CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] A PCT Request Form is filed concurrently with this specification as part of the present application. Each application that the present application claims benefit of or priority to as identified in the concurrently filed PCT Request Form is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to data, clock and control signal transmission, and more particularly to such transmission using opto-electronic devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] RF and mm-wave phased arrays are being increasingly used in the next generation of wireless communication networks. As is known, phased array advantages increase with increasing span (size) and the number of elements disposed in the phased array. This is, in part, due to the fact that the gain, effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), and the electronics beamforming and beam-steering capabilities of a phased array scale favorably as the number of transmit elements of the phased array increases. Relatively large phased arrays may be used when transmission over relatively long distances, such as in space-based communication systems, are needed.

[0004] Phased arrays are gaining widespread commercial use in data communication networks, in part, due to their integration in a semiconductor substrate, such as in CMOS fabrication processes. Integrated circuits (ICs) operating at RF and millimtere wave frequencies, enable integration of a large number of components to make it possible to form cost-effective and scalable phased arrays. In such devices, a timing reference (clock) as well as the data stream are sent to all the elements and sub-units of the phased array. However, as a phased array’s size increases, the distribution of the high-speed data to the elements of the phased array poses challenges in complexity, cost, power consumptions, size, mass, and the like. A need thus continues to exist for synchronization and delivery of the clock and data in electronic systems, such as phased arrays. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] A system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, includes, in part, a first optical modulator adapted to modulate a first optical signal with a first data to generate a first modulated optical signal, a second optical modulator adapted to modulate a second optical signal with a first clock signal to generate a second modulated optical signal, an optical multiplexer adapted to multiplex the first and second optical signals to generate a multiplexed optical signal, and an optical fiber adapted to carry the multiplexed optical signal. The first optical signal has a first wavelength that is different from the first wavelength [0006] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a first photodiode adapted to generate a first electrical current in response to the first wavelength of the multiplexed optical signal, and a second photodiode adapted to generate a second electrical current in response to the second wavelength of the multiplexed optical signal. In one embodiment, the first photodiode includes, in part, a first filter responsive to the first wavelength, and the second photodiode includes, in part, a second filter responsive to the second wavelength. In one embodiment, the first filter is deposited on the first photodiode, and the second filter is deposited on the second photodiode.

[0007] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a first amplifier adapted to generate a second data in response to the first electrical current, a memory adapted to store the second data, and a second amplifier adapted to generate a second clock signal in response to the second electrical current. In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a locked loop circuit adapted to generate a third clock signal in response to the second clock signal, a multitude of adjustable delay elements each adapted to generate a delayed version of the third clock signal in accordance with the stored data, and a multitude of transmit antennas each adapted to transmit an RF signal representative of a different one of the multitude of the delayed versions of the third clock signal.

[0008] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a multitude of amplitude modulators each adapted to modulate an amplitude of a different one of the delayed versions of the third clock signal in accordance with the data stored in the memory. In one embodiment, the locked loop circuit is a phase locked loop circuit. In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a multitude of power amplifiers each adapted to amplify a different one of the amplitude-modulated signals and deliver the amplified signal to a different one of the transmit antennas.

[0009] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a demultiplexer adapted to demultiplex the multiplexed optical signal received from the optical fiber to generate third and fourth optical signals, a first photodiode adapted to generate a first electrical current in response to the third optical signal, and a second photodiode adapted to generate a second electrical current in response to the fourth optical signal. In one embodiment, the demultiplexer is an Echelle demultiplexer.

[0010] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a first amplifier adapted to generate a second data in response to the first electrical current, a memory adapted to store the second data, and a second amplifier adapted to generate a second clock signal in response to the second electrical current. In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a locked loop circuit adapted to generate a third clock signal in response to the second clock signal, a multitude of adjustable delay elements each adapted to generate a delayed version of the third clock signal in accordance with the stored data, and a multitude of transmit antennas each adapted to transmit an RF signal representative of a different one of the multitude of the delayed versions of the third clock signal.

[0011] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a multitude of amplitude modulators each adapted to modulate an amplitude of a different one of the delayed versions of the third clock signal in accordance with the data stored in the memory. In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a multitude of power amplifiers each adapted to amplify a different one of the amplitude-modulated signals and deliver the amplified signal to a different one of the transmit antennas.

[0012] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a demultiplexer adapted to generate the first data in response to an incoming data received by the demultiplexer. The demultiplexer is further adapted to generate a second data from the incoming data. The system further includes, in part, a third optical modulator adapted to modulate a third optical with the second data to generate a third modulated optical signal. The third optical signal has a third wavelength different from the first and second wavelengths. The multiplexer is further adapted to multiplex the first, second and third optical signals to generate a multiplexed optical signal and deliver the multiplexed optical signal to an optical fiber. In one embodiment, the multiplexers and photodiodes are integrated on a monolithic photonic integrated circuit substrate.

[0013] In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a third optical modulator adapted to modulate a third optical signal with a first command/control signal to generate a third modulated optical signal. The third optical signal has a third wavelength different from the first and second wavelengths. The optical multiplexer is further adapted to multiplex the first, second, and third optical signals to generate the multiplexed optical signal, and deliver the multiplexed signal to the optical fiber. In one embodiment, the system further includes, in part, a third photodiode adapted to generate a third electrical current in response to the third wavelength of the multiplexed optical signal. In one embodiment, the first and second photodiodes are integrated on a monolithic substrate.

[0014] A method of signal delivery, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, includes, in part, modulating a first optical signal with a first data to generate a first modulated optical signal, modulating a second optical signal with a first clock signal to generate a second modulated optical signal, multiplexing the first and second optical signals to generate a multiplexed optical signal, and delivering the multiplexed optical signal to an optical fiber. The first wavelength is different from the second wavelength.

[0015] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating a first electrical current in response to the first wavelength of the multiplexed optical signal received from the optical fiber, and generating a second electrical current in response to the second wavelength of the multiplexed optical signal received from the optical fiber.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first electrical current is generated by a first photodiode that includes, in part, a first filter responsive to the first wavelength, and the second electrical current is generated by a second photodiode that includes, in part, a second filter responsive to the second wavelength. In some embodiments, the first filter is deposited on the first photodiode, and the second filter is deposited on the second photodiode.

[0017] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating a second data in response to the first electrical current, storing the second data in a memory, and generating a second clock signal in response to the second electrical current. The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating a third clock signal in response to and locked to the second clock signal, generating a multitude of delayed versions of the third clock signal in accordance with the stored data, and transmitting a multitude of RF signals each representative of a different one of the multitude of the delayed versions of the third clock signal.

[0018] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, modulating amplitudes of the delayed versions of the third clock signal in accordance with the data stored in the memory. In one embodiment, the third clock signal is generated by a phase locked loop circuit that receives the second clock signal as a reference clock signal. The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, amplifying the amplitude-modulated signals, and delivering the amplified signals to a multitude of transmit antennas. [0019] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, demultiplexing the multiplexed optical signal received from the optical fiber to generate third and fourth optical signals, generating a first electrical current in response to the third optical signal, and generating a second electrical current in response to the fourth optical signal. In one embodiment, the demultiplexer is an Echelle demultiplexer.

[0020] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating a second data in response to the first electrical current, storing the first data in a memory, and generating a second clock signal in response to the second electrical current. The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating a third clock signal in response to and locked to the second clock signal, generating a multitude of delayed versions of the third clock signal in accordance with the stored data, and transmitting a multitude of RF signals each representative of a different one of the plurality of the delayed versions of the third clock signal.

[0021] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, modulating amplitudes of the delayed replicas of the third clock signal in accordance with the data stored in the memory. The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, amplifying the amplitude-modulated signals, and delivering the amplified signals to a multitude of transmit antennas.

[0022] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating the first data in response to an incoming data, generating a second data from the incoming data, modulating a third optical signal with the second data to generate a third modulated optical signal, multiplexing the first, second and third optical signals to generate the multiplexed optical signal, and delivering the multiplexed optical signal to the optical fiber. The third optical signal has a third wavelength different from the first and second wavelengths. In one embodiment, the demultiplexing and current generations are performed by components integrated on a monolithic photonic integrated circuit substrate.

[0023] The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, modulating a third optical signal with a first command/control signal to generate a third modulated optical signal, multiplexing the first, second and third optical signals to generate the multiplexed optical signal, and delivering the multiplexed optical signal to the optical fiber. The third optical signal has a third wavelength that is different from the first and second wavelengths. The method, in accordance with some embodiments, further includes, in part, generating a third electrical current in response to the third wavelength of the multiplexed optical signal. In one embodiment, the first and second electrical currents are generated by components integrated on a monolithic substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1 A is a simplified schematic diagram of a data and clock transmission system, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure IB is a simplified schematic view of the a and clock transmission system, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a pair of exemplary photodiodes adapted to demultiplex the optical signal received from the optical fiber shown in Figures 1A and IB.

[0027] Figure 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a data and clock transmission system, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a data and clock transmission system, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a data and clock transmission system, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, an optical signal distributes any combination of data, timing reference, and/or control/housekeeping signals thereby enabling independent operation of various blocks of an IC or multiple ICs. Such an IC(s) may include a phased array or any other type of electronic system. Therefore, other than the optical signal that is generated in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, no reference timing signal, and/or data needs to be distributed across the electronic system.

[0031] When used in a phased array, embodiments of the present disclosure substantially simplify the construction and/or scaling of the array to larger dimensions, while concurrently lowering the cost and the power consumption of the system. Embodiments of the present disclosure also lower the mass, size, and complexity of the system as light-weight optical fibers, described further below, eliminate the relatively massive and complex metal impedance- controlled transmission lines. Mass is of significance in the space and aerial applications. Distribution of the optical signal across the electronic system (device) may be carried out in various modalities including optical fiber and/or free space. The following embodiments of the present disclosure are described with reference to a phased array. It is understood, however, that the embodiments of the present disclosure are not so limited and equally apply to any electronic system that requires synchronization between and transmission of data, clock and control signals.

[0032] In accordance with one embodiment, optical signals with different wavelengths are used to carry the information associated with the clock and data signals. In one embodiment, a first laser beam having a wavelength X _r is modulated with the reference clock signal, and a second laser beam having a wavelength Zd is modulated with the data signal. The modulated optical signals are subsequently multiplexed by an optical multiplexer and delivered to an optical fiber.

[0033] Figure 1A is a simplified schematic diagram of a system 100, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. System 100 is shown as including, in part, a phased array transmitter 50, modulators 10, 12, optical multiplexer 14, and optical fiber 16. Phased array 50 is shown as including MxN transmit elements 60ij, where i varies from 1 to M, and j varies from 1 to N. Optical signal having a wavelength Ai is modulated with data 20 to generate data-modulated optical signal 22, and optical signal having a wavelength X _r is modulated with the reference clock signal 30 to generate clock-modulated optical signal 32. Optical signals 22 and 32 are multiplexed using optical multiplexer 14 and delivered to transmit elements 60y via optical fiber 16 after being demultiplexed and processed using circuitry described further below.

[0034] Modulators 10 and 12 may perform any one of a number of different modulation schemes, either known or developed in the future. Such modulation schemes include, for example, intensity modulation (IM), multi-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), phase modulation (PM), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and the like.

[0035] The two optical signals carried by optical fiber 16 may be demultiplexed in a variety of ways. In one exemplary embodiment, the two optical signals with wavelengths Xr and Xa impinge on a multitude of silicon-based photodetectors that are partitioned into multiple sections each adapted to have the highest level of sensitivity to a different optical wavelength. This can be achieved using a multitude of different techniques, such as by placing different color filters on the different sections of the photodiodes receiving different signals. The color filters may be formed using any one of the known techniques. For example, the color filters may be formed using pigment or die within a translucent matrix. In another embodiment, the color filters may include, for example, multi-layer wavelength-selective films, or any other wavelength-selective structure that may be deposited, attached, or placed on select sections of the photodiode, as known by those skilled in the art.

[0036] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a pair of exemplary photodiodes 170 andl75 formed in a p-type semiconductor substrate 120 and adapted to demultiplex the optical signal received from optical fiber 16 of Figure 1A. Photodiode 170 is shown as including n++ regions 140 and p++ region 145, both of which regions are formed in p-well 144. P-well 144 is form in deep n-well 142, which in turn, is formed in p-substrate 120. Photodiode 175 is shown as including n++ regions 130 and p++ region 135, both of which regions are formed in p-well 124. P-well 124 is form in deep n-well 122, which in turn, is also formed in p-substrate 120. Positioned above photodiode 170 is filter 150 adapted to be sensitive to, for example, wavelength Xr. Positioned above photodiode 175 is filter 160 adapted to be sensitive to, for example, wavelength Xa. Accordingly, photodiode 170 has the highest sensitivity to wavelength Xr to detect the reference clock signal. In other words, photodiode 170 generates a current signal in response to the optical signal having wavelength X _r ; similarly, photodiode 175 generates a current signal in response to the optical signal having wavelength that Xa, as described above with reference to Figure 1A. The current signals generated by photodiodes 170 and 175 are therefore representative of the clock signal 30 and data signal 20 shown in Figure 1A.

[0037] Figure IB is more detailed view of the data and clock transmission system of Figure 1 A, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The optical signal carried by optical fiber 16 (see Figure 1A) is shown as impinging on photodiodes 170, 175, as described above with reference to Figure 2. Photodiodes 170 and 175 convert the received optical signals to electrical signals. In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure IB, the electrical signal representative of the data (as generated by photodiode 175) is converted to a voltage and amplified by trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) 224 before being delivered to and stored in adjustable delay random access memory (RAM) 235. Similarly, the electrical signal representative of the clock signal (as generated by photodiode 170) is converted to aa voltage and amplified by trans-impedance amplifier 222 before being delivered to phase-locked loop (PLL) 230. As described above, photodiode 175 is adapted to be sensitive and highly responsive to optical wavelength Xa, and photodiode 170 is adapted to be sensitive and highly responsive to optical wavelength Xr.

[0038] PLL 230 receives the reference clock signal (Ref_clk) from TIA 222 and, in response, generates a clock signal CK that has a higher frequency than and is locked to signal Ref Clk. Clock signal CK is applied to each of the MxN (i.e., the number of transmit elements of the exemplary phased array 50 shown in Figure 1) adjustable delay elements 240i, 2402...240MN, the delay across each of which is set in accordance with the data stored in RAM 235. Each of the MxN delayed (phases) replicas of the clock signal CK, namely signals CKOI... CKOMN (generated by delay elements 240L ..240MN), is shown as being amplitude-modulated by an associated modulator 245ij, in accordance with the data stored in RAM 235. Each of the phase and amplitude modulated signals is shown as being amplified by an associated power amplifier (PA) 250ij before being delivered to an associated transmit antenna 260ij of the phased array for transmission.

[0039] In one embodiment, photodiodes 170 and 175 are formed in a photonic integrated circuit. In such embodiments, TIAs 222, 224, adjustable delay RAM 235, PLL 230, adjustable delay elements 240ij, modulators 245y and amplifiers 250y may be formed in a radio-frequency integrated circuit. In yet other embodiments, photodiodes 170, 175, TIAs 222, 224, adjustable delay RAM 235, PLL 230, adjustable delay elements 240ij, modulators 245y and amplifiers 250ij are formed in a single semiconductor substrate.

[0040] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a data and clock transmission system, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Optical fiber 16 is shown as carrying modulated and multiplexed data and clock signals, as described above with reference to Figure 1A. The optical signal carried by optical fiber 16 is received by and demultiplexed by demultiplexer 205 to generate optical data signal 204 and optical clock signal 202. Optical signal 204 impinges on photodiode 214, which in response generates an electrical current signal 292. Similarly, optical signal 202 impinges on photodiode 212, which in response generates an electrical current signal 290. In one embodiment, demultiplexer 205 is an Echelle demultiplexer but it is understood that any other optical demultiplexer may be used. The remaining components and circuitry shown in Figure 3 (identified as block 300) are simialr to those shown in Figure IB and operate in the same manner as described with reference to Figure IB.

[0041] In one embodiment, Echelle demultiplexer 205 as well as photodiodes 212 and 214 are formed in a photonic integrated circuit 200. In such embodiments, TIAs 222, 224, adjustable delay RAM 235, PLL 230, adjustable delay elements 240ij, modulators 245ij and amplifiers 250ij are formed in a radio-frequency integrated circuit 300. In yet other embodiments, Echelle demultiplexer 205, photodiodes 212, TIAs 222, 224, adjustable delay RAM 235, PLL 230, adjustable delay elements 240i, modulators 245y and amplifiers 250y are formed in a single semiconductor substrate.

[0042] One of the challenges of data transmission in a phased array is the timing realignment of the data within various array transmit elements to compensate for the varying free-space delay from array elements to the far-field position where the signal is received. Such delay is a function of the beam pointing direction (e.g., elevation and azimuth angles), which if not properly corrected can cause dispersion in the data transmitted by the array.

[0043] Any misalignment between data associated with different array elements may be corrected by providing adjustable delays along the path to each array element. In one embodiment, a dual-port random access memory (RAM) may be used to align the data. To achieve this, the dual-port delay RAM) continuously stores the arriving data and is read off with an address offset that is defined in accordance with the required delay of the array element. For example, for a relatively large array, L=30 meters across, the maximum time delay mismatch at the steepest steering angle of 90° to one side is Atmax=L/c = 30m / 3x108 m/s = 100ns. At the symbol rate of lOGS/s, this corresponds to lOkb of memory space. In some embodiments, adjustable delay RAM 235 may be a dual-port RAM that is also used for data alignment. To achieve this, as described above, during any clock cycle, the difference (offset) between the address in which data is being written to and the address from which data is being read, corresponds to the delay used for the alignment between the two data.

[0044] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a data and clock transmission system, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. As seen, incoming data 400 is split into a multitude of data streams Di, D2... Dp by data demultiplexer 410. Each of the data streams Di, D2... DP is used to modulate an optical signal having a different wavelength. For example, optical modulator 4151 is adapted to modulate optical signal Si (having wavelength Xdi) using data Di to generate modulated optical signal DIM, optical modulator 4152 is adapted to modulate optical signal S2 (having wavelength Xai) using data D2 to generate modulated optical signal D2M, and optical modulator 415p is adapted to modulate optical signal Sp (having wavelength Zap) using data Dp to generate modulated optical signal DPM. Optical modulator 425 is adapted to modulate optical signal SCK (having wavelength X _r ) using reference clock signal Ref CK to generate modulated optical signal Ref CKM. The modulated optical signals DIM, D2M... DPM, Ref_CKM are then multiplexed by optical multiplexer 430 and delivered to optical fiber 435. Because the incoming data 400 is split into multiple streams, each of which is used to modulate a different optical signal wavelength, a higher data rate is achieved.

[0045] In one embodiment, optical multiplexer 430 may perform wavelength division multiplexing. In some embodiments, when the incoming data is split into a pair of data streams, the optical signal pair may be modulated with in-phase (I) and quadrature phases (Q) signals to enable the generation of a constellation of symbols associated with any modulation scheme, such as QPSk, QAM, and the like.

[0046] As described above with reference to Figure 3, in one embodiment, the multiplexed optical signals carried by an optical fiber are delivered to a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) (such as PIC 200) adapted to couple the multiplexed optical signals to an optical demultiplexer — such as Echelle demultiplexer 205. The optical demultiplexer then separates different wavelengths of the optical signals and guides them through on-chip waveguides. The waveguides, in turn, supply the signals propagating therethrough to individual photo diodes (such as photodiodes 212, 214 that may be disposed on or off the PIC) to convert the optical signals into corresponding electrical signals.

[0047] In some embodiments, the processing of the electrical signals may be performed by a mm-wave or radio frequency integrated circuit, such as IC 300 shown in Figure 3. In some embodiments, the PIC adapted to process the optical signals may include Germanium photo detectors, thereby to enable the use of multiple bands within the communication optical wavelengths (for example, ~l,550nm and ~l,310nm) to transmit various signals. In some embodiments, the processing of optical and electrical signals may be performed by optical components, opto-electronic components as well as electronic circuitry formed on the same substrate, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates.

[0048] In some embodiments, the demultiplexing operation may be achieved using, for example, Mach-Zehnder demultiplexer, cascaded filters, ring resonators, integrated or discrete Echelle gratings demultiplexers, and the like. In some embodiments, the demultiplexing and/or optical-to-electrical conversion may be achieved using components that are external to the monolithic substrate in which other components of the data/clock transmission and recovery system, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, are formed.

[0049] The modulation of the optical signal with data, timing reference, and/or control signals prior to their multiplexing and coupling to an optical fiber may be performed using, for example, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, electro-absorption modulator, or direct modulation of a laser source using, for example, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL).

[0050] In some embodiments, the data and reference clock are synchronized before being modulated and delivered to an optical fiber. The synchronization may be achieved directly, harmonically, sub-harmonically, or fractionally. Such synchronization enables each array element and/or array sub-unit to dispense the need for additional clock and data recovery circuits, thereby simplifying the operation to a sampling, sub-sampling, or super-sampling within each phased array element. This, in turn, results in substantial savings in overhead, cost, complexity, and power.

[0051] In addition to the timing reference (clock) and data, control and housekeeping signal may also be transmitted optically to various array elements. Figure 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a system 500, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. System 500 is shown as including, in part, a phased array transmitter 50, modulators 508, 510, 512, an optical multiplexer 14, and an optical fiber 16. Phased array 50 is shown as including MxN transmit elements 60ij, where i varies from 1 to M, and j varies from 1 to N. Optical signal having wavelength Zd is modulated with data 520 to generate data-modulated optical signal 522. Optical signal having wavelength Z _r is modulated with the reference clock signal 530 to generate clock-modulated optical signal 532. Optical signal having wavelength Zc is modulated with the control signal 540 to generate control- modulated optical signal 542. Optical signals 522, 532 and 542 are multiplexed using optical multiplexer 514 and delivered to transmit elements 60y via optical fiber 16. Therefore, the need for any electrical connectivity among the individual array elements is dispensed with. Embodiments of the present disclosure thus simplify the array backbone and infrastructure substantially. In some embodiment, the lower information rate associated with the control channels may further be used to simply the design. The data intended for different array elements may be identified by introduction of a header in the messages sent to each array element.

[0052] The above embodiments of the present invention are illustrative and not limitative. The above embodiments of the present invention are not limited by the number of array elements, the type of modulators, multiplexers, demultiplexers, and the like. The above embodiments of the present invention are not limited by the wavelength or frequency of the signal being transmitted. Other modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.