GUELI, Francesco (Via Colombo 55, Selvazzano Dentro, I-35030, IT)
| CLAIMS 1. A part holder for parts to be machined with machine tools, particularly for parts having a large mass to be machined in vertical lathes, characterized in that it comprises - a worktable (11) for supporting a part ( 12), - a footing (13) for supporting said worktable (11), - at least one hydrostatic supporting bearing (14) adapted to support said worktable (11) on said footing (13), - at least one preloading bearing (15), which is interposed between said worktable (11) and said footing (13), in a dynamic parallel configuration with respect to said at least one supporting bearing (14), - means (16) for modulating a preloading imparted to said at least one supporting bearing (14), - means (17) for sensing at least one functional parameter (A) of at least one chosen supporting slider (14a) of said at least one supporting bearing (14), and ~ a central unit (18) for controlling said modulation means (16), said central control unit (18) being functionally connected to said sensing means ( 17) so as to receive from them estimates of said at least one functional parameter (A), said central control unit (18) being further functionally connected to said modulation means (16) so as to drive them as a function of said estimates. 2. The part holder according to claim 1 , characterized in that said worktable (11) comprises a support (19) for said at least one preloading bearing (15), said modulation means (16) comprising pistons (20) for pushing against said at least one preloading bearing (15), said pistons (20) being functionally connected to said central control unit (18) in order to be driven by it in setting the preloading thrust imparted to said at least one supporting bearing (14) by means of said at least one preloading bearing 3. The part holder according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that said sensing means (17) comprise at least one pressure transducer (21), which is connected to said at least one chosen supporting slider (14a), said pressure transducer (21) being adapted to estimate a flow pressure (Pi), said flow pressure (Pi) being the operating pressure of said at least one chosen supporting slider (14a)> said at least one functional parameter being said flow pressure (Pi). 4. The part holder according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that said at least one preloading bearing (15) is of the hydrostatic support type. 5. The part holder according to claim 4, characterized in that it comprises a supply system (22), which is adapted for the hydraulic supply of said at least one preloading bearing (15) at a pressure P0, , said central control unit (18) being functionally connected to said supply system (22) so as to drive the supply pressure (P0) of said at least one preloading bearing (15), in tune with the simultaneous driving of said pistons (20). 6. The part holder according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that said central control unit (18) comprises - first calculation means, which are adapted to calculate a variation of preloading force (dFp), to be applied to said at least one supporting bearing (14) by means of said pistons (20), said preloading force variation (dFp) being equal to the product of a first virtual area (Av!) and the difference between an optimum flow pressure (P0u) and said flow pressure (Pi), i.e., in formulas said first virtual area (Avi) being the virtual area of said at least one supporting bearing (14) and said optimum flow pressure (Pott) being the operating pressure of said at least one supporting bearing (14) in the optimum functional condition, - second calculation means, which are adapted to calculate a variation of the pressure of the pistons (dPp), which is equal to the ratio that is the result of the division of said variation of the preloading force (dFp) by the area of the crown of the pistons (Ap), in formula said piston pressure variation (dPp) being the operating pressure variation of said pistons (20) that is adapted to impart to said at least one supporting bearing (14) said preloading force variation (dFp), - third calculation means, which are adapted to calculate a preloading pressure variation (dP2), which is equal to the ratio that is the result of the division of said preloading force variation (dFp) by a second virtual area (Av2), in formula dP2=dFp/Av2, said second virtual area (Av2) being the virtual area of said at least one preloading bearing (15) and said preloading pressure variation (dP2) being the operating pressure variation of said at least one preloading bearing (15), - first driving means, which are connected to said pistons (20) so as to drive them, imparting to them a variation in operating pressure that is equal to said pressure variation of the pistons (dPp), - second driving means, which are connected to the supply system (22) so as to drive it, imparting a supply pressure variation (dP0) to the supply pressure (P0) such as to keep constant the gap height (h) of said at least one preloading bearing (15) as a consequence of said preloading pressure variation (dP2). 7. The part holder according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that said second driving means comprise at least one pressure servo-regulator which is interposed between said supply system (22) and said at least one preloading bearing (15), so as to impart said supply pressure variation (dP0) of said at least one preloading bearing (15), supplied by said supply system (22), so as to keep constant said gap height (h) following said preloading pressure variation (dP2). 8. The part holder according to claim 7, characterized in that said calculation means and said driving means work according to a closed-loop cycle, determining cyclically and automatically - a verification of the functional configuration of said at least one supporting bearing (14), - a reconfiguration of said part holder (10) when the verification ascertains a variation of the functional configuration of said supporting bearing (14) with respect to the functional configuration for optimum operation. 9. The part holder according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that said calculation means are integrated in a PLC connected to said driving means. |
Technical field
The present invention relates to a part holder for parts to be machined with machine tools, particularly for parts having a large mass to be machined in vertical lathes.
Background Art
Nowadays, in the field of machine tools for machining parts having a large mass, for example even over 100 tonnes, vertical lathes provided with a part holder are known which comprise rotating tables, provided with supporting fifth wheels with rolling bearings, i.e. roller bearings or ball race bearings, or hydrostatic bearings.
A very pressing requirement in the field of these machines consists in ensuring a rigidity of the part holder, which makes it possible to prevent dynamic instabilities thereof when machining the parts, as the mass of the part to be machined changes.
Indeed, a requirement of the user of such lathes is to be able to use them for machining parts whose weight can vary from a few tonnes to 120 tonnes and more.
On the other hand, nowadays the design philosophy followed for dimensioning the support devices in use today provide for the optimisation of the dynamic behaviour for a chosen load.
The dynamic behaviour of the devices designed in this way is therefore optimum for parts having weight that is equal to or nearly equal to the design load, while exhibiting a decrease in performance levels that is proportional to the difference in the weight of the part from that of the design load.
Fifth wheels with hydrostatic support bearings are today particularly appreciated because, for the same design conditions, compared to rolling bearings currently in use they do not have startup vacillations, which are due to the crushing of the rollers and of the balls, and they exhibit less absorption of power in the form of dynamic friction, and so exhibiting lower operating temperatures as well, all to the advantage of the dimensional stability of the parts that are sensitive to thermal dilatation effects.
However, according to the design techniques indicated, the use of hydrostatic bearings is particularly unsuitable for supporting the worktable- supporting fifth wheel in use in support devices upon which parts that vary greatly in weight are deployed.
Indeed, as is known, the optimum operation of hydrostatic bearings is identified by a gap thickness and fluid pressure which are dependent on the dimensioning choices.
Therefore, a decrease in the load of such bearings, owing to the machining of a part having a lower weight than that of the design load, induces a reduction in the fluid pressure and an increase in the gap, which correspond to a rigidity configuration that is lower than that of the optimum operation and to a higher flow of fluid which the hydraulic system has to handle.
Vice versa, overloading the hydrostatic bearing, with respect to the optimum load, induces an increase in rigidity which is correlated to the increase in fluid pressure and to the reduction in the gap.
In particular, the reduction in the gap is a critical operating effect, in that, with the reduction in the operating gap, the probability of mutual contact of the hydrostatic sliders that make up the bearing increases.
If such contact actually occurs, the damage to the fifth wheel is always extensive, whether it induces a sudden increase in the operating temperature, or, at worst, it causes the sliders to seize.
So today, the use of hydrostatic fifth wheels, however appreciated they may be, tends to be relatively limited to machines which have a device for compensating the operating load. Compensation devices which are known today, which are used both in support devices with hydrostatic fifth wheels and in support devices with fifth wheels with rolling bearings, are adapted to determine a minimum operating load of the fifth wheel that supports the worktable, or to cooperate with the fifth wheel in supporting the part, so limiting the maximum load weighing down on it.
The most advanced compensation devices known today generally have hydraulic pistons on a preloading fifth wheel connected to the part- holder worktable.
Such hydraulic pistons act
- in agreement with the weight of the part, in order to determine a gradual preloading on the load-bearing fifth wheel, or
- in disagreement with the weight of the part, in order to gradually share its support with the load-bearing fifth wheel, as the weight of the part to be supported increases.
In effect, therefore, such compensating devices have an action on the load-bearing fifth wheel which is gradual in nature, pre-loading it or unloading it according to a pre-established proportionality to the weight to be supported.
In this way, such devices extend the range of optimum operation of the part holder from one optimum load value to an interval of loads, acting on the bearings, which is equal to the interval of weights of the part for which they are adapted to compensate.
Therefore, although they are much appreciated today, such compensating devices are however only capable of widening the field of optimum operation of the supporting devices on which they are fitted, which means that there is still a pressing need for supporting devices that can maintain an optimum rigidity by automatically adapting to the weight of the piece being machined, even if this should vary during the machining operation itself. Disclosure of the Invention
The aim of the present invention is to meet this requirement, by devising a part holder that, in use, is in conditions of optimum operation substantially regardless of the weight of the part to be machined which it supports.
Within this aim, an object of the invention is to provide a part holder that makes it possible to automatically modulate its configuration, as a function of the weight of the part that it supports, while maintaining its rigidity in conditions of optimum operation.
Another object of the invention is to devise a part holder that makes it possible to automatically modulate its configuration while maintaining its rigidity in conditions of optimum operation even in the event of variations of loads which can be ascribed to heat expansions which arise during the machining of the part that it is supporting.
Another object of the invention is to provide a part holder that makes it possible to automatically modulate its configuration even during the machining of the part that it is supporting.
Another object of the invention is to devise a part holder that is structurally simple and easy to use.
This aim, as well as these and other objects which will become better- apparent hereinafter, are achieved by a part holder for parts to be machined with machine tools, particularly for parts having a large mass to be machined in vertical lathes, characterized in that it comprises
- a worktable for supporting the part,
- a footing for supporting said worktable,
- at least one hydrostatic supporting bearing, adapted to support said worktable on said footing,
- at least one preloading bearing, which is interposed between said worktable and said footing, in a dynamic parallel configuration with respect to said at least one supporting bearing, - means for modulating a preloading imparted to said at least one supporting bearing,
- means for sensing at least one functional parameter of at least one chosen supporting slider of said at least one supporting bearing, and
- a central unit for controlling said modulation means,
said central control unit being functionally connected to said sensing means so as to receive from them estimates of said at least one functional parameter, said central control unit being further functionally connected to said modulation means so as to drive them as a function of said estimates. Brief description of the drawings
Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will become better apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred, but not exclusive, embodiment of the part holder according to the invention, illustrated by way of non- limiting example in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of a part holder according to the invention;
Figure 2a shows a chart of the general trend of the pressure as a function of the height of the gap in a hydrostatic bearing;
Figure 2b shows a simplified general diagram of a hydrostatic bearing;
Figure 3 shows a flowchart of the functioning of a part holder, according to the invention.
Ways of carrying out the Invention
It should be noted that everything found to be already known during the patenting procedure is not intended to be claimed and is intended to be removed from the claims.
With reference to the figures, the reference numeral 10 generally indicates a part holder for parts to be machined with machine tools, particularly for parts having a large mass to be machined in vertical lathes, which comprises
- a worktable 11 for supporting a part 12,
- a footing 13 for supporting the worktable 1 1 ,
- a hydrostatic supporting bearing 14 which is adapted to support the worktable 11 on the footing 13,
- a preloading bearing 15, which is interposed between the worktable 11 and the footing 13, in a dynamic parallel configuration with respect to the supporting bearing 14,
- means 16 for modulating a preloading imparted to the supporting bearing 14, advisably by means of the preloading bearing 15,
- means 17 for sensing a functional parameter A of a chosen supporting slider 14a of the supporting bearing 14, and
- a central unit 18 for controlling the modulation means 16.
The central control unit 18 is functionally connected to the sensing means 17 so as to receive from them estimates of the functional parameter A, the central control unit 18 being further functionally connected to the modulation means 16 so as to drive them as a function of such estimates.
It is noted that, by the term hydrostatic bearing, or hydrostatic support bearing, what is meant here is a bearing which is made up of a race of hydrostatic sliders.
Advisably, in alternative embodiments of the part holder according to the invention, the part holder can comprise more than one supporting bearing and more than one preloading bearing, and furthermore, according to the contingent requirements, more than one functional parameter can be sensed by the sensing means, and possibly for more than one chosen supporting slider.
The worktable 11 advantageously comprises a support 19, advisably annular, which is adapted to support the preloading bearing 15.
The modulation means 16 conveniently comprise pistons 20 for pushing on the preloading bearing 15. The pistons 20 conveniently are functionally connected to the control unit 18 in order to be driven by it in setting the preloading thrust imparted to the supporting bearing 14, advisably by means of the preloading bearing 15.
More specifically, the sensing means 17 preferably comprise a pressure transducer 21 which is connected to the chosen supporting slider 14a, the pressure transducer 21 being adapted to estimate a flow pressure Pi.
By the term flow pressure P what is meant here is the operation pressure of the chosen supporting slider 14a.
Therefore, conveniently, the functional parameter A is the flow pressure P[.
In general, according to the implementation requirements of a part holder 10 according to the invention, the preloading bearing 15 can be with roller bearings, but preferably it is with hydrostatic support.
Advantageously, the part holder 10 also comprises a supply system 22, for the hydraulic supply of the preloading bearing 15 to a pressure P 0 .
The control unit 18, advisably, is functionally connected to the supply system 22 so as to drive the supply pressure of the preloading bearing 15 in tune with the simultaneous driving of the pistons 20.
In this way the control unit 18 can perform the function of simultaneously driving the pistons 20 and the supply system 22 in order to compensate any variations in the load supported by the supporting bearing 14, if this load should tend to alter its operating condition thus distancing it from the condition of optimum operation.
In particular, the control unit 18, advantageously, comprises first calculation means which are adapted to calculate a variation of the preloading force dF p , to be applied to the supporting bearing 14 by means of the pistons 20, in order to compensate a variation in the load supported by it.
The variation of the preloading force dF is equal to the product of a first virtual area A vt and the difference between an optimum flow pressure Pou and the flow pressure P i sensed by the pressure transducer 21 , i.e. in formula dF p =A v] ■ (P ott -P i )■
The first virtual area A v i is here understood to be the virtual area of the supporting bearing 14, and the optimum flow pressure P 0 tt is the operating pressure of the supporting bearing 14 in the optimum functional condition.
As is known, this pressure condition corresponds to an optimum gap height h 0j of the supporting bearing 14.
As described in more detail hereinafter, therefore, in order to maintain the optimum functional condition of the supporting bearing 14, the part holder 10 adapts its configuration so that the gap height of the supporting bearing is equal to the optimum gap height ho, its operating pressure being equal to the optimum flow pressure P ott .
With particular reference to Figures 2a and 2b, by the term optimum functional condition, what is meant here is that functional condition of a hydrostatic bearing, identified by a pair of values of pressure P and of gap height h, which corresponds to the condition of maximum rigidity of the bearing.
As is known, such condition can generally be identified in a h-P diagram from those values of h and P which correspond to the point where the P(h) curve flexes, which corresponds to the condition of maximum rigidity of the hydrostatic bearing,
For example, in the diagram h-P shown in Figure 2a, such optimum functional condition can therefore be identified at the point of coordinates (h2, P2).
Moreover, the control unit 18 advisably also comprises second calculation means, which are adapted to calculate a variation of the pressure of the pistons dP p , which is equal to the ratio that is the result of the division of the variation of the preloading force dF p by the area of the crown of the pistons Ap, in formula dP p =dF p /A p . The variation of the pressure of the pistons dP p is the variation in the operating pressure of the pistons 20 which is adapted to impart the variation of the preloading force dF p to the supporting bearing 14.
Moreover, the control unit 18 advantageously comprises third calculation means, which are adapted to calculate a preloading pressure variation dP 2 , which is equal to the ratio that is the result of the division of the preloading force variation dF,, by a second virtual area A v2 , in formula the second virtual area A v2 being the virtual area of the preloading bearing 15 and the preloading pressure variation dP 2 being the operating pressure variation of the preloading bearing 15.
At the same time, the control unit 18 similarly and preferably comprises
- first driving means, which are connected to the pistons 20 so as to drive them, imparting to them a variation in operating pressure that is equal to the pressure variation of the pistons dP p , and
- second driving means, which are connected to the supply system 22 so as to drive it, imparting a supply pressure variation dP 0 to the supply pressure P 0 such as to keep constant the gap height h of the preloading bearing 15 as a consequence of the preloading pressure variation dP 2 ..
Conveniently, such calculation means are integrated in a PLC, which is the acronym of the English expression "programmable logic controller", connected to such driving means.
More specifically, the second driving means advisably comprise at least one pressure servo-regulator which is interposed between the supply system 22 and the preloading bearing 15 so as to impart the supply pressure variation dPo which makes it possible to keep the gap height h of the preloading bearing 15 constant, to counteract the variation of the preloading pressure dP 2 .
In this way, on command from such PLC, such pressure servo- regulator can impart the variation in the supply pressure dP 0 , of the preloading bearing 15 supplied by the supply system 22, so as to keep its gap height h constant to counteract the variation of the preloading pressure dP 2 .
Moreover, generally, such calculation means and such driving means work according to a closed-loop cycle, determining cyclically and automatically
- a verification of the functional configuration of the supporting bearing 14,
- a reconfiguration of the part holder 10 when the verification ascertains a variation of the functional configuration of the supporting bearing 14 with respect to the functional configuration for optimum operation.
Alternatively, according to the contingent requirements, such calculation means and such driving means operate according to an open cycle.
The operation, according to the invention, is as follows.
During the loading of a part 12 onto the worktable 1 1, or the unloading from the worktable 1 1 of the part 12, or during the machining of a part 12 which involves a reduction of its mass, the load supported by the supporting bearing 14 changes.
This change is manifested as a variation in the flow pressure P 1} which is detected by the pressure transducer 21, in the chosen supporting slider 14a.
Therefore, with particular reference to Figure 3, the functional parameter A, which advisably is the value of the flow pressure P i, is calculated by such first calculation means which perform a first calculation operation B, which consists in calculating the variation of the preloading force
Therefore, such second calculation means perform a second calculation operation C which consists in calculating the pressure variation of the pistons and such third calculation means perform a third calculation operation D which consists in calculating the preloading pressure variation dP 2 = d¥ p /A v2 .
There follows a transmission operation E of the values of the variation in pressure of the pistons dP p to such first driving means, and of the variation of the preloading pressure dP 2 to such second driving means.
Therefore, the control unit 18 again receives the functional parameter A which is equal to the value of the updated flow pressure P ] ? detected by the pressure transducer 21, and the operations B, C, D and E are repeated cyclically.
Such driving means, therefore, modify
- the pressure of the pistons P p by the value of the pressure variation of the pistons dP p received, and
- the supply pressure P 0 by the value of the supply pressure variation dPo, in order to keep the gap height h constant to counteract the variation of the preloading pressure dP 2 received.
In this way, when a variation occurs in the load supported by the supporting bearing 14, the part holder 10 automatically reacts by modulating the preloading force F p which acts upon it, in order to keep it in a condition of optimum operation.
With particular reference to Figures 2a and 2b, Figure 2a shows, for the purposes of non-limiting example, an operational condition of the preloading bearing 15, identified by the point at coordinates (h 2 , P 2 ) where the flow pressure P 2 corresponds to a gap height h which is equal to h .
Now, if the load acting on the supporting bearing 14 for example decreases, as in the case of a decrease in the mass of the part owing to a removal of shavings, according to the foregoing description the control unit 18 reacts by imparting a variation of the supply pressure dPo which is such as to keep the gap height h constant, i.e. equal to h 2 , to counteract the variation of the preloading pressure dP 2 . In this way, the conditions of optimum operation of the supporting bearing 14 are maintained.
Indeed, the increase in the preloading force F p corresponds to an increase in the flow pressure P 2 which rises to an adaptation flow pressure value P 2 -P 2 +dP 2 .
To keep the gap height h constant, equal to h 2 , the supply pressure P 0 is therefore increased to an adaptation supply pressure value P 0 '.
The supporting bearing 14 is supplied by a supply circuit 23, which is adapted to determine its conditions of optimum operation which can be identified from an operating pressure which is equal to the optimum flow pressure P ott that corresponds to a gap height which is equal to an optimum gap height h 0 .
Therefore, by means of the pressure servo-regulator, the control unit 18 modulates the supply pressure P 0 of the preloading bearing 15 so as to keep the gap height h of its sliders constant.
Moreover, an important functionality that a part holder 10 according to the invention is capable of offering is that of weighing the part 12 placed on the worktable 11. Since the weight force of the worktable M t is known, then the weight force of the part M p is equal to the difference resulting from the subtraction
- from the product of the first virtual area A v! and the flow pressure P t , detected by the pressure transducer 21,
- f the sum of the weight of the worktable M ( added to the preloading force
i.e. in formula M p = A vf Pi-(M t +F p ).
In this way, by means of a part holder 10 according to the invention, it is possible to rapidly find out the actual weight of the part 12 which it is supporting, by programming such PLC in order to provide this item of data to the operator.
Moreover, it should be noted that, in conditions of correct operation of a part holder 10 according to the invention, the part 12 must be balanced on the worktable 11 , i.e., advisably by means of the use of counterweights, it must present its centre of gravity axis as coinciding with the machining axis, which is the axis of rotation of the worktable 1 1.
In practice it has been found that the invention fully achieves the intended aim and objects by devising a part holder that, in use, is rigid in conditions of optimum operation substantially. regardless of the weight of the part to be machined which it supports, owing to the automatic adaptation that it performs.
Moreover a part holder according to the invention makes it possible to automatically modulate its configuration, as a function of the weight of the part that it supports, while maintaining its rigidity in conditions of optimum operation even in the event of variations of loads which can be ascribed to removal of shavings during the machining of the part that it is supporting.
Moreover, a part holder according to the invention makes it possible to automatically modulate its configuration during the machining of the piece that it is supporting, and is further structurally simple and easy to use.
The invention thus conceived is susceptible of numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, all the details may be substituted by other, technically equivalent elements.
In practice the materials employed, as well as the dimensions and the contingent shapes, may be any according to requirements and to the state of the art.
The disclosures in Italian Patent Application No. PD2009A000289 from which this application claims priority are incorporated herein by reference.
Where technical features mentioned in any claim are followed by reference signs, such reference signs have been inserted for the sole purpose of increasing the intelligibility of the claims and accordingly such reference signs do not have any limiting effect on the interpretation of each element identified by way of example by such reference signs.