CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APpLICATiONS

l&Ciill I This appli i n claims the benefit of ILS _* Patent Application No. 16/736,394, entitled, WEN LOOP TIMING CONTROL FOR 2-STEP EACH/’ filed on January 7, 2020, and. U.S. Provisions! Patent Application No. 62/800,282, entitled,‘'OPEN LOOP TIMING CONTROL FOR 2-STBP RACFlfe filed on February 1, 2010, the disclosure of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety,

TECHNICAL FIELD

ffKM12| Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to timing control for 2-step random access channel (RACi!),

INTRODUCTION

|O003| Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and the like. These wireless networks may be multiple-access networks capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available network resources. Such networks, which arc usually -Multiple access networks, support communications for multiple, users by sharing the available network resources,

A wireless communication network may include a number of base stations or node- Rs that can support communication for a number of user equipments {UEs), A UE may communicate with a base station via downlink and uplink. The downlink for forward link} refers to the communication link from the base station to the tlB, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication lin from the HE to the base station.

0005| A base station may transmit data and control Information on the downlink to a UE, may receive data and control information on the nplink from the UE, or a combination thereof On the downlink, a transmission from the base station may encounter interference due to transmissions from neighbor base stations or from other wireless radio frequenc (RF) transmitters. On the nplink, a transmission from the UE may encounter Interference from uplink transmissions of other UEs comnmnieatmg with the neighbor base stations or from other wireless RF transmitters. Oris interference may degrade performance on both the downlink and uplink,

I «1061 As the demand fo mobile broadband access continues to increase, the possibilitie of interference an congested networks grows with more UEs accessing the long-range wireless communication networks and more short-range wireless systems being deploye in eon mnitfos. Research and develo ment continue to advance wireless communication technologies not only to meet the growing deman for mobile broadband access, but o advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications.

BRIEF SUMMARY

f¾007| The following summarizes some aspects of the present disclosure to provide a basic understanding of the discussed technology. This summary is not an extensi ve overvie w of all. contemplated features of lire disclosure, and is intended neither to identify key or critical elements of ail aspects of the disclosure nor to delineate the; scope of any or all aspects of the disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects of the disclosure in summary form as a prelude to the mom etailed description that is presented later.

fO008J In an aspect, a method for wireless , communication by a user equipment (UE) ehides receiving, by the UE, at least one reference signal (RS) transmitted by a base station, The method additionally includes estimating, by tlm tIB, downlink (DL) timing of the base station based on the received at least one RS, The method also Includes determining, by the UE, at least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) based at least in part on the estimated DL timing, The method further includes transmitting, by the UE to the base station, at least past of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure. The transmission of the msgA includes applying, by the UE, the at leas one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or a payload of the msgA.

jlRMMlj In an aspect, a method for wireless communication by a base _·: station includes transmitting, by the base station, at least one reference signal (RS), The method additionally includes receiving, by the base station Rom at least one user equipment (UE), at least one: first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure. The msgA Includes a preamble and a payload. The at least one msgA indicates an application, by the at least one UB, of at. least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) to at least one of the preamble or the payload. The at least one TGA is determined based at least In part on an estimate of downlink (DL timing based m the at least one RS, The method also includes transmitting, by the base station to the UE, a second message (snsgB) of the two-step EACH procedure.

10O10J in an aspect, a method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE) includes operating, by tire UE, in at least one of a radio resource control (RRQ connected state (RRC CONNECTED) when a timing alignment (TA) timer is not running, an RRC inactive state (RRGJ ACTIVE), or an RRC idle state (RRGJDLE). Tim method additionally includes receiving, by the U£, at least one system information block (SIB) or ERC signaling transmitted by a base station _» the SIB or RRC signaling indicating at least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TO A). The method also includes determining, by the UB, at least one TOA based at least in part on the at least one possible configuration of the TOA, The method further includes transmitting _» by the UB to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step; random access channel (EACH) procedure. including applying, by the tJE, the at least one TOA to at least one of a preamble or a payload of the msgA.

lOOitl In an aspect, a method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UB), includes operating, by the UE, in a radio resource control (IRC) connected- stoic (RRC_C0MNBCTED) when a timing alignment (TA) timet is unning. The metho additionally Includes determining, by the UB, at least one transmission-gap adjustment (TOA) base at least in part on a revious TA value (TAO), The metho also includes transmitting, by foe UB to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACM) procedure, including applying, by the UB. the at least One TO A to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the msgA,

100121 In an aspect, a method for wireless communication by a base station includes transmitting, by the base station at least one system information block (SIB) or radio resource control (RRC) signaling that indicates at least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TGA). The method additionally includes receiving, by the base station from a user equipment (UB), at leas: part of a first message (msgA) of a t o-step random access channel (RACK) procedure. The transmission of the msgA indicates application of at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of foe msgA. The at least one TGA is determined based at least in part on foe at least care possible configuration of the TGA.

100131 In an aspect, an apparatus lor wireless communication has e ns for receiving, by a user equipment (UE), at least one reference signs! (RS) transmitted by a has© station. Th apparatus additionally has means for estimating, by the !JE, do wnlink (DL) timing of tbe base station based on foe received at least one IIS, The apparatus also has means for dcterniiaing _s by the UE, at least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) based at least m part on foe estimated DL timing. The apparatus further has means for transmitting, by the UB to the base tation, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACT!) procedure. The means for transmitting including means for applying, by the UB, the at feast one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or a payload of the msgA. |fMTt4f In an aspect, an apparat s for w re ess communication has means for transmitting, fey a bas station, at least one reference signal (RS). The apparatus additionally has means for receiving, by the base station Rom at least one user equipment (OB), at least one first message (msgA) of a two-stop random access channel (RACK) procedure. The rrtsgA includes a preamble and a payload. The at least one sgA indicates an application, fey the at least one llB, of at least one transmission gap adjustment (TOA) to at least one of the preamble or the payload. The at least one TOA is determined based at least in part on an estimate of downlink (DI,) timing based on the, at least one RS, The apparatus also .has means for transmitting* by the base station to the UE, a second message ( sgB) of the two- step RACH procedure.

jWISj In an aspect, an apparatus for wireless communication has means for operating, _: hy a user equipment (UE), in at least one of: a radio resource control (RRC) counseled state (RRC . CONNECTED) when a timing alignment (TA) timer is not funning, ah REG inactive state (RRC INACTIVE), or an RRC idle state (RRC IDLE), The apparatus additionally has means for receiving, fey the UE, at least one system information block (SIB) of RRC signaling transmitted by a base station, The SIB or RRC signaling indicates a least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TGA), The apparatu als has means for determining, by the TIE, at least one TGA based at least in part on the at least one possible configuration of the TOA, The apparatus further has moans for transmitting, by the IJE t the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure, including «mans for applying, by the UE, the at least one TOA to at least one of a preamble or a payload of the msgA,

fOOTfej In an aspect, an apparatus for wireles communication has means for operating, by a user equipment (OB),, in a ra io resource control (RRC) connected state (RRC C(JNMBCTBD) when a timing alignment (TA) timer Is running. The apparatus additionally has means tor determining, by the GE, at least one transmission gap adjustment (TOA) based at least in part on a previous TA value (TA0), The apparatus also has means for transmitting, by the UE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure, including means for applying, fey the UE, the at least one TO A to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of foe msgA.

ill?! In art aspect, apparatus for wireless communication ha means for transmitting, by a base station, at least one system information block (SIB) or radio resource control (RRC) signaling that indicates at least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TOA) The apparatus additionally has means for receiving,/ by the base station from a user equipment (UE), at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure Th transmission of the oisgA indicates application of at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the sgA, The at least one IGA is determined based at least in part on the at least one possible configuration of the TOA.

|0i>18| In an aspect, an apparatus for wireless communication has at least one computer processor and at least one memory coupled to the at least one co puter rocessor. The at least one computer processor is configured to receive, by a user equipment (UE), at least one reference signal (RS) transmitted by a base station. The at least one computer processor is additionally configured to estimate, by the UE, downlink (0L) timin of the base station based on the received at least one RS The at least one computer processor is also configured to determine, by the UE, at least one transmission gap adjustment (VGA) based at least in part on the estimated DL timing. The at least one computer processor Is farther configured to transmit, by the UE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure, including applying, by the UE, the at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or a payload of the msgA

f 11019! in an aspect, an apparatus for wireless communication has at least one compute processor an at least one mem ry coupled to the at least one computer processor. The at least one computer processor is configured to transmit, b a base station, at least one reference signal (RS) The at least one computer processor is additionally configured to receive, by the base station from at" least ope user equipment (UE), at least one first message (msgA) of a two-ste random access channel (EACH) procedure. The· msgA includes a _: preamble and a payload, and the at least one msgA indicates an application, by the at least one UE, of at least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) to at least one of the preamble or the payload. The at least one TGA is determined based at least in part on aft estimate of downlink (DL) timing based on the at least one RS, The at least one computer processor is further configured to transmit, by the base station to the UE, a second message (msgB) of the two-step RACH procedure,

|OO2 | In an aspect, an apparatus lor wireless communication has at least one computer processor and at least one me ry coupled to the a least one computer processor. The at least one computer processor is configured to operate, by a user equipment (HE), i at least one of a radio resource control (RRC) connected state iRRC_€ONNBC:lliD} when a timing alignment (TA) timer is not running, an RRC inactive state (RRC JN ACTIVE), or m RRC idle state (RRC IDLE), The ¾ least one computer processor is additionally configured to eceive _» by the OR, at least one system information block (SIB) or RRC signaling transmitted by a base station, the SIB indicating at ast one possible eondgtnation of a transmission gap adjustment (TGA), The at least one com uter processor Is also configured to etermine, by the UE, at bast one TOA based at least in part on the at least one possible configuration of the TGA, The at least one computer processor is further configured to transmit, by the UE to the base station, at least pari of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RAChi) procedure, including applying, by the UE, the at least one TGA to at least one of a preamble or apayload of the msgA.

1» an aspect, ao apparatus fea wireless communication has at ast one computer processor and at least one memory coopted to the at least one computer processor. The at least one computer processor Is configured to operate, by a user equipment (II B), i n a radio resource control (ERG) connected state (RRC CONG ECIED) when a timing alignment (TA) timer i running, The at least one computer processor is additionally configured to determine, by the HE, at least one transmission gap a justment (TGA) based at bast i» past on a previous TA value (TAO), lire at least one computer processor i also configured to transmit, by the UE to the base station, at least past Of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (EACH) procedure, including applying, by the UE, the at teast one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the sgA,

|M22j In an aspect, an apparatus tor wireless communication has at least one computer processor and at least one memory coupled to the at least one computer processor. The at bast one computer -processor is configured to transmit, by a base station, at least on system information block (SIB) or radio resource control (RRC) signaling that Indicates at least one possible configuration of a transmission ga a justment (TOA). The at least one computer processor Is also configured to receive, by the base station irons a user equipment (UE), at bast part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random aecess channel (RACH) procedure. The transmission of the msgA Indicates application of at bast one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payloa of the msgA, The at least one TGA Is determined base at least In part on the at least one possible configuration of the TGA,

(IMI23] In an aspect a computer-readable medium having instructions recorded thereon that, when enacted by at bast one computer processor, cause the at least one computer processor to receive, by a user equipment (UE), at least one reference signal (R8) transmitted by a base station, life Instructions additionall cause the at bast one computer processor to estimate, by the UE, downlink (DL) timin of the base station based on the received at bast one ES. The instrnefions also cause the at least one computer processor to determine, by the UE, at least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) based at least in part on the estimated DL timing- The instructions further cause the at least one computer processor to transmit, by the UE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step ran om access channel (RACH) procedure, including applying, by the UE, the at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or a payload of the: msgA,

(0ft24) In an aspect, a computer-readable ediu has msimefious recorded thereon that, when enacted by at least one computer processor, cause the- at least one computer processor to transmit, by a base station, at least one reference signal (RS), The instructions additionally cause the at least one computer processor to recei ve, by the base station from at least one user equipment (UE), at least one first message (msgA) of a two-stop random access channel (RACH) procedure. The sgA includes preamble and a payload, The at least one msgA indicates an application, by the at least one UE, of at least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) to at least one of the preamble or the payload. The at least one TGA is determined based at least in part o an estimate of downlink (DL) timing based on the at least one RS, The instructions also cause the at least one computer processor to transmit, by the base station to the UE, a second message (msgS) of the two -step RACK procedure,

(00251 in an aspect, a computer-readable medium has instructions recorded thereon that, when enacted by at least one computer processor, cause fee at least one computer processor to operate, by a user equipment (UE), in at least one of a radio resource control (RRC) connected state (RRC CO NECTED) when a timing alignment (TA) inner is not running, an RRC inactive state (REC I ACTIVE), or an RRC idle state (RRC IDLE), The instructions additionall cause the at least one computer processor to receive, by fee UE, at feast one system information block _: (SIB) or RRC signaling transmitted by a base station, the SIB indicating at least one possible configuration of a transmissio gap adjustment (TGA), The instructions also cause the at least one computer processor to determine, by the UE, at least one TGA based at least in part on the at least one possible configuration of fee TGA. The instructions further cause the at least one computer processor to transmit by the UE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure, including applying, by fee UE, fee at least one TGA to at least one of preamble or a payload of the sgA,

|( I26| in an aspect, a computer-readable medium has instructions recorded thereo that, when enacted by at least one computer processor, _: caus the at least one computer processor to operate, by a user equipment (HE), in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state (RRCACONNECTED) when a timing alignment (TA) timer is miming. The instructions additionally cause the at least one co pute' processor to determine* by the UH _S at least ne transmission gap adjustment (TCA) based at least in part on a previous TA value (TA0). The instructions also cause the at least one computer processor to transmit, by the UF to the base station, at least part of a first message (snsgA) of a two-step random access channel (RAOH) procedure, including applying, by the UE, the at least one TOA to transmission of at least cue of a preamble or payload f the tnxgA.

l)2?j hi an aspect, a computer-readable medium has i structio s recorded thereon that, when enacted by at least one compute processor, cause die at least one computer processor to transmit, by a base station, at least one system information blech (SIB) or radio resource control (R.RC) signaling tha indicates at least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TOA) The instructions additionally cause the at least owe computer processor to receive by the base station from a user equipment (tlE), at least part of a first message (rasgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACH) procedure. The tr smission _: of the magA indicates application of at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble o payload of the insgA. T e at least one TGA is determined based at least in part on the at least one possible configuration of the TOA-

|(Ni28j Other aspects, features, and implementations of the present disclosure will become apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the following description of specific, example implementations of the present disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying figures. While features of the present disclosure may fee discussed relative to particular implementations and figures below, all implementations of the present disclosure can Include one or more of the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, while ne or more implementations may be discussed as having particular advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be used in accordance with fee various implementations of the disclosure discusse herein. In similar fashion, hile example implementations may be discussed belo as device, system, or metho implementations it should be understood that such example implementations can be implemented in various devices, systems, and methods,

BRIEF BESOM PTIO OF THE DRAWI GS

A further understanding of the nature and ad vantages of the present di sc losure may fee realised by refereiice to the following drawings, In the appended figures, similar com onents or featiuos may have the same reference label. Further, various: components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the fits! infe ence label is used in the speolifeatiow the description is applicable to an one of the similar co ponents baying the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label

10030! Figure i is a block diagram illustrating details of a wireless communication system according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

f003Jf Figure 2 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of a base siafion/gNB and a user equipment (UE) configure according to some implementations of fee present disclosure.

|1MI32 _; | Figure 3A is a block diagram illustrating 2 -step random access channel (EACH) according to some Implementations of the resent disclosure.

10Q33 Figure 3B is a block diagram illustrating radio resource «onto! (RRC) states for a UE according to some implementations of the present dlselcisore.

100341 Figure 3C is 8 block diagram iihrslrating open loop timing control for 2-step random access channel (RACH) according to some implementations of the present disdosum,

|003S| figure 4 A i a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried ou by a UE operating in accordance with open loop timin control according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

f!836| Figure 4B is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wi eless communication process carried out by a HE operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

{W3?j Figure 5A is a block diagram illustrating example: blocks of a i !«s communication process carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

[0038J Figure SB is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure,

00391 Figure 5€ Is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure .

00401 Figure 6A is a block diagram lllustratmg example blocks of a w reless communication process carried out by a UE operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the p esent disclosure, f 0041] Figure 6B s a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a UE operating in accordance with open loop timing control -according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

10042] Figure 7 A is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless com umeatfoo process carried out by a IJB operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

10043] Figure 7B is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a. wireless communication process carried out by a UE operating in accordance with op n loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure,

10044] Figure S A is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carri d out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the presen disclosure.

|0Q45] Figure SB is a block diagram illustrating example bloeks of a Wireless communication process according to some implementations ofthe present disclosure.

10040] Figure SC is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless commtmicatfon process carried out by a base station operating in accordance ith open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

[0047] Figure 9 is a block diagram illustrating example components of a user equipment (UE) carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loo li ing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

|004¾] Figure lb Is a block diagram illustrating example components of a base station according to some Implementations of the present disclosure.

|0049| Figure 1 1 k a block diagram Illustrating example components of a user equipment

(UE) according to some implementations of the present disclosure,

|00S0] Figure 13 is a block diagram illustrating example components of a base station according to some implementation of the present disclosure.

OFT AILED D1SCMFTIO

f*)0S! I ^' The detailed description sot forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, Is intended as a description of carious possible configurations and Is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Father, the detailed descr ption Includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the inventive subject matter. It will he apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art that these specific details are not required in every case and that. In some instances, well-known structures aud components are shown in block diagram form for clari ty of presentation. |8®52] This disclosure relates generally to providing or participating in communication as between two or more wireless devices in one or more wireless communications systems, also referred to as wireless communications networks, la various implementations, the techniques and apparatus may be used for wireless communication networks such as code divisi n multiple access (CDMA) networks, time division multiple access (TDMA) networks _* frequency division multiple access (FDMA) networks, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) netveorks, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, long term evolution (LTE) networks, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks, m well as other communications networks. As described herein, the terms " etworks" and "systems' ^* may bo used interchangeably according to the particular context,

{0Q531 A CDMA network, for example, may implement a radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access (IJTRA), odmaSOOO, an the like, Ul ^' RA includes wideband-C DMA (W-CDMA) and low chip rate (LCR), CDMAROOd covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards,

|O0S4| A TDMA network may, for example implement, a radio technology such as GSM.

3GPP defines standards for the GSM EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution) radio access network (RAN), also denoted as GEE AN. GERAN Is the radio component of GSM/EDGB, together with the network that joins the base stations (for example, the Ater and Aids Interfaces) and the base station controllers (A interfaces, etc.}. The radio access network represents a component of a GSM network, through which phone calls and packet data are routed Rom and to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Internet to and from subscriber handsets, also known as user terminals or user equipments (UEs , A mobile phone operator's network may include one or more GBRANs, which may he coupled with Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRANs) in the ease of a UMTS/GSM network, An operator network may also include one or more LTE networks, one or more other networks, or a combination thereof. The various different network types may use different radio access technologies (RAls) and radio access networks (RANs).

(80S>5| An OFDMA network may, lot example, implement a radio technology such as evolve Ul'RA (E~UT A), IEEE 802.11 , IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, fiash-OFDM and the like. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). In particular, LTE is a release of UMTS: Rat uses E4JTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM. UMTS and LTE are described iu documents provided from au organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project ^* (3GPP), and edouUOOO is described in documents Earn an organization name "3rd Generation Partnership Protect -2” (3GPF2), These various radio technologies and standards ate known or ate being developed. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is s collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations that aims to define a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone specification, 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) is a 3GPF project aimed at improving the universal mobile telecommunications system (IJMTS) mobile phone standard. The 3GPP may define specifications tor the next generation of m bi e networks, mobile systems, and mobile devices.

|80$t>j For clarity, particular aspects of the apparatus and techniques may be described below with reference to example LTE implementations or in a LTE-cemrie way, and LTE terminology may be used as illustrative examples in portions of the description below; however, the description is not intended to be limited to LTE applications. Indee , the present disclosure is concerned with shared: access to wireless spectrum between networks using different radio access technologies or radio air ioterfeees,

j¾0S7] Moreover, it should be understood that, in operation, wireless communication networks adapted according to the concepts herein may operate with any combination of licensed or unlicensed spectrum depending on loading and availability. Accordingly, it will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art that the systems, apparatus and methods described herein may be applied to other communications systems and applications than the particular examples provided,

ffrftS f While as ects and implementations are described in this application by illustration to some examples, a person having _: ordinar skill in the art will understand tha additional implementations and use cases may come about In many different arrangements mid scenarios. Innovations described herein may be implemente across man differing platform types, devices, systems shapes, sixes, packaging arrangements, For example, implementations, uses, or a combination thereof may come about via integrated chip implementations, other non -module-component based devices (for example, end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, Industrial equip ent, reia!ifourchasmg devices* medical devices, AI--enahied devices, etc.), or a combination thereof While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use eases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described innovations may ccur. Implementations may range from chip-level o modular components to non-modu!ar, nofr- ehip-level implementations and further to aggregated, distributed, or OEM devices or systems incorporating one or more described aspects, to some practical settings, devices incorporating describe aspects and features may also include additional components an features for implementation _: an practice of claimed and described imple entations·. It is intended that innovations described: herein may be practiced in a -wide variet of implementations, inefod g both iarge/smni! d vices, chip-level components, multi- component systems (for example F-chain, communication interface, processor), distributed arrangements, end-user devices, etc, of varying s xes, shapes, and constitution.

00591 In some aspects, user equipment (UE) determines a transmission gap adjustment

(TGA) (for example. a positive timing: adjustment or a negative timing adjustment) for a first message (msgA) of a 2 step random access channel (EACH) based on measurement of a reference signal fo sninted by a base station. In other aspects, a base station transmits a system information block (SIB) that indicates at least one possible configuration of the TGA, and IIEs determine the TGA depending on radio resource configuration (RR€) state. Connected mode UEs having a TA timer running may determine the TGA base on a previous TA. UEs in other RRC modes determine the TGA based on foe possible configmution transmitted in the SIB. Advantageously, step RACH UEs are able to communicate with a base station without the closed loop TA Information provided by a 4 step RACH, As such, the present disclosure provides solutions to the problem of a 2 step RACH UE communicating with a base station when the closed loop TA information provided in a 4 step RACH is not available.

fftftftft} Figure I is a block diagram iifosirafin details; of wireless communication system according to some i pfetnmbattotis of foe present disclosure. Figure 1 shows wireless network: 100 for communication according to some implementations. While discussion of the technology of this disclosure is provided relative to an LTB-A network (shown in Figure 1), this is for illustrative purposes, Principles of the technology disclosed can be used in other network deployments, including fifth generation (SG) networks. A appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art, components appearing in Figure .1 are likely to have related counterparts in other network arrangements including, for example, es!lnlar-siyle network arrangements and nomeeftu!ar-style-network arrangements (for example, deviee to device or peer to peer or ad hoc network arrangements, etc,},

fifth! I Turning back to Figure 1 wireless network 100 includes a number of base stations _* such as may include evolved node Bs (eNBs) or G node Bs (gNBs). These may be referred to as gNBs 105, A gNB ma be a station that communicates with the ^" UEs and may also be referred to as a base station, 8 node B, an access point, and the like, Bach gNB 105 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In 3GFP, the term feel!" cart refer to this particular geographic coverage area of a gNB, a gNB sub ystem serving the coverag r a combination thereof) depending on the context ill which the term is used. In implementations of wireless network 100 herein, gNBs 105 may be associated with a same operator or different operators (tor example, wireless networ 100 may include a plurality of operator wireless networks), and ay provide wireless communications «sing one or more of the same frequencies (tor example, one or mure frequency band in license spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination thereof) as a neighboring cell,

ffMM>3 A gNB may provide couuni ieation coverage for a macro ceil or a small cell, such as a pieo cell or a fg to cell, other types of cell, or a combination thereof A macro coil generally covers a relatively large geographic area (tor example, several kilometers in radius) and may llo unrestricted access by OEs with service subscriptions with the network provider, A small cell, such as a pieo ceil, would generally cover a relatively smaller geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by DEs with service subscriptions with: the network provider, A small cell, such as a Santo cell, would also generally cover a relati vely small geographic area (for example, a home) and, in addition to unrestricte access, may also provide restricted access by tJ£s having an association with the femto cell (for example, IJEs In a closed subscriber group (CSQ), UEs for users In the home, and the like), A gNB for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro gNB, A g B for a small eel! may be referred to as a small cell gNB. a pieo gNB, a femto gNB or a home gNB, In the example shown in Figure 1, gNBs 105a, 105b and 105c are macro gNBs for the macro cells 110a, 1 10 b and 1 10c, respectively. gNBs lOSx, 105y, and I05¾ are small cell gNBs, which may include pieo or femto gNBs that provide service to small ceils !JOx, l !Oy, and l iOx, respectively, A gNB may support one or multiple (for example, two, three, four, and the like) cells,

063| Wireless network 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, tbe gNBs may have similar frame timing, and _: transmissions from different gNBs may be approximatel aligned Its time. For asynchronous operation, the gNBs may have different frame timing, and transmissions from different gNBs may not he aligned in time, in some scenarios, networks may he enabled or configured to handle: ynamic switching between synchronous or asynchronous: operations,

ffKI64J UEs 1 15 are dispersed throughout wireless network 100, and each UB may be stationary or mobile, It should be appreciated that, although a mobile apparatus Is commonly referred to as user equipment (UB) in standards an specifications promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Pjrqjecl (3GPP), such apparatus may also be referred to by a person having ordinary skill in the art as a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber «Bit, a wireless unit, a remote ««it, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal (AT), a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. Within the present document, a“mobile” pparatus or UE need not have a capability to move, and may he stationary. Some non-limiting examples of a mobile apparatus, snob as may include implementations of one or more of UEs ! IS, include a mobile, a cellular (cell) phone, a smart phone, session initiation; protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal compute (PC), a notebook, a netbook, a smart book, a tablet, and a personal digital assistant (PDA). A mobile apparatus may additionally be ah‘internet of hings*’ (loT) device such as an automotive or other transportation vehicle, a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a logistics controller, a drone, a multi-copter, a quad-copter, a smart energy or security device, a solar panel or solar array, municipal lighting, water, or other inifaslruciure; Industrial automation and enterprise devices; consumer and wearable devices, such as eyewear, ¾ wearable camera, a smart tch, a health or fitness tracker, a mammal implantable device, gesture tracking device, medical device, a digital audio player (for example, MP3 player), a camera, a game console, etc,; and digital heme or smart home devices such as a home audio, video, and multimedia device, an appliance, a sensor, a vending machine, intelligent lighting, a home security system, a smart meter, etc, A mobile apparatus, such as UBs 1 15, may be able to communicate with macro gNBs, pieo gNBs. ftmto gNBs, relays, and the like. In Figure 1, a lightning bolt (for example, communication links 125) indicates wireless transmissions between a UB and a serving gNB, which is a gNB designated to serve the UE on the downlink, uplink, or combination thereof or desired transmission between gNBs, Although backhaul communication 134 is illustrated as wired backhaul communications that ma occur between gNBs, it should be appreciated that backhaul communications may additionally or alternatively be provided by wireless communications.

[0ib5| Figure 2 is a block diagram -conceptually illustrating a design of a base station¾N8

105 and a use equipment (OB) I IS configured according to some implementations of the present disclosure. These can he one of tire base stations/gNBs and one _· of the UEs in Figure l. For a restricted association Scenario (as mentioned above), the gNB IDS may he small cell g B !05a in Figure 1, and UE 1 15 may be UE 11 which in order to access small cell gNB 1052, would be Included in a list of accessible UEs tor small cell gNB 1 OSx gNB 105: may also be a base station of some other type. gNB 105 may be equipped with antennas 234a through 2341 and UE 115 may be equipped with antennas 252a through 252r. At gMB 305, transmit processor 2:20 may receive data fra® data source 212 arid control information ftom control ler/processor 240. The control infonuatiou may be .tor the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format dkator channel (POP ICH), physical hytorid-ARQ indicator charnel) PHiCH, physical downlink consol channel: (PDCCH), etc, The data may bo tor the physical downlink shared channel (FDSCH), etc, Transmit processor 220 may process {for example, encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols, for example, for the primar s nchr nisation signal (ESS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and cell-specific reference signal (CRS), Transmit (TX) multiple-input mo!tlpfemutpo†. (MIMO) processor 230 may petlbrfn spatial processing (for example, preceding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, reference symbols, or a combination: thereof if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to modulators fMODs) 232 through 2321 Each modulator 232 may process a respective output symbol stream for example, for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 232 may additionally or alternatively process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and npeo verf) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals front modulators 232a through 32t ma be transmitted via antennas 234a through 234†, respectively.

fifth?! At UE 115, antennas 252a through 252r may receive the downlink signals from gNB

IDS nd may provide received signals to demodulator (DEMODs) 234 through 2S4r, respectively. Each demodulato 254 may condition (tor example, filter, amplify, downconverb and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator 254 ma further process the input samples (for example, for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all demodulators 254a through 254t\ perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable:, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 258 may process (for example, demodulate, deiuter!eave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for DB | 15 to data sink 260, and pro ide decoded control information to : eontfoiler/proeessor 286

On the uplink, at UE 1 15, transmit processor 264 ma receive and process: data (for example, for the P1JSCH) from data source 262 and control information (for example, for the PUOCH) from conitoilcr/processor 280, Transmit processor 264 ma also generate reference symbols for a reference signal, The symbols from transmit processor 264 may be preceded by TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable further processed by modulators S4a through 254r (few example, for SC-PDM, etc.), and transmitted to gMB 105. At gMB 105, the uplink signals from UE U5 may be received by antennas 234, processed by demodulators 232, d tecte by MΪM0 detector 236 if applicable, an further processed by receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data en control information seat by UE 1 15, Processor 238 may provide the decoded data to data mink 239 and. the decoded control information to cemroller/proeossor 240.

{8069] Comrollors/proeessors 240 an 280 may direct the operation at gNB 105 and UE 115,

.respectively ControHertprocessor 240, other processors and modules at gNB 105, eorftro!tors/procexsor 280, other processors and modules at, UE ! I S, or any combination thereof may perform or direct the execution of various processes for the techniques described herein, such as to perform or direct the execution illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4.4, 4B, SA, SB, 5C, 64, 6B, 7 A, ?B, 8A _> SB, and 8C, other processes for the techniques described herein, o any combination thereof. Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes for gNB 105 nd UE 115, respectively. Scheduler 244 may schedule UBs for data transmission on the downlink, uplink, at a combination thereof

{bb ^* 70| Figure 34 is a block diagram illustrating 2-step random access channel (RACK) according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 2-step random access channel (EACH) has become a new work item for RsH6 New Radio CNR), which Is applicable to any cell size supported in Re!-15 NR and all ERG- states, whether or not the UE 300 has valid timing advance (1 A). The 2-step EACH includes both a rnsgA 304 transmission Bom the UE 300 to the gNB 30:2, aid a sgB 306 transmission from the gNB 302 to the UE 30. 11® components of rnsgA 304 include at least a physical EACH (PEACH) preamble and a physical uplink shared channel (PUSOI). The components of msgB 306 include at least a physical downlink control channel (PDCC!I) and a (physical downlink shared channel) PDSC!T 2-step EACH is different from the 4-step EACH specified in NR Rel-15 in at least the fact that the first transmission of rnsgA 304 cannot leverage the TA information indicated by the network according to 4~siep EACH, That is the TA command in msgB of the 4-step EACH is provided as closed loop timing control information, while transmission gap adjustment (TO A) Implemented according to aspects of the present disclosure pro vides open loop timing control.

{887 If One or more parameters ma be defined with respect to a rnsgA FUSCH configuration of implementations, For example, parameters defined with respect to a rnsgA PUSCH configuration may include one or more of a number of slots (for example, in active uplink bandwidth part numerology) containing one or maltlple paging occasions (POs), a number of POs in each slot, start an length indicator value (SO V) based indication of the start s bol of the fxtsi PO in each slot and the number of occupied symbols of each PC ⁾ in time domain, PIISCH mapping type, configurable guard period (for example, in the unit of symbols), frequency start point (for example, with respect to the first physical resooree block of the active uplink bandwidth part), etc,

(M72| Figure 3B is a block diagram illustrating radio resource control (RRC) states for a UB according to some i lementations of the present disclosure. MR introduces additional operational state to the IJE state machine 310, and finis additional state transitions, bat the UB still operates In only one state at a time, A RRC connected state 312 (NR RRC CONNECTED) corresponds to the LTE CONNECTED state for active data transfer, an a RRC idle state 3 Id (NR RRC.. IDLE) corresponds to the ETE IDLE state for initial access, A RRC inactive state 314 (NR ICRC INACTIVE) is a stew radio resourc control (RRC) state that" Is similar to the idle state 31 fi, hut that maintains access stratum (AS) context information by implementing UB specific diseononuoas reception (DRX), The UB specific .DRX .may be configured by upper layers or by the RRC layer,

(#073) Figure 3C is a block diagram illustrating open loo timing control for 2-step random access channel (EACH) according to some implementations of the presOnf disclosure. As shown in Figure 3C, one or more transmission gap adjustment (TOA) may be implemented according to aspects of the disclosure. For example, TGA may be applied to the msgA preamble, such as b providing a transmission gap between sgA preamble and a downlink (DL) timing reference point. In accordance with some aspects, when the TA timer stops running, the TGA for msgA preamble can fee set to“ON otherwise, dm OE can apply the previous TA (such as obtained from a preceding closed loop timing control procedure). Additionally or alternatively, TGA ma be applied to the msgA payload, such as by providing a transmission gap between msgA payload and a DL timing reference point.

{0074J Dow» link (DL) timing estimation may be performed by a 2-step EACH UE based on one or more reference signals received fro a base station. For example, idle and inactive state UEs can monitor synchronisation signal block fSSR) transmissions 320 and system information block (SIB) transmissions 322 by the base station. Connected state UEs can monitor these transmissions and additional reference signals such as channel state information reference signal (CSFRS) transmissions 324, Based on these transmissions, the UB can estimate the DL timing and assume a reference time (for example, Tj /i 3 , i¾ . fo , Ts), The IJE can, thus, determine one or more TGAs, such as a first TGA, TA! , for the msgA preamble 326 ahd a second TOA, TA2, for the msgA payload 323, The UB may further determine a tuning gap Tg to be inserted between transmission of the preamble and payload of msgA The base station may receive a .msgA fro each of one or more UEs and determine timing control information for specific UEs irtdividnaliy, or for groups of the UEs, The base station encodes this timing control Information Into foe msgB 330 payload d transmits foe sgB 330 to the specific UE or group of UEs. Each UE, upon receiving and processing Ete contents of msgB 330 _» uses foe obtained timing control information to Improve its synchronization with the base station enabling foe UE to exchange wireless communications with the base station with reduced timing prror,

O07S| There are various options for implementing the open loop timing control. for the 2- step EACH UE. In some implementations, the UE can apply foe same amount of TGA to both foe preamble and foe payload of msgA (that is, T U-TA2) This may be beneficial when foe preamble and ti s payload have a same numerology and power class, A single time offset {for e ample, TA! ) may be im le ente : with respect to the start of each PEACH slot (for example, counted as foe number of slots, based on foe nmnerology of the active uplink bandwidth part) of the preamble, and the symbol level offset may be implied in a SUV-based indication. As described above, an additions! tuning gap Tg can be inserted between foe preamble and fee payload. The amount of foe Tg can be fixed as a constant or can be down- selected from a finite set of values signaled in system information (Si) (for example, the UE may limit Its selection to a subset of pre-def ed tables). Farther, the amount of TGA can be UE-speeilie or UE-group specific In some other implementations, the UE applies different amounts of TGA to the preamble and the payload of msgA (that is, TAITTA2), In some such implementations, the determinations of TAI and TA2 east be IJE-speeifie or UB-group specific. As in the above example, an additional Tg can be inserted between the preamble and the payload. Additionally, foe amount of foe Tg can be jointly determined with foe detemnnations of TAI and TA2, be fixed as a constant, or be down-selected from a finite set of values signaled in SL When applied to unlicensed spectrum, the amount of the Tg can depend on the listen-before-ialk mechanism end the slot format.

|lt)7bj The base station also may Implement a variety of timing control procedures. For example, In addition to SSB, SIB, or a combination thereof, the gNB can transmit an additional IIS (for example CSI-RS) to RRCJTONNECTED UEs to provide more opportunities for DL measurements. Also, when the gNB receives and processes; msgA Earn one or multiple 2-step RACB UEs, the gNB can use an enhanced receiver algorithm to detect foe residual riming or frequency offsets. Accordingly, the gNB can choose to encode the timing control mfctonation in sgB base on the detected timing or frequenc offsets Further, the gNB ma detect the UE ID and timc/frequency/space EACH occasions (ROs) of one or multiple 2-siep RACH IJBs _s and send msgR to e ch successfully detected tfE ift & respective resource «nit indexed by i. The determination of / ean be made as a function of the R0 index x (for example, M(p)Ί Tbs mapping funct on fix) can be pre-configured and may be RllC-statc dependent Alternatively or additionally, the mapping function can be signaled by SI or p e-ddmed in a elcss communication standard. Examples of the mapping function include the use of a hash table, linear or piece-wise linear fimcikms, or nonlinear polynomial fimetfons. Finally, foe payload of msgB can inchs.de additional timing control information for d-step RACH UEs, as discussed above,

[9077] Another option for achieving timing control for 2-step RACH IJEs is to implement

RRC-state dependent timing control ht this aspect, different RRC states are potentially associated with different UL synchronixaticn statuses, Id enhance foe performance of msgA transmissions and reduce the signaling overhead, it ma be benelkhtd to design open loop timing control procedures In accordance to the RRC state. In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, the TGA configuration for one or more of foe msgA preamble ari the msgA payload may be selected for a UE in a specific RRC state by DL reference signal (RS) measurement, configuration information in one or more of the Si ami EEC, or a. combination thereof

[0078] For 2-step RACH m the RRC ¾¾ME€TE.D state when the TA timer is not running, or in the RRC JNACIIVE or RRC IDLE states, the HE cannot assume UL synehronl fion for msgA transmission. In some implementations, the gNR broadcasts possible configurations of the TGA In SIB, including at least the granularity and range of the TGA Here, the granularit of the TGA can depend on foe snbearrler spacing (BUS) of foe PUSCB m msgA, and the range of the TGA can depend on the EEC state, ceil coverage or a combination thereof In some other implementations, fire possible configurations of the TGA for 2-ste RACH are specified by multiple look-up tables (LUTs) in a wireless communications standard. In some such implementations, the gNR broadcasts a table index of the LOT in the SIB or the EEC signal For example, the entries of such LUTs can be designed as rounded values of the propagation delay and multipath delay spread for a specific cell coverage target

|0079| The table below illustrates an example in which the granularity of the TA depends on the SCS of the POSCH in msgA. In the example below, the TA command in msgB is a 12- bit command and the granularity of the TA command is determine based on the particular snbeamer spacing of the PUSCB, as shown. In this example, the TA command in msgB is obtained from receivmg die msgA preamble, and is part of the closed loop timing control information,

r

h

L

100801 In contrast to the TA. co an in rosgB described shove, the TGA provided according to aspects: of the disclosure is configurable and is applied to msgA in open loop timing control The TGA .may, for example, include a slot-level offset (X) and a symbol- level offset (Y), In accor ance with aspects of the disclosure, the values of the slot-level offset (X) and symbol-level offset (Y) may be configured by the network, such as may be received by the OE in system information or RRC signaling before msgA transmission. For example, foe slot-level offset (X) may bo ah integer la foe range of [ 1 , , . , , 32} and the symbol-love! ffset (Y) may fee an Integer in the range of }0, 1, . . . , 13], whore foe values of X a d Y cab be different for different RRC states. In an example implementation in which the granularity of the TGA depends on the SC8 Of foe FUSCH in msgA, the granularity of the slot-level offset (X) and the symbol-level offset (Y) depends on the SGS of foe FUSCH in msgA.

10081 j Alternatively, for 2-step RACB in the RRC. CONNECTED state when the TA timer is running, the DE may assume UL synchronization and use the previous TA value (TAG) as a reference for 2-step EACH, When a Tg is implemented between the preamble and foe payload of msgA, new TGA values for TA 1 and TA2 can be determined based on TAD. .For example, th values of TA! and TA can be determined as an incremental step si¾e or dccrem _& ntal step s!xe applied to TAO, tha is: TAF^TAOt-deital and TA2--TA0-tdelta2, Whe the Tg Is 0, the UK can reuse TAG for both TA! and TA2,

10082} Further options are available for refining the timing control for 2-step RAOT For example, configurable values of the _. TGA, TA! or TA2 for msgA can depend on carrier frequency range. For example, due to differences in channel propagation in frequency range 1 (FR! ), which defines frequencies below 6Gi¾ and frequency range 2 FR2), which defines millimeter wave frequencies at 24GMx or above, different granularities or ranges of TGA, TAI or TA2 values m y be considered, Additionally, the determination of TCIA, TAi or TA2 can depend on the duplexing mode, because time ivision duplex (TDD) has more strict timing control accuracy attributes than ftequenc-y division duplex (FDD), which has more tolerance t timing control macenraeles, Also, the determination of TGA, TAI or TA2 can depend on DL measurements of the RS receive power (R8RP), the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of SSB, SIB, one or more additional RSs, nr any combination thereof to improve tire determination. The base: station can transmit CSl-RS, positioning RS (FRS), or another RS (for example tracking RS (HRS)) to coonected mode UEs, and the base station may transmit a new type of RS that can fee received by idle and inactive UBs for the purpose of RSRIVSNR eas rements that improve tracking.

|0083 Figure 4A is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a UE operating in accordance with open: loop timing control according to some implementations of (he present disclosure. The metho begins at block 400 by receiving, by the OB, at least one reference signal (RS) transmitted by a base station. The at least one RS includes at least one of synchronisation signal blocks (SSBs), system information blocks (SIBs), or another reference signal, such as a channel stale information reference signal (CSTRS). Processing may proceed from block 400 to block 402,

0884) At block 402, the method con i ue _: by estimating, by the UE, downlink (DL) timing of the base station based on the received at least one RS, Estimating the DL timing at block 402 may also Include m asuring;, by the UE, reference signal receive power (RSRE), signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the at least one reference signal, or a combination (hereof. Processing may proceed from block 402 to block 404.

(GOSS) At block 404, the method continues by determining, by the UE, at least one transmission gap adjustment (TO A) based at least in: part on the estimated DL timing. For example, the UE may determine a first TGA (TAI ) an a second TGA (TA2), where TAI ^~ TA2 or TAi ¹ TA2. Additionally, the UE may determine the at least one TGA by determining amount of a timing gap (Tg) between (fee preamble and the payload and jointly considering the amount of the Tg with values of TAI and TA2. An somoni of the Tg may be fixed as a constant in a wireless communication standard or determined by the UE down selecting the amount from a finite set of values indicated b system information (SI), Also, the amount of foe at least one TGA ma be tIB-speciiie or UR-group specific. Further, the UE may determine at least one of a granularity or range of the at least one TGA based at least in part on a carrier frequency range in which the UE exchanges wireless communications with the base station, a duplexing mode for transmission of the msgA, or a combination thereof! Further;, the UE ay determine the at least one TGA based at least in part on th measurement of E.SRP, SNR, or a combination thereof Processing may proceed from block 404 to block 406,

100861 At block 406, the method continues by transmitting, by foe (JE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel. (EACH) procedure. The transmission of the· msgA includes applying, by the UB, the at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the msgA, For example, th UE may apply the TAI to file preamble and applies th ΎA to the payload, Additionally, the UE a apply a tuning gap (Tgf between the preamble and the payload. After block 406, processing may end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 406 to an earlier point in the process, such as block 400.

|S0ft7| Fl ire 4B is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless eoaimnoieatlon process carried out b a UE operating In accordance with open loop timing control according to some impletneniatk s of the present disclosure. The method includes blocks 420, 422, 424, and 426, which respectively correspond to blocks 400, 4Q2, 404, and 406 as described above with reference to Figure 4A. However, processing may proceed from block 426 to block 42k,

fllft f At block 428, tire method continues by receiving, by the UE tkun the base station, a second message (rasgS) of the two-step EACH procedure. The msgB contains timing control information based at least in part on the msgA. Processing proceeds "from block 428 to block 430,

At block 430, the method continues by using, by the BE, the tuning control information to improve synchronfeaifon of the UE with the base station and exchange wireless communications with the base station. After block 430, processing may end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 430 to a earlier point In foe process, such as block 420,

}00001 Figure 5 Ads a block diagram lllustratmg example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method begins at block 500 b transmitting. _» by the base station, at least one reference signal (RS), The at least one ES includes at least one of synchronmnio signal blocks (SSBs), system information blocks (STBs), or another reference signal, such as a channel state information reference signal (CSE RS). The other reference signal may be detectable at least by radio resource control (RRC) co peted s ale (ERC CONNECIBD) UBs, Processing may proceed from block 500 to block 502,

[0991 f At block 502 _» the- ethod continues by receiving, by the base station from at least one user quipment (IJE), at least one first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (EACH) procedure. t¾e msgA Includes a preamble and a payload. The at least one msgA indicating an application;. by the at least one UB _> of at least one transmission gap adjustment (TGA) to transmission of at least one of theprea bie or the payload of the at least one msgA. Th TGA is determined from an estimate of downlink: (D:L) timing of the base tation that is based on t¾e at least one RS. Processing may proceed item block 503 to block 504.

|00 2f At block 504, tire method continues by transmitting, by the base station to the HE, a second message (msgB) of the two-step JRACH procedure. After block 504, processing may end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 504 to an earlier point in the process, such as block 500.

{09 3j Figure SB i a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method includes blocks 520, 522, and 528, which respectively correspond to blocks 50(1, 502, and 504 as described above with reference to Figure; 5A, However, processing may proceed from block 522, to block 524.

piFMf At block 524, the method continues b generating, by the base station, timing control information based at least in part on the msgA. For exa ple, the base station may detect a residual at least one of timing or frequency (tlming/ftequeaey) offset based on th msgA, Here, the ms gB transmitted at block 528 contains the timing control Information. Processing may proceed from block 524 to block 526.

fOhfSjj At block 52b, the method continues by encoding, by the base station, the timing control information in the sgB, for example, based on the delected residual timing/lrequeuey offset Processing may proceed form block 52b to block 528, at which the msgB contains the timing control Information encoded therein. After block 528, processing may end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 528 to an earlier point In the process, such as block 520.

fiMBfof Figure 50 is a b!oek diagram illustrating example- blocks of a wireless communication process carried out b a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method Includes blocks 540, 542, and 550, which respectively correspond to blocks 500, 502, and 504 as described above with reference to Figure SA. However, processing may proeeed from block 542 to block 544.

{0697 At block 544, the method eofttmues by generating, by the base station, timing control information: ased at feast in part on the msgA, For example, the base station may defect a residual at least one of timing or frequency ( ming fro nenoy} offset based on the msgA. Here, the msgB transmitted at block 550 contains the timing control information- Processing may proceed from block 544 to block 546.

{00*>8j At block 546, the method continues by detesting, b the base station, at least one UE identity (ID) and a RAO! occasion (RO) index (x) of an at feast one of time, frequency or spatial (hme/fiequency/spaee) RO of the at least one UE. Processing may proceed form block 546 to block 54S.

|6099{ At block 548 the method continues by determining a resource «nit index (!) based on a mapping function feat maps at least one value of l to at least one value of x, and the base station transmits the msgB in a resource unit Indexed by I. The mapping function nfey pre configured and radio resource control (RRCRstaie dependent, signaled by sy stem information (Si) or radio resource control (RRC) signaling, or predetermined in in a wireless communication standard. Processing may proceed form block 5 8 to bloc 550,

{00!00{ The msgB transmitted at block 550 contains fire timing control information, and the base station transmits fee msgB in a resource unit indexed by l It should be understood that the timing control information may fee encoded in the msgB based on detected residual tiraing/ifequenoy offset, as described abo e, After block 550, processing ma end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 550 to an earlier point in the process, sueb as block 540.

fOOt!Mf Figure 6 A is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wirel ess communication process carried out fey a UB operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The metho begins at block 600 by operating, b the HE, in at least one of: a radio resource control (RRC) connected state (RRC _^ CONNECTED) when a timing alignment (TAJ timer i$ not running, an RRC inactive state (RRC INACTIVE), or -an RRC idle state (RRC IDLE). Processing may proceed from block 600 to block 602.

{001021 At block 602, the method continues by receiving, fey fee HE, at least one system information block (SIB) or RR£: signaling transmitted by a base station. The SIB or RRC signaling inchoates at least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TGA). For example, the: SIB at. RRC signaling may indicate the at feast one possible configuration of the TO A at lea®† part by explicitly providing at least one granularity and at least ooe range of the TGA, Alternatively, the SIB or RRC signaling .may Indicate the at least one possible configuration of the 1X3 A at least in part by providing art index mapped to at least one granularity and at least one range of the TGA, At least one mapping of the index to the at least one granularity and at least one range of the TGA ma be pre -defined, for example, In a wireless communicatio standard. Processing may proceed fro block 602 to block 604.

ffe.lI63| At block 604, the method continues by deierm mg, by the UE _S at least one TO A based at least in part on the a least one possible configuration of the TGA. For example, a granularity of the TGA may depend at least on a sabcarrier spacin of a physical npiink shared channel (PUfiCH) of the msgA, Additionally, a range of the TGA may depend on an REG state of the HE, ceil coverage characteristics, or a combination thereof Also, the UB may determine at least one of a granularity or range of the at least one TGA based at least: fir part on a carrier frequency range in which the (;E exchanges wireless communication with the base station. Further, the UE may determine the at least one TGA based at least in part o a duplexing mode for transmission of the msgA, Processing may proceed from block 604 to block 606,

pOilMJ At block 606, the method continues by transmitting, by foe UE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (EACH) proeednre. The transmission of the msgA includes applying, b foe UE, the at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the msgA, After block 606, processing may nd. Alternatively, processing nay return from block 606 to an earlier point in the process, such as block 600.

|O0IQ51 Figure 6B is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a UE operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some Implementations of the present disclosure. Tire method includes blocks 620, 622, 626, and 628, which respectively correspond to blocks 600, 602, 604, and 606 as described above with reference to Figure· 6 A. However, processing may proceed from block: 622 to block 624,

(§«1061 At block 624, the ethod: continues b measuring, by the UE, reference signal receive power (RSEP) or signal to noise ratio (SNR) of ihe at least pnd of a synchronization signal block (SSB), the S!B, or another reference signal (RS), such as channel state information reference signal (CSi-RS), Processing may proceed from block 624 to block 626, at winch the UB may determi e th at least one TGA based at least in part on the measurement of at least one ofRSRP or SNR.

(00107j Figur ?A Is a block diagram illustrating exa ple blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a UE operating is accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of tire present disclosure. The method begins at block 700 by operating, by the UB, in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state (RR€_C0NNEOTB]D) when a timing ahgnmettt (TA) timer is running, Processing may proceed from block 700 to block 702,

100108! At block 702, the method proceeds by determining, by the UB, at least one TGA based at least in part on a. previous TA value (TAO). The UE may determine the at least one TGA in part by determining whether a tuning ap (Tg) is needed between the prea ble and payload of msgA Alternativel or additionally, the UE may determine that a first TGA (TA1) applicable to the preamble and second TGA (T A2) applicable to the payload am both equal to TAG in response to determining that the Tg is not needed. Also, the UE may determine at least one of a granularity or age of the si least one TO A based at least in part- on a earner f equency range in which the UB exchanges wireless communication with the base station a duplexing mode for transmission of the sgA, or a combination thereof. Processing may proceed from block 702 to block 704

100109! At block 704, the method proceeds by transmitting, by the UE to the base station, at least part of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RACK) procedure. Here, the transmission of the msgA includes applying by the UE, the at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the msgA Additionally^ IP response to determining that the Tg _: is needed at block 702, foe transmission of foe msgA at block 704 may include applying, by foe UE, foe Tg between the preamble and foe payload, After block 704, processing may end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 704 to an earlier point: in foe process, such as block 700.

|00.IIOj Figure ?R is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a UE operating in _. accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method includes blocks 720, 724, and 72b, which respectively correspond to blocks 700, 702, and 704 as described above with reference to Figure 7 A, However, processing may proceed from block 720 to block 722. f 00111 _. 1 At block 722, the method continues by measuring, by the UE, reference signal receive power (R8R.P) or signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the at least one reference signal (RS) transmitted by the base station. Tire RS may he at least one of a synehronfoatlon signal block (SSB), _: system information Mock (SIB), or another RS, such as a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), Processing may proceed from block 723 to block 724, at which the UE may determine the at least one TGA based at least in part pn the measurement of at least one of K3RP or SNR,

1001121 Figure $A is a Mock diagram Illustrating example blocks of a wireless communication process carried oat by a base static» operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method begin at Mock BOO by transmitting, by the base station at least one system information block (SIB) that indicates at least one possible configuration of a transmission gap adjustment (TGA) ai block 800, For example, the SIB or RRC signaling may indicate the at least one possible oonfigiitalion of the TGA at least in pari by explicitly providing at least one g anularity and at least one range of the TGA, Alternatively, the SIB or RFC signaling ma indicate the at least one possible configuration of the TGA at least in pint by providin an index mapped to at least one granularity and at least one range of the TGA. At least one mapping of the index to the at least one granularity and at least one range of tire TGA may be pre-defincd, for example, in a wireless com unication standard. A granularity of the TGA may depend on a suheanier spacing of a physical uplink sha e channel (PI2SGM) of the msgA, A range of th TOA may depend on a radio resource connected (BRC) state of the IJB, on cell coverage characteristics, or a combination thereof Processing may proceed from block 801) to block $02,

1001131 At block $02, the ntetbod continue by receiving, by the base station from a user equipment {UE), at least par of a first message (msgA) of a two-step random access channel (RAGI !) procedure. The transmission of the msgA in icate» application of at least one TGA to transmission of at least one of a preamble or payload of the sgA. Also, the at least one TGA is determine based on the at least one possible configuration of the TGA, After block 802, processing may end. Alternatively, processing may return from block 802 to an earlier point In the process, such as block 800,

Figure SB is a block diagram illustrating example blocks of a wireless enmatunieatloo process according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method Includes: blocks 820 and 826, which respectively correspond to Mocks 800 and $02 as described above with reference to Figure 8A, However, processing may proceed from block 820 to block 822 ,

|0011S] At block $22, the ethod continues by transmitting, by the base station, a synchronization signal block (SSB), Processing may proceed from block 822 to block 824. 901161 At block 824, t e method continues by transmiting, by the base station, another rbferenee signal in addition to the SSB and SIB. The ether reference signal aids the UE in .measuring RSRP, SNR, or a combination thereof thus improving; accuracy of detennination of the at least one TGA based at least in part on the measurement of RSRP or SNR, Processing ma proceed from block 824 to block 826.

1001171 Figure 8€ is a block diagram illustratiS^ example blocks of a wireless communication process carried out by a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method includes blocks 840 and 842, which respectively correspond to blocks 800 and 802 as described above with reference to Figure SA. However, processing may proceed from block 842 to block 844, flMJJ 18| At block 844, the method continues by generating, by the base station, ti ing control information based at least in pari on the msgA, For example, the base station may detect a residual at least one of timing or frequency (iimfogrifoqneney) offset based on the msgA. Processing may proceed from block 844 to block 846

001191 in block 846, the method continue by transmitting, by the base station to the UE. a second message (msgB) of the two-step RAC!·! procedure. The msgB contains the timing control information generated in block 844. It shoul be understood that the methods of Figure SC tnay additionally include procedures that those described above with reference to block 526 (sec Figure 5¾ Mocks 546 and 548 (sec Figure S€), and blocks 822 and 824 (see Figure 8R). Accordingly, the msgB transmitted at block 846 may contain timing control information that is encoded based on residual tlming/ifequency offset, be transmitted in a resource unit indexed by or a combination thereof Alter block 846, processing may end _» Alternatively, processing may return from block 846 to an earlier point in the process, such as block 840.

|00120| Figure 9 is a block diagram illustrating example components of a user equipment (ilia) carried out b a base station operating in accordance with open loop timing control according to some implementations of the present disclosure, A UE 900 _» such as a UE 1.1 (see Figure 2), ma ave a controller/processor 280 _» a memory 282, and antennas 232a through 23 r, as described above. UE 900 may also have wireless radios 901a to 90 Ir that include additional components also described above with reference to Figure 2. The memory 282 of UE 900 stores one or more algorithms that configure proeessor/eontroller 280 to carry out one or more procedures as described above with reference to FIGS. 3 A, 3B, 4 A, and 4B, 101)1211 One or snore algorithms stored by memory 282 configure jrroeessor/eonirolier 280 to carr out one or more procedure relating to wireless communication by the UE 900, as previously described. or example, reference signal receiver 902 configures controller processor 280 to carry out operations that include receiving one or more refe ence signals in any m ner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 400 (.roe Figure 4A) and 420 (see Figure 4B), Additionally, downlink timing estimator 903 configures controller processor 280 to carry ont opera ions that include estimating downlink timing in any manner previously described, such as with reference: to blocks 402 (see Figure 4A) and 422 (see Figure 4B). Also, transmission gap adjustment determine 90 configures controiler/processcr 280 to carry out operatio s that include determining a transmission gap adjustment in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 404 (see Figure 4A) and 424 (see Figure 4B). Further, msgA transmitter 905 configures eonirol!er/processor 280 to carry out operations that include transmitting all or part of msgA in any .manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 406 {see Figure 4A) and 426 (see Figure 48). Further. msgB receiver 906 configures eontroi!eriproeessor 280 to carry cut operations that include receiving and processing msgB in any manner previously described, such as with reference to block 428 (see Figure 4B), Further, synchronization improver 907 configures controilefepmccssor 280 to carry out operations that include Improving synchronization in any manner previously described, such as with reference to block 430 (sec Figure 4B).

|fK1122f Figure 10 is a block diagram illustrating example components of a. base station according to some implementations of the present disc losure, A base station 1000, such as a INR-SS base station J OS (see Figure 2), may have a controller/processor 240, a memory 242, and antennas 234a through ,234t, m described above. The base station 1000 may also have wireless radios 100 i a to 100l t feat Include additional components also described above with reference to Figure 2, The emory 242 of base station 1000 stores one or more algorithms that configure proeessor/controlier 240 to carry out one or more procedure as described above with reference to FIBS, 3 and 5A, SB, and SC.

100123 One or more algorithms stored by memory 242 configure processor/controller 240 to catty out oho of more operations relating to wireless communicatio by the base station I Q0Q, as previously described. For example, reference signal transmitter 1002 configures controller processor 240 to carry out operations that include transmittin one or more reference signals in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 500 {see Figure 3A), 520 (see Figure SB), mid 540 (see Figure SC). Additionally, msgA receiver 1003 configures controller processor 240 to carry out operations that include receiving one or mere msgA form one or more HE in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 502 (See Figure 5A) _> 522 (see Figure SB), and S42 ($ee Figure SC). Also, timin control information generator 1004 configures controlle processor 240 to carry out operations that include generatin timing control Information in any maimer previously: described, such m with reference to Flocks S24 (se Figure SB) and 544 (see Figure 5C . Further, tuning control information encoder 1003 configures controller processor 240 to carry our operations that Include encoding Birring control information in any manner previously described, such as with reference to block 526 (se Figure 5B), Further, UE identity and RAO! oecasibn index detector 1006 configure controller p ocess r 240 to carry out operations that include detecting a UE identity and EACH occasion index in any manner preciously described, such as with reference to block 546 (see Figure 5C). Further, resource unit index determiner 1007 configures controller processor 240 to carry out operations that include determining a resource unit index in any manner previously described., such as with eference to block 348 (see Figure SC), Farther, msgB transmitter 1000 configures controller processor 240 to carry out operations that include transmitting sgB in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 504 (see Figure 3A), 528 (rue Figure 5B). and 550 (see Figure SC),

[00124| Figure 1 1 is a block diagram illustrating example components of a user equipment (UE) according to some implementations of thp present disclosure. A U.E .1100, snob as a UE 1 15 (sec Figure 2), may have a eoniroller/pmeossor 280, a memory 282, and antennas 252a through 2$2r, as described above, UB 1 100 may also have wireless radios 1 101a to 1 iOlr that include additional conqpouents also described above with reference to Figure 2, The memory 282 of DE 1100 stores one or more algorithms that configure processor/eontroller 280 to carry out one or more procedures as described above with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B,

|00125| One or more algorithms stored by memory 282 configure processor/eontroller 280 to carry out one o more procedures relating to wireless communication by the UE 1100, as previously described. For example. RRC mode operator 11.02 configures controller processor 280 to carry out operations that include operating in an RRC mode in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 600 (see Figure 6A), 620 (se Figure 6B), 700 (see Figure 7A) _S and 72Q (see Figure 7B). Additionally, SIB receiver 1 103 configures controller processor 2:80 to carry out operations that include receiving a SIB in an manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 600 (see Figures 6A), 620 (see Figure 6B), 70O (see Figure 7 A), and 720 (see Figure 7B), Additionally, SIB receiver 1102 configures controller processor 280 to carry out operations that include receiving a SIB in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 60 (see figure 6 A) and 622 (see F gure 6B). Also, transmission ga a justment determiner 1 304 configures coniroi!er/processor 280 to ca ry cut operations that include determinin a transmission gap djustment in any manner previously described, snch as with reference to blocks 604 (see Figure 6A}, 626 (see Figure 6B}, 702 see figure ?A), and 724 (see Figure 7S), Further, RSRP and SNR. measurer 3 305 configures eontrolkr/pfoeessor 280 to carry out operations that Iselude measuring RSRP and SNR In any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 624 Free Figure 6B) « 4 722 (see Figure 7B), Further, rusgA transmitter 1 306 configures controller/processor 280 to carry ou operations hat include transmitting all or part of a msgA in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 606 (see Figure 6A), 628 free Figure 6B), 704 (me Figure 7A), and 726 (see Figure 78), It should be understood that memory 282 may also store one or mote algorithms like msgB receive 906 arid synchronization improver 907 as described above with reference to Figure 9,

flM1126f Figure 12 is a block diagram illustrating example components of a base station according to some implementations of the present disclosure. A base station 1200, such as a NR-S8 base station 306 (tee Figure 2), may have a eomrol!er/proeessor 240, a memory 242, and antennas 234a through 2341, as described above, The base station 3200 ma also have wireless radios 1201a to 12011 that include additional components also escribed above with reference to Figure 2. The memory 242 of base station 3200 stores one or more algorithms that configure processor/eoBtroiler 240 to carr out one or more procedures as described above with reference to FIGS, HA, 8B, ami 8C,

(00127] One or more algorithms stored by memory 242 configure proeessorfeontm!ler 240 to carry out one or more operations relating to wireless communication b the base station 1200, as previously described. For example, reference signal transmitter 1202 configures eautrol!er processor 240 to carry out operations that Include transmitting o«e or mom reference signals in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 800 (see Figure _· HA), 820, 822, and 824 fee Figure SB), arid 840 (see Figure SC), Additionally, sgA receiver

1 03 configures controller processor 240 to carry out operations that include- receiving sgA in any manner previously described, such as with reference to blocks 802 fee Figure HA), 826 fee Figufe SB), and 842 (see Figure SC). Also, inning control information determiner

1204 configures controller processor 240 to carry out operations thar include determining timing control information In any manner previously described, such as with reference to block 844 (see Figure SC), Further, msgB transmitter 1205 configures controller processor 241) to carry out operations that inc ide transmitting msgB in any a previously described, such as with reference to block 846 (see Figure BC).

[ M 28| A person having ordinary skill in the art will understand that mferrna!ion and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For exam le, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, hits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electroma etic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any eemb ation thereof,

f0O129| The tnfictional blocks and modules described herein (lor example, foe functional blocks and modules in FIGS. 2 and 4A, 4B, 5 A _. , 5B, 5C, 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B _; 8A, SB, S€, 9, 10, 11, and 1:2) may include processors, electronics devices, hardware devices, electronics components, logical circuits, memories, software codes, firm ware codes, etc., or any cesffiblaation thereof

(00I30J A person having ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be· implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both, To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps hav been described above generall in terms of their functionality. Whether such luoctionaihy Is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system, A pe on having ordinary skill in the art may implement foe describe functionality m varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions are not to be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure, A person having ordinary skill in foe art will also readily recognises that the order o combination of components, methods, or interactions that are described .heroin are merel examples and that the components, methods, or interactions of foe various aspects of the present disclosure may be combined or performed in ways other than those illustrated and described herein.

flKI lf The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, an circuits described in connection with foe disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a genera! -purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (PPGA) or other programmable logic device, disc-rote gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general -purpose processor may be a icr processo , bat in the alternative, the processor ma .be any conventional processor, controller _» microcontroller _» or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or anyOther such configuration,

[0002) The steps of a method or algorithm described in Connection with the disclosure herein may be embodied directly i.u hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module ma reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEFROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC, The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative _», the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete co o ents in a user terminal

[00133] la one or more example designs, the functions described may he implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes· both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that acilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Computer-readable storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEFROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or stem desired pro ram code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general- purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, a connection may be properly termed a computer-readable medium. For: example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server. Or other .remote source using a coaxial cable, liber optic cable, twisted pair, or digital subscriber line (DSL), then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or DSL, are Included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optics! disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), hard disk, solid state disk, and bin-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers, Combinations of the above are also he included within the scope of computer-readable media..

|00134j As used herein, including in the claims, the ter t a combination thereof,” when use in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as eoata g components A, B, C _> or a combination ther of the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. Also, as used herein, including in the claims,“or” as used in a list of Items prefaced by“at least one of" Indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example* a list of“at least one of A* B, or C” means A or B or C or AB or A.C or B€ or ABC (that is, A and B and C) or any of these in any combination thereof,

1001351 The previous description of the disclosure is: provided to enable: any person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the ait, and the gun eric principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Tims, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described hernia but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.