BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for applying waterbased paint to a vehicle such as an auto¬ mobile. More particularly, this invention relates to a paint application and circulation system for applying waterbased paint to a vehicle wherein the paint supply is near or adjacent the point of application. Still more particularly, this invention relates to a low volume con¬ tent paint supply system employing methods and apparatus for supplying a high volume paint application without resulting in production downtime. Still more particu¬ larly, this invention relates to a number of features in such a system for quality control purposes and operator convenience.

The paint finish on a new vehicle is often regarded as the single most noticeable visual feature of the vehi¬ cle. When the finish is smooth, even, and attractive, owners are influenced as to the quality of the vehicle, while when contamination, paint unevenness, and other defects are present, the owner is more likely to complain to the vehicle dealer, and attribute a lack of quality to the vehicle itself. Accordingly, vehicle manufacturers and paint suppliers have expended vast amounts of money, effort, and ingenuity to produce quality paints and high quality yet efficient methods of applying those paints to the surface of the vehicle.

It is well known that automotive vehicle production is automated to a significant extent. Indeed, paint is applied to the vehicle while traveling an assembly line by positioning paint booths through which the vehicles travel to receive various coatings of paint. Such tech¬ niques are highly developed and include the use of robots to apply the surface paint to the vehicle and to paint door jambs and the like.

In the past, paints have used structures housing solvent-based paints which must have special explosion-

proof features such as grounded electrical connections and pressure releasing walls which respond to an explo¬ sion, and be located away from the factory. Such requirements of explosion-proof systems for high volume storage of either waterbased or solvent-based paint are necessary for safety, but are costly when handling high volumes of either waterbased or solvent-based paints. The capital expense for such structures and long piping lines, with the accompanying pumping cost, is high. Moreover, the amount of paint in the lines which is effectively inventoried is high. For example, a line of 3000' for example, could contain more than 500 gallons of paint which is lost during color changeover, or if there is a change in the paint. In addition, prior paint cir- culation systems utilized large storage tanks wherein the entire content might be lost or its quality affected during changeover.

When the paint supply is located at such a distance from the point of application, significant pumping energy is required for the viscous paint. The friction gener¬ ated by pumping for such long distances, and the fact that the piping may be required to pass through hotter areas of a factory, en route from the structure housing the paint to the paint booth locations in the factory, tend to increase the temperature of the paint, affecting its viscosity. Therefore, heat exchangers or other tem¬ perature control devices are usually needed to maintain the paint temperature stability in such a paint system. Solvent-based paints have the potential for drawing environmental attention to the solvent emissions during utilization. Primer coats and clear coats have a high application efficiency when an electrical potential is used, so that solvent emissions can be reduced. How¬ ever, unfortunately, color coats are adversely affected by the sole use of an electrostatic application, so that their application efficiency is low and their solvent emissions are higher.

Thus, it is desired to utilize waterbased paints to address environmental concerns resulting from the use of solvent-based paints, while maintaining the quality of the finish on the vehicle. Moreover, it is a problem in such paint circulating systems to reduce the capital expense for preparing painting systems, and to reduce the amount of paint in the painting lines which is lost during paint change¬ over, or if there is a difficulty with the paint. In addition, it is a general overall aim in developing and implementing a paint recirculating system to provide for ease of maintenance and replacement. These and other objectives are met by this invention.

Thus, it is an overall general objective of this invention to provide a paint recirculating system wherein a waterbased paint source and the paint system is located adjacent to or near to the point of application in lieu of a typical paint supply source located a great distance from the application point. It is an objective of this invention to provide a waterbased paint system which uses handling procedures and monitoring methods to reduce the paint volume contents of a local relay room for the paint system to provide a safe environment. It is another overall objective of this invention to provide a low volume waterbased paint supply source for a high volume usage spray painting application which uses methods and apparatus for assuring that the paint supply is not interrupted. It is another overall objective of this invention to provide a waterbased paint recirculating system which uses a single line for supply to the waterbased paint drops and return to the circulating tank.

It is another objective of this invention to shorten the piping run from the paint source and the circulating tank to the point of application for a waterbased paint, thereby reducing the amount of paint inventoried in the

line and thus reducing the cost of replacement when necessary.

It is another objective of this invention to provide a local booth side system to achieve a major cost reduc- tion of a high purity stainless steel system.

It is still another feature of this invention to provide a piping system which avoids locations which tend to induce paint buildup or sedimentation by using, for example, stainless steel piping which is orbitally welded and then passivated.

These and other objectives of this invention will become apparent from a detailed written description of the invention which follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Directed to achieving the foregoing objectives and addressing the problems with prior art paint recirculat¬ ing systems, the apparatus according to the invention features the use of a total paint supply system includ¬ ing a tote and a recirculation tank which are at or nearer to a paint spray booth or other point of applica¬ tion than in prior art systems, including solvent-based systems. The apparatus according to the invention includes a source of waterbased paint, such as a tote and a circulation tank, located adjacent to or nearer to the application points than permitted with typical paints; a circulating tank for receiving paint from the tote; means for delivering paint to a predetermined number of drops in a painting booth for painting an automotive vehicle; and means for returning paint to said recirculating tank. The circulation tank includes agitation means for stir¬ ring the paint in the tank, and a level sensing device for maintaining the level of paint in the circulation tank within predetermined narrow limits. This feature permits the use of a low volume supply for a high volume paint requirement and is a significant feature of the invention. The apparatus includes monitoring means for

tracking the use of paint through the process to assure that the supply of paint to the high usage volume point of application is not interrupted from the low volume supply. The invention related to the waterbased paint is characterized in that a non-explosion-proof electrical system may be used in a standard relay room housing, not requiring explosion-proof characteristics, for housing the circulating tank and the tote. For such waterbased paints, the invention is further characterized by the absence of a need for temperature control since the paint source is so near to the paint booth wherein the supply and return lines are relatively short, and do not pass through hot or cold areas of the painting system in the factory. Other advantages of the invention include low point drains in the system to facilitate drainage and testing; a short piping loop for clean-out; sanitary fittings; smooth bends and transitions in the piping; orbital welding for the stainless steel fittings; a limited surge of pressure in the system; and rapid changeover to new material.

The method according to the invention includes a step of providing a paint supply system including a tote having a waterbased paint and a circulating tank in a relay room nearer to the point of application than is the case for a solvent-based paint or waterbased paint; providing said waterbased paint to a circulating tank in the relay room; transferring said paint to drops in a paint booth by way of a supply line; and returning unused paint to said circulating tank through a return line..

Another aspect of the invention includes a plural¬ ity of totes; a plurality of circulating tanks located in a relay room adjacent said totes for receiving paint from said totes; a paint booth having a plurality of paint drops positioned relative to the passage of an automobile body therethrough to paint said body; a plurality of pipes respectively connected to said circulating tanks and traversing a side of said booth at a location below

the level of said vehicle passing through said booth, said supply pipes passing beneath an end of said booth; and a plurality of return lines.

A significant feature of the invention relates to the use of a relay room near the paint booth wherein the relay room need not be explosion-proof, arranged so that low volume circulating tanks can supply the high volume requirements of the paint booth without interruption. Means are provided throughout the system for automated monitoring of the process.

These and other features of the invention will be well understood from a detailed description of the inven¬ tion which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of a typical and conventional paint booth in a paint shop;

Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a conventional prior art three pipe system used of applying solvent-based paints to vehicles;

Fig. 3 is a typical prior art installation showing a paint supply located significantly far from the point of application; Fig. 4 is a block diagram of a single pipe system according to the invention for applying waterbased paint to the vehicle in the system according to the invention; Fig. 5 is a view showing a relocation, according to the invention of the tote and low volume circulation taken adjacent to or near the point of application;

Fig. 6 is a block diagram showing the concepts of the invention for circulating waterbased paints in a painting apparatus and method according to the invention; Fig. 7 is a partial plan view of a waterbased paint circulating system according to the invention showing totes, circulating tanks, and supply and return lines to and from the paint booth on the assembly line;

Fig. 8 is a plan view of the circulating tanks and supply and return lines to a pair of painting booths, further showing piping crossover at the end of the booths; Fig. 9 is a rear elevational view of a paint booth showing crossover lines beneath the floor of the booth;

Fig. 10 is a simplified cross sectional view through a paint booth showing the elevations of the floor, sump, and supply and return lines; Figs. 11 (1-3) are side elevational views of pre¬ ferred embodiments of the equipment provided in the waterbase relay room according to the invention; and

Fig. 12 is a more detailed view of the piping between the return line and the circulating tank.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A typical prior art painting booth is shown in Fig. 1 at the reference number 15 for painting a vehicle 16 while within the booth 15 traveling in the direction of the arrow 17 on the assembly line. A plurality of robots 18 are mounted on opposed sides of the booth 15 for painting a dry body of the vehicle 16. A portion of the vehicle 16 may be painted manually from the positions noted by the reference numeral 19, such portion including difficult-to-reach locations. At the next application stage 20, a plurality of side mounted robots 21 apply paint to the sides of the vehicle 16 in a carefully arranged pattern at a rate designed to completely cover the vehicle to a desired thickness, sometimes depending on the color. Typically, such a pattern resembles a

"back and forth" or "to and fro" pattern along the side panels for the vehicle 16. Such robots may include elec¬ trostatic apparatus for charging the paint to a negative potential to assist its adherence to a vehicle 16 which is grounded or at a positive electrical potential. Such a technique is well known and commercially available from a source such as Behr Engineering in Germany.

At the stage 23, the horizontal surfaces of the vehicle 15 are painted by an apparatus having side guides 24 along which moves a transverse member 25 having a plurality of paint spray nozzles 26 mounted to face generally downwardly. Typically, the nozzles 26 paint in a back-and-forth or to-and-fro pattern to assure a com¬ plete even coverage of the horizontal surfaces of the vehicle 15. A final painting zone 28 having a plurality of painting nozzles 29 and a plurality of horizontally extendible nozzles 30 complete the painting of the vehi¬ cle 15 which then passes along the path 31 to a drying zone 32. For solvent-based paints, the drying zone is controlled to a relatively hot temperature to drive off the solvents which require careful handling to comply with environmental regulations. A significant advantage of painting with waterbased paints according to the invention is their ease of handling with respect to environmentally-sensitive emission matters.

A paint booth 15 such as is shown in Fig. 1 is generally mounted in a factory building such that the level at which painting occurs is somewhat intermediate an upper level and a lower level which receives the emit¬ ted, but unapplied paints for disposal. As used in this specification, spray locations at the heads 21, 16, 29, and 30 are generally referred to as "drops" or "paint drops."

Fig. 2 is thus an example of a conventional three pipe system used for applying solvent-based paints to vehicles. Thus, a supply tank 33 provides agitated paint to a high pressure pump 34 providing paint at a high pressure of about 200 psi on a high pressure supply line 35 to a plurality of regulators 36A, each of which is connected to a low pressure recirculating regulator 36B to reduce the pressure to about 25 psi to a representa- tive drop 38. The outlet of the low pressure regulators 36B provides a low pressure return on the line 37A to the tank 33. A high pressure supply line 35 continues around all booths to the furthest-most or last required paint

drop condition and at that point becomes the high pres¬ sure return line 35B and continues back to the paint tank 33 located in the external paint mix building to keep the paint circulating throughout the piping network. Such three pipe systems have served well for their intended purpose, but have sometimes suffered from wide pressure variations on the order of 50 to 100 psi stemming from a difficulty in balancing the relatively complicated system. A main feature of the invention therefore is to simplify the system of Fig. 2 to a single pipe system suitable for use with waterbased paints and for solvent- based paints as well.

Fig. 3 is still another prior art block diagram showing a tote location and pumping station at location 40 housing a plurality of totes 41 at a location signif¬ icantly remote from the paint spray booth, where mixing tanks 48 and circulation tanks 51 and pumping stations are located for solvent-based paints. Typically, by code, a solvent-based paint system is located some 80 or 90 feet from the main factory facilities in a paint mix building 40 having an explosion-proof environment, such as a class 1, division 1 environment with explosion- relief walls, grounded components, and an explosion-proof electrical system. Such features are a costly, but necessary adjunct to storage and delivery systems for solvent-based and waterbased paints necessitating a significant capital expenditure. The paint application booths are a significant distance from the building due to process layout. In addition, such a distance requires additional pumping capabilities to move a viscous paint through the required separation distance. In addition, the volume of paint stored in the lines is significant for such a paint loop having an overall length of 3000 or 4000 feet of 2" line holding some 500 to 600 gallons of paint having an average cost of perhaps U.S.$40 to $50 per gallon. When a paint color is changed, or at model changeover, or when a defective paint is discovered, a loss of that amount of

paint is significant, but is necessitated by the require¬ ments for handling paint products.

At the pumping station located in its space 40 paint is withdrawn from the base of the mixing tank 48 and pumped by a pump 50 to a circulating tank 51 having its outlet connected to a supply line 52 for providing the spray paint booth locations typically away from housing 40 to a plurality of drops in the paint booth 15. The return lines 53 provide a return for the paint to the circulating tank 51 located in housing 40 from the paint booth 15.

The basic premise for the paint circulating system according to the invention is shown in Fig. 4 where a circulating tank 55 has its outlet connected to a conduit 56 and a pump 57 to a plurality of drops 58 located in a paint booth 15 in the system. A single return line 59 returns paint to the circulating tank 55. A feature of the invention is that the recirculating tank 55 has a limited capacity and the paint level is maintained within a narrow band so that the interior walls on the recircu¬ lating tank 55 do not dry before a replacement supply of paint is provided to return the tank to an optimum level 60. Typically, the control level in the tank 55 is main¬ tained within a 2" to 3" band. This motion permits a low volume source to service a high volume usage in a paint booth.

The system of Fig. 4 has an advantage of providing a high pressure return through a back-pressure regulator 62 and no requirement for a low pressure return. Such a system permits a number of capital advantages in reducing the number of lines required compared to the prior art system of Fig. 2 and reducing pressure in the main header without inducing heavy shear points.

As an overall indication of the characteristics of the system according to the invention, it should be noted that a number of features are provided to prevent paint buildup and paint sedimentation in the system. For example, since waterbased paints have a high content of

DI water, the product is extremely corrosive, and requires high purity stainless steel construction mate¬ rial to prevent system corrosion which can cause paint contamination. Each of the stainless steel pipes is a seamless pipe having its end orbitally welded to the adjacent line to provide a smooth interior passageway. The preferred components are Type 304 and Type 316 stain¬ less steel, 150 grit surface finished products, while products requiring welded fabrication are of the low carbon content or Type 304L and Type 316L steel. Orbital welding techniques for stainless steel to provide such smooth interior passageways are well known in other industries, but have heretofore not been applied to auto¬ motive paint recirculating systems. During welding, the piping and weld head are purged with argon gas to prevent weld sugaring and use of L-grade stainless steel to prevent inter-granular precipitation. Each of the pipes has a smooth bend with a large turning radius to avoid creating a locus for sedimentation of the paint or paint buildup. Clearly, paint buildup or sedimentation is undesirable for if a "glob" of paint reaches a drop and is deposited on a surface of the vehicle, the vehicle would need to be removed from the assembly line, sanded, and returned for repainting. Thus, the system is engi- neered to keep the paint continuously fluid within the system.

Another feature of the invention resides in the passivation of the lines prior to initial usage. Orbital welding of the stainless steel pipes exposes some carbon from the metal at the welded joint area. A suitable cleaner, such as an alkaline cleaner and DI water solu¬ tion heated to 140 degrees F. , is passed through the piping, followed by a solution of an acid, such nitric acid and hot (140 degrees F.) deionized (DI) water in a proper ratio, such as 15:85. The solution is circulated through the piping for about one hour and the system is then flushed with DI water. Such a treatment makes passive any exposed carbons which could cause rust or

corrosion and inhibits rusting of the metal. Such passivation techniques for stainless steel are known in the food industry, but have not heretofore been applied to automotive paint recirculation systems. Another feature of the system is its utilization of low point drains under the booth 15 so that the system can be flushed with DI water for cleaning, such as when changing colors or when there has been an incident of sedimentation. With both the supply lines and the return lines below the grade of the paint booth 15, such clean¬ ing is facilitated.

Fig. 5 contrasts the system of the invention with the prior art system shown in Fig. 3 where like refer¬ ence numerals are used to indicate like parts. It should be noted that a significant feature of the invention is that the tote 41 and the circulating tank are within the relay room 43, that the mixing tank is unnecessary, and that the relay room contains all of the total pumping station. Thus, paint from the tote is provided directly to the circulating tank 51 for transmission to the booth 15. It should also be noted that the room 40 (Fig. 3) for the totes 41, the pumps 50, the circulation tanks and transport piping member 52 is eliminated since the paints are waterbased and designed within the regulatory restrictions regarding the paints used. Recognition of that property and its utilization in developing the waterbased system of Fig. 5 is an important discovery on which the invention is bottomed.

Among the advantages of the system of Fig. 5 according to the invention is that the capital expendi¬ tures for piping are significantly reduced because the tote 41, pumps and tanks all in the relay room relay room 43 are located adjacent or near the paint booth 15. Moreover, the length of the paint loop around the booth can be reduced, and transport piping is non-existent due to absence of the externally-located paint building to thus reduce the inventory of paint in the piping network. As a practical example, it was possible to reduce the

loop length to about 520'. This reduction is significant when the paint in the loop must be discarded for color change, for example, or for model changeover; there, the paint in the system is wasted at an average cost on the order of U.S.$50 per gallon. Thus, significant savings are realized when it is remembered that a number of colors are involved. For the system contemplated, 10 basic colors are utilized for a single paint booth; however, the system is arranged for multiple booths and planned for an additional 10 colors.

A tote 41 is the conventional manner of providing paint from the manufacturer to the ultimate user. The paint tote selected for this design is on the order specific for this design to meet codes of 275 gallons, while a circulating tank 51 is on the order of 50 gal¬ lons. These volumes permitted the use of a specific amount of paint within the factory at the point of appli¬ cation, while meeting codes. The arrangement is metered so that an alarm is sounded to warn of an impending need for a new tote; thus "just-in-time" inventory techniques can be applied using the system of the invention.

Thus, the system provides paint safely and in com¬ pliance with applicable local codes and state and federal laws to a high volume paint spray application from a local paint delivery system, wherein the amount of paint contained at the local delivery system must be minimized to specific and stated amounts, even in the case of waterbased paints. Where local codes vary and have an effect on the amounts of contained materials allowed, the system can conform to those differences by altering tank sizes, paint level (by adjusting the level sensor probes) and by altering paint tote size and by altering the number of totes allowed to be on line at any given time. For example, if the local or state code restricts the amount of paint allowed in a relay room to 500 gallons, and 10 colors are required, 10 recirculating tanks of 40 gallons each will be within the code requirements for a total of 400 contained gallons. If the number of colors

increases to 20, the level sensors can be altered so that 20 tanks each have 25 gallons for a total containment of 500 gallons, within the code restrictions. By limiting contained values to less than exempt amounts, the relay room is thus not rated as a hazardous environment and it does not require explosion-proof electrical components for control devices, electric motors on agitators, pumps, room lighting, and so forth, and the building itself is not required to be explosion-proof. These features result in significant cost savings.

Fig. 6 shows a flow diagram for the steps according to the invention. The method of recirculating a water¬ based paint for application to a vehicle, such as an automobile, in a paint zone in an assembly process, includes a step of providing a waterbased paint, such as in a tote 41. The method further includes the step of providing the paint from the tote 41 to a circulating tank 51 located in a relay room 43 beneath the mezzanine adjacent to the paint booth 15, while continuously agita- ting the paint, as shown in the step 53. The paint from the circulating tank 51 is provided by a pump 54 located in the relay room 43 to a plurality of drops 55 located in the spray booth 15. The method concludes with the step of recirculating the paint to the supply tank 51 through the return lines 56.

Fig. 7 shows a plan view of the paint circulating system according to the invention in a preferred piping embodiment, representatively showing a situation where a paint booth 15a is in operation while an adjacent paint booth 15b is available for expansion of the system.

Thus, a plurality of totes 41a to 41d are provided out¬ side the wall 44 for supplying paint to a plurality of circulating tanks 51bl to 51bl0. The circulating tanks are respectively connected to a plurality of supply lines 52bl to enable that sampling line becomes return 52bl0, while a like plurality of return lines 59 respectively return paint to the tanks 51. A plurality of future tie

in points 51' are available for expansion to serve the second paint booth 15b.

Fig. 8 shows a plan view of the paint booths 15a and 15b relative to the totes 41a to 41d, the wall 44, the circulating tanks 51bl to 51blθ and the tanks 51' avail¬ able for expansion. The supply pipes cross under the booth 15a at its end 15a remote from the tanks 51 as shown generally by the reference numeral 60. Otherwise, the reference numerals used in connection with Fig. 8 are like those used in connection with Figs. 5 and 7.

Fig. 9 is an end view of the paint booths 15a and 15b taken from line 9-9 in Fig. 8 showing the crossover pipes 60 beneath the painting level of the booths 15. Otherwise, like reference numerals are used as in connec- tion with Figs. 7 and 8.

Fig. 10 is a side cross sectional view of a paint booth 15 showing its elevation. The mezzanine level is shown at the reference numeral 70 above which a vehicle 16 passes for painting as previously described. Gratings 71 are provided through which unused paint falls to a lower area 72 for runoff with water to a drain 73 where the waterbased paint and water are treated ecologically and the unused paint recovered. The supply lines 52 are shown in cross section. For flushing and cleaning, DI water is available at the line 74. The return lines 59 are also seen.

Fig. 11 is a detailed line diagram of the schematic of the pumping station located in the relay room. The tote 41 has its outlet 41a connected through a quick disconnect 109 to a check valve 108 connected to a pump suction hose 107 to a pump valve transfer fitting 106, thus to provide paint to a transfer pump stand 105. A transfer pump 102 on the transfer stand 105 pumps paint through a paint filter 103 to the inlet of the shown cir- culating tank 51. A filter drain valve 104 is provided on the filter for convenience in cleaning and replacing the filter.

The pump 102 is pneumatically operated from an air source 94 providing air through a 3-way air valve 128, an air regulator and filter 129, an air isolation valve 130, and a pump run-away valve 131, connected in series. A compressed air source 95 is connected to an air isolation valve 135 and to a transfer pump solenoid 134.

As described above, DI water is used to clean the lines of the system, and to flush piping during change¬ over. Thus, a source of DI water is provided to a DI water ball valve 137.

Each of the tanks 51 which are representatively shown is connected to an agitator 115 to maintain motion in the paint in the tanks 51. The return lines return paint to the tanks 51 through a return line drain 116 and through the piping arrangement shown in Fig. 12. A ball valve 141 is connected to an air operator 142 in circuit with a level sensor LS2. A level sensor LSI cooperates with the sensor LS2 to maintain the paint level in the tank 51 within predetermined narrow limits as previously described. The ball valve 141 is connected to a check valve 143 in circuit with a gear meter 144. A tempera¬ ture sensor 146 is located on the tank 51 to measure the temperature of the paint in the tank, while a temperature sensor 45 is located in the return line to measure the temperature of the returning paint.

Paint from the outlet of the tanks 51 is provided through a suction line cap 110 through a suction valve 111 to a supply pump 119 located on a pipe stand 120. The pump 119 is hydraulically operated by hydraulic fluid in the lines 90 passing through the hydraulic fluid regu¬ lator 118. A hydraulic pressure gage 132 in series with a hydraulic pressure gage isolation valve 163 are also provided. A pressure gage 117 is located in the paint return line for monitoring pressure in the pump supply system. A pressure switch 140 is also provided for sens¬ ing the pressure in the outlet line to provide a signal to the control panel 91. An output derived from system

overpressure closes valve 138 to shut down in the end result paint pump 119.

The system is equipped with significant safety and operating controls. When a system aberration is sensed by a signal provided to the master control panel 91, a signal is sent to the alarm transmitter panel 39 where a beeper signal is sent to advise responsible personnel of the aberration.

The output from the pump 119 is provided through a supply hose 121 through a quick connect fitting to a paint filter 122 having a paint pressure gauge 123 con¬ nected in line. A filter drain valve 124 is provided for the valve for operator convenience in cleaning or replac¬ ing the filter. The output from the filter 122 is pro- vided as a supply line to a drop in the paint booth 15 as previously described.

The details of the return lines are shown in Fig. 12. The return line 96 is connected to a reducer 183 which may be used because the system is basically a single pipe system as described in connection with Fig. 4. There, the system pipes is reduced from 2" to 1". The reducer 183 is connected to a pressure gage 184. The outlet of the reducer is connected to a cross 186 having a temperature gage well 133 connected to a temperature gage 145. The other side of the cross 186 is connected to a manual return line drain valve 116. The outlet of the cross 186 is connected to a manual return line drain valve 116. The outlet of the cross 186 is connected through a valve to a clamp 189 with a gasket 190. A pinch valve 185 is connected to the outlet as described and to a paint flow meter 114 for monitoring return flow. A tee 187 and a cap 188 complete the piping for the return station for the paint return lines.

Thus, as can be understood from the foregoing, the waterbased material is delivered to the factory in bulk stainless steel containers, and stored in inventory in an explosion-proof building along with the solvent-based products for compliance with codes and laws governing

combustible product storage remote to the main plant. A paint mix associate, knowing the daily production requirements for the colors to be painted, selects the paint totes which will be required for delivery to the relay room where samples are taken for static viscosity and ph levels. The tote is weighed for entry to an auto¬ mated material usage tracking sequence on a data proces¬ sor. The processor subtracts the known weight of an empty paint tote and converts the given data into engi- neering units of volume in gallons according to a mathe¬ matical formula according to paint color.

When the paint tote is transported and connected to the relay room supply line, paint usage tracking and monitoring begins. As previously explained, each tank has an automatic level control via level sensors inter¬ acting with automatic activated fluid shut off valves. As shown in Figs. 11 and 12, when the level in the cir¬ culation tank is lowered, the level sensor 147 provides an input to the processor producing an output to the solenoid valve 134 which in turn pilots the shut off valve 128 to the open position. This sequence refills the paint recirculation tank to a present level, and the valve 134 is closed.

The gear meter 144 is utilized as a totalizer in this system measuring paint flow through the system, for subtraction from the original supply data. This method permits monitoring of the paint tote volume without any devices in the paint tote itself. When an input is provided to the processor indicating a low level in the tote, an auto dialer is actuated communicating through the plant phone system to the paint mix operator equipped with a beeper. Thus, the system does not require occu¬ pancy to keep system from running out of paint.

For added protection, audible horn and visual beacons are energized if the level sensor 147 ever sees a low level condition implying that the paint tote has emptied and that the tank level has traveled below its normal operating level to a second preset low level posi-

tion. This paint fill and usage tracking sequence demon¬ strates the use of a 50 gallon tank with only 25 gallons of paint therein to supply a high volume paint operation. Thus, the basic features of a waterbased paint recirculating system have been shown and described in a way which addresses the problems noted and meets the stated objective. Thus, while the present invention has been discussed above in terms of the preferred embodi¬ ments of the invention and modifications thereof, the invention may be embodied in various ways. Therefore, any embodiments and modification thereof which are imple¬ mented without departing from the principal of the inven¬ tion as defined in the appended claims are within the scope of the invention.