02%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%), at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%), at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the ascorbyl palmitate. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%>, about 0.03%>, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the ascorbyl palmitate.

[00158] Lecithin: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be lecithin. Lecithin is generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues composed of phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol). Lecithin is available from sources such as soybeans, eggs, milk, marine sources, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower. Lecithin has low solubility in water, but is an excellent emulsifier. In aqueous solution, its phospholipids can form liposomes, bilayer sheets, micelles, or lamellar structures, depending on hydration and temperature. Lecithin may be used as an anti-foaming agent.

[00159] The nutritional powder may comprise the lecithin up to about 3% by weight of the powder, including about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1 % to about 2%, about 0.1 % to about 1%, about 1%) to about 5%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%, about 2%o to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.3% to about 0.9%, about 0.3% to about 0.8%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.6%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, about 0.4% to about 0.9%,about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 0.7%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, or about 0.8% to about 0.9%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%), at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9% or at least about 3.0%) of the lecithin acid. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, or about 3.0% of the lecithin. (ii) Organic Acid Antioxidant

[00160] The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be an organic acid antioxidant. An organic acid antioxidant is generally an organic compound or derivative thereof, containing one or more acidic protons. Organic acid antioxidants may also include conjugate bases of the organic acid and salts thereof. For example, the conjugate bases of citric acid, potassium and sodium citrate are organic acid antioxidants as disclosed herein. The organic acid antioxidant acts as a substance to prevent, or retard the oxidation of the other components of the nutritional powder, and prolong the shelf-life of the nutritional powder. The organic acid antioxidants of the nutritional powder are selected from alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate (a sodium salt of citric acid), potassium citrate (a potassium salt of citric acid), benzoic acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and pyrogallol.

[00161] The nutritional powder may comprise the organic acid antioxidant up to about 3% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 3.0%, about 0.001% to about 2.0%, 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.02% to about 0.1%, about 0.03% to about 0.1%, about 0.04% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.06% to about 0.1%, about 0.07% to about 0.1%, about 0.08% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.2% to about 1%), about 0.3%> to about 1%, about 0.4%> to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 2.0%, about 0.3% to about 2.0%, about 0.4% to about 2.0%, about 0.5% to about 2.0%, about 0.6% to about 2.0%, about 0.7% to about 2.0%, about 0.8% to about 2.0%, about 0.9% to about 2.0%, about 0.2% to about 3.0%, about 0.3% to about 3.0%, about 0.4% to about 1.0%, about 0.5% to about 3.0%, about 0.6% to about 3.0%, about 0.7% to about 13.0%, about 0.8%) to about 3.0%>, or about 0.9% to about 3.0%> by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%), at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%), at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%), at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%>, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%>, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%), at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 1.99%, at least about 2.0%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, or at least about 2.99% of the organic acid antioxidant. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, or about 2% of the organic acid antioxidant.

[00162] Ascorbic Acid: Ascorbic acid reacts readily with oxygen and acts as a reducing agent, thereby serving as an oxygen scavenger. It has been theorized that ascorbic acid can regenerate phenolic antioxidants by supplying hydrogen atoms to phenoxy radicals that form when the antioxidants yield hydrogen atoms to the lipid oxidation chain reaction.

[00163] The nutritional powder may comprise ascorbic acid up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, or about 0.4%) to about 0.5%), by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%), at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%o, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%>, at least about 0.4%>, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%>, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%>, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%o, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%o, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%o, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%>, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%>, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%>, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%>, at least about 0.96%>, at least about 0.97%>, at least about 0.98%>, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the ascorbic acid. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the ascorbic acid.

[00164] Citric Acid and Citric Acid Salts: The presence of metallic ions, particularly copper and iron, promotes lipid oxidation through catalytic action. A technique by which metallic prooxidants are inactivated involves adding chelating agents such as citric acid. In this role, chelating agents are referred to as synergists since they greatly enhance the action of the antioxidants. Increased levels of citrate in the process mixes of powdered products were evaluated in combination with the antioxidants to determine if chelation of the metallic prooxidants, particularly iron and copper, aids in minimizing oxidative rancidity.

[00165] The nutritional powder may comprise citric acid up to about 3% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 3.0%, 0.001% to about 2.0%, 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.01% to about 2.0%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.02% to about 0.1%, about 0.03% to about 0.1%, about 0.04% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.06% to about 0.1%, about 0.07% to about 0.1%, about 0.08% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.3%) to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 2.0%, about 0.3% to about 2.0%, about 0.4% to about 2.0%, about 0.5% to about 2.0%, about 0.6% to about 2.0%, about 0.7% to about 2.0%, about 0.8% to about 2.0%, about 0.9% to about 2.0%, about 0.2% to about 3.0%, about 0.3% to about 3.0%, about 0.4% to about 3.0%, about 0.5% to about 3.0%, about 0.6% to about 3.0%, about 0.7% to about 3.0%, about 0.8% to about 3.0%), or about 0.9% to about 3.0% by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%), at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%, at least about 0.33%, at least about 0.34%, at least about 0.35%o, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%>, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%o, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%o, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%, at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%>, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%>, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%>, at least about 0.95%>, at least about 0.96%>, at least about 0.97%>, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 1.99%, at least about 2.0%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%o, at least about 2.7%>, at least about 2.8%>, at least about 2.9%>, or at least about 2.99%> of the citric acid. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%>, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%), about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, or about 3.0% of the citric acid.

[00166] The nutritional powder may comprise sodium citrate up to about 2% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 2.0%, 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.02% to about 0.1%, about 0.03% to about 0.1%, about 0.04% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.06% to about 0.1%, about 0.07% to about 0.1%, about 0.08% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.2% to about 1%), about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%), at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%), at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%, at least about 0.33%, at least about 0.34%, at least about 0.35%, at least about 0.36%, at least about 0.37%, at least about 0.38%, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%, at least about 0.54%, at least about 0.55%), at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%), at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%), at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%>, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% at least about 1.0%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, or at least about 1.99% of the sodium citrate. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, or about 2% of the sodium citrate.

[00167] The nutritional powder may comprise potassium citrate up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.001% to about 1.0%, about 0.001% to about 0.9%, about 0.001% to about 0.8%, about 0.001% to about 0.7%, about 0.001% to about 0.6%, about 0.001% to about 0.5%, about 0.001% to about 0.4%, about 0.001% to about 0.3%, about 0.001% to about 0.2%, about 0.001% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.01% to about 0.09%, about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.07%, about 0.01% to about 0.06%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.04%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, about 0.01% to about 0.02%, about 0.02% to about 0.1%, about 0.03% to about 0.1%, about 0.04% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.06% to about 0.1%, about 0.07% to about 0.1%, about 0.08% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.02% to about 0.08%, about 0.03% to about 0.07%, about 0.04% to about 0.06%), or about 0.03% to about 0.05%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%), at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%, at least about 0.33%, at least about 0.34%, at least about 0.35%), at least about 0.36%, at least about 0.37%, at least about 0.38%, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%, at least about 0.53%), at least about 0.54%, at least about 0.55%, at least about 0.56%, at least about 0.57%, at least about 0.58%, at least about 0.59%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%), at least about 0.63%, at least about 0.64%, at least about 0.65%, at least about 0.66%, at least about 0.67%, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%, at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%>, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%>, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%>, at least about 0.95%>, at least about 0.96%>, at least about 0.97%>, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the potassium citrate. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%>, about 0.03%>, about 0.04%>, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the potassium citrate.

(iii) Protein Antioxidant

[00168] The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be a protein antioxidant. The protein antioxidant acts as a substance to prevent, or retard the oxidation of the other components of the nutritional powder, and prolong the shelf-life of the nutritional powder. The protein antioxidant of the nutritional powder may comprise whey protein, casein protein, or derivatives thereof.

[00169] The nutritional powder may comprise the protein antioxidant up to about 5% by weight of the powder, including about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%o, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.3% to about 5%, about 0.4% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.6% to about 5%, about 0.7%) to about 5%, about 0.8%> to about 5%, about 0.9%> to about 5%, about 1% to about 5%), about 1.1%) to about 5%>, about 1.2% to about 5%, about 1.3% to about 5%, about 1.4% to about 5%o, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 1.6% to about 5%, about 1.7% to about 5%, about 1.8% to about 5%, about 1.9% to about 5%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2.1% to about 5%, about 2.2%o to about 5%, about 2.3% to about 5%, about 2.4% to about 5%, about 2.5% to about 5%, about 2.6% to about 5%, about 2.7% to about 5%, about 2.8% to about 5%, about 2.9% to about 5%o, about 3% to about 5%, about 3.1% to about 5%, about 3.2% to about 5%, about 3.3% to about 5%o, about 3.4% to about 5%, about 3.5% to about 5%, about 3.6% to about 5%, about 3.7%o to about 5%, about 3.8% to about 5%, about 3.9% to about 5%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4.1%) to about 5%, about 4.2% to about 5%, about 4.3% to about 5%, about 4.4% to about 5%, about 4.5% to about 5%, about 4.6% to about 5%, about 4.7% to about 5%, about 4.8% to about 5%o, about 4.9% to about 5%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%o, about 2% to about 5%, about 3% to about 5%, about 4% to about 5%, about 3% to about 5%o, or about 3% to about 4%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%), at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%>, at least about 3.2%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%o, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%, or at least about 5% of the protein antioxidant. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%o, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%>, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%, or about 5% of the protein antioxidant.

[00170] Casein protein, Whey protein and derivatives: The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be casein protein, whey protein, or derivatives thereof. The whey and casein protein may be a protein component of milk. Cow's milk typically comprises about 80% casein protein and about 20% whey protein. The whey protein fraction typically comprises at least several different protein sub-fractions, including beta-lactoglobulin (45-55%), alpha-lactalbumin (15-25%), immunoglobulins (10-15%), bovine serum albumin (BSA) (5-10%),

glycomacropeptide, lactoferrin (0.05-0.2%), lactoperoxidase (up to 0.5%>), and lysozyme (less than 0.1%).

[00171] The whey protein fraction for use in the nutritional powder includes whey protein concentrates, whey protein isolates, whey protein hydrolysates, and combinations thereof, all of which are derived from the whey protein fraction of cow's milk. The protein matrix or component of the present invention, in addition to the whey protein fraction as described above, may comprise any other hydrolyzed, partially hydrolyzed or non-hydrolyzed proteins or protein sources, any of which can be derived from known or otherwise suitable sources such as milk (e.g., casein, milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate), animal (e.g., meat, fish), cereal (e.g., rice, corn), vegetable (e.g., soy), or combinations thereof.

[00172] The nutritional powder may comprise whey protein hydro lysate up to about 5% by weight of the powder, including about 0.1 % to about 5%, about 0.1 % to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%), about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.3% to about 5%, about 0.4% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.6% to about 5%, about 0.7%) to about 5%, about 0.8% to about 5%, about 0.9% to about 5%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1.1% to about 5%, about 1.2% to about 5%, about 1.3% to about 5%, about 1.4% to about 5%, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 1.6% to about 5%, about 1.7% to about 5%, about 1.8% to about 5%, about 1.9% to about 5%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2.1% to about 5%, about 2.2% to about 5%, about 2.3% to about 5%, about 2.4% to about 5%, about 2.5% to about 5%, about 2.6% to about 5%, about 2.7% to about 5%, about 2.8% to about 5%, about 2.9% to about 5%), about 3% to about 5%, about 3.1% to about 5%, about 3.2% to about 5%, about 3.3% to about 5%), about 3.4% to about 5%, about 3.5% to about 5%, about 3.6% to about 5%, about 3.7% to about 5%>, about 3.8% to about 5%, about 3.9% to about 5%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4.1%) to about 5%, about 4.2% to about 5%, about 4.3% to about 5%, about 4.4% to about 5%, about 4.5% to about 5%, about 4.6% to about 5%, about 4.7% to about 5%, about 4.8% to about 5%o, about 4.9% to about 5%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%o, about 2% to about 5%, about 3% to about 5%, about 4% to about 5%, about 3% to about 5%o, or about 3% to about 4%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%), at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%, at least about 3.2%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%o, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%, or at least about 5% of the whey protein hydrolysate. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%o, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%o, about 4.9%, or about 5% of the whey protein hydrolysate.

(iv) Amino acid and Amino acid derivatives

[00173] The antioxidant of the nutritional powder may be an amino acid or amino acid derivative. Amino acids have marked antioxidative effects in nutrient compositions. Their antioxidative effect is due to a variety of mechanisms, including the enhancement of primary antioxidants by chelation of pro-oxidative metal traces and by regeneration of oxidized primary antioxidants. It has also been shown that amino-acids may play the part of synergistic antioxidants as natural constituents of food material.

[00174] The amino acids suitable for use in the nutritional powder include tryptophan, cysteine, cystine, lysine, lysine acetate, histidine, tyrosine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, norleucine, phenylalanine, arginine, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, ornithine, aspartic acid, and serine. The amino acids in the nutritional powder may be present as a salt, such as the hydrochloric acid salt. The source of the amino acid may be a protein, peptide, or a free amino acid.

[00175] The nutritional powder may comprise the amino acid or amino acid derivative up to about 5% by weight of the powder, including about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1 % to about 4%, about 0.1%) to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 1% to about 5%), about 1%) to about 4%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%, about 2% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%), about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.2% to about 0.9%, about 0.2% to about 0.8%, about 0.2% to about 0.7%, about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.4%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.3% to about 0.9%, about 0.3% to about 0.8%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.7%, about 0.3% to about 0.6%, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, about 0.4% to about 0.9%,about 0.4% to about 0.8%, about 0.4% to about 0.7%, about 0.4% to about 0.6%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, or about 0.8% to about 0.9%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.2%), at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%), at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.3%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.5%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.7%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 1.9%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.1%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.3%, at least about 2.4%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.6%, at least about 2.7%, at least about 2.8%, at least about 2.9%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.1%, at least about 3.2%, at least about 3.3%, at least about 3.4%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 3.6%, at least about 3.7%, at least about 3.8%, at least about 3.9%>, at least about 4%, at least about 4.1%, at least about 4.2%, at least about 4.3%, at least about 4.4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 4.6%, at least about 4.7%, at least about 4.8%, at least about 4.9%, or at least about 5% of the amino acid or amino acid derivative. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.1 %, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%), about 3%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%, about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%, or about 5% of the amino acid or amino acid derivative.

[00176] Sulfur-containing amino acids and amino acid derivatives: Preferred amino acids are sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine, cystine, and methionine. Due to the ability of thiols and thiol derivatives to undergo redox reactions, the sulfur containing amino acid residues cysteine and methionine have strong antioxidant properties. Included in the sulfur-containing amino acid residues is cystine, S-S dimerized cysteine.

[00177] The nutritional powder may comprise methionine up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, 0.2% to about 0.8%, 0.3% to about 0.7%, 0.4% to about 0.6%, or about 0.3% to about 0.5%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%>, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%), at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%), at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%), at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%), at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%>, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%>, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the methionine. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the methionine.

[00178] The nutritional powder may comprise cysteine up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%>, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, 0.2% to about 0.8%, 0.3% to about 0.7%, 0.4% to about 0.6%, or about 0.3% to about 0.5%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%>, at least about 0.03%>, at least about 0.04%>, at least about 0.05%>, at least about 0.06%>, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%, at least about 0.3%>, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%), at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%>, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%), at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%>, at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%>, at least about 0.63%>, at least about 0.64%>, at least about 0.65%>, at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%), at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%>, at least about 0.75%>, at least about 0.76%>, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%>, at least about 0.85%>, at least about 0.86%>, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%, at least about 0.89%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%, at least about 0.98%, at least about 0.99% or at least about 1.0% of the cysteine. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.21%, about 0.22%, about 0.23%, about 0.24%, about 0.25%, about 0.26%, about 0.27%, about 0.28%, about 0.29%, about 0.3%, about 0.31%, about 0.32%, about 0.33%, about 0.34%, about 0.35%, about 0.36%, about 0.37%, about 0.38%, about 0.39%, about 0.4%, about 0.41%, about 0.42%, about 0.43%, about 0.44%, about 0.45%, about 0.46%, about 0.47%, about 0.48%, about 0.49%, about 0.5%, about 0.51%, about 0.52%, about 0.53%, about 0.54%, about 0.55%, about 0.56%, about 0.57%, about 0.58%, about 0.59%, about 0.6%, about 0.61%, about 0.62%, about 0.63%, about 0.64%, about 0.65%, about 0.66%, about 0.67%, about 0.68%, about 0.69%, about 0.7%, about 0.71%, about 0.72%, about 0.73%, about 0.74%, about 0.75%, about 0.76%, about 0.77%, about 0.78%, about 0.79%, about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the cysteine.

[00179] The nutritional powder may comprise cystine dihydrochloride up to about 1% by weight of the powder, including about 0.01% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 0.9%, about 0.01% to about 0.8%, about 0.01% to about 0.7%, about 0.01% to about 0.6%, about 0.01% to about 0.5%, about 0.01% to about 0.4%, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.4%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.2% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1%, about 0.4% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1%, 0.2% to about 0.8%, 0.3% to about 0.7%, 0.4% to about 0.6%, or about 0.3% to about 0.5%, by weight of the powder. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.07%>, at least about 0.08%>, at least about 0.09%>, at least about 0.1 %, at least about 0.11%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.13%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.17%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.19%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.21%, at least about 0.22%, at least about 0.23%, at least about 0.24%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.26%, at least about 0.27%, at least about 0.28%, at least about 0.29%), at least about 0.3%>, at least about 0.31%, at least about 0.32%>, at least about 0.33%>, at least about 0.34%>, at least about 0.35%>, at least about 0.36%>, at least about 0.37%>, at least about 0.38%, at least about 0.39%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.41%, at least about 0.42%, at least about 0.43%, at least about 0.44%, at least about 0.45%, at least about 0.46%, at least about 0.47%, at least about 0.48%, at least about 0.49%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.51%, at least about 0.52%>, at least about 0.53%>, at least about 0.54%>, at least about 0.55%>, at least about 0.56%), at least about 0.57%>, at least about 0.58%>, at least about 0.59%>, at least about 0.6%>, at least about 0.61%, at least about 0.62%, at least about 0.63%, at least about 0.64%, at least about 0.65%), at least about 0.66%>, at least about 0.67%>, at least about 0.68%>, at least about 0.69%>, at least about 0.7%>, at least about 0.71%, at least about 0.72%, at least about 0.73%>, at least about 0.74%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 0.76%, at least about 0.77%, at least about 0.78%, at least about 0.79%>, at least about 0.8%>, at least about 0.81%, at least about 0.82%>, at least about 0.83%, at least about 0.84%, at least about 0.85%, at least about 0.86%, at least about 0.87%, at least about 0.88%>, at least about 0.89%>, at least about 0.9%>, at least about 0.91%, at least about 0.92%, at least about 0.93%, at least about 0.94%, at least about 0.95%, at least about 0.96%, at least about 0.97%>, at least about 0.98%>, at least about 0.99%> or at least about 1.0% of the cystine dihydrochloride. The nutritional powder may comprise, by weight, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0, .17%, about 0, .18°/ Ό, about 0.19°/ ^/ Q, about 0.2% , about 0.21%, about 0.22°/ 0, about 0.23%, about 0, .24%, about 0, .25°/ Ό, about 0.26°/ Ό, about 0.27°/ ^/ Q, about 0.28%, about 0.29 %, about 0.3%, about 0, .31%, about 0, .32°/ Ό, about 0.33°/ ^/ ₀ , about 0.34°/ ^x o, about 0.35%), about 0.36 %, about 0.37% _: about 0, .38%, about 0, .39°/ Ό, about 0.4% , about 0.41% , about 0.42%, about 0.43°/ 0, about 0.44%, about 0, .45%, about 0, .46°/ Ό, about 0.47°/ Ό, about 0.48°/ ^/ Q, about 0.49%, about 0.5°/ 0, about 0.51%, about 0, .52%, about 0, .53°/ Ό, about 0.54°/ ^/ Q, about 0.55°/ ^x o, about 0.56%), about 0.57 %, about 0.58% _: about 0, .59%, about 0, .6% , about 0.61% , about 0.62% , about 0.63%, about 0.64°/ 0, about 0.65%, about 0, .66%, about 0, .67°/ Ό, about 0.68°/ Ό, about 0.69°/ ^/ Q, about 0.7%, about 0.71°/ 0, about 0.72%, about 0, .73%, about 0, .74°/ Ό, about 0.75°/ ^/ Q, about 0.76°/ Ό, about 0.77%, about 0.78 %, about 0.79% _: about 0.8%, about 0.81%, about 0.82%, about 0.83%, about 0.84%, about 0.85%, about 0.86%, about 0.87%, about 0.88%, about 0.89%, about 0.9%, about 0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%, about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, or about 1.0% of the cystine dihydrochloride.

(14) Special Properties of the Nutritional Powder

(aa) Sensory Analysis with Fishy Off-Note Scale Test

[00180] Sensory tests provide useful information because they relate to the consumer acceptance of the food based on smell and taste. The method is very sensitive and provides information on flavor stability, which can be indicative of oxidative stability of the nutritional powder. All samples are evaluated by a trained taste panel. The sensory analysis is performed using a fishy off-note scale of 0 to 3. Lower values indicate less fishy smell and taste. The score can be degraded or non-degraded. Degraded character is never acceptable.

[00181] The nutritional powders may be evaluated at various time intervals. The nutritional powders may also be stored in either closed or open environments at either room temperature or elevated temperature. For example, the nutritional powders may be stored at elevated

temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, or 50°C. The nutritional powders may be stored at either room temperature or elevated temperature for periods of 1-4 weeks, 1-3 months, or up to 36 months while sensory analysis is conducted at predetermined time points.

[00182] The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score of less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score of 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score of 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0. [00183] The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 1 month, of less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 1 month, of 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 1 month, of 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00184] The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 3 months, of less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 3 months, of 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 3 months, of 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

(bb) Oxidative Stability Index (OSI)

[00185] The oxidative stability index (OSI) is a method for determining the ability of an oil to resist oxidation. OSI is an American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) approved method that can be used effectively for the rapid screening of antioxidant systems and allows for favorable antioxidant systems to be identified for further investigation. Oil samples are exposed to heat and a constant flow of air. As the ability of the sample to resist oxidation is overcome, a rapid increase in the production of oxidation products (volatile organic acids) occurs. The organic acids are dissolved in a collection tube containing deionized water. The organic acids increase the conductivity of the water, as measured by an electrode. A plot is generated and an OSI value calculated for each sample, which correlates with the amount of time, in hours, the sample resisted excessive oxidation.

[00186] Unlike peroxide value and free fatty acid analyses which give an idea of how good or bad an oil is at a particular time, the OSI analysis has predictive value. OSI can be used to compare various oils to predict their respective shelf lives. The OSI analysis can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidants.

[00187] The OSI of the nutritional powder may be at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 9 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 11 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 13 hours, at least 14 hours, at least 15 ours, at least 16 hours, at least 17 hours, at least 18 hours, at least 19 hours, or at least 20 hours. [00188] Alternatively, the OSI can be measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR-OSI). NMR spectroscopy is a powerful probe into the molecular environment of a sample by monitoring nuclei in their individual magnetic environments. As lipid oxidation progresses, the associated changes in molecular structure and their corresponding magnetic environments are reflected in changes in the NMR spectral features, (peak frequencies, peak intensities, J coupling, and multiplicities). In this experimental method, NMR data of a sample of the nutritional powder can be collected at an initial time point and at subsequent predetermined time points. From the NMR data, the ratio of aliphatic to diallylmethylene protons (Ra/Rj) is determined, giving a measurement of the oxidation of the lipids present in the nutritional powder. Over time, the progress of this oxidation is measured.

[00189] The Ra/Rj of the nutritional powder may be about 40, about 40.2, about 40.4, about 40.6, about 40.8, about 41, about 41.2, about 41.4, about 41.6, about 41.8, about 42, about 42.2, about 42.4, about 42.6, about 42.8, about 43, about 43.2, about 43.4, about 43.6, about 43.8, about 44, about 44.2, about 44.4, about 44.6, about 44.8, about 45, about 45.2, about 45.4, about 45.6, about 45.8, about 46, about 46.2, about 46.4, about 46.6, about 46.8, about 47, about 47.2, about 47.4, about 47.6, about 47.8, about 48, about 48.2, about 48.4, about 48.6, about 48.8, about 49, about 49.2, about 49.4, about 49.6, about 49.8, about 50, about 50.2, about 50.4, about 50.6, about 50.8, about 51, about 51.2, about 51.4, about 51.6, about 51.8, about 52, about 52.2, about 52.4, about 52.6, about 52.8, about 53, about 53.2, about 53.4, about 53.6, about 53.8, about 54, about 54.2, about 54.4, about 54.6, about 54.8, about 55, about 55.2, about 55.4, about 55.6, about 55.8, about 56, about 56.2, about 56.4, about 56.6, about 56.8, about 57, about 57.2, about 57.4, about 57.6, about 57.8, about 58, about 58.2, about 58.4, about 58.6, about 58.8, about 59, about 59.2, about 59.4, about 59.6, about 59.8, or about 50.

(cc) Sensory Oxidation Evaluation

[00190] The sensory oxidation study results determine the duration for which the powder will retain acceptable oxidative quality (oxidative stability), and may include nutrient quality, after opening for use. Therefore, sensory oxidation studies 1) are used to determine the shelf life of a product, and 2) may impact the "use by" instructions listed on powder product labels. The sensory oxidation evaluation method provides an indirect evaluation of oxidative stability by sensory detection of rancid flavor and/or odor intensity. Trained descriptive panelists (e.g., certified by Arthur D. Little Company) may perform the sensory oxidation evaluation method. Oxidation panels which consist of 2 or more panelists generate data by consensus. Panelists evaluate each sample for degree of oxidation and provide sensory oxidation score in accordance with a 5-point scale described in Table 19 in Example 5.

[00191] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00192] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 2 weeks, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 2 weeks, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 2 weeks, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00193] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 4 weeks, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 4 weeks, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 4 weeks, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00194] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 1 month, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 1 month, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 1 month, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00195] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 3 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 3 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 3 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00196] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 6 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 6 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 6 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00197] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 12 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 12 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 12 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00198] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 18 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 18 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 18 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00199] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 24 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 24 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional powder, after 24 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

(dd) Peroxide Value

[00200] Detection of peroxide gives the initial evidence of rancidity in unsaturated fats and oils. Other methods are available but peroxide value is the most widely used. It gives a measure of the extent to which an oil sample has undergone primary oxidation. [00201] Autoxidation is a free radical reaction involving oxygen that leads to deterioration of fats and oils which form off-flavors and off-odors. Peroxide value, concentration of peroxide in an oil or fat, is useful for assessing the extent to which spoilage has advanced.

[00202] By employing an AOCS standard method, the peroxide value may be determined by measuring the amount of iodine which is formed upon the reaction of peroxides (formed in fat or oil) with iodide ion, as represented by the following equation. The iodine is measured by use of an indicator.

2Γ + H ₂ 0 + ROOH -> ROH + 20H ^" + h

[00203] The peroxide value (PV) is defined as the amount of peroxide oxygen per 1 kilogram of fat or oil, expressed in units of milliequivalents (mEq/kg). Peroxide values of fresh oils are less than 10 mEq/kg, and when the peroxide value is between 30 and 40 mEq/kg, a rancid taste is noticeable. The peroxide value of the nutritional powder may be about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4 about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4 about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4 about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, about 3, about 3.1, about 3.2, about 3.3, about 3.4 about 3.5, about 3.6, about 3.7, about 3.8, about 3.9, about 4, about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4 about 4.5, about 4.6, about 4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, or about 5.

(ee) Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Analysis

[00204] A method was developed to provide analytical data to evaluate the effectiveness of the various antioxidant systems in nutritional powders by measuring the presence and concentration of a variety of volatile organic compounds that may be oxidation products. These organic compounds may or may not be secondary lipid oxidation products, as described below. In practice, a sample of the composition at room temperature or 40°C may be evaluated by GC/MS for the presence of volatile aldehydes such as pentanal, hexanal, and octanal. The amount of the volatile aldehyde is measured as a ratio relative to an internal standard.

[00205] For the nutritional powder, the ratio of the volatile aldehyde to the internal standard may be less than 30, less than 25, less than 20, less than 15, less than 10, less than 9, less than 8, less than 7, less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, less than 1, less than 0.9, less than 0.8, less than 0.7, less than 0.6, less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2, or less than 0.1. The ratio of the volatile aldehyde to the internal standard may be 30 or less, 25 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, 2 or less, 1 or less, 0.9 or less, 0.8 or less, 0.7 or less, 0.6 or less, 0.5 or less, 0.4 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.2 or less, or 0.1 or less.

(ff) Secondary Lipid Oxidation Products (SLOP) Analysis

[00206] Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are prone to oxidation in nutritional powders, causing deterioration of the nutritional powder and possibly resulting in the powder becoming rancid. Analytical protocols can be implemented to assess the quality of the PUFAs and monitor their oxidation. Autoxidation is one of the chief processes by which lipids degrade. During the later stages of this free radical-mediated process, hydroperoxides break down into secondary products. These scission products are generally odoriferous and undesirable nutritionally and organoleptically. The changes in these secondary oxidation products can be monitored by simple spectrophotometric techniques.

[00207] A variety of these secondary oxidation products can be identified, monitored, and can serve as "marker compounds" by which the degree of PUFA oxidation may be ascertained. This comparison reveals a functional relationship between the sensory scores and oxidation products in the nutritional powders.

[00208] In practice, a sample of the nutritional powder can be heated and the trapped components analyzed by GC/MS for secondary lipid oxidation products (SLOP). The method used for analyzing these samples targets and quantifies 9 SLOP compounds. These include pentane, pentanal, hexanal, l-octene-3-ol, octanal, (E)-2-hexenal, l-octen-3-one, (E,E)-2,4- heptadienal, and (E)-2-octenal. The concentrations of these compounds can be measured in nanogran of SLOP compound / gram of sample. Previous analysis in analogous systems has shown that hexanal and pentanal provide the best indicators of lipid oxidation.

[00209] The concentration of hexanal in the nutritional powder is less than 1000 ng/g, less than 950 ng/g, less than 900 ng/g, less than 850 ng/g, less than 800 ng/g, less than 750 ng/g, less than 700 ng/g, less than 650 ng/g, less than 600 ng/g, less than 550 ng/g, less than 500 ng/g, less than 450 ng/g, less than 400 ng/g, less than 350 ng/g, less than 300 ng/g, less than 250 ng/g, less than 200 ng/g, less than 150 ng/g, less than 100 ng/g, less than 90 ng/g, less than 80 ng/g, less than 70 ng/g, less than 60 ng/g, less than 50 ng/g, less than 40 ng/g, less than 30 ng/g, less than 20 ng/g, or less than 10 ng/g. [00210] The concentration of pentanal in the nutritional powder is less than 1000 ng/g, less than 950 ng/g, less than 900 ng/g, less than 850 ng/g, less than 800 ng/g, less than 750 ng/g, less than 700 ng/g, less than 650 ng/g, less than 600 ng/g, less than 550 ng/g, less than 500 ng/g, less than 450 ng/g, less than 400 ng/g, less than 350 ng/g, less than 300 ng/g, less than 250 ng/g, less than 200 ng/g, less than 150 ng/g, less than 100 ng/g, less than 90 ng/g, less than 80 ng/g, less than 70 ng/g, less than 60 ng/g, less than 50 ng/g, less than 40 ng/g, less than 30 ng/g, less than 20 ng/g, or less than 10 ng/g.

(gg) Browning

[00211] Browning is the process of becoming brown, especially referring to food. Browning of the nutritional powder of the present invention is undesirable. Browning has an economic cost, causing deterioration of the value of products in the market of food.

[00212] Foods can turn brown through either enzymatic or non-enzymatic processes.

Enzymatic browning is a chemical process, involving polyphenol oxidase, catechol oxidase, and other enzymes that create melanins and benzoquinone from natural phenols, resulting in a brown color. In general, enzymatic browning requires exposure to oxygen, for example the browning that occurs when an apple is cut.

[00213] Non-enzymatic browning is a chemical process that produces a brown color in foods without the activity of enzymes. The two main forms of nonenzymatic browning are

caramelization and the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar, usually requiring the addition of heat. The sugar interacts with the amino acid, producing a variety of odors and flavors. When protein hydro lysates are the protein source it is preferable to avoid conditions which could lead to the formation of excessive Maillard browning products.

[00214] The Maillard reaction is affected by the concentration of the initial reactant species, pH, water content, and presence of substances such as humectants and bisulfite. Some physical factors, such as processing and storage temperature, atmospheric oxygen, and packaging during storage can also affect the Maillard reaction in foods. The deleterious effects of nonenzymatic browning include: decreased nutritional value from protein loss, off-flavor development, undesirable color, decreased solubility, texture changes, destruction of vitamins, and increased acidity. [00215] The rate of deterioration of nutritional powders containing whey protein hydro lysates may be determined under accelerated storage conditions through the use of the Arrhenius equation with extrapolation. The accelerated shel f life testing (ASLT) data may be compared with Maillard browning occurring under normal storage conditions (21°C, 35% RH). The rate of deterioration by browning of the nutritional powder samples may be compared with changes in microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory quality during storage to establish the keeping quality of the nutritional powders and determine shelf life.

[00216] Microbiological and physicochemical changes of the nutritional powder are determined, in part, by the color change of the nutritional powder. Determination and quantification of the color change of the nutritional powder may be achieved with Hunter Laboratory values L* (lightness-darkness parameter), a* (redness-greenness parameter), and b* (yellowness-blueness parameter). In particular, L* and a* have been shown to provide optimal sensitivity for detecting changes in samples containing whey powders.

[00217] The nutritional powder may comprise Hunter Lab "L", "a", and "b" values. The Hunter Lab "L", "a", and "b" values of the nutritional powder can be measured by a

spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the formula as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "L", "a", and "b" values of the nutritional powder may be the values as disclosed below,

b. Pod

[00218] The nutrient delivery system may comprise a disposable dispenser container or pod having a container body and a flexible lid that collectively define an enclosed volume. The pod contains the nutritional powder. The nutrient delivery system provides water at a particular temperature as indicated above to the pod, to create a mixture of the nutritional powder and water and thereby provide the nutritional formula. The nutritional formula is delivered from the pod to a receptacle such as a cup or baby bottle by the nutrient delivery system. In some embodiments, a stick pack can be used in place of a pod.

[00219] A pod is a disposable container having a container body and a flexible lid that collectively define an enclosed volume. The container body includes a generally arcuate bottom wall and a side wall extending from and integrally formed as one piece with the bottom wall and terminating in a generally flat rim or flange at an open upper end of the container. The enclosed volume may range from approximately 60 milliliters (mL) to approximately 500 mL, e.g., from approximately 60 mL to approximately 170 mL, or from approximately 80 mL to approximately 100 mL, in one or more chambers. For example, the volume may be approximately 60 mL, 61 mL, 62 mL, 63 mL, 64 mL, 65 mL, 66 mL, 67 mL, 68 mL, 69 mL, 70 mL, 71 mL, 72 mL, 73 mL, 74 mL, 75 mL, 76 mL, 77 mL, 78 mL, 79 mL, 80 mL, 81 mL, 82 mL, 83 mL, 84 mL, 85 mL, 86 mL, 87 mL, 88 mL, 89 mL, 90 mL, 91 mL, 92 mL, 93 mL, 94 mL, 95 mL, 96 mL, 97 mL, 98 mL, 99 mL, 100 mL, 101 mL, 102 mL, 103 mL, 104 mL, 105 mL, 106 mL, 107 mL, 108 mL, 109 mL, 110 mL, 111 mL, 112 mL, 113 mL, 114 mL, 115 mL, 116 mL, 117 mL, 118 mL, 119 mL, 120 mL, 121 mL, 122 mL, 123 mL, 124 mL, 125 mL, 126 mL, 127 mL, 128 mL, 129 mL, 130 mL, 131 mL, 132 mL, 133 mL, 134 mL, 135 mL, 136 mL, 137 mL, 138 mL, 139 mL, 140 mL, 141 mL, 142 mL, 143 mL, 144 mL, 145 mL, 146 mL, 147 mL, 148 mL, 149 mL, 150 mL, 151 mL, 152 mL, 153 mL, 154 mL, 155 mL, 156 mL, 157 mL, 158 mL, 159 mL, 160 mL, 161 mL, 162 mL, 163 mL, 164 mL, 165 mL, 166 mL, 167 mL, 168 mL, 169 mL, 170 mL, 171 mL, 172 mL, 173 mL, 174 mL, 175 mL, 176 mL, 177 mL, 178 mL, 179 mL, 180 mL, 181 mL, 182 mL, 183 mL, 184 mL, 185 mL, 186 mL, 187 mL, 188 mL, 189 mL, 190 mL, 191 mL, 192 mL, 193 mL, 194 mL, 195 mL, 196 mL, 197 mL, 198 mL, 199 mL, 200 mL, 210 mL, 220 mL, 230 mL, 240 mL, 250 mL, 260 mL, 270 mL, 280 mL, 290 mL, 300 mL, 310 mL, 320 mL, 330 mL, 340 mL, 350 mL, 360 mL, 370 mL, 380 mL, 390 mL, 400 mL, 410 mL, 420 mL, 430 mL, 440 mL, 450 mL, 460 mL, 470 mL, 480 mL, 490 mL, or 500 mL. The bottom wall and side wall together define an internal surface having an area ranging from approximately 20 square centimeters (cm ² ) to approximately 75 cm ² , and preferably between approximately 24 cm ² and approximately 60 cm ² . For example, the area may be 20 cm ² , 21 cm ² , 22 cm ² , 23 cm ² , 24 cm ² , 25 cm ² , 26 cm ² , 27 cm ² , 28 cm ² , 29 cm ² , 30 cm ² , 31 cm ² , 32 cm ² , 33 cm ² , 34 cm ² , 35 cm ² , 36 cm ² , 37 cm ² , 38 cm ² , 39 cm ² , 40 cm ² , 41 cm ² , 42 cm ² , 43 cm ² , 44 cm ² , 45 cm ² , 46 cm ² , 47 cm ² , 48 cm ² , 49 cm ² , 50 cm ² , 51 cm ² , 52 cm ² , 53 cm ² , 54 cm ² , 55 cm ² , 56 cm ² , 57 cm ² , 58 cm ² , 59 cm ² , 60 cm ² , 61 cm ² , 62 cm ² , 63 cm ² , 64 cm ² , 65 cm ² , 66 cm ² , 67 cm ² , 68 cm ² , 69 cm ² , 70 cm ² , 71 cm ² , 72 cm ² , 73 cm ² , 74 cm ² , 75 cm ² , 76 cm ² , 77 cm ² , 78 cm ² , 79 cm ² , 80 cm ² , 81 cm ² , 82 cm ² , 83 cm ² , 84 cm ² , 85 cm ² , 86 cm ² , 87 cm ² , 88 cm ² , 89 cm ² , 90 cm ² , 91 cm ² , 92 cm ² , 93 cm ² , 94 cm ² , 95 cm ² , 96 cm ² , 97 cm ² , 98 cm ² , 99 cm ² , 100 cm ² , 101 cm ² , 102 cm ² , 103 cm ² , 104 cm ² , 105 cm ² , 106 cm ² , 107 cm ² , 108 cm ² , 109 cm ² , 110 cm ² , 111 cm ² , 112 cm ² , 113 cm ² , 114 cm ² , 115 cm ² , 116 cm ² , 117 cm ² , 118 cm ² , 119 cm ² , 120 cm ² , 121 cm ² , 122 cm ² , 123 cm ² , 124 cm ² , 125 cm ² , 126 cm ² , 127 cm ² , 128 cm ² , 129 cm ² , 130 cm ² , 131 cm ² , 132 cm ² , 133 cm ² , 134 cm ² , 135 cm ² , 136 cm ² , 137 cm ² , 138 cm ² , 139 cm ² , 140 cm ² , 141 cm ² , 142 cm ² , 143 cm ² , 144 cm 145 cm ² , 146 cm ² , 147 cm ² , 148 cm ² , 149 cm ² , 150 cm ² , 151 cm ² , 152 cm ² , 153 cm ² , 154 cm 155 cm ² , 156 cm ² , 157 cm ² , 158 cm ² , 159 cm ² , or 160 cm ² .

[00220] The pod is sized to receive from approximately 2 grams to approximately 150 grams, or between approximately 7.5 grams and approximately 35 grams, of a substantially soluble nutritional powder or liquid concentrate through the open upper end, after which the lid is hermetically sealed to the flange. For example, the pod may receive approximately 2.0 g, 2.5 g, 3.0 g, 3.5 g, 4.0 g, 4.5 g, 5.0 g, 5.5 g, 6.0 g, 6.5 g, 7.0 g, 7.5 g, 8.0 g, 8.5 g, 9.0 g, 9.5 g, 10 g, 10.5 g, 11 g, 11.5 g, 12 g, 12.5 g, 13 g, 13.5 g, 14 g, 14.5 g, 15 g, 15.5 g, 16 g, 16.5 g, 17 g, 17.5 g, 18 g, 18.5 g, 19 g, 19.5 g, 20 g, 20.5 g, 21 g, 21.5 g, 22 g, 22.5 g, 23 g, 23.5 g, 24 g, 24.5 g, 25 g, ^ < ^« - 26.5 g, 27 g, 27.5 g, 28 g, 28.5 g, 29 g, 29.5 g, 30 g, 30.5 g, 31 g, 31.5 g, 32 g, 32.5

" " 37.5 g, 38 g, 38.5 g, 39 g, 39.5 g, 40 g, 40.5 g,

47.5 g, 48 g, 48.5 g, 49 g, 49.5 g, 50 g, 50.5 g, 54.0 54.5 g, 55.0 g, 55.5 g, 56.0 g, 56.5 g, 57.0 g, 5577..55 gg,, 58.0 g, 58.5 g, 59.0 g, 59.5 g, 60.5 61.0 g, 61.5 g, 62.0 g, 62.5 g, 63.0 g, 63.5 g, 64.0 g _, 64.5 g, 65.0 g, 65.5 g, 66.0 g, 66.5 g, 67.0 g, , 6677..55 gg,, 6688..00 gg,, 6688..55 & g, 6 ^£n 9. ⁿ 0 g ^~ , 6 ^£n 9.5 ^e g ^~ ,™ 70. ⁿ 0 g ^~ , 70.5 g, 71.0 g, 71.5 g, 72.0 g, 72.5 g, 73.0 g, 73.5 g, 74.0 g, 74.5 g, 75.0 g, 75.5 g, 76.0 g, 76.5 g, 77.0 g, 77.5 g, 78.0 g, 78.5 g, 79.0 g, 79.5 g, 80.0 g 80.5 g, 81.0 g, 81.5 g, 82.0 g, 82.5 g, 83.0 g, 83.5 g, 84.0 g, 84.5 g, 85.0 g, 85.5 g, 86.0 g, 86.5 g, 87.0 g, 87.5 g, 88.0 g, 88.5 g, 89.0 g, 89.5 g, 90.0 g, 90.5 g, 91.0 g, 91.5 g, 92.0 g, 92.5 g, 93.0 g, 93.5 g, 94.0 g _: 94.5 g, 95.0 g, 95.5 g, 96.0 g, 96.5 g, 97.0 g, 97.5 g, 98.0 g, 98.5 g, 99.0 g, 99.5 g, 100.0 g, 100.5 g, 101.0 g, 101.5 g, 102.0 g, 102.5 g, 103.0 g, 103.5 g, 104.0 g, 104.5 g, 105.0 g, 105.5 g, 106.0 g, 106.5 g, 107.0 g, 107.5 g, 108.0 g, 108.5 g, 109.0 g, 109.5 g, 110 g, 110.5 g, 111 g, 111.5 g, 112 g, 112.5 g, 113 g, 113.5 g, 114 g, 114.5 g, 115 g, 115.5 g, 116 g, 116.5 g, 117 g, 117.5 g, 118 g, 118.5 g, 119 g, 119.5 g, 120 g, 120.5 g, 121 g, 121.5 g, 122 g, 122.5 g, 123 g,

123.5 g» 124 g» 124.5 g» 125 g, 125.5 g, 126 g, 126.5 g, 127 g, 127.5 g, 128 g, 128.5 g, 129 g,

129.5 g» 130 g» 130.5 g» 131 g, 131.5 g, 132 g, 132.5 g, 133 g, 133.5 g, 134 g, 134.5 g, 135 g,

135.5 g» 136 g» 136.5 g» 137 g, 137.5 g, 138 g, 138.5 g, 139 g, 139.5 g, 140 g, 140.5 g, 141 g,

141.5 g» 142 g» 142.5 g» 143 g, 143.5 g, 144 g, 144.5 g, 145 g, 145.5 g, 146 g, 146.5 g, 147 g,

147.5 g» 148 g» 148.5 g» 149 g, 149.5 g, or 150 g of the substantially soluble nutritional powder or liquid concentrate. The substantially soluble nutritional powder or liquid concentrate may occupy about 60% to about 90% of the volume of the pod, e.g., about 60%>, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% of the volume of the pod.

[00221] The container body is molded or otherwise constructed of a food-safe plastic material, such as polypropylene or polyethylene. The lid can be made of a polymer film, metal foil, or any other material suitable for affixing to the flange. At least one of the lid and the container body is configured to receive an injector or similar device through which water, air, or other fluids may be introduced to facilitate mixing and reconstitution within the enclosed volume. The introduced fluid(s) may be pre-filtered or alternatively pass through a filtration unit disposed within the container. An outlet member integrally formed as part of or movably coupled to the container body is positioned for dispensing from the pod, with the assistance of the introduced fluid(s), a nutritional product incorporating the powder or liquid concentrate. The dispensed product volume can range from approximately 5 mL to approximately 1000 mL, for example from approximately 20 mL to approximately 750 mL, from approximately 50 mL to approximately 500 mL, and is preferably between approximately 70 mL and approximately 250 mL. For example, the dispensed product volume may be approximately 5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, 20 mL, 25 mL, 30 mL, 35 mL, 40 mL, 45 mL, 50 mL, 55 mL, 60 mL, 65 mL, 70 mL, 75 mL, 80 mL, 85 mL, 90 mL, 95 mL, 100 mL, 105 mL, 110 mL, 115 mL, 120 mL, 125 mL, 130 mL, 135 mL, 140 mL, 145 mL, 150 mL, 155 mL, 160 mL, 165 mL, 170 mL, 175 mL, 180 mL, 185 mL, 190 mL, 195 mL, 200 mL, 205 mL, 210 mL, 215 mL, 220 mL, 225 mL, 230 mL, 235 mL, 240 mL, 245 mL, 250 mL, 255 mL, 260 mL, 265 mL, 270 mL, 275 mL, 280 mL, 290 mL, 300 mL, 305 mL, 310 mL, 315 mL, 320 mL, 325 mL, 330 mL, 335 mL, 340 mL, 345 mL, 350 mL, 355 mL, 360 mL, 365 mL, 370 mL, 375 mL, 380 mL, 385 mL, 390 mL, 395 mL, 400 mL, 405 mL, 410 mL, 415 mL, 420 mL, 425 mL, 430 mL, 435 mL, 440 mL, 445 mL, 450 mL, 455 mL, 460 mL, 465 mL, 470 mL, 475 mL, 480 mL, 490 mL, 500 mL, 505 mL, 510 mL, 515 mL, 520 mL, 525 mL, 530 mL, 535 mL, 540 mL, 545 mL, 550 mL, 555 mL, 560 mL, 565 mL, 570 mL, 575 mL, 580 mL, 585 mL, 590 mL, 595 mL, 600 mL, 605 mL, 610 mL, 615 mL, 620 mL, 625 mL, 630 mL, 635 mL, 640 mL, 645 mL, 650 mL, 655 mL, 660 mL, 665 mL, 670 mL, 675 mL, 680 mL, 690 mL, 700 mL, 705 mL, 710 mL, 715 mL, 720 mL, 725 mL, 730 mL, 735 mL, 740 mL, 745 mL, 750 mL, 755 mL, 760 mL, 765 mL, 770 mL, 775 mL, 780 mL, 785 mL, 790 mL, 795 mL, 800 mL, 805 mL, 810 mL, 815 mL, 820 mL, 825 mL, 830 mL, 835 mL, 840 mL, 845 mL, 850 mL, 855 mL, 860 mL, 865 mL, 870 mL, 875 mL, 880 mL, 890 mL, 900 mL, 905 mL, 910 mL, 915 mL, 920 mL, 925 mL, 930 mL, 935 mL, 940 mL, 945 mL, 950 mL, 955 mL, 960 mL, 965 mL, 970 mL, 975 mL, 980 mL, 985 mL, 990 mL, 995 mL, or 1000 mL. The temperature of the dispensed nutritional product is product dependent and can range from approximately 5° C to approximately 60 °C, or from approximately 25 °C to about 50 °C. For example, the temperature may be approximately 5 °C, 6 °C, 7 °C, 8 °C, 9 °C, 10 °C, 11 °C, 12 °C, 13 °C, 14 °C, 15 °C, 16 °C, 17 °C, 18 °C, 19 °C, 20 °C, 21 °C, 22 °C, 23 °C, 24 °C, 25 °C, 26 °C, 27 °C, 28 °C, 29 °C, 30 °C, 31 °C, 32 °C, 33 °C, 34 °C, 35 °C, 36 °C, 37 °C, 38 °C, 39 °C, 40 °C, 41 °C, 42 °C, 43 °C, 44 °C, 45 °C, 46 °C, 47 °C, 48 °C, 49 °C, 50 °C, 51 °C, 52 °C, 53 °C, 54 °C, 55 °C, 56 °C, 57 °C, 58 °C, 59 °C, or 60 °C.

c. Nutritional Formula

[00222] As discussed above, the nutrient delivery system may comprise a nutritional powder that is within a pod. The nutrient delivery system delivers water at a particular temperature to the nutritional powder within the pod, and provides a nutritional formula. The nutritional formula is delivered from the pod to a receptacle such as a cup or baby bottle. The physical characteristics that are important for the overall function of the nutritional formula include the powder reconstitution characteristics (e.g., wettability), viscosity, foaming, emulsion stability, amino acid profile, mineral delivery, antioxidant capacity, shelf-life stability, odor, flavor, and digestibility.

[00223] The physical properties of the nutritional powder promote the reconstitution into a nutritional formula that can be ingested by an infant. The protection of the nutritional powder with antioxidant additives provides a shelf-stable nutritional powder that has desirable organoleptic qualities as measured by sensory analysis. The physical properties of the nutritional formula are described below in more detail.

(1) Viscosity

[00224] The nutritional formula may comprise a viscosity of about 0.8 to about 30 cPs.

Viscosity is the measurement of resistance to gradual deformation by shear or tensile stress. The nutritional formula's viscosity may be dependent on the components that are comprised within the nutritional composition. The viscosity of the nutritional formula is important on the overall flow performance of the nutritional formula through the nutrient delivery system. The viscosity of the nutritional formula may be measured by a rheometer, which may be used to measure how a liquid, slurry, or suspension flows in response to applied forces. The rheometer may be a shear/rotational rheometer or an extensional rheometer. The shear/rotational rheometer may be a pipe/capillary rheometer, cone and plate rheometer, or linear shear rheometer. The extensional rheometer may be an acoustic rheometer, falling plate rheometer, or capillary/contraction flow rheometer. The viscosity of the nutritional formula may be about 0.8 to 30 cPs, about 0.8 to 10 cPs, about 1 to 9 cPs, or about 2 to 6 cPs. The viscosity of the nutritional formula may be less than lcPs, less than 2 cPs, less than 3 cPs, less than 4 cPs, less than 5 cPs, less than 6 cPs, less than 7 cPs, less than 8 cPs, less than 9 cPs, less than 10 cPs, less than 11 cPs, less than 12 cPs, less than 13 cPs, less than 14 cPs, less than 15 cPs, less than 16 cPs, less than 17 cPs, less than 18 cPs, less than 19 cPs, less than 20 cPs, less than 21 cPs, less than 22 cPs, less than 23 cPs, less than 24 cPs, less than 25 cPs, less than 26 cPs, less than 27 cPs, less than 28 cPs, less than 29 cPs, less than 30 cps, about 0.8 cPs, about 1 cPs, about 2 cPs, about 3 cPs, about 4 cPs, about 5 cPs, about 6 cPs, about 7 cPs, about 8 cPs, about 9 cPs, about 10 cPs, about 11 cPs, about 12 cPs, about 13 cPs, about 14 cPs, about 15 cPs, about 16 cPs, about 17 cPs, about 18 cPs, about 19 cPs, about 20 cPs, about 21 cPs, about 22 cPs, about 23 cPs, about 24 cPs, about 25 cPs, about 26 cPs, about 27 cPs, about 28 cPs, about 29 cPs, or about 30 cPs.

(2) Density

[00225] The nutritional formula may comprise a density between about 0.90 g/cm ³ and about 1.2 g/cm ³ . The density of the nutritional formula is a function of the amount of entrapped air is present within the formula, among other factor, such as the compounds within the nutritional formula. The density of the nutritional formula is important in determining the flow

characteristics of the formula, as well as well as side-effects associated with consumption of the formula (e.g., gassiness). The density of the nutritional formula may be about0.90 g/cm ³ , 0.91 g/cm ³ , 0.92 g/cm ³ , 0.93 g/cm ³ , 0.94 g/cm ³ , 0.95 g/cm ³ , 0.96 g/cm ³ , 0.97 g/cm ³ , 0.98 g/cm ³ , 0.99 g/cm ³ , 1.00 g/cm ³ , 1.01 g/cm ³ , 1.02 g/cm ³ , 1.03 g/cm ³ , 1.04 g/cm ³ , 1.05 g/cm ³ , 1.06 g/cm ³ , 1.07 g/cm ³ , 1.08 g/cm ³ , 1.09 g/cm ³ , 1.10 g/cm ³ , 1.11 g/cm ³ , 1.12 g/cm ³ , 1.13 g/cm ³ , 1.14 g/cm ³ , 1.15 g/cm 3 , 1.16 g/cm 3 , 1.17 g/cm 3 , 1.18 g/cm 3 , 1.19 g/cm 3 , or 1.20 g/cm 3.

(3) Color Scale Values

[00226] The nutritional formula may comprise a Hunter Lab "L" value between about 20 and about 100. The Hunter Lab "L" value is a measurement of the lightness of the formula. The lightness of the nutritional formula is dependent on, but not limited to, the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity. The Hunter Lab "L" value of the nutritional formula can be measured by a spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the formula as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "L" value of the nutritional formula may be about 20.00, 25.00, 30.00, 35.00, 40.00, 45.00, 50.00, 55.00, 60.00, 65.00, 70.00, 75.00, 80.00, 80.10, 80.15, 80.20, 80.25, 80.30, 80.35, 80.40, 80.45, 80.50, 80.55, 80.60, 80.65, 80.70, 80.75, 80.80, 80.85, 80.90, 80.95, 81.00, 81.10, 81.15, 81.20, 81.25, 81.30, 81.35, 81.40, 81.45, 81.50, 81.55, 81.60, 81.65, 81.70, 81.75, 81.80, 81.85, 81.90, 81.95, 82.00, 82.10, 82.15, 82.20, 82.25, 82.30, 82.35, 82.40, 82.45, 82.50, 82.55, 82.60, 82.65, 82.70, 82.75, 82.80, 82.85, 82.90, 82.95, 83.00, 83.10, 83.15, 83.20, 83.25, 83.30, 83.35, 83.40, 83.45, 83.50, 83.55, 83.60, 83.65, 83.70, 83.75, 83.80, 83.85, 83.90, 83.95, 84.00, 86.00, 88.00, 90.00, 95.00 or 100.00.

[00227] The nutritional formula may comprise a Hunter Lab "a" value between about -5.00 and about 1.00. The Hunter Lab "a" value is a measurement of the color-opponent dimension of a formula. The "a" value of the nutritional formula is dependent on, but not limited to, the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity. The Hunter Lab "a" value of the nutritional formula can be measured by a spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the formula as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "a" value of the nutritional formula may be about -5.00, -4.50, - 4.00, -3.50, -3.00, -2.50, -2.00, -1.50, -1.00, -0.50, -0.10, -0.09, -0.08, -0.07, -0.06, -0.05, -0.04, - 0.03, -0.02, -0.01, 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.22, 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, or 1.00.

[00228] The nutritional formula may comprise a Hunter Lab "b" value between about 1 and about 30. The Hunter Lab "b" value is a measurement of the color-opponent dimension of a formula. The "b" value of the nutritional formula is dependent on, but not limited to, the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity. The Hunter Lab "b" value of the nutritional formula can be measured by a spectrophotometer, which allows quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of the formula as a function of wavelength. The Hunter Lab "b" value of the nutritional formula may be about 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00, 6.00, 7.00, 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 12.00, 13.00, 13.10, 13.20, 13.30, 13.31, 13.32, 13.33, 13.34, 13.35, 13.36, 13.37, 13.38, 13.39, 13.40, 13.41, 13.42, 13.43, 13.44, 13.45, 13.46, 13.47, 13.48, 13.49, 13.50, 13.51, 13.52, 13.53, 13.54, 13.55, 13.56, 13.57, 13.58, 13.59, 13.60, 13.61, 13.62, 13.63, 13.64, 13.65, 13.66, 13.67, 13.68, 13.69, 13.70, 13.71, 13.72, 13.73, 13.74, 13.75, 13.76, 13.77, 13.78, 13.79, 13.80, 13.81, 13.82, 13.83, 13.84, 13.85, 13.86, 13.87, 13.88, 13.89, 13.90, 13.91, 13.92, 13.93, 13.94, 13.95, 13.96, 13.97, 13.98, 13.99, 14.00, 15.00, 16.00, 17.00, 18.00, 19.00, 20.00, 25.00, or 30.00.

(4) Caloric Density

[00229] The nutritional formula produced by the nutrient delivery system may comprise a caloric density of about 65 kcal/240 mL to about 800 kcal/240mL. The nutritional formula, as discussed herein, provides a method to easily and effectively control caloric intake to an individual (e.g., infant). The ability to tightly control caloric intake is important because different individuals have different caloric needs. The nutritional formula produced by the nutrient delivery system may comprise a caloric density of about 65 kcal/240 mL, 70 kcal/240 mL, 75 kcal/240 mL, 80 kcal/240 mL, 85 kcal/240 mL, 90 kcal/240 mL, 95 kcal/240 mL, 100 kcal/240 mL, 105 kcal/240 mL, 110 kcal/240 mL, 115 kcal/240 mL, 120 kcal/240 mL, 125 kcal/240 mL 130 kcal/240 mL, 135 kcal/240 mL,140 kcal/240 mL, 145 kcal/240 mL, 150 kcal/240 mL 155 kcal/240 mL, 160 kcal/240 mL, 165 kcal/240 mL, 170 kcal/240 mL, 175 kcal/240 mL 180 kcal/240 mL, 185 kcal/240 mL, 190 kcal/240 mL, 195 kcal/240 mL, 200 kcal/240 mL 205 kcal/240 mL, 210 kcal/240 mL, 215 kcal/240 mL, 220 kcal/240 mL, 225 kcal/240 mL 230 kcal/240 mL, 235 kcal/240 mL, 240 kcal/240 mL, 245 kcal/240 mL, 250 kcal/240 mL 255 kcal/240 mL, 260 kcal/240 mL, 265 kcal/240 mL, 270 kcal/240 mL, 275 kcal/240 mL 280 kcal/240 mL, 285 kcal/240 mL, 290 kcal/240 mL, 295 kcal/240 mL, 300 kcal/240 mL 305 kcal/240 mL, 310 kcal/240 mL, 315 kcal/240 mL, 320 kcal/240 mL, 325 kcal/240 mL 330 kcal/240 mL, 335 kcal/240 mL, 340 kcal/240 mL, 345 kcal/240 mL, 350 kcal/240 mL 355 kcal/240 mL, 360 kcal/240 mL, 365 kcal/240 mL, 370 kcal/240 mL, 375 kcal/240 mL 380 kcal/240 mL, 385 kcal/240 mL, 390 kcal/240 mL, 395 kcal/240 mL, 400 kcal/240 mL 405 kcal/240 mL, 410 kcal/240 mL, 415 kcal/240 mL, 420 kcal/240 mL, 425 kcal/240 mL 430 kcal/240 mL, 435 kcal/240 mL, 440 kcal/240 mL, 445 kcal/240 mL, 450 kcal/240 mL 455 kcal/240 mL, 460 kcal/240 mL, 465 kcal/240 mL, 470 kcal/240 mL, 475 kcal/240 mL 480 kcal/240 mL, 485 kcal/240 mL, 490 kcal/240 mL, 495 kcal/240 mL, 500 kcal/240 mL 550 kcal/240 mL, 600 kcal/240 mL, 650 kcal/240 mL, 700 kcal/240 mL, 750 kcal/240 mL or 800 kcal/240 mL. (5) Dispersibility

[00230] The nutritional formula may comprise a qualitative dispersibility of about 1 to about 4. Dispersibility is way of determining the degree of firmness and solubility of particles within a product. Dispersibility is important in determining flow characteristics of the nutritional formula. Dispersibility is measured as how well the product will pass through the nipple of an infant bottle. For example, in a qualitative assay, an 8 ounce bottle may be prepared and shaken for 10 seconds. The product is then passed through an 80 mesh sieve and scored based on the number of remaining particles. The nutritional formula may comprise a dispersibility of about 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0. In a quantitative assay, the product is passed through an 80 mesh sieve as described above, and the total number of particles present on the sieve is measured using a mm stick and /or ruler. The size of the particles are then stratified into groups consisting of less than 1 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and greater than 5 mm.

(6) Foaming

[00231] The nutritional formula may comprise a foaming volume of about 1 mL to about 70 mL, of about 1 mL to about 30 mL, or about 1 mL to about 20 mL. Foaming of the nutritional formula can be attributed to the presence of entrapped air after the nutrient delivery system provides the nutritional formula, which is dependent on at least the compounds within the nutritional powder. Decreased foaming is a desired property of the nutritional formula because excess foam may increase potential side-effects that can be associated with consumption of the nutritional formula (e.g., gassiness, bloating, etc.). The foaming volume of the nutritional formula may be measured by a graduated cylinder after being provided by the nutrient delivery system. Additionally the foaming value may be measured at variable time points after initial addition to the graduated cylinder (e.g., 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 30 minutes after the nutritional formula has been added to the graduated). The foaming volume may be about 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL, 5 mL, 6 mL, 7 mL, 8 mL, 9 mL, 10 mL, 11 mL, 12 mL, 13 mL, 14 mL, 15 mL, 16 mL, 17 mL, 18 mL, 19 mL, 20 mL, 21 mL, 22 mL, 23 mL, 24 mL, 25 mL, 26 mL, 27 mL, 28 mL, 29 mL, 30 mL, 31 mL, 32 mL, 33 mL, 34 mL, 35 mL, 36 mL, 37 mL, 38 mL, 39 mL, 40 mL, 41 mL, 42 mL, 43 mL, 44 mL, 45 mL, 46 mL, 47 mL, 48 mL, 49 mL, 50 mL, 51 mL, 52 mL, 53 mL, 54 mL, 55 mL, 56 mL, 57 mL, 58 mL, 59 mL, 60 mL, 61 mL, 62 mL, 63 mL, 64 mL, 65 mL, 66 mL, 67 mL, 68 mL, 69 mL, or 70 mL. [00232] The nutritional formula may comprise a foaming ratio of about 1 to about 15. The foaming ratio of the nutritional formula is investigated by measuring the volume of foam within a graduated cylinder after being provided by the nutrient delivery system and at variable time points after initial addition to the graduated cylinder (e.g., 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 30 minutes after the nutritional formula has been added to the graduated cylinder). The ratio of foaming level at time 0 and the variable time points are then measured for the sample. The foaming ratio of the nutritional formula may be about 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8, 9.0, 9.2, 9.4, 9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2, 10.4, 10.6, 10.8, 11, 11.2, 11.4, 11.6, 11.8, 12, 12.2, 12.4, 12.6, 12.8, 13, 13.2, 13.4, 13.6, 13.8, 14, 14.2, 14.4, 14.6, 14.8, or 15.

(7) Special Properties of the Nutritional Formula

(aa) Sensory Analysis with Fishy Off-Note Scale Test

[00233] The nutritional formula may be evaluated using sensory analysis with fishy off-note scale test, as described above. The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score of less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score of 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less. The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score of 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00234] The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score, after 1 month, of less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score, after 1 month, of 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less. The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score, after 1 month, of 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, or 0.5.

[00235] The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score, after 3 months, of less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The nutritional formula may have a fishy off-note score, after 3 months, of 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less. The nutritional powder may have a fishy off-note score, after 3 months, of 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, or 0.5

(bb) Sensory Oxidation Evaluation

[00236] The nutritional formula may be evaluated using a sensory oxidation evaluation, as described above. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00237] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 4 weeks, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 4 weeks, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 4 weeks, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00238] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 1 month, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 1 month, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 1 month, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00239] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 3 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 3 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 3 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00240] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 6 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 6 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 6 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00241] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 12 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 12 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 12 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00242] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 18 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 18 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 18 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

[00243] The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 24 months, may be less than 5, less than 4.5, less than 4, less than 3.5, less than 3, less than 2.5, less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 24 months, may be 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1 or less, 0.5 or less. The sensory oxidation score of the nutritional formula, after 24 months, may be 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.

3. Use of the Nutrient Delivery System

[00244] The nutrient delivery system, as described above, provides the nutritional formula. The present invention is also directed to a method of producing the nutritional formula. The method may include providing the pod and the nutritional powder described above. The nutritional powder may be positioned within the pod such that the nutritional powder is fully enclosed by the bottom wall, side wall, and lid of the pod. Accordingly, the nutritional powder and the lid may define therebetween the headspace of the pod. As described above, the headspace may include less than about 10% 0 ₂ .

[00245] The method also includes introducing the fluid into the pod to produce the nutritional formula. Introducing may include the lid receiving the injector or similar device as described above, through which the fluid is delivered into the pod. The fluid may include water.

Additionally, the fluid may be introduced into the pod at a suitable temperature, such as a temperature described herein.

[00246] The method may further include expelling the nutritional formula from the pod.

Expelling may include passing the nutritional formula through the outlet port of the pod and into a container (e.g., bottle, glass, and so forth) from which the subject consumes the nutritional formula.

[00247] In some embodiments, the contents of the pod (i.e., the nutritional powder) are intended to be processed (i.e., reconstituted into a liquid product suitable for oral consumption by a subject) within seconds after a hermetic seal of the pod is broken to allow liquid to flow therein, the content to flow therefrom, or a combination thereof. In such embodiments, the pod will typically be a single-use, disposable container. In other embodiments, the pod is sealable or re-sealable and is capable of re-use. In certain embodiments where the pod is sealable or re- sealable, the contents of the pod (i.e., the nutritional powder) may be stored for a short time (typically hours or days) by the consumer prior to reconstituting into a liquid product and the pod may or may not be hermetically sealed at any point.

[00248] In some embodiments, any delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is less than 1 second. In other embodiments, any delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is less than 2 seconds. In other embodiments, any delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is less than 3 seconds. In other embodiments, any delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is less than 4 seconds. In other embodiments, any delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is less than 5 seconds. In other embodiments, any delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is within the range of 1 second to 10 seconds. In some embodiments, a delay between the time the hermetic seal of the pod is disrupted and the initiation time is within the range of 1 second to 30 seconds.

[00249] In these embodiments, a subject desirably consumes at least one serving of the infant formula per day, and in some embodiments, may consume two, three, or even more servings per day. Each serving is desirably administered as a single undivided dose, although the serving may also be divided into two or more partial or divided servings to be taken at two or more times during the day. The methods of the present disclosure include continuous day after day administration, as well as periodic or limited administration, although continuous day after day administration is generally desirable. 4. Method of Manufacturing the Nutritional Powder

[00250] The nutritional powders may be prepared by any known or otherwise effective technique suitable for making and formulating nutritional powders, variations of which may depend upon variables such as the selected ingredient combination, packaging and container selection, and so forth. Such techniques and variations are described in the nutritional art or are otherwise well known to those skilled in the nutritional art.

[00251] Methods of manufacturing nutritional powders typically involve the initial formation of an aqueous slurry containing carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, stabilizers or other formulation aids, vitamins, minerals, or combinations thereof. The slurry is emulsified, pasteurized, homogenized, and cooled. Various other solutions, mixtures, or other materials may be added to the resulting emulsion before, during, or after further processing. The resulting mixture is then heated and dried into powder form, which may be accomplished by spray drying or other heat- treating methods of forming solid particulates in a powder matrix. Other essential or optional materials may also be added to the powder by dry blending, agglomerating, or otherwise combining the added material to the forming or just formed solid particulates.

[00252] If dry blending is used as part of the formulation process, the type and amount of dry blended carbohydrates in a nutritional powder may be analyzed. Analysis may be performed using a microscope, by preparing a microscope slide with a sample of the powder and placing the slide under a standard stereoscopic microscope. The different types of particles are visually analyzed in terms of shape, size, color, and transparency, and measurements are recorded. Each different powder particle and test is extracted using infrared vibrational spectroscopy to confirm its identity.

[00253] Alternatively or as a complement to the above-described method, analysis may be done by static image analysis by testing a sample of the powder using an image analysis sensor (e.g Malvern Morphologi G3). The analyzer provides a quantitative characterization of the different powder shapes and sizes.

[00254] Alternatively or as a complement to the above-listed methods, analysis may be done by via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). A sample of powder is evaluated using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (e.g., TA Instruments' Q200). The analyzer provides a heat flow thermogram, which can differentiate 100% spray dried powders from partially or 100% dry blended powders from glass transition peaks. [00255] The quantitative measurements from the static image analysis and DSC can be correlated to the different powder particles identified microscopically to calculate the type and amount of dry blended carbohydrates in the powder.

[00256] In one embodiment, a suitable manufacturing process may include the preparation of at least three separate slurries: a protein-in-fat (PIF) slurry, a carbohydrate- mineral (CHO-MIN) slurry, and a protein-in- water (PIW) slurry. The PIF slurry may be formed by heating and mixing the oil (e.g., canola oil, corn oil, soy oil, coconut oil, high oleic safflower oil) and then adding an emulsifier (e.g., lecithin), fat soluble vitamins, and a portion of the total protein (e.g., intact pea protein concentrate, milk protein concentrate, whey protein concentrate, nonfat milk) with continued heat and agitation. The CHO-MIN slurry may be formed by adding with heated agitation to water: minerals (e.g., potassium citrate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium citrate), trace and ultra trace minerals (TM/UTM premix), thickening or suspending agent. The resulting CHO-MIN slurry may be held for 10 minutes with continued heat and agitation before adding additional minerals (e.g., potassium chloride, magnesium carbonate, potassium iodide), and/or carbohydrates (e.g., HMOs, lactose, fructooligosaccharide, sucrose, corn syrup). The PIW slurry may then be formed by mixing with heat and agitation of the remaining protein, if any.

[00257] The resulting slurries are then blended together with heated agitation and the pH may be adjusted to the desired range, such as, from 6.6 to 7.5 (including 6.6 to 7), after which the nutritional emulsion is subjected to high-temperature short-time ("HTST") processing (i.e., about 165°F (74 C) for about 16 seconds) or an ultra high temperature (UHT) processing step (i.e., about 292°F (144 C) for about 5 seconds). The nutritional emulsion is heat treated, emulsified, homogenized, and cooled during the HTST or UHT process. Water soluble vitamins and ascorbic acid are added (if applicable), the pH is again adjusted (if necessary). The batch is evaporated, heat treated and spray dried. After drying, the powder may be transported to storage hoppers. The base powder may be dry blended with the remaining ingredients to form the nutritional powder. The nutritional powder is then packaged in appropriate containers (i.e., pods, packages containing one or more pods, or kits containing one or more pods) for distribution. Those of skill in the art will understand that standard intermediate manufacturing steps, such as bulk storage, packing in large bags or drums, transport to other locations, etc., may be

incorporated as part of this process. [00258] In some embodiments, the nutritional emulsion is dried to form a nutritional powder using any methods known in the art. By way of example, nutritional powders can be

manufactured by preparing at least two slurries, which are then mixed, heat treated, standardized, heat treated a second time, evaporated to remove water, and spray dried or dry blended to form a reconstitutable nutritional powder.

[00259] One exemplary method of preparing a spray dried nutritional powder suitable for use in the nutritional powder pods disclosed herein comprises forming and homogenizing an aqueous slurry or liquid comprising predigested fat, and optionally protein, carbohydrate, and other sources of fat, and then spray drying the slurry or liquid to produce a spray dried nutritional powder. The method may further comprise the step of spray drying, dry mixing, or otherwise adding additional nutritional ingredients, including any one or more of the ingredients described herein, to the spray dried nutritional powder.

[00260] Generally, when the nutritional powder for use in the nutritional powder pod is a spray dried nutritional powder or a dry blended nutritional powder, it may be prepared by any suitable known techniques. For example, the spray drying may include any spray drying technique that is suitable for use in the production of nutritional powders. Many different spray drying methods and techniques are known for use in the nutrition field, all of which are suitable for use in the manufacture of the spray dried nutritional powders herein. Following drying, the finished powder may be packaged into nutritional powder pods.

[00261] In other embodiments, the preparation of the nutritional powder comprises an extruded powder. Milling can also be included as a step in preparing the nutritional powder.

[00262] In some embodiments, the ingredients of the nutritional powder may be extruded as part of the process of making the nutritional powder. In certain embodiments, the ingredients are incorporated in the extruder hopper in the form of a dry feed or powder premix. The dry nutritional ingredients enter the extruder just after the point of entry of water. In certain embodiments, the water comprises from about 1% to about 80% by weight of the total weight of the water and dry ingredients. The amount of water added to the nutritional composition may be adjusted within the aforementioned ranges based on the desired physical properties of the extrudate. In certain embodiments, the nutritional ingredients may be premixed with water to form a thick emulsion, which is then fed into the extruder hopper in the form of a viscous liquid or sludge. The term "extrudate" refers to all or a portion of a nutritional composition that exits an extruder.

[00263] In some embodiments, the extruder used to produce the nutritional powder or extrudate operates in a continuous format. Generally, any extruder known for use in food processing may be utilized. In certain embodiments, extrusion is performed via a screw extruder. Said screw extruder may be a twin screw extruder or a single screw extruder. The extruder screws may consist of shear elements, mixing elements, conveying elements, kneading elements, emulsifying elements, disc elements, or a combination of the above in any

interchangeable order. The barrels of the extruder may be steam heated or electrically heated. In certain embodiments, extrusion takes place at a temperature between about 20 °C to about 99 °C, from about 30 °C to about 150 °C, or from about 70 °C to about 100 °C. In certain

embodiments, the ingredients are processed in the extruder for about 5 seconds to about 240 seconds or for about 30 seconds to about 180 seconds.

[00264] In some embodiments disclosed herein, the extrudate is dried following extrusion so as to remove most or all of the water contained therein. In such embodiments, any conventional drying methods may be used to remove the desired amount of water from the nutritional powder. For example, the nutritional powder extrudate may be dried using a vacuum, convective hot air, a tray dryer, infrared, or any combination of the above. In some embodiments, the nutritional powder extrudate may be further ground or milled to a desired particle size following drying. In some embodiments, additional protein and carbohydrate ingredients may be added to the final nutritional powder in the form of dry ingredients or a dry blend.

[00265] In some embodiments, in order to increase or enhance the particle porosity of the nutritional powder, a pressurized gas may be introduced into the nutritional emulsion at a suitable time during the manufacturing process. This pressurized gas may dissolve into the nutritional emulsion during the blending stages if these stages are similarly conducted under pressure. During the spray-drying or extrusion stages, though, the pressure may be reduced, allowing the depressurized gas to bubble out of the particles of nutritional powder that are being formed at this stage. The exiting gas bubbles may leave a greater number of open pores or expanded open pores in the nutritional powder particles.

[00266] In some embodiments, after the nutritional powder is packaged into the pod, the pod is sealed and then stored under ambient conditions or under refrigeration for up to 36 months or longer, more typically from about 6 months to about 24 months. In some embodiments, a package is provided containing a plurality of nutritional powder pods. In some embodiments, a package containing a plurality of nutritional powder pods is prepared and stored.

[00267] The present invention has multiple aspects, illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

5. Examples

[00268] The following examples were carried out employing compositions 1-3 as described in Table 3. Specific ingredients are shown in the lower portion of Table 3. In Table 3, the control is composition 2, which is identical to composition 1, but lacking the antioxidant component as indicated.

Table 3.

Example 1

Characterization of the Nutritional Powder

[00269] The nutritional powder described above was evaluated with regards to the size, surface area and shape of the particles comprising the powder, the porosity, thermal properties, bulk density, flowability, free fat content, and the wettability of the powder.

[00270] Particle Size and Shape. A study was conducted to evaluate the size of the nutritional powder particles, as well as their shape. Following the production of the nutritional powder, samples of said powder were collected and analyzed using a laser diffraction. From this analysis, the particle size of the nutritional powder was provided as a distribution of the average particle size. The results of these studies are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4.

[00271] The size and shape of the particles may further be examined via image analysis, for example, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The particle shape and morphology are also assessed for aspect ratio via the aforementioned techniques. For example, the Malvern Morphologi G3 can be used to measure the size and shape of particles by the technique of static image analysis. There are three essential stages in the measurement process; sample preparation and dispersion (this step is critical to getting good results); spatial separation of individual particles and agglomerates. The Morphologi G3 has an integrated dry powder disperser which makes preparing dry powder samples easy and reproducible. The applied dispersion energy can be precisely controlled, enabling the measurement process to be optimized for a range of material types. Dispersion is achieved without explosively shocking the particles, avoiding damage to fragile particles while ensuring strongly agglomerated materials are dispersed. Effective dispersion of fibers can also be achieved. The instrument captures images of individual particles by scanning the sample underneath the microscope optics, while keeping the particles in focus. The instrument can illuminate the sample from below or above, while accurately controlling the light levels. Additionally, polarizing optics can be used to study birefringent materials.

[00272] In summary, these studies determine the size and shape of the nutritional powder particles, which in turn, provides information regarding the wettability and flow properties of the nutritional formula described above. It is expected that these results demonstrate particle size(s) and shape(s) that provides improved wettability and flow properties relative to a nutritional powder that does not have the same particle size and shape as the nutritional powder disclosed herein.

[00273] Particle Surface Area. In addition to the above examination of the size and shape of the nutritional powder particles, the surface area of the nutritional powder particles is investigated. Samples of the nutritional powder are analyzed via image analysis, for example, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to yield surface are of said particles. Alternatively, the surface area of the nutritional powder particles may be analyzed according to a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) multilayer gas adsorption method. In accordance with such methods, "adsorption" is the accumulation of atoms or molecules on the surface of a material. This adsorption is usually described through isotherms, as in, the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure at constant temperature. This accumulation process creates a film of the adsorbate (the molecules or atoms being accumulated) on the surface of the adsorbent. Thus, the BET theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface, and serves as the basis for an analysis technique or the measurement of the surface area of a material. Exemplary BET methods include, but are not limited, to those similar to or according to ISO-9277 (Determination of the specific surface area of solid by gas adsorption- BET method). The BET method was performed on a Surface area and porosity analyzer using Krypton (Micromeretics TriStar II 3020).

[00274] In summary, these studies determine the surface area of the nutritional powder particles, which provides information regarding the wettability and flowability of the nutritional powder. It is expected that these results demonstrate a particle surface area that provides improved wettability and flowability relative to a nutritional powder that does not have the same particle surface area as the nutritional powder disclosed herein.

[00275] Thermal Properties. Studies were performed to investigate the thermal properties of the nutritional powder. Samples of the nutritional powder were transferred to a differential scanning calorimeter and examined for thermal properties over a temperature range of 0 °C to 120 °C. The glass transition temperature of composition 1 was determined to be 52 °C.

[00276] In summary, these studies determined the thermal properties of the nutritional powder, such as the glass transition temperature and melting temperature, which are useful as a comparison for a new product at a standard moisture range.

[00277] Porosity. A study is conducted to examine the porosity of the particles comprised within the nutritional powder. Following the production of the nutritional powder, a sample is analyzed via a non-wetting based method on a porosimeter. Specifically, the method involves the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (e.g., mercury) at high pressure into the powder. The pore size is based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid's surface tension. The volume of the open pores and interstitial void is then divided by the envelope powder volume. Values for porosity can be provided in units of % (i.e. from 0-100%). Measurement of skim milk powder provides values of 40-75%. One exemplary spray dried infant formula may produce a value of about 57%.

[00278] In summary, these studies determine the porosity of the nutritional powder, which in turn, provides information regarding the wettability and flow properties of the nutritional powder and formula. It is expected that these results demonstrate a porosity that provides improved wettability and flow properties relative to a nutritional powder that does not have the same porosity as the nutritional powder disclosed herein.

[00279] Wettability. The wettability of the nutritional powder was also examined. Wettability is defined as the period of time required for 1 teaspoon of powder to settle below the surface of water contained in a glass beaker. Wettability is designed to indirectly measure a powder's hydration characteristics. For example, a small amount of powder is dispersed on the surface of a small beaker of water. Particles which absorb water poorly will remain on top of the water for longer periods of time.

[00280] The method is as follows: 100 mL of tap water was added at the appropriate temperature to a glass beaker. The timing device was zeroed. One level teaspoon (~ 2.0 grams) of powder was scooped. Holding the scoop over the center top of the beaker, the scoop was turned over and the powder was dropped into the tap water and the timer was started. When all the powder had sunk below the water surface, the timer was stopped. Time was recorded in seconds.

Ill [00281] The wettability of compositions 1-3 are summarized in Table 5.

Table 5.

[00282] The wettability data indicates improved overall flow performance of the nutritional formula.

[00283] Flowability. A study is conducted to evaluate the flowability of the nutritional powder. After the nutritional powder is produced, a sample is transferred to a Brookfield powder flow tester. This instrument provides a flow factor and flow index of the nutritional powder sample.

[00284] Alternatively, the flowability index can be calculated by dividing the vibrated bulk density (VBD) by the loose bulk density (LBD), which were determined as described below. These results are summarized in Table 8. The flowability of compositions 1-3 are summarized in

Table 6.

Table 6.

[00285] In summary, these studies determined the flowability of the nutritional powder, which is reflective of the cohesive forces within the powder. These results demonstrate a flowability that provides improved wettability and flow characteristics relative to a nutritional powder that does not have the same flowability as the nutritional powder disclosed herein.

[00286] Bulk Density. A study was conducted to investigate the density of the nutritional powder. Samples of the nutritional powder were measured for their bulk densities by specifically examining both loose bulk density and vibrated bulk density. The study was conducted as follows: a calibrated vibrated bulk density cylinder was obtained. The bottom section was labeled with the cylinder's volume. The tare weight of the bottom section of the cylinder was recorded. The top on the cylinder was placed and filled to near overflowing with the sample to be analyzed. A powder funnel may be used to simplify this task. While holding the cylinder over a waste can, the top section was removed. A spatula or the top section of the cylinder was used to strike off the excess sample so that it was smooth and flush with the top of the bottom section. A dry cloth was used to remove any powder clinging to the outside of the bottom section. The bottom section (Gross weight) was weighed.

[00287] The vibrated bulk density was calculated by following the sample preparation described in the loose bulk density. Then the cylinder was placed on the vibrated bulk density apparatus making sure it rested against the stop pins. The cylinder was clamped into place. The timer was set and preset for repeatable one minute cycles. This ensured a similar vibration cycle for all samples. After making sure that the vibrator apparatus was set at an amplitude of 5, the vibration cycle was started. When completed, the cylinder was undamped and removed. While holding it over a waste can, the top section was removed. A spatula or the top section of the cylinder was used to strike off the excess sample so that it was smooth and flush with the top of the bottom section. A dry cloth was used to remove any powder clinging to the outside of the bottom section. The bottom section was weighed. The results of these studies are summarized in

Table 7.

Table 7.

[00288] In summary, both loose and vibrated bulk densities provided information on the nutritional powder, and may be important in the reconstitution of said powder. These results demonstrate powder bulk densities that provide improved wettability and reconstitution characteristics relative to a nutritional powder that does not have the same bulk density as the nutritional powder disclosed herein.

[00289] Free Fat Content. A study was performed to analyze the free fat content of the nutritional powder. The determination of fat free content was performed by stirring 2.00 g of nutritional powder in 80 mL of hexane (or another non-polar solvent such as petroleum ether) for 10 minutes, filtering the suspension through Whatman No. 41 paper into a tared beaker, evaporating the solvent at 80 °C, and measuring the non-volatile residue gravimetrically. The results are summarized in Table 8. Table 8.

[00290] These results demonstrate a fat free content that provides improved flowability relative to a nutritional powder that does not have the same fat free content as the nutritional powder disclosed herein.

[00291] Reconstitution. Generally, a nutritional powder reconstitution test was used to evaluate how thoroughly the nutritional powder was reconstituted under the operating conditions of a nutrient delivery system, and to determine a corresponding reconstitution rate.

[00292] Generally, according to this test, same size portions (e.g., portions of 2-5 g samples) were taken from the same batch of the nutritional powder to be tested. These portions were weighed both before and after drying (various type of drying can be utilized as long as each portion was dried using the same drying method, e.g., conventional drying techniques such as convection or IR can be utilized) to determine the initial moisture content of each portion (i.e., the weight lost to drying). The average initial moisture content (by weight) was determined by averaging the results from the multiple portions.

[00293] The weight of a resealable nutritional powder pod was measured both with and without a test sample of the nutritional powder enclosed therein to determine the initial weight of the sample of nutritional powder within the pod. Example amounts of the test samples of the nutritional powder were in the range from 2-150 grams.

[00294] The test system was configured to accommodate and operate under the operating conditions of a nutrient delivery system, as follows. The pressure within the pod, as well as the temperature of the water that contacts the nutritional powder and the amount of water flowing through the pod were controlled and measurable. For this test, the pod containing the test sample of the nutritional powder was inserted into the test system, and the system was set to deliver a certain amount of water (e.g., about 25-500 mL) at a certain temperature (e.g., in the range of 5- 50° C) under a certain pressure (e.g., 0.5-15 bar, or approximately 7-217 psia) into and through the pod. Under this test, the ratio of powder weight (grams) to water weight (grams) (where the density of water was taken to be 1 g/mL) was lower than 1 : 1 (e.g. , 1 : 1.1, 1 : 1.2, 1 : 1.3, 1 :2, 1 :3, 1 :5, etc.). In other words, relatively less powder (in grams) was used as compared to the amount (in grams) of water. A sufficiently large collection bottle was placed under the dispenser of the test system to receive the homogeneous liquid product output. The test system was started, and the homogeneous liquid product was collected in the collection bottle. It was intended that the test system may be a working nutrient delivery system operating under the above-specified conditions or a model system configured to simulate a nutrient delivery system and operating under the above-specified conditions.

[00295] Rate of Reconstitution: The rate of reconstitution is determined using the general test method and system described above, except that once the test system is started, aliquots are taken from the collection bottle or sample cups every 5 seconds until the product is fully dispensed. The total weight of reconstituted solids for each aliquot is determined in the same manner described above. The rate of reconstitution is determined by plotting, for each aliquot of liquid product collected, the weight of total reconstituted solids versus the collection time, thereby resulting in a "gram/ml ^» second" value.

[00296] In another embodiment, the reconstitution rate was determined by first turning on the microwave to warm up for 45 minutes. Funnel and tubing were set-up on the pod exit port of the nutrient delivery system, and 12 sample cups were labeled 1-12 accordingly. The nutrient delivery system was started at a water flow rate of 15 mL/second, and collection of the nutritional formula samples commenced as soon as formula entered the cup and was collected for 5 seconds. After 5 seconds, the tubing extending from the exit port was moved to the next cup (e.g., sample cup 2). This was continued until all of the nutritional formula had been dispensed from the nutrient delivery system.

[00297] Following completion of the nutrient delivery system run, an empty sample cup was tared, and each sample was weighed and recorded. Sample pads were placed in a microwave balance, and were tared (e.g., wait until the screen shows 0). A sample cup was taken and stirred for 5 seconds with a clean, unused syringe. Next, the syringe was filled with the sample and dispensed back into the cup. The syringe was filled again, and filled to a volume of 2 mL, except for samples 1-4, which were filled with 1 mL of sample. Next, the sample pads were removed from the microwave, and on the fuzzy side of one of the pads, sample was dispensed slowly from the syringe in a circular motion onto the center of the pad and moving outward. The other pad was placed on top of the aforementioned pad (fuzzy side down), and the two pads were pressed together. The pads were placed back into the microwave onto the balance, the microwave door closed, and the start button pressed to begin the process, which beeps and starts printing upon completion of the test. The percentage of total solids was recorded, and this was done for each sample.

[00298] All of the sample weights (g) were added up together to get the total weight. The sample weight was multiplied by the total solids (%) to get the sample total solids (g). Next, the sample solid total was multiplied by 1000 to convert the sample total solids to milligrams.

Finally, the sample solids total (mg) was divided by the total weight (g) by the sample time (sec) to get the total solids (mg) per total weight (g) per sample time (sec). The results are provided in Table 9.

[00299] Reconstituted Yield: The total solids in the final liquid product are measured using any standard drying technique (e.g., via a forced air oven or microwave drying technique) to remove the water from the final liquid product.

[00300] Next, the theoretical total solids content is determined according to the calculation below using an assumption that 100% of nutritional powder from the pod is delivered in the final liquid product.

[00301] Theoretical total solids = (total initial weight in grams of the powder sample in the model pod - average initial moisture in grams) / (water delivered in grams + total initial weight in grams of the powder sample in the model pod).

[00302] Finally, the reconstituted yield, which is the amount of reconstituted powder in the final liquid product is determined by dividing the final liquid product total solids by the theoretical solids (i.e., reconstituted yield = final liquid product total solids / theoretical total solids). The reconstituted yield is reported as a number (e.g., 0.XX or as a percentage, e.g., XX%).

[00303] In another embodiment, reconstitution yield was determined by running the nutrient delivery system with a water flow rate of 120 mL over 5 seconds, and allowing the pod to remain within the system. One large sample cup was labeled with the run number, and a collection beaker or funnel was placed under the exit valve with the tubing set-up. Next, the accumulator was filled with approximately 120 mL of water and the nutrient delivery system was run again, with the original pod remaining within. The rinse water sample was collected within the sample cup. Similar to above in the reconstitution rate analysis, an empty sample cup was tared on a balance, and the rinse water sample weighed. In addition and like recited above, the steps used to determine total solids via microwave/pad analysis were used for the rinse water sample;

however, 5 ml of sample was used relative to the smaller volumes listed above.

[00304] Then the percentage of total solids of the rinse water was multiplied by the grams of rinse water to get the grams of total solids of the rinse water. Next, the grams of total solids of the rinse water were divided by the percentage of total solids of the powder to get the grams of powder remaining in the pod. The grams of powder remaining in the pod were divided by the grams of powder put into the pod to get the ratio of powder remaining in the pod relative to powder put in the pod. Finally, the ratio of powder remaining in the pod relative to powder put in the pod was subtracted from 1 and multiplied by 100 to get the percentage of powder reconstituted. The results are provided in Table 9.

Table 9.

[00305] Spectral Properties. A study was conducted to evaluate the spectral properties of the nutritional powder. The spectral characterization was assessed by transferring a sample of the nutritional powder to a spectrophotometer and measuring the Hunter L, a and b values. These values were dependent on the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity of the nutritional formula, and indicate the lightness and color-opponent dimension of the nutritional formula. Spectral properties of composition 1 are provided in Table 10.

Table 10. Example 2

Characterization of the Nutritional Formula

[00306] The nutritional formula described above was evaluated with regards to foaming, gas entrapment/entrainment or density, viscosity, spectral properties, dispersibility and emulsion stability.

[00307] Dispersibility. A study was conducted to investigate the dispersibility of the nutritional formula. Following the production of the nutritional formula by a mechanical shaker, a sample was removed from and immediately poured through an 80 mesh screen. The receiving flask was filled approximately ¼ full with tap water to dislodge any particles that may remain in the flask, and poured through the screen. The screen was not rinsed with tap water. The particles remaining on the screen were rated using scaled photographs. If one lump that is 0.5 inch or greater remains on the screen, repeat the test. Each sample was tested in duplicate, and the average reported as the final result. Because the precision of the method is limited by the capability of the subjective rating, duplicate measurement was required.

[00308] In an additional experiment, the dispersibility of the nutritional formula was measured by the "80 Mesh Determination of Infant Formulas," which describes the firmness and solubility of particles from the gel, sediment, and creaming within a product. This evaluation attempts to identify what product defects may lead to a clogged nipple.

[00309] This experiment employed either a 3" U.S. Standard 80 mesh sieve, a 5" U.S. Standard 80 mesh sieve, or a 8" U.S. Standard 80 mesh sieve. The 5"or 8" sieve was used for samples in containers 11 oz. or greater. The 3" sieve was used for samples in containers 8 oz. or smaller.

[00310] A flow of tap water was adjusted to a temperature of 110°F. The sieve was held over the sink and the sample (nutritional formula) was poured through the sieve. The sample container was then filled with water to rinse and poured through the sieve again. The water flow was fanned with an empty hand and the sieve rinsed for 20 seconds for samples that were a concentrated liquid, and rinsed for 3 seconds for sample that were ready-to-feed samples. The remaining particles on the screen were given a value of 1-6 using the following scale: 1 - No particles; 2 - First evidence of very small particles to a slight amount of small particles with a maximum size of approximately 1.0 mm; 3 - Slight amount of small particles with a few moderate size particles; 4 - Moderate amount of medium sized particles with a moderate amount of small particles; 5 - A heavy amount of varying sized particles covering most of the sieve screen; 6 - An excessive amount of any sized particles which cover the entire sieve screen and may plug the screen openings.

[00311] In another embodiment, the dispersibility of the nutritional formula was measured using a mesh sieve. For example, the nutritional formula was provided by the nutrient delivery system and poured through an 8 inch, 80 mesh sieve. Next, 100 mL of slightly warm water was added to the sample container and gently swirled. The residual rinse was also passed through the 80 mesh sieve, ensuring that the pour was distributed thoroughly over the area of the sieve. The total number of particles present on the sieve were measured using a mm stick and /or ruler. The size of the particles was stratified into groups consisting of less than 1 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and greater than 5mm.

[00312] In another embodiment, dispersibility of the nutritional formula may be assessed after the nutritional powder is reconstituted via hand shaking. First, a tape was placed along a bench and/or table, which was used to mark the distance of the shake. The amount of powder was weighed to provide approximately an 8 oz serving, and the water bath was set to approximately 105 °F to 110 °F. An amount of 210 mL of heated water was placed into an Avent baby bottle, and the preweighed powder was placed into the baby bottle. The baby bottle was capped, and the Metronome application was set to 242. Next, the baby bottle was held horizontally beside one end of the tape, a stop watch was started, and the baby bottle vigorously moved back and forth horizontally along the distance of the tape for 10 seconds. This distance and time roughly corresponds to a 40 count by Metronome beat. After this period of bottle shaking, the bottle cap was immediately removed and the contents poured through an 80 mesh sieve. The baby bottle was rinsed slightly, in order to remove any foam or clumps, and the rinse fluid poured through an 80 mesh sieve. Similar to above, the number and size of particles covering the surface of the sieve were measured and recorded. The size of the particles was stratified into groups consisting of less than 1 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and greater than 5 mm.

[00313] The dispersibility results are summarized in Table 11. The dispersibility indicates an improved flow formula relative to a nutritional formula lacking one or more of the components in the amounts described above.

Table 11. Subjective Mesh

1 2 1 7 4 0 4 5 1

2 2.5 1 39 15 0 5 8 0

3 2.5 1 24 12 2 16 17 6

[00314] Foaming. A study was conducted to evaluate the foaming of the nutritional formula described above. As the nutrient delivery system provides the nutritional formula at a water flow rate of 5 mL/second, the nutritional formula was captured within a graduated cylinder. The total volume of foam and liquid (mL) in the cylinder was measured at 0 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after being dispensed from the nutrient delivery system. Foaming is indicated by a number of different parameters, such as: total foam volume measured at the aforementioned listed intervals, and foaming ratio of the initial volume divided by the volume at the variable time points listed above. The foam ratio describes the foam dissipation over a variable time interval for a sample.

[00315] In another embodiment, the foaming procedure was performed by providing the nutritional formula from the nutrient delivery system, and immediately pouring the nutritional formula slowly down the side of a slightly tilted 250 mL graduated cylinder. Near the end of the pour, the container used to capture the nutritional formula was swirled and any remaining foam was transferred into the 250 mL graduated cylinder. The cylinder was set upright to determine where the layer of foam begins and ends. A flashlight may be used if necessary. The divisions on the cylinder that encompass the foam layer were counted and recorded, which was referred to as the initial time point. The foam layer was observed again at 15 minutes and 30 minutes, and the amount of foam at each time point was recorded in the manner as described above. It should be noted that as the foam dissipates there may be pockets of foam and/or bubbles clinging to the side of the cylinder. Only foam that was dense and was part of the bulk layer was counted towards the foam volume. Results are summarized in Table 12.

Table 12.

[00316] In another embodiment, foaming procedure was performed by providing the nutritional formula by reconstituting the nutritional powder via hand shaking. First, a tape was placed along a bench and/or table, which was used to mark the distance of the shake. The amount of powder was weighed to provide an 8 oz serving, and the water bath was set to approximately 105 °F to 110 °F. An amount of 210 mL of heated water was placed into an Avent baby bottle, and the preweighed powder was placed into the baby bottle. The baby bottle was capped, and the Metronome application was set to 242. Next, the baby bottle was held horizontally beside one end of the tape, a stop watch was started, and the baby bottle vigorously moved back and forth horizontally along the distance of the tape for 10 seconds. This distance and time roughly corresponds to a 40 count by Metronome beat. After this period of bottle shaking, the bottle cap was immediately removed and the contents were immediately poured slowly down the side of a slightly tilted 250 mL graduated cylinder. Near the end of the pour, the container used to capture the nutritional formula was swirled and any remaining foam was transferred into the 250 mL graduated cylinder. The cylinder was set upright to determine where the layer of foam begins and ends. A flashlight may be used if necessary. The divisions on the cylinder that encompass the foam layer were counted and recorded, which was referred to as the initial time point. The foam layer was observed again at 15 minutes and 30 minutes, and the amount of foam at each time point was recorded in the manner as described above. It should be noted that as the foam dissipates there may be pockets of foam and/or bubbles clinging to the side of the cylinder. Only foam that was dense and was part of the bulk layer was counted towards the foam volume.

Results are summarized in Table 13.

Table 13.

[00317] The nutritional formula displays reduced foaming relative to a nutritional formula lacking one or more of the components in the amounts described above. This reduced foaming, in turn, provides a decrease in negative side effects associated with foaming, e.g., gassiness, thereby providing an improved overall quality in the experience of consuming the nutritional formula described herein.

[00318] Gas Entrapment/Entrainment & Density. A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the density of the nutritional formula. Specifically, once the nutritional formula was prepared using a mechanical shaker, the density was assessed using an automated density meter (Mettler Toledo DE51). Density for composition 1 was measured to be 1.07 g/mL.

[00319] In order to determine if entrapped air is responsible for any difference in formula density (relative to a nutritional formula lacking one or more of the components in the amounts described above), a subset of samples is transferred to a Buchner flask, with a stir bar, and sealed with a rubber stopper. The samples are placed under vacuum (~25 in. Hg) for approximately 2 hours to remove air from product. Density measurements, as described above, are then repeated for degassed samples. Alternatively, samples may be degassed via centrifugation.

[00320] In another embodiment, entrapped/entrained air was measured using a PAPEC

Squeezer. A compression piston full was removed to the end of a sample tube, and rotated one revolution. The sample, which was prepared using the nutrient delivery system using a water flow rate of 5 mL/second, was poured into the tube and the tube filled up to the beginning of the threaded area at the top of the tube, which was approximately 240 mL. The screw on the cap was replaced, and the bleed valve was confirmed to be open (e.g., arrows are pointing up and down). Next, the tube was slightly tilted with the brass bleed valve at the top, and the compression piston turned clockwise to dispel the air pocket. When bubbles appeared out of the bleed valve, the bleed valve was stopped and closed (e.g., arrows are horizontal). The compression piston was rotated clockwise, while counting the turns (e.g., 1 turn = 360°) and fraction of turns, until the fluid rises to the back score mark on the pressure indicating tube. The number of turns was recorded, including the fraction of turns. Finally, the percentage of entrained air was calculated using the following formula:

Entrapped/Entrained Air = (total turns including fraction of turns) - 0.5 * 2.2 (1)

[00321] The entrained air measurements provide information regarding the flow characteristics of the nutritional formula as well as information regarding any side effects that may be associated with consumption of the nutritional formula. The nutritional formula has an air entrainment that promotes positive side effects and negates negative side effects arising from the consumption of nutritional formulas that lack one or more of the components in the amounts described above. The results are provided in Tables 12 and 13.

[00322] Viscosity. A study was conducted to investigate the viscosity of the nutritional formula. The nutritional formula was provided by a mechanical shaker. The viscosity was assessed by transferring a sample of the nutritional formula to a rheometer and measuring the viscosity of said formula. The viscosity of composition 1 was determined to be 4.0 cps.

[00323] In summary, the viscosity provides information regarding the overall flow

performance of the nutritional formula. The measured viscosity indicates an improved flow performance of the nutritional formula relative to a nutritional formula lacking one or more of the components in the amounts described above.

[00324] Spectral Properties. A study was conducted to evaluate the spectral properties of the nutritional formula. Once a nutritional formula was provided by a mechanical shaker, the spectral properties were assessed by transferring a sample of the nutritional formula to a spectrophotometer and measuring the Hunter L, a and b values. These values were dependent on the wettability, emulsion stability, and emulsion homogeneity of the nutritional formula, and indicate the lightness and color-opponent dimension of the nutritional formula. The spectral properties of composition 1 are summarized in Table 14.

Table 14.

[00325] Emulsion stability. A study is conducted to evaluate the stability of the emulsions within the nutritional formula. The nutritional formula is provided by a mechanical shaker, hand shaking, or a nutrient delivery system.

[00326] Specifically, the nutritional formula is analyzed for emulsion size using laser diffraction, wherein a refractive index of 1.462 is used for the dispersed phase and 1.332 is used for the continuous phase (water). Emulsion particle size within the nutritional formula is provided as a distribution of the average particle size. Particle size of the emulsion is measured at variable time points post production of the nutritional formula. [00327] It is expected that the nutritional formula exhibits an improved emulsion stability relative to a nutritional formula lacking one or more of the components in the amounts described above.

[00328] In addition to the above described properties, the following properties were measured for the compositions: water activity, moisture (%), soluble protein, and protein digestibility. The results of these tests are summarized in Table 15.

Table 15.

Example 3

OXIDATIVE STABILITY INDEX (OSI)

[00329] OSI values were determined for samples of compositions 1-3. A sample of each composition was weighed into a disposable glass test tube. The test tube was then placed in a heating block at a temperature of 110°C. Clean, dry air was bubbled through the sample, and the effluent stream of air was bubbled through a collection tube filled with ultrapure water. An electrode was placed in the water, and the instrument monitored the conductivity. As the oil oxidized, volatile organic acids were given off, trapped in the collection tube, and increased the conductivity of the water. The instrument generated a plot of conductivity vs. time, and determined the inflection point in the conductivity curve. This inflection point was defined as the OSI time. A mathematical conversion was used to convert the OSI time into a corresponding AOM time. The results of the OSI experiments are summarized in Table 16.

Table 16.

Example 4

NMR Oxidative Stability Index (NMR-OSI) [00330] NMR-OSI values were determined for samples of compositions 1-3 after 1 month at elevated temperature, 3 months at elevated temperature and 3 months at room temperature.

[00331] Lipid Extraction: Approximately 100 mg of each sample was weighed into glass screw-top centrifuge tubes after mixing each powder to minimize any sample heterogeneity. A 1 mL aliquot of methanol^ was pipetted into each tube then vortexed for 1 minute. After vortexing, 2 mL of chloroform-d were added and the vials vortexed for 30 seconds. The solutions were allowed to sit at room temperature for approximately 90 minutes, and then were cold-centrifuged at 3,000 G for 10 minutes. The solutions were filtered through 0.2 um PTFE syringe filters and 200 uL of each pipetted into 3 mm glass NMR tubes.

[00332] NMR Analysis: NMR data was collected quantitatively at 25 °C on a Varian 500 MHz VNMRS spectrometer using a Varian 3mm PFGID probe. Carbon- 13 decoupling was used to remove C13 satellite peaks. Spectra were internally referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at 0 ppm. NMR-OSI ratios are reported as the average of two integrations for two preparations (4 integrations total) of each variable/batch. The results of the NMR-OSI experiments are summarized in Table 17.

Table 17.

Example 5

SENSORY OXIDATION EVALUATION

[00333] Sensory oxidation values were determined for samples of compositions 1-3 after 1 month at elevated temperature, 3 months at elevated temperature and 3 months at room temperature.

[00334] A sensory evaluation study was conducted for each nutritional powder. Oxygen headspace was tested prior to opening the container used in each evaluation. Sample powders in the studies were subjected to sensory oxidation method (e.g., sensory evaluation or detection of rancid flavor and/or aroma) at 1 and 3 months. The powders were stored at room temperature or elevated temperatures up to about 50°C. [00335] The following procedure in Table 18 was used to test and monitor the samples. Following in Table 19 is the sensory oxidation scale employed for evaluation. Table 20 summarizes the sensory oxidation results for compositions 1-3.

Table 18. Sensory Oxidation Procedure

Table 19. Sensory Oxidation Scale

Table 20. 1 0 0 0 1.4 5.3

2 0 0 0 0.8 4.3

3 0 0 4 1.6 3.5

Example 6

PEROXIDE VALUE (PV) ANALYSIS

[00336] Peroxide value analysis was accomplished for samples of compositions 1-3 after 1 month at elevated temperature, 3 months at elevated temperature and 3 months at room temperature.

[00337] Reagents: acetic acid - chloroform solution (7.2 mL acetic acid / 4.8 mL chloroform); saturated potassium iodide solution; Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1N; 1% starch solution; distilled or deionized water.

[00338] Procedure: The oil was extracted from the powder and then tested. A blank

determination of the reagents was conducted: 2.00 g of a sample was weighed into a 100 mL glass stoppered Erlenmeyer flask. 12 mL of the acetic acid - chloroform solution was added. The flask was swirled until the sample was completely dissolved (careful warming on a hot plate may be necessary). Using a 1 mL Mohr pipette, 0.2 mL of a saturated potassium iodide solution was added. The flask was stoppered and swirled for one minute. Immediately, 12 mL of distilled water was added. The flask was stoppered and shaken vigorously to liberate the iodine from the chloroform layer. The burette was filled with 0.1N sodium thiosulfate. If the starting color of the solution was deep red orange, the solution was titrated slowly with sodium thiosulfate until the color lightened. If the solution was initially a light amber color, the next step was implemented. 1 mL of starch solution was added as indicator. The solution was then titrated until the blue gray color disappeared in the aqueous layer (upper layer). PV was calculated by using the following formula:

CALCULATIONS: S = titration of sample B= titration of blank;

Peroxide value = (S - B) x N thiosulfate xlOOO/weight of sample

[00339] The measured values are summarized in Table 21.

Table 21. Peroxide Value (mEq)

Composition 1M elevated temp 3M room temp 3M elevated temp

1 3.4 4.8 4.9

2 4.3 4.3 5.5

3 3.3 5.3 4.7

Example 7

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) ANALYSIS

[00340] Samples of the nutritional powder are analyzed for volatile organic compounds such as pentanal, hexanal, and octanal by use of a GC/MS system. The amount of each aldehyde found in the nutritional powders is compared to an internal standard. Experimental conditions are summarized below in Table 22.

Table 22. Testing parameters for VOC analysis

Example 8

SECONDARY LIPID OXIDATION PRODUCTS (SLOP)

[00341] The concentration of a secondary lipid oxidation product, hexanal, was determined for samples of compositions 1-3 after 1 month at elevated temperature, 3 months at elevated temperature and 3 months at room temperature. [00342] Samples of the nutritional powder are analyzed for pentane, pentanal, hexanal, 1- octene-3-ol, octanal, (E)-2-hexenal, l-octen-3-one, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, and (E)-2-octenal by use of a GC/MS system. The concentration of each oxidation product is determined.

Experimental conditions are summarized below in Table 23. The measured concentration of hexanal for each composition is summarized in Table 24.

Table 23. Testing parameters for SLOP analysis

Table 24.

Example 9

FISHY OFF-NOTE SENSORY TEST

[00343] Samples of compositions 1-3 were evaluated by a trained taste panel, in a sensory test, for fishy off-note scores after being stored 1 month at elevated temperature, 3 months at elevated temperature and 3 months at room temperature. The nutritional powders were stored in open or closed containers at room temperature or elevated temperatures up to about 60 °C. An initial evaluation was followed by evaluation of fishy off-note scores at the predetermined time points. The following procedure in Table 25 was used at each test interval for sensory lab sample preparation and delivery.

Table 25. Testing protocol for sensory analysis

[00344] The samples were given a score of 0-3 using the scale outlined in Table 26. The results of these tests are summarized in Table 27.

Table 26. Fishy Off-Note Sensory Scale

Table 27.

[00345] Taken together, the experimental results presented herein demonstrate that the presence of antioxidants in the nutritional composition provides a composition that is protected from oxidation. Compositions with antioxidants and/or increased DHA have decreased oxidation products and improved organoleptic properties.

[00346] It is understood that the foregoing detailed description and accompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the appended claims and their equivalents.

[00347] Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications, including without limitation those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, intermediates, syntheses, compositions, formulations, or methods of use of the invention, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.