ALDEHYDES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

|0001] This application is filed under the Patent Corporation Treaty, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No, 62/250,892, filed on November 4, 2,015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present disclosure relates to catalysts, catalyst compositions, and methods for the hydroformylation of olefins,

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

|0003] Hydroformylation is used as an industrial process for the production of aldehydes from olefins. This process uses homogeneous catalysts to add a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom across a carbon -carbon double bond of the olefin. In addition to unsubstituted olefins, substituted olefins such as allyl alcohol, aciylic acid, and methacrylic acid can also be hydroformylated. Numerous research efforts have been undertaken to optimize the production of the ratio of linear to branched hydroformylation reaction products. In the past, many of the catalyst optimizations have focused on increasing the amount of the linear products. However, the branched products are also useful, and thus catalysts which result in a higher branched to linear reaction product ratio would be benefit in order to better address this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods comprising the steps:

(i) admixing allyl alcohol with CO and Hi to form a starting material mixture; and

(ii) reacting the starting material mixture in the presence of a catalyst under conditions capable of forming a product mixture comprising 4-hydroxybutanal and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal;

wherein the catalyst is a transition metal complex comprising a transition metal ion and a diphosphine ligand with a bite angle from about 70° to about 100°, and wherein the ratio of 4-hydroxybutanal to 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal in the product mixture is less than 1.5: 1. [0005] In some embodiments, the diphosphine ligand has a bite angle from about 85° to about 95°.

[0006] In some embodiments, the ratio of 4-hydroxybutanal to 2-methyl-3- hydroxypropanal is less than 0.75 : 1 .

[0007] In some embodiments, the transition metal is a Rh, Re, or Co ion, for example, a

Rh ion.

[0008] In some embodiments, the reaction of step (ii) occurs at a temperature from about

20 °C to about 120 °C and at a pressure from about 20 psi to about 600 psi (about 140 to about 4, 100 kPa).

[0009] In some embodiments, the starting material mixture further comprises a solvent.

[0010] In some embodiments, the amount of allyl alcohol in the starting material mixture is 5-40 t%. In some embodiments, the starting material mixture further comprises a phosphine(C3-3o> or a substituted phosphine(C3-30).

[0011] In some embodiments, the methods further comprise a step (iii): separating 2- methyl-3-hydroxypropanal from the product mixture to obtain purified 2-methyl-3- hydroxypropanal .

[0012] In some embodiments, the methods further comprise a step (iv): hydrogenating the product mixture in the presence of H ₂ gas and a hydrogenation catalyst to produce a diol.

[0013 In some embodiments, the diphosphine ligand has the formula:

wherein:

R] , R?, R; ', and Ri' are each independently selected from aryl^-n) or substituted aryl ₍ c6- R ₃ , R4, R ₃ ', and R4' are each independently selected from, hydrogen, aikyl ₍ ci-i2>, substituted a]kyl _(C 2), aiyl(ce-i2), or substituted aryl ₍ c6-i2);

Rs is alkyi(Ci-i2), substituted alkyl<c!-j 2), aiy ce-n), or substituted aryl c6-i2); or is taken together with Rg and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl{ci-&);

R5' is alkyl(Ci-] 2), substituted alkyl(C 2), aryl(ce-i 2), or substituted arylice-!?.); or is taken together with IV and is a3kanediyl.;ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci -6>;

Re is alkyl(Ci-i2), substituted alkylfci-i j), arylce-n), or substituted is taken together with R5 and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci-6); or is taken together with e' and is alkanediyl<ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl<ci.6); and

Rs' is alkyi(ci-i2), substituted alkyl(ci-i2), aryi(ce-i2), or substituted arylce-i?.); is taken together with R ₅ ' and is aIkanediyl<ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl<ci-6); or is taken together with Re and is alkanediyl(ci-e) or substituted alkanediyl(ci-6).

[0014] In some embodiments, the diphosphme iigand is selected from those described above or below. For example, in some of these embodiments, the diphosphine ligand is further defined as:

|001S] In some embodiments, the catalyst is present in the product mixture in an amount from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm.

[0016] In some embodiments, the reaction time of step (ii) is from about 0,5 hours to about 4 hours.

[0017] In some embodiments, the methods result in an HMPA yield greater than 50%. In some embodiments, the methods result in an ally! alcohol conversion percentage of greater than 75%.

[0018] In another aspect, hydroformylation methods are provided comprising: (i) admixing an a-olefiii(C3-24), a substituted a-olefin<c3-24), or styrene with CO and H ₂ to form a starting material mixture; and

(ii) reacting the starting material mixture in the presence of a catalyst under conditions capable of producing linear and branched aldehydes,

wherein the catalyst is a transition metal complex comprising a transition metal ion and a diphosphine ligand with a bite angle from about 70° to about 100°, and wherein the ratio of the linear to branched aldehydes is less than 1.5: 1.

[0019] In some embodiments, the a-olefin(C3-24) or substituted a-olefin(C3-24) s hexene, allyl alcohol, allyl acetate, or vinyl acetate. In some embodiments, the diphosphine ligand is selected from those described above or below.

|0Θ20] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. As will be apparent, certain embodiments, as disclosed herein, are capable of modifications in various aspects without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims as presented herein. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0021 ] The following figures illustrate various embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein. Hie claimed subject matter may be better understood by the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figure, in which:

[0022] Figure 1 shows the bite angle (β ^η ) of bidentate phosphorus iigands as a function of excess strain energy (kcal/mol). The flexibility range indicated on this graph shows were the potential energy is 3 kcal/mol or lower.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Hydroformylation Reactions

[0023] In one aspect, hydroformylation methods are provided comprising:

(i) admixing an a-olefin(C3-24), a substituted a-olefin(C3-24), or styrene with CO and H ₂ to form a starting material mixture; and

(ii) reacting the starting material mixture in the presence of a catalyst under conditions capable of producing linear and branched aldehydes,

wherein the catalyst is a transition metal complex comprising a transition metal ion and a diphosphine hgand with a bite angle from about 70° to about 100°, and wherein the ratio of the linear to branched aldehydes is less than 1 ,5: 1. In some embodiments, the a-olefm.;c3 -24) or substituted -o3efm ₍ c3-2 ) is hexene, allyl alcohol, allyl acetate, or vinyl acetate,

|0024] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods comprising the steps:

(i) admixing allyl alcohol with CO and ¾ to form a starting material mixture; and

(ii) reacting the starting material mixture in the presence of a catalyst under conditions capable of forming a product mixture comprising 4-hydroxybutanal and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal;

wherein the catalyst is a transition metal complex comprising a transition metal ion and a diphosphine iigand with a bite angle from about 70° to about 100°, and wherein the ratio of 4-hydroxybutanal to 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal in the product mixture is less than 1 ,5 : 1.

A. Catalyst Compositions

|0Θ25] In some embodiments, the catalyst is a transition rnetal complex comprising a transition metal ion and a diphosphine iigand with a bite angle from about 70° to about 100°. In some of these embodiments, the diphosphine Iigand has a bite angle from about 75° to about 95°, from about 85° to about 100°, or from about 85° to about 95°.

[0026] In some embodiments, the transition metal is a rhodium (Rh), rhenium. (Re) or cobalt (Co) ion. In some embodiments, the diphosphine Iigand has the formula:

wherein:

Ri, R>, Ri', and R ₂ ' are each independently selected from aryl _(C 6-i2) or substituted aryl _(C 6-

1 2),

R-3, R ₄ , R3', and 4' are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl(ci- i2), substituted alkyl(ci-n), aryl(C6-i2), or substituted

R ₅ is alkyl(ci-i2), substituted alkyl ₍ ci-i2), aryl(C6-i >), or substituted aryl(C6-n> or is taken together with R and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci-6);

R ₅ ^! is alkyl _{ cM2), substituted alkyl<ci-i2), aiyl<c6-i2), or substituted aryl(C6-i2); or is taken together with ^' and is alkanediyl ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci-6>;

Re is alkyI{CM2), substituted alkyl{ci-i2), aryl<c6-i2), or substituted aryl(C6-i2); is taken together with R ₅ and is alkanediyi(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl<a-6); or is taken together with Re and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci-6); and

Ri is alkyl ₍ ci-i2), substituted alkyl ₍ ci.i2), ar l ₍ c6-i2), ^or substituted aryl ₍ c6-;2i- is taken together with R;,' and is alkanediyl _{( 1-6)} or substituted alkanediyl _(C i-6); or is taken together with ¾ and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci-6)-

In some of these embodiments, the diphosphine ligand is further defined as:

[0028] In some embodiments, the starting material mixture further comprises a phosphine(C3-30) or a substituted phosphine{C3-30).

B. Reaction Conditions

[0029] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprising reacting the starting material mixtures defined above in the presence of a catalyst under conditions capable of forming product mixtures comprising linear and branched aldehydes, including, for example, 4-hydroxybutanal and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal . [0030] In some embodiments, the starting material mixture further comprises a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is an organic solvent, for example, with low water content. In some of these embodiments, the solvent is a hydrocarbon, for example, an aromatic solvent (e.g. , toluene), an alcohol, an ether (e.g., MTBE), or an aliphatic hydrocarbon (e.g. , cyciohexane). In some embodiments, the amount of ally! alcohol in the starting material mixture is 5-40 wt%. In some of these embodiments, the amount of ally! alcohol in the starting material mixture is 5-25 wt% or 10-25 wt%.

[0031] In some embodiments, the catalyst is a transition metal complex comprising a transition metal ion and a diphosphine ligand with a bite angle from about 70° to about 100°. In some of these embodiments, the transition metal ion is a Rh, Re, or Co ion, for example, a Rh ion. In some of these embodiments, the transition metal ion is present in the starting material mixture or in the product mixture in an amount of from 10 ppm to 1,000 ppm, in an amount from 50 ppm to 500 ppm, or in an amount from 100 ppm to 200 ppm.

[0032] In some embodiments, the reaction of step (ii) occurs at a temperature from about

20 °C to about 120 °C and at a pressure from about 20 psi to about 600 psi (about 140 to about 4, 1 0 kPa). In some embodiments, the temperature is from 20 °C to 120 °C, from 45 °C to 85 °C, or from 50 °C to 80 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the pressure is from 20 psi to 600 psi, from 30 psi to 400 psi, from 30 psi to 300 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure is about 200 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure of the CO is from 5 to 100 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure of the hydrogen is from 40 psi to 200 psi. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of H ₂ :CO is from 10: 1 to 1 : 10, from 3 : 1 to 1 :3, or about 1 : 1. In some embodiments, the reaction time of step (ii) is from about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours.

[0033] In some embodiments, the methods further comprise a step (iii) of separating 2- methyl-3-hydroxypropana] from the product mixture to obtain purified 2-methyl-3- hydroxypropanal. In some embodiments, the ratio of 4-hydroxybutanal to 2-methyl-3- hydroxypropanal is less than 1.5 : 1, less than 1 : 1, or less than 0.75 : 1.

[0034] In some embodiments, the methods further comprise a step (iv) of hydrogenating the product mixture in the presence of H ₂ gas and a hydrogenation catalyst to produce a diol . In some embodiments, the hydrogenation catalyst is a transition metal or transition metal alloy. In some embodiments, the transition metal is nickel (Ni), Co, Ru, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or chromium (Cr). In some embodiments, the hydrogenation catalyst is an alloy of these. In some embodiments, the hydrogenation catalyst is Ni, for example, Raney®- Nickel. In some embodiments, the hydrogenation reaction is carried out under a hydrogen pressure from 200 psi to 1,000 psi or from 300 to 1 ,000 psi . In some embodiments, the hydrogenation reaction is carried out at a temperature from 60 °C to 200 °C or from 80 °C to 140 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction time of step (iv) is from about 1 hour to about 10 hours.

|003S] In some embodiments, the methods result in an HMPA yield greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or a value in a range of from 60-99.9%. In some embodiments, the methods result in an allyl alcohol conversion percentage of greater than 75%, greater than 85%, or greater than 99.5%.

|0Θ36] U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,271,295, 7,279,606, and 7,294,602 provide additional information regarding hydroformyiation reaction conditions, procedures, equipment, substrates, products, and catalysts. Content from these references is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

II. Process Scale-Up

[0037] The above methods can be further modified and optimized for preparative, pilot- or large-scale production, either batch or continuous, using the principles and techniques of process chemistry as applied by a person skilled in the art. Such principles and techniques are taught, for example, in Practical Process Research & Development (2012), which is incorporated herein by reference.

III. Definitions

|0038] The use of the word "a" or ^" 'an," when used in conjunction with the term

"comprising" in the claims and/or the specification may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one."

[0039] Throughout this application, the term "about" is used to indicate that a value includes the variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the studies.

[0040] For the chemical groups and compound classes, the number of carbon atoms in the group or class is as indicated as follows: "Cn" defines the exact number (n) of carbon atoms in the group/class. "C<n" defines the maximum number (n) of carbon atoms that can be in the group/class, with the minimum number as small as possible for the group/class in question, e.g. , it is understood that the minimum number of carbon atoms in the group "alkenyl ₍ c<8)" or the class "alkene(c≤8)" is two and may be compared with "alkoxyvc<io)", which designates alkoxy groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, "Cn-n"' defines both the minimum (n) and maximum number (η') of carbon atoms in the group. Thus, "alkyl(C2-io ₎ " designates those alkyl groups having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. These carbon number indicators may precede or follow the chemical groups or class it modifies and it may or may not be enclosed in parenthesis, without signifying any change in meaning. Thus, the terms "C5 olefin", "C5-olefin", "olefin^ ₎ ", and "defines" are synonymous.

[0041] The term "alkyl" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to a monovalent saturated aliphatic group with a carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched acyclic structure, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The groups -CH (Me), CH .( i ! : (Et), -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ (n-Pr or propyl), -CH(CH ₃ ) ₂ (/-Pr, 'Ρτ or isopropy!), ( ! !,( ! ! .( H .( I ! («-Bu), ( ί !(( ! ! .( H : (sec-butyl), ( ! !■( HiC! h h (isobutyl), -C(CH ₃ ) ₃ (ferr-butyl, f-butyl, t-Bu or ^r Bu), and -CH ₂ C(CH ₃ )3 («eo-pentyl) are non-limiting examples of alkyl groups. The term ' ^" alkanediyl" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to a divalent saturated aliphatic group, with one or two saturated carbon atom(s) as the point(s) of attachment, a linear or branched acyclic structure, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The groups -CH ₂ - (methylene), -CH2CH2-, -CH ₂ C(CH3) ₂ CH ₂ -, and -CH2CH2CH2- are non-limiting examples of alkanediyl groups. An "alkane" refers to the class of compounds having the formula H-R, wherein R is alkyl as this term is defined above. When any of these terms is used with the "substituted" modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by -OH, -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -NH ₂ , -NO2,

-CO ₂ H, -C0 ₂ CH ₃ , -CN, -SH, -OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₃ , ( (O ! ! : . -NHCH ₃ , -NHCH ₂ CH ₃ , -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -C(0)NH ₂ , -C(0)NHCH ₃ , -C(0)N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OC(0)CH ₃ , ( ⁽ )) ⁽ H . -S(0) ₂ OH or -S(0) ₂ NH ₂ .

[0042 Tire term "cycloalkyi" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to a monovalent saturated aliphatic group with a carbon atom as the point of attachment, said carbon atom forming part of one o more non-aromatic ring structures, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Non-limiting examples include -CH(CH ₂ ) ₂ (cyclopropyl), cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl (Cy). The term "cycloaikanediyl" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to a divalent saturated aliphatic group with two carbon atoms as points of attachment, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The group is a non-limiting example of cycloaikanediyl group. A "cycioaikane" refers to the class of compounds having the formula H-R, wherein R is cycloalkyi as this term is defined above. When any of these terms is used with the "substituted" modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by -OH, -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -NH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -C0 ₂ H, -C0 ₂ CH ₃ , -CN, -SH, -OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₃ , -C(0)CH ₃ , -NHCH ₃ , N [ j( ^' [ j ,< j j , -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , ( ^* «))\ ^' H _. .. -C(0)NHCH ₃ , -C(0)N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OC(0)CH ₃ , -NHC(0)CH ₃ , -S(0) ₂ OH or -S(0) ₂ NH ₂ .

|0Θ43] The term "alkenyi" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to an monovalent unsaturated aliphatic group with a carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched, acyclic structure, at least one nonaromatic carbon-carbon double bond, no carbon- carbon triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Non-limiting examples include ( ^' ! ! Ci l , (vinyl), ( ! ! (Ήί Ή , ( ^' ! ! Ci K ^' i !..( ^' ! ! :. ( ! ! .( ! ! ( S I . (allyl), ^~ CH ₂ CH=CHCH ₃ , and -CH=CHCH=CH ₂ . The term "alkenediyl" when used without the "substi tuted" modifier refers to a divalent unsaturated aliphatic group, with two carbon atoms as points of attachment, a linear or branched, a linear or branched acyclic structure, at least one nonaromatic carbon-carbon double bond, no carbon-carbon triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The groups -CH=CH-, -CH=C(CH ₃ )CH ₂ -, -CH=CHCH ₂ -, and -CH ₂ CH=CHCH ₂ - are non-limiting examples of alkenediyl groups. It is noted that while the alkenediyl group is aliphatic, once connected at both ends, this group is not precluded from forming part of an aromatic structure. The terms ^"' all- em: ^" and "olefin ^" ' are synonymous and refer to the class of compounds having the formula H-R, wherein R is alkenyi as this term is defined above. Similarly, the terms "terminal alkene" and "a-olefin" are synonymous and refer to an alkene having just one carbon-carbon double bond, wherein that bond is part of a vinyl group at an end of the molecule. When any of these terms are used with the "substituted" modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by -OH, -F, -CI, -Br, -I, Ni l , NO , -C0 ₂ H, ( {) .( ^' ! ! , -CN, -SH, ΟΠ ί , -()<¾(¾, -C(0)CH ₃ , -NHCH ₃ , -NHCH ₂ CH ₃ , -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , ( (O)N i l , -C(Q)NHCH ₃ , -C(0)N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OC(0)CH ₃ , -NHC(0)CH ₃ , -S(0) ₂ OH or -S(0) ₂ NH ₂ .

[0044] The term "aryl" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to a monovalent unsaturated aromatic group with an aromatic carbon atom as the point of attachment, said carbon atom forming part of a one or more six-membered aromatic ring structure, wherein the ring atoms are exclusively carbon, and wherein the group consists of no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. If more than one ring is present, the rings may be fused or unfused. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyl or aralkyl groups (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the first aromatic ring or any additional aromatic ring present. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl (Ph), methylphenyl, (dimethyl)phenyl, -C ₆ H ₄ QT ₂ CH ₃ (ethylphenyl), naphthyl, and a monovalent group derived from biphenyl. The term "arenediyl" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to a divalent aromatic group with two aromatic carbon atoms as points of attachment, said carbon atoms forming part of one or more six-membered aromatic ring structure(s) wherein the ring atoms are exclusively carbon, and wherein the monovalent group consists of no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyi, aryl or aralkyl groups (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the first aromatic ring or any additional aromatic ring present. If more than one ring is present, the rings may be fused or unfused. Unfused rings may be connected via one or more of the following: a covalent bond, alkanediyl, or alkenediyl groups (carbon number limitation permitting). Non-limiting examples of arenediyl groups include:

An "arene" refers to the class of compounds having the formula H-R, wherein R is aryl as that term is defined above. Benzene and toluene are non-limiting examples of arene s. When any of these terms are used with the ' ^" substituted" modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by -OH, ^~ F, -CI, -Br, -I, -NH ₂ , NO;-. ^~ CG ₂ H, ^~ C0 ₂ CH ₃ , -CN, Si !. -OCH3, -OCB2CH3, -C(0)CH ₃ , -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, Νί Π ϊ . -C(0)NH ₂ , -C(0)NHCH ₃ , -C(0)N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OC(0)CH ₃ , -NHC(0)CH ₃ , -S(0) ₂ OH or -S(0) ₂ NH ₂ .

[0045] The term ' ^" aralkyl" when used without the "substituted" modifier refers to the monovalent group -alkanediyl-aryl, in which the terms alkanediyl and aryl are each used in a manner consistent with the definitions provided above. Non-limiting examples are: phenylmethyl (benzyl, Bn) and 2 -phenyl -ethyl. When the term aralkyl is used with the "substituted" modifier one or more hydrogen atom from the alkanediyl and/or the aryl group has been independently replaced by -OH, -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -NH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -C0 ₂ H, -C0 ₂ CH ₃ , -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH ₂ CH ₃ , -C(0)CH ₃ , -NHCH ₃ , -NHCH ₂ CH ₃ , -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -C(0)NH ₂ , -C(0)NHCH ₃ , -C(0)N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OC(0)CH ₃ , -NHC(0)CH ₃ , -S(0) ₂ OH or -S(0) ₂ NH ₂ . Non- limiting examples of substituted aralkyls are: (3~chlorophenyl)~methyl, and 2-chloro-2-phenyl- eth-l-yl .

[0046] As used herein, "average molecular weight" refers to the weight average molecular weight (Mw) as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). [0047] As used in the context of application, the term "bite angle" is measured as described in Casey et al. (1992), which is incorporated herein by reference, and may alternatively be referred to as the "natural bite angle" or "βη". While in no way limiting the scope of the present technology, a large bite angle may stabilize the intermediate (s) formed during a hydroformy ration, while metal complexes such as those described in the present disclosure may demonstrate an increase in the rate of catalysis where ligands with larger bite angles are employed. Ligands and considerations for utilizing the same may be made as described in Dierkes et al., J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 10, 1519-1530 (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference, while reaction conditions for use in the present technology are disclosed in Casey et al. and Dierkes et al as well as Kranenburg el al. , Organometallics 14, 3081-3089 (1995), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0048] The terms "comprise," "have" and "include" are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as "comprises," "comprising," "has," "having," "includes" and "including," are also open-ended. For example, any method that "comprises," "has" or "includes" one or more steps is not limited to possessing exclusively those one or more steps and also covers other unlisted steps.

[0Θ49] The "conversion" or "yield" is the amount of product produced relative to the amount of starting materials added to the reaction mixture and is given as a percentage. In some cases, the conversion or yield includes the total amount of both the linear and the branched product produced in a given reaction.

[0050] HBA is an abbreviation for 4-hydroxybutanal.

[0051] HMPA is an abbreviation for 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal.

[0052] The term "ligand flexibility" is measured using a potential energy diagram can then be drawn by fixing the bite angle at various values by applying a large bending force constant and calculating the strain energy at those values including by using a potential energy diagram such as the one in FIG. 1. The flexibility range is determined from the potential energy diagram, by taking the available bite angles within a 3 kcal moF ¹ excess strain energy range. This method has been correlated with bite angles determined through X-ray crystallography, and the correlation was found to be strong.

[0053] The "linear to branched" ratio, which is also expressed as "linear: bra ched", "l:b", or "N:I", is the ratio of the amount of linear product to the amount of branched product. [0054] A "method" is series of one or more steps undertaking lead to a final product, result or outcome. As used herein, the word "method" is used interchangeably with the word "process".

[0055] The terms "phosphine" and "phosphane" are used synonymously herein. When used without the "substituted" modifier these terms refer to a compound of the formula PR3, wherein each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or aralkyi, as those terms are defined above. Non-limiting examples include PMe ₃ , PPI13, and PCv3 (tricyclohexylphosphine). The terms "trialkylphosphine" and "trialkylphosphane" are also synonymous. Such groups are a subset of phosphine, wherein each R is an alkyl group.

[0056] The term "diphosphine" refers to any of the following:

• A compound of the formula R ₂ -P-L-P-R ₂ , wherein each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or aralkyi, and wherein L is aikanediyl, eycloaikanediyl, alkenediyl, or arenediyl. Optionally, one or more hydrogen atom attached to a carbon atom may be independently replaced by -OH, -F, -CI, -Br, -1, Ni k -NO ₂ , ( O .l l. -CO ₂ CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH ₂ CH3, -C(0)CH ₃ , -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -C(0)NH ₂ , ( (0)\H( ! ! :. -C(0)N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OC(0)CH ₃ , -NHC(0)CH ₃ , -S(0) ₂ OH or -S(0) ₂ NH ₂ .

* A compound shown in Table 1.

A compound of the formula:

wherein:

Ri, R2, Ri', and R ₂ ' are each independently aryl ₍ c6-i2) or substituted aryl(C6-i2);

R3, R ₄ , R3', and R ₄ ' are each independently hydrogen, alkyl(ci-i ₂₎ , substituted alkyi(ci- i2), aiyl(C6-i ₂ ), or substituted aryl(C6- i ₂ ); Rs is a!ky!< _: cM2), substituted alkyi<ci-i2), aryl«¾-i2), or substituted aryl«¾-i2); or is taken together with Re and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl<ci-6);

Rj' is alkyl(ci-i2), substituted alkyl(ci-i2), aryl,;ce-i2), or substituted aryl<c6-i2); or is taken together with Re' and is aikanediyl(ci-6> or substituted alkanediyl<ci.

Re is alkyl(ci-i2), substituted alkyl<ci-i2), aryl(C6-i2), or substituted aryl(C6-i2>; is taken together with R ₅ and is alkanediyl<a-6) or substituted a3kanediyl,;ci-6); or is taken together with R,' and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(C!-6); and

Re ^'' is aiky],;c 2), substituted alkyl ₍ ci-i2), sxykce-vi), or substituted aryl<c6-i2); is taken together with R and is alkanediyl(ci-6) or substituted alkanediyl(ci- 6>; or is taken together with e and is alkanediyi(Ci-e ₎ or substituted alkanediyl{Ci-6).

[0057] The term "transition metal" is used to describe a metal atom such as a metal cation selected from elements in columns 3-12 on the periodic table inclusive of the lanthanide and actinide groups of metals. The transition metals that may be used herein include elements from columns 7-9 on the period table. In some embodiments, the transition metal is manganese (Mn), Re, Fe, ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), Co, Rh, or iridium (Ir).

[0058] The above definitions supersede any conflicting definition in any reference that is incorporated by reference herein. The fact that certain terms are defined, however, should not be considered as indicative that any term that is undefined is indefinite. Rather, the terms used are believed to describe the appended claims such that one of ordinary skill can appreciate the breadth and scope of the technology.

EXAMPLES

|0Θ59] The following examples are included to demonstrate embodiments of the appended claims. Those of skill in the art should appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure herein.

Example 1: Methods and Materials i. Hydroforniylation Conditions

[0060] The hydroformylation experiments were carried out in anhydrous toluene with the stoichiometry determined by the amount of Rh. In a typical experiment, a rhodium complex ( 1 equivalent, 4.3 ^χ If) ^"5 moles) was added to this solution of dry degassed toluene (15 g) and the desired phosphine ligand. This solution was then transferred to a 50 mL Parr autoclave. The autoclave was then flushed three times with a 1 : 1 CO/H ₂ mixture, and pressurized to 180 psi (1240 kPa), and the autoclave was heated with stirring, to the indicated temperature, for example 80 °C. Once the desired temperature was stably attained for at least 5 minutes, allyl alcohol (3.5 mL) was then injected and the autoclave pressure increased to 200 psi (1,379 kPa) with the CO:H ₂ mixture. The reactor was then maintained at a constant 200 psi (1 ,379 kPa) pressure and the gas uptake with time was monitored until there was no further gas uptake. The reactor was cooled down, depressurized and the solution was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the products of the reaction, which included HBA, MHPA and C3 products, (n-propanol and Propionaldehyde). Results are shown in Tables 2 and 4. ii. Ligands

Table 1 : Diphosphine Ligands for Hydroformylation Reactions

Ligand Name Ligand Fommla or Chemical Name

RDM-SegPhos

B1PHEP

BLNAP 2,2'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)- 1 , 1 '-binaphthalene dppBz or dpp(benzene) l,2-Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)benzene

2,2-Dimethyl- [1,3 ,2] -dioxasilolane-4,5 -dicarboxylic acid

DPPPS

dimethyl ester

I,7-DPP~NAP l ,7-Bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene

(i?)-(+)-7,7'-Bis[di(4-metliylpheriyl)phosphino]-2,2',3,3'-

R-Tol-SDP tetrahydro- 1 , 1 '-spirobiindene, C<R)-7,7'~Bis[di(p- methylphenyl)phosphino] -1,1 '-spirobiindane

(i?)-(+)-7,7'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro -

R-SDP 1 , 1 '-spirobiindene, (/?)-7,7'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)- 1, 1'- spirobiindane

2,2'-Bis(N-diphenylphospliinoamino)-5,5',6,6 ^! ,7,7',8,8'~

CTH-Bl ^' AM

octahydro- 1 , Γ-binaphthyl

S-C6-T;mePhos

1 , 16-bis(diphenylphosphino)-6,7,8,9, 10,11- hexahydrodibenzo[ >,i ] [ 1 ,6]dioxacyclododecine dpp(hexane) l,6-Bis(diphenylphosphino)hexane Ligand Name Ligand Fommla or Chemical Name

TXP Tri-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphine cis-l,4~DPPCyH cis- 1 ,4-Bis(diphenyiphosphmomethy l)cyclohexane

TTP Tri-(4-methylphenyl)phosphine

PhanePhos Bis(diphenylphosphmo)-[2,2]-paracyc3ophane

RMeO-BlPHEP

R-SEGPHOS

DTBM-SEGPHOS

(i?)-l, 13-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-7,8-dihydro-6H-

R-C3-TUNEPHOS

dibenzo[f,h] [ 1 ,5 jdioxonin

(R)-(+)-5,5'-Bis[di(3,5-xy]yl)phosphino]-4,4'-bi-l ₅ 3-

(R)-DM-SEGPHOS ^® benzodioxole, [(4i?)-(4,4'-bi- l ,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'- diyl] his [bis(3 ,5 -dimethylphenyl)phosphine]

Example 2: Hydroformyiation Reaction Using Ligand

[0061] The results of the hydroformyiation reaction with allyl alcohol are shown in

Table 2. Ligands which exhibited a bite angle of less than 100° showed an increased preference for the branched hydroformyiation product. In addition, an increased amount of HMPA (2- methyl-3-hydroxypropanal) relative to HBA (4-hydroxybutanal) was produced for the ligands with a bite angle of less than 100°. Additional hydroformyiation results are shown in Table 3 , Table 2: Hydroformylation Reaction Products and Properties for Various Diphosphme Ligands

Table 3: Ally! Alcohol Hydroformylation Reaction Product Results

[0062] Ail of the compounds, complexes, and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compounds, complexes, and methods of this disclosure have been described in terms of certain embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compounds, complexes, and methods, as well as in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the appended claims. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain compounds which are chemically related may be substituted for the compounds described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. Similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. REFERENCES

The following references io the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or oilier details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,295

U.S. Pat, No. 7,294,602

U.S. Pat, No. 7,279,606

Anderson, N.G., Practical Process Research & Development - A Guide For Organic Chemists,

2 ^ud ed., Academic Press, New York, 2012.

Casey, et al , J. Am. Chem. Soc , 114(14):5535-43, (1992)

Dierkes et al., J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans., 10: 1519-1530 (1999)

Van Leeuwen, et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 4: 1625 (1993)