TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Crude oil products are globally obtained from subterranean reservoirs using techniques such as drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Transportation of crude oil products from the subterranean reservoir, required to refine or process the crude oil, is accomplished by moving the crude oil through pipes and into storage/transportation means such as rail cars, tanks, and the like. During the moving and/or storage, the crude is often subjected to ambient temperatures between -40 °C and 60 °C.

[0002] Crude oil products include linear and branched alkanes having the general formula CnH2n+2 wherein n is typically about 1-50, although minor amounts of longer hydrocarbon chains do occur. The higher molecular weight alkanes can be problematic in that their melting points tend to be greater than ambient temperatures in some cases. For example, nonadecane has a melting point of 33 °C; higher alkanes can have melting points in excess of 60 °C for example.

[0003] The high melting alkane fractions lead to precipitation of paraffmic residue that solidifies and deposits on the sides and bottoms of pipes, storage vessels, and transportation vessels (rail cars, ocean tankers, etc.). The solidified paraffmic residue, also known as "paraffin wax", not only reduces the effective volume of the structure within which it is contained but also represents a loss of a valuable component from the body of the crude oil. Excessive paraffin wax buildup reduces the efficiency of transporting crude oil and leads to increased costs related to added downtime for cleaning of the pipes and/or vessels as well as disposal of residues removed from the vessel which increase environmental burden. While the pipelines and vessels can be cleaned to remove the paraffmic residue, the process generates hazardous waste, takes the vessel out of service during the cleaning period, and is expensive.

[0004] The precipitation and/or deposition of paraffin wax can be reduced by additives, called "paraffin inhibitors" (PI) which interfere with the crystallization process of wax and/or suspend wax crystals in the oil. Examples of some paraffin inhibitor polymers include ethylene polymers and copolymers thereof with vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, or a-olefins such as octene, butene, propylene, and the like; comb polymers with alkyl side chains such as methacrylate ester copolymers, maleic-olefinic ester copolymers, and maleic-olefinic amide copolymers; and branched copolymers having alkyl side chains such as alkylphenol formaldehyde copolymers and polyethyleneimines.

[0005] The deposition of paraffin wax can also be reduced by additives, called "paraffin dispersants" (PD), which disperse wax and/or paraffin crystals which precipitate in the oil leading to paraffin deposition in the pipelines and vessels. Many paraffin dispersants are oligomeric or small surfactant molecules. Examples of paraffin dispersants include ethoxylated long-chain phenols, nonyl-phenol formaldehyde resins, and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA).

[0006] The addition of a paraffin suppressant (a paraffin inhibitor or a paraffin dispersant or both) or a "paraffin suppressant concentrate" (PSC) to the crude oil is effective in preventing and/or dispersing paraffinic residue, thereby reducing the paraffin residues in the pipelines and vessels to the benefit of the oil and gas industry. Paraffin suppressant effectively reduces the precipitation of paraffinic residues and/or redisperses, dissolves, or otherwise removes precipitated paraffin wax from containment surfaces during storage and transportation of the crude oil products, mitigating economic loss and decreasing environmental impact. A majority of operators in the oil and gas industry employ paraffin suppressants as their primary mode of paraffinic residue control in production pipelines. Non-aqueous formulations including such paraffin suppressant concentrate (PSC) are transported to and stored at the field locations where crude oil is recovered so that it can be applied as needed to pipes, vessels, and the like. Providing PSC in a fluid format— i.e. in solution or dispersion— is highly advantageous for applying paraffin inhibitor in the field because pumping equipment suitable to meter the desired amount of paraffin inhibitor into a pipe or vessel is readily available.

SUMMARY

[0007] Disclosed herein are paraffin suppressant compositions comprising a hydrocarbon- soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor. In embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor comprises or is a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises one or more residues of an imide having the formula (I)

wherein Rj is a CIO to C30 alkyl or alkenyl, and R15 and R _½ are selected from hydrogen and C1-C50 alkyl wherein at least one of R15 and Ri6 is hydrogen; and one or more residues of a- olefin having the general formula (II)

wherein R ₂ is selected from C10-C50 alkyl, In embodiments, Ri is a CI 8 alkyl, such as n- stearyl.

[0008] In embodiments, a paraffin inhibitor polymer comprises a residue of structure (la)

wherein Ri is a CIO to C30 alkyl or alkenyl, R15 and Ri6 are selected from hydrogen and Cl- C50 alkyl wherein at least one of R15 and Ri6 is hydrogen, and X is -OH or a conjugate base thereof, -NHRi, -N(Ri) ₂ , or -ORi. In embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor includes one or more residues of (I) and excludes residues of (la). In embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor includes one or more residues of (I) and one or more residues of (la). In embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor includes one or more residues of (la) and excludes residues of (I).

[0009] In embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor comprises the residue of an ester having the formula (XV) and one or more residues of a-olefin having the general formula (II)

wherein for each of the one or more residues of a-olefin R ₂ is individually selected from C10- C50 alkyl, R9 and Rio are individually selected from hydrogen and C 15-C50 alk l, and R15 and Ri6 are selected from hydrogen and C1-C50 alkyl wherein at least one of R15 and R½ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor including one or more residues of formula (XV) further includes one or more residues of formula (I), (la), or a mixture thereof. In such embodiments, Ri, R9, and Rio are the same or different, as selected by the user.

[0010] In embodiments, the hydrotrope equivalent comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an organic-ammonium salt of an alkylbenzene sulfonic acid wherein the alkyl of the alkylbenzene is a CI O to C20 alkyl. In some such embodiments, the hydrotrope equivalent comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an organic-ammonium salt of the dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid having the formula (III)

(III). In embodiments, the organic-ammonium is selected from primary ammonium, secondary ammonium, tertiary ammonium, and quaternary ammonium. In embodiments, the organic- ammonium is ethanolammonium.

[0011] In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition further comprises additional paraffin dispersant selected from one or more dispersants having the formula (IV)

more dispersants having the formula (V)

(V),

more dispersants having the formula (VI)

(VI), more dispersants having the formula (VII)

more dispersants having the formula (VIII)

or any combination thereof, wherein x is from 1 to 27, m is from 1 to 100, n is from 1 to 100, and Re is hydrogen or alkyl.

[0012] In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition further comprises a solvent selected from C1-C12 alcohols, C2-C12 diols, C2-C12 glycols, C2-C12 glycol ethers, C3- C12 triols, C5 to C18 linear alkanes, C5 to CI 8 branched alkanes, C5 to C8 cycloalkanes, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, refined petroleum solvent, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition comprises less than 10% by weight of water.

[0013] There is disclosed herein an oil composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of the paraffin suppressant composition of any of the embodiments herein and one or more crude oils.

[0014] Also disclosed herein is a method comprising applying the paraffin suppressant composition of any of the embodiments disclosed herein to a first oil composition to make a second oil composition. In embodiments, the first oil composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of crude oil. In embodiments, the method further comprises subjecting the second oil composition to a temperature of between 4°C and -60°C. In embodiments, the method further comprises pumping the second oil composition through a pipe.

[0015] In embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant concentrate comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of the paraffin suppressant composition of any one of the embodiments described herein and a solvent selected from CI -CI 2 alcohols, C2-C12 diols, C2-C12 glycols, C2-C12 glycol ethers, C3-C12 triols, C5 to C18 linear alkanes, C5 to CI 8 branched alkanes, C5 to C8 cycloalkanes, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, xylene, refined petroleum solvent, and mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the composition comprises less than 10% by weight of water. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate comprises less than ten percent by weight of water. [0016] Disclosed herein is a method comprising subjecting the paraffin suppressant concentrate of any of the embodiments herein to a temperature of between 60°C and -60°C, in embodiments a temperature of between 4°C and -60°C.

[0017] Disclosed herein is the use of any of the paraffin suppressant compositions disclosed herein to inhibit the precipitation of paraffin waxes in crude oil or to disperse crystallized paraffin waxes in crude oil. In embodiments, the use further comprises subjecting the crude oil to a temperature of between 4°C and -60°C.

[0018] Additional advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned through routine experimentation upon practice of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] FIG. 1 shows a reaction scheme for the synthesis of OMAC imides or OMAC esters.

[0020] FIG. 2 shows another reaction scheme for the synthesis of OMAC imides or OMAC esters.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Although the present disclosure provides references to preferred embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts and assemblies throughout the several views. Reference to various embodiments does not limit the scope of the claims attached hereto. Additionally, any examples set forth in this specification are not intended to be limiting and merely set forth some of the many possible embodiments for the appended claims.

[0022] Definitions

[0023] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present invention. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[0024] The terms "comprise(s)," "include(s)," "having," "has," "can," "contain(s)," and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms "a," "and" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments "comprising," "consisting of and "consisting essentially of," the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not.

[0025] As used herein, the term "optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may but need not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.

[0026] As used herein, the term "about" modifying, for example, the quantity of an ingredient in a composition, concentration, volume, process temperature, process time, yield, flow rate, pressure, and like values, and ranges thereof, employed in describing the embodiments of the disclosure, refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and handling procedures used for making compounds, compositions, concentrates or use formulations; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of starting materials or ingredients used to carry out the methods, and like proximate considerations. The term "about" also encompasses amounts that differ due to aging of a formulation with a particular initial concentration or mixture, and amounts that differ due to mixing or processing a formulation with a particular initial concentration or mixture. Where modified by the term "about" the claims appended hereto include equivalents to these quantities. Further, where "about" is employed to describe a range of values, for example "about 1 to 5" the recitation means "1 to 5" and "about 1 to about 5" and "1 to about 5" and "about 1 to 5" unless specifically limited by context.

[0027] As used herein, the term "significant" or "significantly" means at least half, or 50% by some measure as defined or as determined by context. For example, a solution that contains a "significant amount" of a component contains 50% or more of that component by weight, or by volume, or by some other measure as appropriate and in context. A solution wherein a component has been significantly removed has had at least 50% of the original amount of that component removed by weight, or by volume, or by some other measure as appropriate and in context.

[0028] As used herein, the word "substantially" modifying, for example, the type or quantity of an ingredient in a composition, a property, a measurable quantity, a method, a position, a value, or a range, employed in describing the embodiments of the disclosure, refers to a variation that does not affect the overall recited composition, property, quantity, method, position, value, or range thereof in a manner that negates an intended composition, property, quantity, method, position, value, or range. Examples of intended properties include, solely by way of nonlimiting examples thereof, flexibility, partition coefficient, rate, solubility, temperature, and the like; intended values include thickness, yield, weight, concentration, and the like. The effect on methods that are modified by "substantially" include the effects caused by variations in type or amount of materials used in a process, variability in machine settings, the effects of ambient conditions on a process, and the like wherein the manner or degree of the effect does not negate one or more intended properties or results; and like proximate considerations. Where modified by the term "substantially" the claims appended hereto include equivalents to these types and amounts of materials.

[0029] As used herein, the term "copolymer" means a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. The term therefore includes polymers of two or more comprising monomer residues and includes terpolymers, quadrapolymers, and higher copolymers.

[0030] As used herein, the term "crude oil" means the unrefined hydrocarbon product of a subterranean reservoir, wherein the product is a liquid at 20°C at a pressure of about 1 atmosphere, the product including at least linear and branched alkanes having the general formula CnH2n+2 wherein n is typically about 1 -50.

[0031] As used herein, the term "paraffin suppressant" (PS) means paraffin inhibitor or paraffin dispersant, or a mixture thereof. A paraffin suppressant is an additive for crude oil which is effective for preventing, retarding, delaying, minimizing, reducing, and/or inhibiting paraffin wax precipitation, solidification, or deposition from crude oil and/or is effective for redispersing paraffin wax after such processes. Examples of the effect of paraffin suppressants include preventing the precipitation of paraffin waxes, reducing the precipitation of paraffin waxes, redispersing paraffin waxes into crude oil or crude oil compositions, or removing paraffin waxes from surfaces of containments. In the context of paraffin suppression, paraffin inhibition, or paraffin dispersion, "precipitation of paraffin waxes" means crystallization of paraffin wax so that a solid or semi-solid of paraffin wax precipitates, the growth of a body of solid or semi-solid paraffin wax, or the formation of a gel or other semi-solid of paraffin wax from a substantially liquid oil, crude oil, or crude oil composition. Such precipitates, which include crystals, solids, semi-solids, precipitates, and gels, can attach to surfaces of metal containments, accumulate on surfaces of metal containments, or accumulate in a supernatant crude oil or crude oil composition. In containments such as pipelines, such accumulation can result in blockage of flow of crude oil or crude oil compositions, or at least impedance of flow may result.

[0032] As used herein, the term "paraffin suppressant concentrate" (PSC) means a composition comprising one or more paraffin suppressants dissolved, dispersed, or otherwise entrained in a medium such as an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents at a first concentration, the composition for use as an additive miscible with crude oil to produce a paraffin suppressed oil composition, wherein the oil composition comprises the paraffin suppressant dissolved, dispersed, or otherwise entrained in the paraffin suppressed composition at a second concentration which is lower than the first concentration and wherein at the second concentration the paraffin suppressant is effective for suppressing the precipitation of a paraffin wax in the oil composition.

[0033] As used herein, the term "paraffin inhibitor" (PI) means a polymeric and/or oligomeric chemical or chemical mixture, wherein the inhibitor retards, delays, minimizes, reduces, inhibits, prevents, or disrupts the precipitation of paraffin wax in crude oil to which it is added.

[0034] As used herein, the term "paraffin dispersant" (PD) means a oligomer or short-chain (i.e. non-polymeric) material such as a surfactant, which disperses, dissolves, or otherwise entrains a paraffin wax in crude oil when added to the crude oil.

[0035] As used herein, the term "paraffin suppressant composition" means a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a paraffin suppressant.

[0036] As used herein, "crude oil composition" means any composition which comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an oil such as a crude oil. Non-limiting examples of a composition comprising crude oil include crude oil, crude oil plus a paraffin suppressant concentrate, crude oil plus a paraffin suppressant, crude oil plus a paraffin suppressant composition, crude oil plus one or more organic solvents, and crude oil plus one or more additives.

[0037] As used herein, "conveying a liquid" means enabling or allowing a liquid to pass from a first location to a second location. Thus, conveying a liquid includes pumping the liquid so that as a result the liquid flows away from a first location towards a second location; transporting the liquid from a first location to a second location, or allowing the liquid to flow under the influence of gravity ("gravity feed"). Non-limiting examples of conveying crude oil include pumping crude oil through a pipeline, allowing crude oil to pass through a pipeline under the influence of gravity, transporting crude oil in a railroad tank car from a first location to a second location, and/or transporting crude oil in a road tanker truck from a first location to a second location.

[0038] As used herein, the term "crude oil containment" means any object which holds, is designed and adapted to hold, or is capable of holding crude oil. Non-limiting examples of crude oil containments include vessels ^' , pipelines, storage tanks, drums, sumps, reservoirs, tank cars, tank trucks, downhole tubing, tubing annuli, as well as devices such as gauges, taps, meters, pumps, and valves.

[0039] As used herein, the term "crude oil conveyance" means any means and/or object which facilitates the movement of crude oil. Non-limiting examples of crude oil conveyances include pipelines, tank cars, tank trucks, downhole tubing, tubing annuli, as well as devices which facilitate the movement of crude oil such as taps, pumps, and valves.

[0040] As used herein, the term "non-aqueous" means substantially excluding water.

[0041] As used herein, the term "liquid", "flows", or "flow" referring to a composition of the invention means that 10 mL of the composition vertically at rest on a substantially horizontal surface in a cylindrical container having dimensions of radius 1 inch and height 2 inches flows observably within about 10 seconds when tipped to a substantially horizontal position. In some embodiments, "liquid", "flows", or "flow" referring to a composition of the invention means a composition that has a Brookfield viscosity at 10 s-1 of about 5 cP to 1500 cP.

[0042] As used herein, "subjecting" a material "to a temperature of means "conveying the material to a location wherein the material loses heat and the temperature of the material drops to a temperature of. [0043] As used herein, "hydrocarbon-soluble" means soluble in one or more of C5 to CI 8 linear alkanes, C5 to CI 8 branched alkanes, C5 to C8 cycloalkanes, benzene, toluene, o- xylene, m-xylene, ^-xylene, and mixtures thereof.

[0044] As used herein, "oil-soluble" means soluble in crude oil.

[0045] As used herein, "alpha-olefin" (" -olefm") is an olefin (alkene) compound having the general formula C _n H2 _n where n is an integer, the olefin compound being distinguished by having one double bond in the primary or alpha (a) position of the alpha-olefin molecule, i.e. the sole double bond in the molecule is between the first and second carbon atoms. The remaining carbon atoms (the third carbon atom and carbon atoms having higher numbers) constitute an "alkyl side chain" (and are so termed herein) in both the alpha-olefin monomer and in polymers thereof. Many alpha-olefins are available as mixtures of compounds with a distribution of lengths of the alkyl side chains. For example, a C10-C14 alpha-olefin is a mixture of alpha-olefins of various lengths of alkyl side chain, the C10-C14 alpha-olefin having a number average distribution of chain lengths, wherein the distribution has a single number-maximum that lies at from CIO to C14. Therefore the term "an alpha-olefin" ("a- olefin") herein also refers to a mixture of alpha-olefins differing from each other in length of alkyl side chain, the mixture comprising a distribution of chain lengths, the distribution having a single maximum. The plural term "alpha-olefins" and the like then refers to a mixture of alpha-olefins differing from each other in length of aikyl side chain, die mixture comprising a distribution of chain lengths with two or more maxima. Reference to alpha- olefins or a residue thereof, also refers to polymerized or copolymerized residues thereof including the polymerized residues of many residues thereof.

[0046] As used herein, "OMAC" means a polymer comprising the residues of one or more alpha-olefins with maleic anhydride or a maleic anhydride derivative. Reference to "a residue" in singular may also mean plural, as determined by context; a residue in a polymer means multiple residues present as repeat units in the polymer. The term "OMAC" includes polymers of alpha-olefins and maleic anhydride derivatives such as nadic anhydride (the cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct of maleic anhydride), citraconic anhydride, and other related anhydrides known in the art.

[0047] As used herein, "OMAC imide" means a polymer including the residues of one or more alpha-olefins and an N-alkyl, N-aryl, or N-alkaryl maleimide or maleimide derivative. Such polymers may be made by copolymerizing an unsaturated imide with one or more alpha-olefins, or reacting an amine with a copolymer of maleic anhydride (or a derivative thereof) and one or more alpha-olefms.

[0048] As used herein, "OMAC ester" means a polymer including the residues of one or more alpha-olefins and an ester of maleic acid or a maleic acid derivative such as citraconic acid, nadic acid, etc. Such polymers can be made by copolymerizing an unsaturated ester of maleic anhydride (or a derivative thereof) with one or more alpha-olefins or by reacting an alcohol (a hydroxyl-bearing moiety) with a copolymer of maleic anhydride (or a derivative thereof) and one or more alpha-olefins.

[0049] As used herein, the term "matched OMAC" means an OMAC polymer wherein the alpha-olefin has a number distribution of chain lengths of alkyl side chains having a single maximum (i.e. the distribution consists of a unimodal distribution of alkyl side chains).

[0050] As used herein, the term "mismatched OMAC" means an OMAC polymer of two or more alpha-olefins with a maleic anhydride, maleic acid, maleimide, or maleic acid ester or derivatives thereof, the polymer comprises a number distribution of alkyl side chain lengths having two or more maxima (a bimodal or higher polymodal distribution of lengths of alkyl side chains originated from the two or more alpha-olefins). For example, one non-limiting exemplary mismatched OMAC is a polymer of a maleimide, a C12-C14 alpha-olefin, and a C20-C24 alpha-olefin— in such a case, the maxima in the polymodal distribution of chain lengths can be said to differ by six to twelve carbon atoms, and the maxima in the polymodal distribution of chain lengths differ by more than six carbon atoms. In embodiments, the maxima in the polymodal distribution of alkyl side chains differ by more than two carbon atoms, in embodiments more than three carbon atoms, in embodiments more than four carbon atoms, in embodiments more than five carbon atoms, in embodiments, more than six carbon atoms, in embodiments, more than seven carbon atoms, in embodiments, more than eight carbon atoms, in embodiments, more than nine carbon atoms, in embodiments, more than ten carbon atoms.

[0051] Discussion

[0052] Typically, paraffin inhibitors are polymeric in nature and are often formulated in non- polar solvents. Some paraffin inhibitors are comb polymers, and have a polymeric backbone with paraffin-like side chains. The solubility of paraffin inhibitors is temperature dependent. Such paraffin inhibitors when in solution, for example in solvents, crude oil, hydrocarbons and the like, can precipitate, gel, or crystallize, from the solution when the solution is subjected to cold temperatures, for example when the oil is conveyed through piping or pipelines subjected to cold ambient temperatures such as experienced in the winter and/or in cold climates and/or when the compositions are stored in unheated areas. Such paraffin inhibitors, therefore, tend to form gel or eventually solidify with decreasing temperature, and create very costly and/or inconvenient problems by causing pipe blockages, paraffin inhibitor loss, and reduced efficacy of paraffin inhibition, especially in areas where during winter the temperature drops below about 0°F (about -18°C) such as mountain areas, Alaska, Canada, parts of the contiguous United States, Europe, Russia, Argentina, and Asia. Such paraffin inhibitors in solution in solvents, crude oil, hydrocarbons and the like can be subject to temperatures at least as high as 60°C.

[0053] Provided herein are hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalents, which increase the solubility of paraffin inhibitors in hydrocarbon media such as crude oil and/or hydrocarbon solvents over a wide range of temperatures and hinder the precipitation and/or gelling of paraffin inhibitors from the hydrocarbon media, especially when the hydrocarbon media containing the paraffin inhibitors are subjected to temperatures between 4°C and -45°C, such as occurs when the hydrocarbon medium is contained within a containment, stored within a containment, or moving through a containment that is located in air and/or water at between 4°C and -45°C. The hydrotrope equivalents herein are hydrocarbon and/or crude oil soluble and/or dispersible and can be advantageously added to crude oil or solvents such a¾ hydrocarbon solvents along with one or more paraffin inhibitors and optionally one or more paraffin dispersants. The advantages are particularly notable when the resulting mixture is subjected to temperatures between 4°C and -45°C, when there is a lower tendency for the paraffin inhibitors in such mixtures to precipitate from the mixture. Further, such mixtures show marked improvements in low-temperature and/or high-pressure rheological behavior, viscosity, and shear behavior and high pressure viscosity compared with the same mixtures absent the hydrotrope equivalent.

[0054] Hydrocarbon-Soluble Hydrotrope Equivalents

[0055] In embodiments, the hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent in any of the paraffin suppressant compositions and/or any of the paraffin suppressant concentrates disclosed herein is an organic-ammonium salt of an alkylbenzene sulfonic acid having the formula (IX)

(IX)

wherein R3 is selected from C10-C50 alkyl, C10-C50 alkaryl, or C10-C50 aryl; and wherein Ri7 and R ₁₈ are individually selected from H, C1-C50 alkyl, C7-C50 alkaryl, or C6-C50 aryl. In embodiments, R3 is a CIO to C20 alkyl group. In embodiments, R3 is selected from linear or branched alkyl. In embodiments R3 is acyclic. In embodiments R3 is alicyclic. In embodiments, R3 is linear dodecyl. In embodiments, R3 is branched dodecyl. In embodiments, R3 is branched dodecyl and Rn and Ris are both H.

[0056] In embodiments, the hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent is an organic- ammonium salt of the dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid having the formula (III)

[0057] In embodiments, the organic-ammonium is selected from primary ammonium, secondary ammonium, tertiary ammonium, or quaternary ammonium. In embodiments, the organic-ammonium has the formula (X)

R ₅

®

R ₄ N R ₆

R7

(X) wherein R4, R5, Rg, and R ₇ are individually selected from hydrogen, linear alkyl, branched alkyl, alicyclic alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, and alkaryl; with the proviso that at least one of R4, R5, R5, and R ₇ is not hydrogen. In embodiments, the organic-ammonium is ethanolammonium (H ₃ N ⁺ CH ₂ CH ₂ OH). In embodiments, R4 is hydrogen, and R5, Re, and R? are independently selected from hydrogen, ethyl, π-propyl, isopropyl, rc-butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, and i-butyl, with the proviso that at least one of R4, R ₅ , R6, and R ₇ is not hydrogen.

[0058] First Embodiments

[0059] In first embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor comprising a polymer comprising one or more residues of an imide having the formula (I)

wherein Ri is a CIO to C30 alkyl or alkenyl, wherein at least one of R15 and Ri6 is hydrogen, and wherein R15 and Ri6 are selected from hydrogen and C1-C50 alkyl; and one or more residues of a-olefin having the general formula (II)

wherein for each of the one or more residues (II), R ₂ is individually selected from C10-C50 alkyl.

[0060] In embodiments, Ri is alkyl. In embodiments, Ri is alkenyl. In embodiments, R _\ comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a CI 8 or C20 alkyl. In embodiments, RI comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a C18 or C20 alkenyl. In embodiments, R ₂ is acyclic. In embodiments, R ₂ is straight chain alkyl. In embodiments, R ₂ is branched alkyl. In embodiments, R ₂ is individually selected from C10-C14 straight-chain alkyl, C15-C19 straight-chain alkyl, C20-C30 straight-chain alkyl, and a straight-chain alkyl having more than 30 carbon atoms, for example 31 to 50 carbons. In embodiments, R ₂ comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of CI 8 or C20 straight-chain alkyl.

[0061] In embodiments, R15 and R ₁₆ are both hydrogen. In embodiments, R15 is hydrogen and Ri6 is methyl.

[0062] In some first embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor comprises one or more residues of formula (la)

(la) wherein Ri is a CI O to C30 alkyl or alkenyl, R _i5 and R ₁₆ are selected from hydrogen and Cl- C50 alkyl wherein at least one of R15 and Ri6 is hydrogen, and X is -OH or a conjugate base thereof, -NHRi, -N(Ri) ₂ , or -ORi. In some first embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor includes one or more residues of formula (I) and excludes or substantially excludes residues of formula (la). In other first embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor includes one or more residues of formula (I) and further includes one or more residues of formula (la). In still other first embodiments, the paraffin inhibitor includes one or more residues of formula (la) and excludes or substantially excludes residues of formula (I).

[0063] In embodiments, one or more residues (I), (la), (II) includes or is two or more residues thereof, for example two residues, three residues, four residues, five residues, six residues, seven residues, eight residues, nine residues, or ten residues thereof.

[0064] Second Embodiments

[0065] In second embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor polymer comprising one or more residues of formula (I), one or more residues of formula (la), or both; and one or more residues of an a-olefin having the general formula (XI)

(XI), wherein Rn is selected from C10-C14 alkyl, C15-C19 alkyl, C20-C30 alkyl, and alkyl having more than 30 carbon atoms, such as 31 to 50 carbons atoms. In embodiments, Rn is straight chain alkyl. In embodiments, Rn is branched acyclic alkyl. In embodiments, Rn is alicyclic.

[0066] Third Embodiments

[0067] In third embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor comprising a polymer comprising one or more residues of formula (I), one or more residues of formula (la), or both; one or more residues of an a-olefin having the general formula (XI), and one or more residues of an a-olefin having the formula (XII)

wherein Ri ₂ is selected from C10-C14 alkyl, C15-C19 alkyl, C20-C30 alkyl, and alkyl having more than 30 carbon atoms and up to 50 carbons. In some such embodiments, Rn of structure (XI) is CIO to C14 alkyl and R _1? is selected from C15-C19 alkyl, C20-C30 alkyl, or C30-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, Ri ₂ is straight chain alkyl. In embodiments, Ri ₂ is branched acyclic alkyl. In embodiments, Ri ₂ is alicyclic.

[0068] In embodiments, the molar ratio of the residue having formula (XI) to the residue having formula (XII) is from about 4:1 to about 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3:1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 :1.

[0069] Fourth Embodiments

[0070] In fourth embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor comprising a polymer comprising one or more residues of formula (I), one or more residues of formula (la), or both; one or more residues of an a-olefin having formula (XI), one or more residues of an α-olefin having formula (XII), and one or more residues of an a-olefin having the formula (XIII)

wherein R _l3 is selected from selected from C10-C14 alkyl, C15-C19 alkyl, C20-C30 alkyl, and alkyl having more than 30 carbon atoms and up to 50 carbon atoms. In embodiments, Rii of formula (XI) is CIO to C14 alkyl, R ₁₂ of formula (XII) is C15-C19 alkyl, and R ₁₃ is selected from C20-C30 alkyl or C30-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, R ₁₃ is straight chain alkyl. In embodiments, R ₁₃ is branched acyclic alkyl. In embodiments, R13 is alicyclic.

[0071] In embodiments, the molar ratios of the residue of formula (XI), the residue of formula (XII), and the residue of formula (XIII) in the paraffin inhibitor are individually selected from about 4:1 to about 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3 : 1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 : 1.

[0072] Fifth Embodiments

[0073] In fifth embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor polymer comprising a polymer comprising one or more residues of formula (I), one or more residues of formula (la), or both; one or more residues of an a-olefm having formula (XI), one or more residues of an α-olefin having formula (XII), one or more residues of an α-olefin having the formula (XIII), and one or more residues of an α-olefin having the formula (XIV)

wherein R _M is selected from selected from C10-C14 alkyl, C15-C19 alkyl, C20-C30 alkyl, and an alkyl having more than 30 carbon atoms, such as 31 -50 carbon atoms. In embodiments, R _n of formula (XI) is CIO to C14 alkyl, R ₁₂ of formula (XII) is C15-C19 alkyl, R ₁₃ of formula (XIII) is C20-C30 alkyl, and R14 is C30-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, Rn is straight chain alkyl. In embodiments, Ri4 is branched acyclic alkyl. In embodiments, Ri4 is alicyclic.

[0074] In embodiments, the molar ratios of the residue of formula (XI), the residue of formula (XII), the residue of formula (XIII), and the residue of formula (XIV) in the paraffin inhibitor are individually selected from about 4: 1 to about 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3: 1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 : 1.

[0075] In embodiments, the oil-soluble hydrotrope equivalent is a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent. In embodiments, the hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent is a toluene-soluble hydrotrope equivalent.

[0076] Sixth Embodiments

[0077] In sixth embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor polymer comprising one or more residues of an ester having formula (XV)

wherein R and Rio are individually selected from hydrogen or a C10-C50 alkyl group wherein at least one of R9 and Rio is a C10-C50 alkyl group, and R15 and R½ are individually selected from hydrogen and C I to C50 alkyl wherein at least one of R15 and R½ is hydrogen; and one or more residues of -olefin having formula (II). In embodiments, the oil-soluble hydrotrope equivalent is a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent. In embodiments, the hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent is a toluene-soluble hydrotrope equivalent.

[0078] In embodiments, the molar ratios of the residue of formula (XV) to the residue of formula (II) in the paraffin inhibitor is about 4: 1 to about 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3: 1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 : 1.

[0079] Seventh Embodiments

[0080] In seventh embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent; and a paraffin inhibitor polymer comprising one or more residues of an ester having formula (XV); one or more residues of an a-olefin having formula (XI); and one or more residues of an a-olefin having the formula (XII). In embodiments, R _n of formula (XI) is CIO to C 14 alkyl, R12 of formula (XII) is selected from C15-C19 alkyl, C20-C30 alkyl, and C30-C50 alkyl. [0081] In embodiments, the molar ratios of the residue of formula (XV) to the residue of formula (XII) in the paraffin inhibitor is about 4:1 to about 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3:1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2:1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 :1.

[0082] Eighth Embodiments

[0083] In eighth embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor polymer comprising one or more residues of an ester having the formula (XV); one or more residues of an a-olefin having the general formula (XI); one or more residues of an cc-olefin having the formula (XII); and one or more residues of an α-olefin having the formula (XIII)

wherein R _i3 is selected from C20-C30 alkyl or C30-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, Rn of formula (XI) is CIO to C14 alkyl, R ₁₂ of formula (XII) is C15-C19 alkyl, and R ₁₃ of formula (XIII) is selected from C20-C30 alkyl and C30-C50 alkyl.

[0084] In embodiments, the molar ratios of the residue of formula (XI) to the residue of formula (XII) to the residue of formula (XIII) in the paraffin inhibitor are individually selected ίυ be about 4:1 to aboui 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3:1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 :1.

[0085] Ninth Embodiments

[0086] In ninth embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant composition comprising a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent and a paraffin inhibitor comprising one or more residues of an ester having the formula (XV); one or more residues of an a-olefin having the general formula (XI); one or more residues of an α-olefin having the formula (XII); one or more residues of an a-olefin having the formula (XIII); and one or more residues of an α-olefin having the formula (XIV)

(XIV), wherein R _M is C30-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, R _n of formula (XI) is CIO to C14 alkyl, R ₁₂ of formula (XII) is C15-C19 alkyl, R ₁₃ of formula (XIII) is C20-C30 alkyl.

[0087] In embodiments, the molar ratios of the residue of formula (XI) to the residue of formula (XII) to the residue of formula (XIII) to the residue of formula (XlV)in the paraffin inhibitor are individually selected to be about 4: 1 to about 1 :4, in embodiments from about 3 : 1 to about 1 :3, in embodiments from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2, in embodiments about 1 :1.

[0088] First to Ninth Embodiments

[0089] In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition of any of the First to Ninth Embodiments comprises one or more hydrocarbon solvents selected from C5 to C18 linear alkanes, C5 to CI 8 branched alkanes, C5 to C8 cycloalkanes, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m- xylene, /^-xylene, and mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition comprises one or more additional organic solvents selected from alcohols, amides, sulfoxides, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the one or more additional organic solvents are alicyclic, acyclic, aromatic, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the one or more additional organic solvents comprise one or more C1-C12 alcohols.

[0090] In embodiments, the percent by weight of solids in the paraffin inhibitor composition is from about 50% to about 5%. In embodiments, the percent by weight of solids in the paraffin inhibitor composition is from about 40% to about 5%. In embodiments, the percent solids is from about 30% to about 5%, in embodiments from about 25% to about 5%, from about 20%) to about 5%, from about 15% to about 5%, or from about 10% to about 5%. In embodiments, the percent by weight of solids in the paraffin inhibitor composition is from about 50%) to about 10%). In embodiments, the percent by weight of solids in the paraffin inhibitor composition is from about 40% to about 10%. In embodiments, the percent solids is from about 30% to about 10%, in embodiments from about 25% to about 10%, from about 20% to about 10%, or from about 15% to about 10%.

[0091] In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition of any of the First to Ninth embodiments comprises less than 10%> water by weight. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition comprises less than 9% water by weight; in embodiments, less than 8%; in embodiments, less than 7%; in embodiments, less than 6%; in embodiments, less than 5%; in embodiments, less than 4%; in embodiments, less than 3%; in embodiments, less than 2%; in embodiments, less than 1% water by weight. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant composition is substantially non-aqueous.

[0092] In embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the paraffin inhibitor of any of the First to Ninth embodiments is from about 1000 to about 1500000, in embodiments about 1000 to about 500000, in embodiments, about 2000 to about 50000, in embodiments about 3000 to about 20000. In embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the paraffin inhibitor is from about 1000 to about 20000, in embodiments about 1000 to about 15000, in embodiments from about 2000 to about 11000, in embodiments about 5000 to about 11,000, in embodiments about 6,000 to about 10,000.

[0093] In embodiments, the ratio of the paraffin inhibitor to hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent by weight in the paraffin suppressant composition of any of the First to Ninth embodiments is from 7:1 to 1 :3. In embodiments, the ratio of the paraffin inhibitor to hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent by weight is from 3: 1 to 1 :3, in embodiments from 6: 1 to 1 :3, in embodiments from 5: 1 to 1 :3, in embodiments from 4:1 to 1 :3. In embodiments, the ratio of the paraffin inhibitor to hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent by weight is from 4:1 to 1 :1. In embodiments, the ratio of the paraffin inhibitor to hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent by weight is from 4: 1 to 2: 1.

[0094] Tenth Embodiments

[0095] In tenth embodiments, any of the paraffin suppressant compositions of the First to Ninth Embodiments further comprises additional paraffin dispersant. In some tenth embodiments, the additional paraffin dispersant comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an alkoxylated alcohol. In some such embodiments, the alkoxylated alcohol is a copolymer of a CI to C20 alcohol and one or more alkene oxides. In some such embodiments, the one or more alkene oxides are selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0096] In some tenth embodiments, the additional paraffin dispersant is selected from one or more paraffin dispersants having the formula (IV) more paraffin dispersants having the formula (V)

(V);

(VIII); an ethoxylated C1-C20 alcohol; a propoxylated C1-C20 alcohol; a polymer of a C1-C20 alcohol with a random copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; a polymer of a C 1 - C20 alcohol with a block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; or any combination thereof, wherein x is from 1 to 27, n is from 1 to 100, m is from 1 to 100, and R ₈ is hydrogen or alkyl, wherein n, m, and x are integers. The one or more paraffin dispersants have a distribution of values of x, a distribution of values of n, and a distribution of values of m, wherein x, n, and m vary independently of each other and vary independently between structures (IV) to (VIII). In embodiments, m and n units of structure (VI) are randomly distributed. In other embodiments, m and n units of structure (VI) are distributed in one or more blocks. In still other embodiments, m and n units of structure (VI) are distributed in an intermediate manner between random and block distribution, which as a term of art is referred to as "blocky" distribution. Thus, the distribution of m and n of structure (VI) is suitably random, blocky, or block distribution as selected by the user employing known methods of forming copolymerized EO/PO units.

[0097] In some tenth embodiments, the additional paraffin dispersant is prepared by known techniques, for example reacting an alcohol with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in the presence of a base catalyst selected from the hydroxides of alkaline or alkali earth metals or from mixed oxides of magnesium-zinc, magnesium-tin, magnesium-titanium or magnesium-antimony, or acids like sulfuric acid, or Lewis acids like titanium tetrachloride. Random copolymers can be prepared by known techniques, e.g. by the simultaneous combination of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with catalyst. Similarly, block copolymers can be prepared by known techniques including sequential addition of different alkene oxides to the reaction mixture comprising a catalyst. Non- limiting examples of some alkoxylated alcohol polymers useful as the additional paraffin dispersant are commercially available for example from Elementis Specialties, Inc. of East Windsor, NJ under the brand name SERDOX®. The synthesis and/or use of similar and/or such polymers is described, for example, in US Patent Nos. 5,750,796; 7,335,235; and 8,524,643.

[0098] In some tenth embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the one or more dispersants having the formula (IV) is from 200 to 10000, in embodiments 500 to 5000, in embodiments 1000 to 4000, in embodiments 1500 to 3000, in embodiments 2000 to 3000. In some tenth embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the one or more dispersants having the formula (V) is from 200 to 10000, in embodiments 1000 to 6000, in embodiments 1500 to 4500, in embodiments 1500 to 3500, in embodiments 2000 to 3500. In some tenth embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the one or more dispersants having the formula (VI) is from 200 to 20000, in embodiments 1000 to 10000, in embodiments 2000 to 8000, in embodiments 3000 to 7000, in embodiments 4000 to 6000. In some tenth embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the one or more dispersants having the formula (VII) is from 200 to 10000, in embodiments 500 to 5000, in embodiments 1000 to 4000, in embodiments 1500 to 3000, in embodiments 2000 to 3000. In some tenth embodiments, the number average molecular weight of the one or more dispersants having the formula (VIII) is from 200 to 10000, in embodiments 500 to 8000, in embodiments 1000 to 7000, in embodiments 2000 to 6000, in embodiments 3000 to 5000.

[0099] In some tenth embodiments, the ratio by weight of the paraffin inhibitor to the additional paraffin dispersant is from 5: 1 to 1 : 1.5; in embodiments 4: 1 to 1 :1.5; in embodiments, 3 :1 to 1 : 1 ; in embodiments 2: 1 to 1 : 1, in embodiments about 1.25: 1.

[0100] Eleventh Embodiments

[0101] In eleventh embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant concentrate comprising any one or more of the paraffin suppressant compositions disclosed herein, including any of the paraffin suppressant compositions of the First to Tenth Embodiments, and one or more solvents. In some eleventh embodiments, the one or more solvents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of one or more hydrocarbon solvents. Advantageously, the paraffin suppressant concentrates exhibit excellent stability when subjected to temperatures between about 4°C and -45°C, i.e. they show a reduced tendency for the paraffin inhibitor to precipitate, gel, and/or crystallize from the paraffin suppressant concentrate. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrates are added to one or more crude oils or crude oil compositions to produce a second crude oil composition. In some eleventh embodiments, a second crude oil composition comprises a first crude oil composition comprising one or more crude oils and a paraffin suppressant concentrate. Advantageously, the second crude oil compositions exhibit improved stability, i.e. they show a reduced tendency for paraffin wax and paraffin inhibitor to precipitate, gel, and/or crystallize from the second crude oil composition when subjected to temperatures of between 4°C and -45°C.

[0102] In some eleventh embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant concentrate comprising any one or more of the paraffin suppressant compositions described herein, including any or more of the paraffin suppressant compositions of First to Tenth Embodiments, and one or more refined petroleum solvents. The one or more refined petroleum solvents comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, light aromatic naphtha, heavy aromatic naphtha, kerosene, or diesel; and/or aliphatic compounds such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, or any of their cyclic or branched isomers or a mixture thereof. Naphtha is a petrochemical industry term describing boiling point fractions of petroleum distillate collected at different points on a distillation column. Naphtha fractions may include linear or branched or cyclic alkanes or alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or fused ring aromatic compounds or mixtures of these materials. Light naphtha is lower boiling material collected near the ίυρ portion of the distillation column; medium naphtha higher boiling material from near the middle. Heavy naphtha is an even higher boiling material from near the bottom portion of the column.

[0103] In some eleventh embodiments, there is provided a paraffin suppressant concentrate comprising any of the paraffin suppressant compositions described herein; and a solvent selected from CI -CI 2 alcohols, C5 to CI 8 linear alkanes, C5 to CI 8 branched alkanes, C5 to C8 cycloalkanes, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, ^-xylene, and mixtures thereof, wherein the paraffin inhibitor is present in the paraffin suppressant concentrate at about 1 wt% to 5 wt%, in embodiments about 2 wt% to 3 wt%. In some eleventh embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate is added to a first crude oil composition to make a second crude oil composition, wherein the concentration by weight of the paraffin inhibitor in the second crude oil composition is about 50 ppm to 10,000 ppm. In some eleventh embodiments, the second crude oil composition further comprises one or more additional additives to accomplish e.g. biocidal activity, corrosion resistance, and the like. The paraffin suppressant compositions and paraffin suppressant concentrates are usefully added to one or more crude oils and/or oil compositions to inhibit paraffin precipitation. Crude oil means a crude oil obtained from a particular oil-recovery source or oil-recovery location, and prior to further purification or separation. More than one crude oil means two or more crude oils, wherein each crude oil is sourced from a different location.

[0104] In some eleventh embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate compositions of the invention are non-aqueous compositions; that is, they are characterized by the substantial absence of water and are formed by substantially excluding water. The paraffin suppressant concentrates of the invention are liquids between about -60°C to 60°C, or about -50°C to 60°C, or about -45°C to 60°C, or about -45°C to 40°C, or about -40 °C and 60 °C, or about - 30 °C to 60 °C, or about -20 °C to 60 °C, or about -10 °C to 60 °C, or about 0 °C to 60 °C, or about 4°C to 60°C. By "liquid" it is meant that the paraffin suppressant concentrate compositions of the invention are not observed to contain contain gel, solid, or semi-solid material. [0105] In some eleventh embodiments, there is provided any of the paraffin suppressant concentrates described herein, wherein the paraffin suppressant concentrate further comprises one or more additional paraffin inhibitors selected from acrylates, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, graft copolymers of ethylene vinyl acetate, long-chain alkyl phenols, or any combination thereof.

[0106] Additional Embodiments

[0107] In additional embodiments, there is provided a method comprising: subjecting any of the paraffin inhibitor concentrates of the Eleventh Embodiments to a temperature of between about -60°C to 60°C, or about -50°C to 60°C, or about -45°C to 60°C, or about -45°C to 40°C, or about -40 °C and 60 °C, or about -30 °C to 60 °C, or about -20 °C to 60 °C, or about -10 °C to 60 °C, or about 0 °C to 60 °C, or about 4°C to 60°C. In embodiments, "subjecting the paraffin inhibitor concentrates to a temperature of means "adding and/or moving the paraffin inhibitor concentrate to a containment, wherein the temperature of the paraffin decreases until the temperature of the paraffin inhibitor is between a temperature of. In embodiments, the containment is a vessel, a jar, a drum, a can, a tin, a pail with or without lid and liner, a pipe, an umbilical, a capillary string, an annulus, a tank, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the method further comprises adding any of the paraffin suppressant compositions described herein to a hydrocarbon solvent to make the paraffin suppressant concentrate. In embodiments the subjecting is for one hour to 12 hours. In embodiments, the subjecting is for one hour to two years. In embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to 24 hours. In embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to 14 days. In embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to one month. In embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to three months. In embodiments, the subjecting is for one day to one year.

[0108] In some embodiments, there is provided a method comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of conveying any of the paraffin suppressant concentrates disclosed herein through a containment selected from a pipe, a tank, a pump, a valve, a flowmeter, a pressure gauge, a channel, or combinations thereof, wherein the paraffin suppressant concentrate is in contact with a surface of the containment. In embodiments, conveying comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of pumping, gravity feeding, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the pipe is a pipeline. In embodiments, the pipe is a capillary string. In embodiments, the pipe is an annulus. In some embodiments, the pipe is a cable or hose. In embodiments, the cable is an umbilical cable ("an umbilical"). An umbilical cable is a cable that supplies consumables to an apparatus downhole under the sea bed.

[0109] In some embodiments, there is provided a method comprising subjecting any of the paraffin suppressant concentrates of the eleventh embodiments to a cold temperature. In some embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate is stored or otherwise located in the containment. In embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate is in contact with a surface of the containment. In some embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate is conveyed through the containment. In embodiments, the containment is located in a cold location. In some embodiments, the containment contacts a medium. In some embodiments, the containment is in thermal contact with a medium. In some embodiments, the containment is fully immersed in the medium. In some embodiments, the medium is air. In some embodiments, the medium is ice. In some embodiments, the medium is snow, ice, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the medium is aqueous. In some embodiments, the medium is water. In some embodiments, the medium is seawater. In some embodiments, the water is fresh water. In some embodiments, the containment is subjected to a first cold ambient temperature from the medium, and the paraffin suppressant concentrate is subjected to a second cold temperature from the containment. In such embodiments, the paraffin suppressant concentrate is in thermal contact with the containment, and the containment is in in thermal contact with the medium. Tn some such embodiments, heat flows from the medium through the containment into the paraffin suppressant concentrate, and the temperature of the paraffin suppressant concentrate rises. In some such embodiments, heat in the paraffin suppressant concentrate flows through the containment and into the medium, and the temperature of the paraffin suppressant concentrate drops. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is substantially the same as the first cold temperature. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is different from the first cold temperature. In embodiments, the second cold temperature is between 4°C and -100°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between 4°C and -80°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between 4°C and -60°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -10°C and -60°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -10°C and -50°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -10°C and -40°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -20°C and -40°C. In some embodiments, the first cold temperature is the temperature of water surrounding the containment. In embodiments, the containment is submerged underwater. In some embodiments the water is seawater. In some embodiments, the water is seawater and the containment is located in a submarine location at a depth wherein the water temperature is cold. In some embodiments, the submarine location is a deep undersea location. In embodiments, the temperature of the water is from about -2°C to about 4 ^C C. In some embodiments the water temperature is from about 0°C to about 4°C. In some embodiments, the water is fresh water. In some embodiments, the fresh water is lake water. In some embodiments the subjecting is for one hour to 12 hours. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for one hour to two years. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to 24 hours. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to 14 days. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to one month. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to three months. In embodiments, the subjecting is for one day to one year.

[0110] In embodiments there is provided a method comprising: applying any of the paraffin suppressant compositions of First to Tenth Embodiments or any of the paraffin suppressant concentrates of the Eleventh Embodiments to a first oil composition to make a second oil composition. In some embodiments, the first oil composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a crude oil. In some embodiments, the first oil composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a mixture of two or more crude oils. Tn some embodiments, the first oil composition consists of one or more crude oils and one or more additives selected from surfactants, solvents, paraffin inhibitors, paraffin dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, descaling agents, schmoo-removal agents, schmoo inhibitors, one or more other individually selected additives for crude oil known in the art, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first oil composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of refined oil. In some embodiments, the first oil composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of hydraulic oil. In some embodiments, the first oil composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of machine oil.

[0111] In embodiments, the second oil composition includes about 0.5 ppm to 10,000 ppm by weight of one or more of the compositions of the First to Tenth Embodiments, for example about 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, about 5 ppm to 10,000 ppm, or about 50 ppm to 10,000 ppm.

[0112] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of conveying the second oil composition through a containment selected from a pipe, a tank, a pump, a valve, a flowmeter, a pressure gauge, a channel, or combinations thereof, wherein the crude oil is in contact with a surface of the containment. In some embodiments, conveying comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of pumping, gravity feeding, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pipe is a pipeline. In some embodiments, the pipe is a capillary string. In some embodiments, the pipe is an annulus. In some embodiments, the pipe is a cable or hose. In some embodiments, the cable is an umbilical cable ("an umbilical"). An umbilical cable is a cable that supplies consumables to an apparatus.

[0113] In some embodiments, there is provided a method comprising: subjecting the second oil composition to cold temperatures. In some embodiments, the second crude oil composition is stored or otherwise located in the containment. In some embodiments, the second crude oil composition is in contact with a surface of the containment. In some embodiments, the second oil composition is conveyed through the containment. In some embodiments, the containment is located in a cold location. In some embodiments, the containment contacts a medium. In some embodiments, the containment is in thermal contact with a medium. In some embodiments, the containment is fully immersed in the medium. In some embodiments, the medium is air. In some embodiments, the medium is ice. In some embodiments, the medium is snow, ice, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the medium is aqueous. Tn some embodiments, the medium is water. Tn some embodiments, the medium is seawater. In some embodiments, the water is fresh water. In some embodiments, the containment is subjected to a first cold ambient temperature from the medium, and the second oil composition is subjected to a second cold temperature from the containment. In such embodiments, the second oil composition is in thermal contact with the containment, and the containment is in in thermal contact with the medium. In some such embodiments, heat flows from the medium through the containment into the second oil composition, and the temperature of the second oil composition rises. In some such embodiments, heat in the oil flows through the containment and into the medium, and the temperature of the second oil composition drops. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is substantially the same as the first cold temperature. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is different from the first cold temperature. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between 4°C and -100°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between 4°C and -80°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between 4°C and - 60°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -10°C and -60°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -10°C and -50°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -10°C and -40°C. In some embodiments, the second cold temperature is between -20°C and -40°C. In some embodiments, the first cold temperature is the temperature of water surrounding the containment.

[0114] In some embodiments, the containment is submerged underwater. In some such embodiments the water is seawater. In some embodiments, the water is seawater and the containment is located in a submarine location at a depth wherein the water temperature is cold. In some embodiments, the submarine location is a deep undersea location. In some embodiments, the temperature of the water is from about -2°C to about 4°C. In some embodiments the water temperature is from about 0°C to about 4°C. In some embodiments, the water is fresh water. In some embodiments, the fresh water is lake water. In some embodiments the subjecting is for one hour to 12 hours. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for one hour to two years. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to 24 hours. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to 14 days. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to one month. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for 12 hours to three months. In some embodiments, the subjecting is for one day to one year.

[0115] In some embodiments, a composition of any of the First to Eleventh Embodiments further includes a C4-C50 alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resin. Such materials are available commercially. The alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resins generally have a weight-average molecular weight of about 1,000 g/mol to 500,000 g/mol, for example about 1,000 g/mol to 400,000 g/mol, or about 1000 g/mol to 300,000 g/mol, or about 1000 g/mol to 200,000 g/mol, or about 1000 g/mol to 100,000 g/mol, or about 2000 g/mol to 500,000 g/mol, or about 2000 g/mol to 400,000 g/mol, or about 2000 g/mol to 300,000 g/mol, or about 2000 g/mol to 200,000 g/mol, or about 2000 g/mol to 100,000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polymers have at least about 10 and up to 5000 repeat units, wherein a repeat unit includes the residue of one alkylphenol molecule condensed with one formaldehyde molecule. The alkylphenol monomer residue includes a linear or branched alkyl moiety, bonded to phenol to the phenol hydroxyl, typically though not always in the ortho- or para- position and including 4 to 50 carbon atoms, for example 4 to 40 carbons, or 4 to 30 carbons, or 4 to 20 carbons, or 5 to 18 carbons, or 6 to 16 carbons, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbons. The alkylphenol and formaldehyde are subjected to conditions suitable for phenol- formaldehyde condensation, which is accomplished using conventional methods known to those of skill. The polymeric condensation product that results comprises or consists essentially of a phenol formaldehyde polymer with pendant alkyl groups. In some embodiments, the alkylphenol is copolymerized with phenol, resorcinol, one or more additional alkylphenols (that is, a blend of two or more alkylphenols are copolymerized), or a combination of two or more of these.

[0116] In embodiments, the alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resin is combined with one or more compositions of the First to Eleventh Embodiments. Concentrates according to the Eleventh Embodiments include in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to 10 wt% alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resin based on the weight of the concentrate, or about 0.5 wt% to 8 wt%, or about 0.5 wt% ot

6 wt%, or about 0.5 wt% to 4 wt%, or about 1 wt% to 8 wt%, or about lwt% to 7 wt%, or about 1 wt% to 6 wt%, or about 1 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 1 wt% to 4 wt%, or about 2 wt% to 8 wt%, or about 2 wt% to 7 wt%, or about 2 wt% to 6 wt%, or about 2 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 2 wt% to 4 wt%, or about 2 wt% to 3 wt%, or about 3 wt% to 8 wt%, or about 3 wt% to

7 wt%, or about 3 wt% to 6 wt%, or about 3 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 3 wt% to 4 wt% alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resin based on the weight of the concentrate.

[0117] The alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resin acts to inhibit precipitation of asphaltenes from crude oil. Asphaltenes are a solubility class of crude oil, defined as the crude oil fraction mat is soluble in aromatic solvents and insoluble in n-alkanes. ASTM D-3279-90 defines asphaltenes as solids that precipitate when an excess of n-heptane or pentane is added to a crude oil. Asphaltene molecules have complex structures and may precipitate from crude oil during extraction, forming deposits on the internal surface of the production system and accumulating particularly within equipment with high crude oil residence time. Asphaltenes are typically stable under virgin reservoir conditions, but during production, they can become destabilized and precipitate due to changes in temperature, pressure, with further dependence on the specific chemical composition of the crude oil extracted. Asphaltene deposition interferes with crude oil flow and processing, causing emulsion formation and/or stabilization within the flow, as well as heat exchanger fouling, and the like.

[0118] We have found that addition of 0.1 wt% to 10 wt% of one or more alkyl phenol- formaldehyde resins to a concentrate of the Eleventh Embodiment provides effective asphaltene inhibition in addition to paraffin inhibition upon applying the concentrate to a first oil to form a second oil. The alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins incorporated into any of the described Eleventh Embodiment concentrates do not impart low-temperature instability to the concentrates when stored at a cold temperature. Thus, compositions including the alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are useful in each and every method described above, in particular methods employing umbilical delivery of a composition or concentrate.

[0119] In embodiments, concentrates of the Eleventh Embodiments comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the following First or Second Mixtures. In embodiments, the methods disclosed above employ the First or Second Mixtures as concentrates. In embodiments, the First or Second Mixtures are employed as paraffin inhibitor/asphaltene inhibitor compositions. In such embodiments, the First or Second Mixtures are employed in a method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of: applying any of the First or Second Mixtures to a first oil composition to form a second oil composition as described above.

[0120] In embodiments, the First Mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a C18-C40 alkylphenol formaldehyde resin, a mismatched OMAC, a dispersant of formula (VI) above, and one or more solvents. In embodiments, the First Mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: about 1 wt% to 10 wt% of a C18-C40 alkylphenol formaldehyde resin; about 1 wt% to 10 wt% of a mismatched OMAC of the Third Embodiment; about 1 wt% to 10 wi% of a dispersant having the formula (VI) wherein x is 1, ihe sum of m + n is about 20, and m and n units are randomly distributed in an overall molar ratio of 1 :2; about 1 wt% to 10 wt% 2-methoxy ethanol; and about 80 wt% toluene. In embodiments, the First Mixture consists essentially of or consists of: about 5 wt% of solids of a C18-C40 alkylphenol formaldehyde resin; about 5 wt% of a mismatched OMAC of the Third Embodiment comprising the residues of 2 equivalents of C16-C20 maleimide, 1 equivalent of C14-C16 a-olefin, and one equivalent of C22-C24 a-olefin; about 6 wt% 2-methoxy ethanol; about 4 wt% of a dispersant having the formula (VI) wherein x is 1 , the sum of m + n is about 20, and m and n units are randomly distributed a molar ratio of 1 :2; and about 80 wt% toluene. In embodiments, the C16-C20 maleimide includes a C18 alkyl functionality, a C18 alkenyl functionality, or a mixture thereof.

[0121] In embodiments, the Second Mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a mismatched OMAC, a dispersant of formula (V) above, a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent, and one or more solvents. In embodiments, the Second Mixture consists essentially of or consists of: about 5 wt% to 20 wt% of a mismatched OMAC of the Third Embodiment, about 2 wt% to 15 wt% of a dispersant having the formula (VI) wherein x is 1, the sum of m + n is about 20, and m and n units are randomly distributed a molar ratio of 1 :2; about 5 wt% to 30 wt% of the ethanolamine salt of formula (III), which is 4-(l-isobutyl-l,4- dimethylpentyl)-benzenesulfonic acid, and toluene. In embodiments, the Second Mixture consists essentially of or consists of: about 10 wt% of a mismatched OMAC of the Third Embodiment comprising the residues of 2 equivalents of C16-C20 maleimide, 1 equivalent of C14-C16 a-olefin, and one equivalent of C22-C24 a-olefin; about 8 wt% of a dispersant having the formula (VI) wherein x is 1 , the sum of m + n is about 20, and m and n units are randomly distributed a molar ratio of 1 :2; about 20 wt% of the ethanolamine salt of formula (III), which is 4-(l-isobutyl-l,4-dimethylpentyl)-benzenesulfonic acid, and about 62 wt% toluene. In embodiments, the C16-C20 maleimide includes a C18 alkyl functionality, a C18 alkenyl functionality, or a mixture thereof.

[0122] EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

[0123] Example 1

Four polymers were synthesized according to the scheme shown in FIG. 1. The compositions of the four polymers are shown in Table 1. The procedure to synthesize the four polymers was as follows:

[0124] Step 1 : Synthesis of OMAC

[0125] The first step was the polymerization of an a-olefin with maleic anhydride to produce an OMAC. The a-olefin either having chain length distribution C16-C18 or C20-C24 (1 mol), was charged to the reactor followed by xylene (or heavy aromatic naphtha or kerosene) (-30% by weight of the entire reaction mixture) and maleic anhydride (1.1 mol). The reactor was heated to 80 °C for 30 min while mixing the reactants into a homogenous mixture before raising the temperature to 125 °C. The initiator catalyst (i-butyl perbenzoate) initiator was added to and stirred into to the mixture (5.83g, 0.03 mol). An exotherm of 5-10 °C was observed. Once the temp cooled back to 125 °C, additional initiator catalyst (5.83g, 0.03 mol) was added resulting in a second exotherm. The reaction mixture was heated to 125 °C for 30 min, before increasing the temperature to 135 °C for two hours. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) monitoring of the maleic anhydride can be used to check the completion of the reaction. [0126] The second step is the reaction of the maleic anhydride copolymer with either an amine to produce an OMAC imide or an alcohol to produce an OMAC ester.

[0127] Step 2a: Synthesis of OMAC Imides

[0128] The reactor was charged with the -olefin maleic anhydride copolymer (OMAC) (-70% actives in xylene) as made in Step 1 followed by hydrogenated tallow amine (1 mol). The mixture was refluxed for four hours using a Dean and Stark trap, and the removal of water was monitored. A molar equivalent of water to hydrogenated tallow amine is expected to be collected and the progress of the reaction can be gauged by the water collected and also by FTIR.

[0129] Step 2b: Synthesis of OMAC Esters

[0130] A reactor was charged with α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer (OMAC) (-70% actives in xylene) as made in Step 1, followed by fatty alcohol (1-2.2 mol). The reaction was heated to 90°C for one hour before adding 1-5 mol% acid catalyst (e.g. p-toluene sulfonic acid or dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux using a Dean and Stark trap, and the removal of water from the reaction mixture was monitored. A molar equivalent of water to hydrogenated tallow amine is expected to be collected. The progress of the reaction was monitored by FTIR. TABLE 1 : Matched OMAC imide and ester polymers

(Matched) R R' R"

OMAC (imide) (alcohol)

Polymer

1 C16-C18 Ci8

2 C16-C18 C20+

3 C20-C24 Ci8

4 C20-C24 C20+ [0131] Example 2:

[0132] Eight solutions were made up, the compositions of which are shown in Table 2.

[0133] TABLE 2: Paraffin suppressant solutions with matched OMAC Polymer 2

[0134] Three samples of each of the eight solutions A, B, C, D, E, F, H, and J were subjected to cold storage conditions for a period of time; one sample was stored at -35°C for one day, a second sample at -45°C for four days, and the third sample at -45°C for 14 days. After the period of time, the liquids were removed and visually examined for appearance and pour behavior. The results are included in Table 2, where the liquid remained a liquid (L), the solution had gelled (G), or the solution had solidified (S). [0135] Solidification represents the poorest low-temperature performance, a viscous gel less poor performance, a slight gel indicates improved behavior, and a liquid indicates very good low temperature stability and performance. In every case, the addition of the ethanolammonium dodecylbenzene sulfonate improved the low temperature stability to gelling or solidification of the paraffin suppressant solution. The besi results were obtained when the ratio of the matched OMAC imide polymer to the hydrotrope equivalent was less than 3.33:1 or less than about 3: 1. The addition of the paraffin dispersant having the formula (IV) improved the low temperature properties of the paraffin suppressant solutions when compared with the equivalent solutions without the additional dispersant. Without additional paraffin dispersant, some gelling was obtained when the ratio of matched OMAC imide polymer to hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent was less than about 2: 1 by weight. The matched OMAC by itself without the hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent showed relatively poorer low-temperature stability under the test conditions.

[0136] Example 3

[0137] Seven polymers were synthesized according to the scheme shown in Figure 2. The compositions are shown in Table 3. Some compositions were synthesized by polymerizing maleic anhydride and two different α-olefin monomers, some with three different a-olefin monomers, and some with all four different α-olefin monomers, as indicated in Figure 2.

[013S] The synthetic method for the mismatched OMAC polymers shown in Table 2 was the same as that of the matched OMAC polymers, except that a mixture of alpha-olefins was used in the OMAC synthesis (Stepl). Each alpha-olefm had a distinct chain length distribution (C12-16 or C20-24 or C24-28 or C30+). The molar ratios of the monomers are given in Table 3 (R1:R2:R3:R4 column).

[0139] TABLE 3: Mismatched OMAC imide and ester polymers

[0140] Example 4:

[0141] Eight solutions were made up, the compositions of which are shown in Table 4. The mismatched OMAC imide polymer was polymer 11 from Table 3.

[0142] TABLE 4: Paraffin suppressant solutions with mismatched OMAC polymers

[0143] Three samples of each of the eight solutions subjected to cold storage conditions for a period of time; one sample was stored at -35°C for one day, a second sample at -45°C for four days, and the third sample at -45°C for 14 days. After the period of time, the liquids were removed and visually examined for appearance and pour behavior. The results are included in Table 2, where the liquid remained a liquid (L), the solution showed a small degree of gelling (g), the solution had gelled into a viscous gel (G), or the solution had solidified (S).

[0144] Solidification represents the poorest low-temperature performance, a viscous gel less poor performance, a slight gel indicates improved performance, and a liquid indicates very good low temperature stability and performance. The mismatched OMAC polymer paraffin inhibitor showed very good low-temperature solution performance compared with the matched OMAC polymer. In every case, the addition of the ethanolammonium dodecylbenzene sulfonate improved the low temperature stability to gelling or solidification of the paraffin suppressant solution, and excellent results were obtained at a wide range of ratios of mismatched OMAC imide polymer to the hydrocarbon-soluble from at least 4: 1 to 2: 1 (the range of ratios tested). The addition of the paraffin dispersant having the formula (IV) improved the low temperature properties of the paraffin suppressant solutions when compared with the equivalent solutions without the additional dispersant. In the absence of any additional paraffin dispersant, gelling was observed after two weeks at -45 °C when the ratio of mismatched OMAC imide polymer to hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent was about 2: 1 by weight.

[0145] The invention illustratively disclosed herein can be suitably practiced in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclosed herein. Additionally each and every embodiment of the invention, as described herein, is intended to be used either alone or in combination with any other embodiment described herein as well as modifications, equivalents, and alternatives thereof. In various embodiments, the invention suitably comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the elements described herein and claimed according to the claims. It will be recognized that various modifications and changes may be made without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the scope of the claims.