PERONOSPORA RESISTANCE IN SPINACIA OLERACEA

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to an allele capable of conferring resistance to a spinach plant against multiple Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae races. The invention also relates to a spinach plant, to propagation material of said spinach plant, to a cell of said spinach plant, and to seed of said spinach plant carrying the allele. The invention further relates to a method of producing a spinach plant carrying the allele and to the use of the allele in breeding to confer resistance against Peronospora farinosa f. sp. Spinaciae.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Downy mildew {Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae) is a major threat for spinach growers because it directly affects the harvested leaves. In spinach, downy mildew is caused by the oomycete Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (formerly known as P. effusa). Infection makes the leaves unsuitable for sale and consumption, as it manifests itself phenotypically as yellow lesions on the older leaves, and on the abaxial leaf surface a greyish fungal growth can be observed. The infection can spread very rapidly, and it can occur both in glasshouse cultivation and in soil cultivation. The optimal temperature for formation and germination of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae spores is 9 to 12°C, and it is facilitated by a high relative humidity. When spores are deposited on a humid leaf surface they can readily germinate and infect the leaf. Fungal growth is optimal between 8 and 20°C and a relative humidity of >80 , and within 6 and 13 days after infection mycelium growth can be observed. Oospores of P. farinosa can survive in the soil for up to 3 years, or as mycelium in seeds or living plants.

To date 16 pathogenic races of spinach downy mildew (Pfs) have been officially identified and characterized, and many new candidates are observed in the field. The 16 officially recognised races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, are designated Pfs: l to Pfs: 16 (Irish et al. Phtypathol. Vol. 98 pg. 894-900, 2008; Plantum NL (Dutch association for breeding, tissue culture, production and trade of seed and young plants) press release, "Benoeming van Pfs: 14, een nieuwe fysio van valse meeldauw in spinazie", September 19, 2012; Report Jim Correl (Univ. Arkansas) and Steven Koike (UC Cooperative Extension, Monterey County), "Race Pfs: 14 -

Another new race of the spinach downy mildew pathogen", September 18, 2012; Plantum NL press release, "Denomination of Pfs: 15, a new race of downy mildew in spinach", September 2, 2014, Plantum NL press release, "Denomination of Pfs: 16, a new race of downy mildew in spinach, March 15, 2016). Races 4 to 15 were identified between 1990 and 2014, while only recently another new Peronospora isolate has been identified, termed UA201519B, which subsequently has been officially named Pfs: 16 by the International Working Group on Peronospora (IWGP) (Plantum NL (Dutch association for breeding, tissue culture, production and trade of seed and young plants) press release, "Denomination of Pfs: 16, a new race of downy mildew in spinach", March 15, 2016. All 16 officially recognized Pfs races are publicly available from the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA, and also from NAK Tuinbouw, Sotaweg 22, 2371 GD Roelofarendsveen, the Netherlands.

Especially the latest identified Peronospora races can break the resistance of many spinach varieties that are currently used commercially worldwide, and they thus pose a serious threat to the productivity of the spinach industry. Therefore, it is crucial to stay at the forefront of developments in this field, as Peronospora continuously develops the ability to break the resistances that are present in commercial spinach varieties. For this reason new resistance genes against downy mildew are very valuable assets, and they form an important research focus in breeding and particular in spinach and lettuce breeding. One of the main goals of spinach breeders is to rapidly develop spinach varieties with a resistance to as many Peronospora races as possible, including the latest identified races, before these races become wide-spread and pose a threat to the industry.

In commercial spinach varieties resistance against downy mildew is usually caused by so-called R-genes. R-gene mediated resistance is based on the ability of a plant to recognize the invading pathogen. In many cases this recognition occurs after the pathogen has established the first phases of interaction and transferred a so called pathogenicity (or avirulence) factor into the plant cell. These pathogenicity factors interact with host components in order to establish conditions which are favorable for the pathogen to invade the host and thereby cause disease. When a plant is able to recognize the events triggered by the pathogenicity factors a resistance response can be initiated. In many different plant pathogen interaction systems such as the interaction of spinach with different downy mildew strains, the plant initiates these events only after specific recognition of the invading pathogen.

Co-evolution of plant and pathogen has led to an arms race in which a R-gene mediated resistance is sometimes overcome as a consequence of the capability of the pathogen to interact with and modify alternative host targets or the same targets in a different way, such that the recognition is lost and infection can be established successfully resulting in disease. In order to re-establish resistance in a plant, a new R-gene has to be introduced which is able to recognize the mode of action of an alternative pathogenicity factor.

Despite the fact that the durability of R-genes is relatively low, R-genes are in spinach still the predominant form of defense against downy mildew. This is mainly due to the fact that it is the only form of defense that gives absolute resistance. So far plant breeders have been very successful in generating downy mildew resistant spinach varieties by making use of resistance genes residing in the wild germplasm of the crop species. Even though R-genes are extensively used in spinach breeding, until now not much is known of these R-genes. The R-genes present in the current commercial spinach varieties have never been characterized at the molecular level, i.e. their sequence until now was unknown. Also up until now there are no closely linked molecular markers known in the art that separate these R-genes, nor are the molecular characteristics of the genes themselves known in the art. Therefore, the search for new R-genes and R-gene

identification is currently based on phenotypic assays in which many accessions are screened for possible variation in their resistance pattern. Subsequently it has to be determined through crossing and selection whether a newly observed resistance is in fact caused by an R-gene.

Adequately responding to newly emerging downy mildew races is crucial for developing commercially successful spinach varieties. Therefore, it is the object of the invention to provide a new resistance allele conferring resistance to a newly emerged downy mildew isolate and to provide molecular biological tools for identifying this new resistance allele.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the research leading to the present invention, it was found that different resistance genes that confer resistance to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae in spinach are not separate resistance loci, as had been previously assumed, but that they are different alleles of the same one or two genes. These one or two genes, which are either " alpha-WOLF' type or "beta-WOLF' type genes (together referred to as "the WOLF genes") each encode a protein that belongs to the CC- NBS-LRR family (Coiled Coil - Nucleotide Binding Site - Leucine -Rich Repeat). Depending on the allelic variant (or the allelic variants) that is (are) present in a spinach plant, said plant will produce a variant of the WOLF protein that confers a certain resistance profile to pathogenic races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae. The research leading to the present invention has furthermore elucidated the relationship between the different alleles present in the genome of a spinach plant and the resistance profile of said plant to a number of different pathogenic races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae.

In the context of this invention the term "allele" or "allelic variant" is used to designate a version of the gene that is linked to a specific phenotype, i.e. resistance profile. It was found that a spinach plant may carry one or two WOLF genes. Each of these two WOLF genes encompasses multiple alleles, each allele conferring a particular resistance profile. The beta WOLF gene is located on scaffoldl2735 (sequence: GenBank: KQ143339.1), at position 213573-221884. In case the spinach plant also carries or only carries the alpha- WOLF gene, the alpha-WOLF gene is located at approximately the same location as where the beta-WOLF gene is located on scaffoldl2735 in the Viroflay genome assembly. A screen for novel WOLF-alleles in the spinach germplasm identified a new allele of the alpha- WOLF gene conferring a new and unique resistance profile against several downy mildew races including the recently identified race pfs:16. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A genome assembly for spinach variety Viroflay - which is susceptible to all known pathogenic races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae - is publicly available (Spinacia oleracea cultivar Syn Viroflay, whole genome shotgun sequencing project; Bioproject:

PRJNA41497; GenBank: AYZV00000000.2; BioSample: SAMN02182572, see also Dohm et al, 2014, Nature 505: 546-549). In this genome assembly for Viroflay, the beta-WOLF gene is located on scaffoldl2735 (sequence: GenBank: KQ143339.1), at position 213573-221884. The sequence covered by this interval comprises the entire genomic sequence of the beta-WOLF gene of Viroflay, plus 2000 basepairs sequence upstream from the gene, plus the sequence downstream from the gene, up to the locus of the neighbouring gene that is situated downstream from the WOLF gene. Spinach variety Viroflay only possesses a single WOLF gene, namely a beta-WOLF gene, but most other spinach lines harbor a single alpha-type WOLF gene at the same location in the genome. Other spinach lines harbor two WOLF genes at approximately the same location in the genome. In such cases, the two WOLF genes are positioned adjacent to each other. In most spinach lines that harbor two WOLF genes, one of said WOLF genes belongs to the alpha-type, and the other WOLF gene belongs to the beta-type. In the research leading to the present invention, it was observed that this allelic variation in the WOLF locus is responsible for differences in resistance to pathogenic races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae.

The difference between an allele of an alpha- WOLF gene and an allele of a beta- WOLF gene lies in the presence of specific conserved amino acid motifs in the encoded protein sequence. As mentioned above, all WOLF proteins possess - from N- to C-terminus - the following domains that are generally known in the art: a coiled coil domain (RX-CC-like, cdl4798), an NBS domain (also referred to as "NB-ARC domain", pfam00931 ; van der Biezen & Jones, 1998, Curr. Biol. 8: R226-R228), and leucine -rich repeats (IPR032675) which encompass the LRR domain. In addition, all WOLF proteins comprise in their amino acid sequence the motif "MAEIGYSVC" at the N-terminus. In addition to this, all alpha-WOLF proteins comprise the motif "KWMCLR" in their amino acid sequence, whereas all beta-WOLF proteins comprise the motif "HVGCVVDR" in their amino acid sequence.

The present invention relates to a new Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae resistance conferring allele of the alpha-WOLF gene designated alpha-WOLF 8.

In particular, the invention relates to a Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae resistance conferring allele designated alpha-WOLF 8 wherein the protein encoded by said allele is a CC-NBS-LRR protein that comprises in its amino acid sequence: a) the motif "MAEIGYSVC" at its N-terminus; and b) the motif "KWMCLR"; and wherein the LRR domain of the protein has in order of increased preference at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No: 12. Optionally, the alpha WOLF 8 allele further comprise an additional motif in their amino acid sequence, namely "DQEDEGEDN".

For the purpose of this invention, the LRR domain of the protein of the alpha- WOLF 8 allele is defined as the amino acid sequence that in order of increased preference has at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No: 12.

The skilled person is familiar with methods for the calculation of sequence similarity. Suitably sequence similarity is calculated using EMBOSS stretcher 6.6.0

(www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss stretcher), using the EBLOSUM62 matrix and the resulting "similarity score".

The LRR domain of the alpha-WOLF 8 allele as defined herein can be determined by amplifying and sequencing the genomic DNA encoding for the amino acid sequence of LRR domain using specific primers, and subsequently translating the DNA sequence into an amino acid sequence, thereby applying common sense in choosing the correct reading frame. The skilled person is capable of doing this, using freely available online bioinformatics tools such as can be found here: http://web.expasy.org/tTanslate/

The genomic sequence of a LRR domain of an alpha-WOLF gene such as alpha- WOLF 8 can be amplified using a primer pair having a forward primer which is a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No: 8 and a reverse primer which is a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No:9.

PCR conditions for amplifying the LRR domain-encoding region of an alpha- WOLF gene using primers having SEQ ID No: 8 and SEQ ID No: 9 are, using Platinum Taq enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific): 3 minutes at 95°C (initial denaturing step); 40 amplification cycles, each cycle consisting of: 30 seconds denaturation at 95°C, 30 seconds annealing at 60°C, and 30 seconds extension at 72°C; 2 minutes at 72°C (final extension step).

The LRR domain of a beta-WOLF gene, e.g. the null allele as present in variety Viroflay, can be amplified using a forward primer which is a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No: 10 and a reverse primer which is a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No:9.

PCR conditions for amplifying the LRR domain-encoding region of a beta- WOLF gene using primers having SEQ ID No: 9 and SEQ ID No: 10 are as follows, using Platinum Taq enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific):- 3 minutes at 95 °C (initial denaturing step); 40 amplification cycles, each cycle consisting of: 30 seconds denaturation at 95°C, 50 seconds annealing at 58°C and 50 seconds extension at 72°C; 2 minutes at 72°C (final extension step). Therefore, the invention also relates to a primer pair for amplifying the LRR domain of an alpha- WOLF gene, more in particular for amplifying the LRR domain of an alpha- WOLF 8 allele wherein the forward primer is a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No: 8 and the reverse primer which is a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No:9. The primers disclosed herein have been specifically designed for selectively amplifying part of a WOLF gene, and not of any other CC-NBS-LRR protein-encoding genes.

The invention relates to an alpha- WOLF 8 allele which has a genomic sequence that in order of increased preference has at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%,85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No: l.

The invention relates to three different splice variants. In one embodiment, the invention relates to an alpha- WOLF 8 allele which has a coding sequence which in order of increased preference has at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,

91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:2. This is the first splice variant of the alpha-WOLF 8 allele.

In a further embodiment the alpha-WOLF 8 allele has a coding sequence which in order of increased preference has at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%,

90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID

No:3. This is the second splice variant.

In another embodiment the alpha-WOLF 8 allele has a coding sequence which in order of increased preference has at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%,

90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID

No:4. This is the third splice variant.

In a further aspect of the invention the alpha-WOLF 8 allele encodes for a protein having an amino acid sequence which in order of increased preference has at least 92%, 93%, 94%,

95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:5.

In another embodiment the alpha-WOLF 8 allele encodes for a protein having an amino acid sequence which in order of increased preference has at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,

96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:6.

In yet a further embodiment the alpha-WOLF 8 allele encodes for a protein having an amino acid sequence which in order of increased preference has at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,

96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:7.

The alpha-WOLF 8 allele when homozygously present in a spinach plant confers complete resistance to the officially recognized Peronospora farinosa f. Sp. spinacea races pfs: l, pfs:2, pfs:6, pfs:8 and pfs: 15, and confers intermediate resistance to pfs:5, pfs: 10 and pfs: 16, and does not confer resistance to downy mildew races pfs:3, pfs:4, pfs:7, pfs:9, pfs:l l, pfs: 12, pfs: 13 and pfs: 14 (See Table 1). As indicated in Table 1, a spinach plant heterozygous for the alpha- WOLF 8 allele and not carrying any other resistance conferring allele will be susceptible for downy mildew races Pfs:5, Pfs: 10, and Pfs: 16.

The resistance of a spinach plant against one or more races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. Spinaciae can be determined using a seedling test. Herein, a seedling test is defined as a test wherein spinach plants are planted in trays containing growth medium, optionally fertilized twice a week after seedling emergence. Plants were inoculated at the first true leaf stage with a sporangial suspension having a concentration of approximately 2.5 x 10 ⁵ /ml of one of the pathogenic races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae or isolates to be tested. The inoculated plants are placed in a dew chamber at 18°C with 100% relative humidity for a 24 h period, and then moved to a growth chamber at 18°C with a 12 h photoperiod for 6 days. After 6 days, the plants are returned to the dew chamber for 24 h to induce sporulation, and subsequently scored for a disease reaction.

Preferably, 30 plants per race are tested.

As used herein, a plant is completely resistant against a Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae race when a plant shows no symptoms in the seedling test described herein.

As used herein, a plant is intermediately resistant against a Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae race when a plant shows only symptoms of chlorosis, or sporulation occurring only on the tips of the cotyledons in the seedling test described herein.

As used herein, a plant is susceptible to an isolate of a Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae race when a plant shows more than only symptoms of chlorosis, or when sporulation occurs on area larger than only the tips of the cotyledons in the seedling test described herein.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a spinach plant, comprising the alpha- WOLF 8 allele of invention, of which a representative sample of seed was deposited with the NCIMB under NCIMB accession number 42646.

In a further embodiment the plant of the invention which comprises the alpha- WOLF

8 allele is an agronomically elite spinach plant. In the context of this invention an agronomically elite spinach plant is a plant having a genotype that results into an accumulation of distinguishable and desirable agronomic traits which allow a producer to harvest a product of commercial significance, preferably the agronomically elite spinach plant comprising the alpha- WOLF 8 allele is a plant of an inbred line or a hybrid.

As used herein, a plant of an inbred line is a plant of a population of plants that is the result of three or more rounds of selfing, or backcrossing; or which plant is a double haploid. An inbred line may e.g. be a parent line used for the production of a commercial hybrid.

As used herein, a hybrid plant is a plant which is the result of a cross between two different plants having different genotypes. More in particular, a hybrid plant is the result of a cross between plants of two different inbred lines, such a hybrid plant may e.g. be a plant of an Fi hybrid variety.

A plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele in heterozygous form may further comprise a beta-WOLF 0 allele as e.g. present in variety Viroflay wherein the beta- WOLF 0 allele does not confer any resistance to downy mildew. However, a plant heterozygous for the alpha-WOLF 8 allele may further comprise an allele of the alpha/beta- WOLF gene that does provide resistance to downy mildew. Preferably, such an allele would complement the alpha-WOLF 8 allele such that the spinach plant will be at least intermediately resistant to one or more other races to which the alpha-WOLF 8 allele does not provide resistance. Most preferably the other allele of the alpha/beta- WOLF gene complements the alpha-WOLF 8 allele such that the plant is resistant to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae races Pfs: l to Pfs: 16. In one embodiment such a plant is an agronomically elite plant.

Alternatively, the resistance profile of a plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele is complemented by a resistance conferring allele of a totally different gene. Examples of such genes are e.g. DMR1 as described in US8,354,570 and DMR6 as described in US9.121.029.

The invention thus relates to a spinach plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele and further comprising a genetic determinant resulting in resistance against Peronospora farinosa f. Sp. spinacea races pfs: l to pfs:16. The genetic determinant can be another resistance conferring alpha/beta- WOLF allele or a resistance conferring allele of a totally different gene.

The invention further relates to propagation material comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele. In one embodiment, the propagation material is suitable for sexual reproduction. Such propagation material comprises for example a microspore, pollen, ovary, ovule, embryo sac and egg cell. In another embodiment, the propagation material is suitable for vegetative reproduction. Such propagation material comprises for example a cutting, root, stem, cell, protoplast, and a tissue culture of regenerable cells. A part of the plant that is suitable for preparing tissue cultures is in particular a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed and a stem.

The invention furthermore relates to a cell of a spinach plant comprising the alpha- WOLF 8 allele. Such a cell may be either in isolated form or may be part of the complete plant or parts thereof and then still constitutes a cell of the invention because such a cell harbors the alpha- WOLF 8 allele that confers resistance to downy mildew. Each cell of a plant of the invention carries the genetic information that confers resistance to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae . Such a cell of the invention may also be a regenerable cell that can be used to regenerate a new plant comprising the allele of the invention.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method for making a hybrid spinach seed comprising crossing a first parent spinach plant with a second parent spinach plant and harvesting the resultant hybrid spinach seed, wherein said first and/or second parent spinach plant comprises the alpha-WOLF 8 allele. In particular embodiment, the first and/or second parent plant is a plant of an inbred line as defined herein.

The invention further relates hybrid spinach plant grown from seed produced by crossing a first parent spinach plant with a second parent spinach plant and harvesting the resultant hybrid spinach seed, wherein said first and/or second parent spinach plant comprises the alpha- WOLF 8 allele.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for identifying or selecting a spinach plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele, comprising determining the presence of a genomic nucleotide sequence or a part thereof in the genome of a plant, wherein said sequence has in order of increased preference 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No: l.

The invention further relates a method for identifying or selecting a spinach plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele, comprising determining the presence of a coding sequence or a part thereof in the genome of a plant, wherein said sequence has in order of increased preference 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:2.

The invention further relates a method for identifying or selecting a spinach plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele, comprising determining the presence of a coding sequence or a part thereof in the genome of a plant, wherein said sequence has in order of increased preference 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:3.

The invention further relates a method for identifying or selecting a spinach plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele, comprising determining the presence of a coding sequence or a part thereof in the genome of a plant, wherein said sequence has in order of increased preference 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:4.

Determining the genomic DNA or coding DNA sequence of at least part of a WOLF gene in the genome of a spinach plant may be performed using any suitable molecular biological method known in the art, including but not limited to (genomic) PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing, whole -genome-sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, sequence-specific target capture followed by next-generation sequencing (using, for example, the xGen ^® target capture system of Integrated DNA Technologies), specific amplification of LRR-domain-comprising gene sequences (using, for example, the RenSeq methodology, as described in US patent application 14/627116, and in Jupe et al., 2013, Plant J. 76: 530-544) followed by sequencing, etcetera.

In another embodiment the invention relates to a method for identifying or selecting a plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele which comprises determining the DNA sequence coding for the LRR domain as defined herein. In a further embodiment of the method the LRR domain of the alpha-WOLF 8 allele is determined by using a primer pair to amplify the genomic DNA region of the LRR domain. The forward primer is preferably a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No: 8 and the reverse primer is preferably a nucleic acid molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID No:9.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a spinach plant comprising resistance to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae comprising: (a) crossing a plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele, with another plant; (b) optionally performing one or more rounds of selfing and/or crossing; (c) optionally selecting after each round of selfing or crossing for a plant that comprises the alpha-WOLF 8 allele.

Selecting a plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele can be done genotypically by determining the presence of the genomic DNA sequence of the allele having in order of increased preference 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%,85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence similarity to SEQ ID No: l.

In another embodiment, selecting a plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele can be done genotypically by determining the presence the coding sequence of the allele having in order of increased preference 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%,85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:2,

In another embodiment, selecting a plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele can be done genotypically by determining the presence the coding sequence of the allele having in order of increased preference 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%,85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:3.

In yet another embodiment, selecting a plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele can be done genotypically by determining the presence the coding sequence of the allele having in order of increased preference 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%,85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence similarity to SEQ ID No:4.

Alternatively, the presence of the alpha-WOLF 8 allele can be determined phenotypically by assaying a plant in a disease test, for example the test as described herein, and identifying a plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele based on the resistance pattern as described herein and indicated in Table 1.

The invention further relates to the use of a spinach plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele in breeding to confer resistance against Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae.

The invention also relates to a breeding method for the development of spinach plants carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele of the invention wherein germplasm which comprises said allele is used. Seed capable of growing into a plant comprising the allele of the invention and being representative for the germplasm was deposited with the NCIMB under deposit number NCIMB 42646. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for the production of a spinach plant which comprises the alpha- WOLF 8 allele, which method comprises: (a) crossing a plant comprising the allele with another plant; (b) optionally selecting for plants comprising said allele in the Fl; (c) optionally backcrossing the resulting Fl with the preferred parent and selecting for plants that have the said allele in the BC1F1 ; (d) optionally performing one or more additional rounds of selfing, crossing, and/or backcrossing, and subsequently selecting for a plant which comprises the said allele or shows the resistance profile corresponding to said allele. The invention also encompasses a spinach plant produced by this method.

The invention also relates to a harvested leaf of a spinach plant of the invention, to a food product which comprises a harvested leaf of a spinach plant of the invention, either in natural or in processed form.

Spinach leaves are sold in packaged form, including without limitation as prepackaged spinach leaves or as processed in a salad comprising said leaves. Mention of such a package is e.g. made in US Patent No. 5,523,136, which provides packaging film, and packages from such packaging film, including such packaging containing leafy produce, and methods for making and using such packaging film and packages, which are suitable for use with the spinach leaves of the invention. Thus, the invention comprehends the use of and methods for making and using the leaves of the spinach plant of the invention, as well as leaves of spinach plants derived from the invention.

The invention further relates to a container which comprises one or more plants of the invention, or one or more spinach plants derived from a plant of the invention, in a growth substrate for harvest of leaves from the plant, in a domestic environment. This way the consumer may pick very fresh leaves for use in salads, when the plant is in a ready-to-harvest condition.

The invention also relates to the use of a spinach plant, of which representative seed was deposited with the NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 42646, in the production of a spinach plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele.

In a further embodiment the said spinach plant is a hybrid, doubled haploid, or inbred spinach plant.

Another aspect of the invention is the use of a cell comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele for the production of a spinach plant showing resistance to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae.

The invention also relates to the use of a tissue culture comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele for the production of a spinach plant showing resistance to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae. RESISTANCE INFORMATION

Table 1.

Resistance profile conferred by the Alpha-WOLF 8 allele. A "-" means complete resistance against a particular downy mildew race; "(-)" means intermediate resistance against a particular downy mildew race; "+" means that the allele confers no resistance and would cause a plant only carrying the Alpha- WOLF 8 allele to be fully susceptible for that particular downy mildew race.

The intermediate resistances against Pfs:5, Pfs: 10, and Pfs: 16 conferred by the alpha-WOLF 8 allele are only observed in homozygous state. A plant carrying the allele in heterozygous state and not carrying any other resistance conferring allele (i.e. carrying the beta- WOLF zero allele) would be susceptible for Pfs:5, Pfs: 10, and Pfs: 16.

DEPOSIT INFORMATION

Seeds of a plant 16R.58468 that comprises the alpha-WOLF 8 allele of the invention in its genome were deposited with NCIMB Ltd, Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK, on September 9 2016 , under deposit accession number 42646. The deposit was made pursuant to the terms of the Budapest Treaty. Upon issuance of a patent, all restrictions upon the deposit will be removed, and the deposit is intended to meet the requirements of 37 CFR § 1.801-1.809. The deposit will be irrevocably and without restriction or condition released to the public upon the issuance of a patent. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period. SEQUENCE INFORMATION

Table 2. Sequence information.

SEQ ID No: l : ATGGCCGAAATCGGATACTCGGTTTGTGCGAAACTCATCGAAGTG

ATTGGCAGTGAGCTGATCAAAGAGATTTGTGACACATGGGGTTAC

Genomic

AAATCTCTTCTTGAGGACCTCAACAAAACTGTATTGACGGTCAGG

sequence of AACGTTCTCATTCAAGCCGGGGTGATGCGGGAGCTTACTAGTGAA

CAACAAGGTTTCATTGCAGACCTTAAAGATGTTGTTTATGATGCTG

alpha- WOLF 8

ATGACTTGTTCGACAAGTTACTCACTCGTGCTGAGCGAAAACAGA

TTGATGGAAACGAAATCTCTGAAAAGGTACGTCGTTTCTTTTCCTC

TAGTAACAAGATCGGTCAAGCTTACTACATGTCTCGTAAGGTTAA

GGAAATTAAGAAGCAGTTGGATGAAATTGTTGATAGGCATACAAA

ATTTGGGTTTAGTGCCGAGTTTATACCTGTTTGTAGGGAAAGGGGG

AACGAGAGGGAAACACGTTCATATATAGATGTCAAGAATATTCTT

GGGAGGGATAAAGATAAGAATGATATCATAGATAGGTTGCTTAAT

CGTAATGGTAATGAAGCTTGTAGTTTCCTGACCATAGTGGGAGCG

GGAGGATTGGGAAAAACTGCTCTTGCACAACTTGTGTTCAATGAT

GAAAGGGTCAAAATTGAGTTCCATGATTTGAGGTATTGGGTTTGT

GTCTCTGATCAAGATGGGGGCCAATTTGATGTGAAAGAAATCCTT

TGTAAGATTTTAGAGGTGGTTACTAAGGAGAAAGTTGATAATAGT

TCCACATTGGAATTGGTACAAAGCCAATTTCAAGAGAAGTTAAGA

GGAAAGAAGTACTTCCTTGTTCTTGATGATGTATGGAACGAAGAT

CGTGAGAAGTGGCTTCCTTTGGAAGAGTTGTTAATGTTGGGTCAA

GGGGGAAGCAAGGTTGTAGTGACCGCACGTTCAGAGAAGACAGC

AAATGTCATAGGGAAAAGACATTTTTATACACTGGAATGTTTGTC

ACCAGATTATTCATGGAGCTTATTTGAAATGTCGGCTTTTCAGAAA

GGGCATGAGCAGGAAAACCATCACGAACTAGTTGATATTGGGAAA

AAGATTGTTGAAAAATGTTATAACAATCCACTTGCTATAACGGTG

GTAGGAAGTCTTCTTTATGGAGAGGAGATAAGTAAGTGGCGGTCA

TTTGAAATGAGTGAGTTGGCCAAAATTGGCAATGGGGATAATAAG

ATTTTGCCGATATTAAAGCTCAGTTACCATAATCTTATACCCTCGT

TGAAGAGTTGCTTCAGTTATTGTGCAGTGTTTCCCAAGGATCATGA

AATAAAGAAGGAGATGTTGATTGATCTTTGGATAGCACAAGGATA

CGTTGTGGCACTTGATGGAGGTCAAAGTATAGAAGATGCTGCCGA

AGAACATTTTGTAATTTTGTTACGGAGATGTTTCTTTCAAGATGTA

AAGAAGGATGAATATGGTGATGTTGATTCTGTTAAAATCCACGAC

TTGATGCACGATGTCGCCCAAGAAGTGGGGAGGGAGGAAATATGT

GTAGTGAATGATAATACAAAGAACTTGGGTGATAAAATCCGTCAT

GTACATGGTGATGTCAATAGATATGCACAAAGAGTCTCTCTGTGT

AGCCATAGCCATAAGATTCGTTCGTATATTGGTGGTGATTGTGAAA

AACGTTGTGTGGATACACTAATAGACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGGA

TGTTGGACTTGTCATGGTCGGATGTTAAAAATTTGCCTAATTCAAT

AGGTAAATTGTTGCACTTGAGGTATCTTAACCTGTCAGATAATAGA

AATCTAAAGATACTTCCTGATGCAATTACAAGACTGCATAATTTGC

AGACACTGCTTTTAAAAGATTGCAGAAGTTTAAAGGAGTTGCCAA

AAGATTTTTGCAAATTGGTCAAACTGAGACACTTGGATTTATGGG

GTTGTGATGATTTGATTGGTATGCCATTTGGAATGGATAAGCTAAC

TAGTCTTAGAATACTACCAAACATTGTGGTGGGTAGGAAGGAACA

AAGTGTTGATGATGAGCTGAAAGCCCTTAAAGGCCTCACCGAGAT

AAAAGGCGACATTGATATCAAAATCTGTGAAAATTATAGAATAGT

TGAAGGCATGAATGACACAGGAGGAGCTGGGTATTTGAAGAGCAT

GAAACATCTCAGGGAGATTGGTATTACATTTGATGGTGGATGTGTT

AACCCTGAAGCTGTGTTGGCAACCCTAGAGCCACCTTCAAATATC

AAGAGCTTATCTATACATCGTTTTGATGGTAAAACACTTCCAGTAT GGGGAAGAGCAGAGATTAATTGGGCAATCTCCCTCTCACATCTTG

TCGACATCCAGCTTTGGCATTGTCGTAATTTGCAGGAGATGCCAGT

GCTGAGTAAACTGCCTCATTTGAAATCACTGGAACTTTATAATTTG

ATTAGTTTAGAGTACATGGAGAGCACAAGCAGAAGCAGTAGCAGT

GACACAGAAGCAGCAACACCAGAATTACCAACATTCTTCCCTTCC

CTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGGGTCTGGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTTTG

GGGAACAGGAGATCGAGTAGTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGAAA

ATCATGGAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTGGTTTCCTCCCTGTCCAAGCC

TTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGCGTCTGGACAAGTTGAAGGGTTTTGG

GAACCGGAGATCGAGTACTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGGAAATC

AAGAAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTCATTTCCTTCTTGTCCAAGCCTTG

AGAAGTTGGAATTGAAAGAAAGCAATGAAGCATTGCAAATAATA

GTAAAAATAACAACAAGAGGTAAAGAAAAAGAAGAGAACAATAA

TGCTGGTGTTAGAAATTCACAAGATGATGACAAAGTCAAATTACG

GAAGATGGTGATAGACAATCTGGGTTATCTCAAATCACTGCCCAC

AAATTGTCTTACTCACCTCGACCTTACAATAAGTGATTCCAAGGAG

GGGGAGGGTGAATGGGAAGTTGGGGATGCATTTCAGAAGTGTGTA

TCTTCTTTGAGAAGCCTCACCATAATCGGAAATCACGGAATAAAT

AAAGTGAAGAGACTGTCTGGAAGAACAGGGTTGGAGCATTTCACT

CTGTTGGAATCACTCAAACTTTCAGATATAGAAGACCAGGAAGAT

GAGGGCGAAGACAACATCATATTCTGGAAATCCTTTCCTCAAAAC

CTCCGCAGTTTGAGAATTAAAGACTCTGACAAAATGACAAGTTTG

CCCATGGGGATGCAGTACTTAACCTCCCTCCAAACCCTCTATCTAC

ACCATTGTTATGAATTGAATTCCCTTCCAGAATGGATAAGCAGCTT

ATCATCTCTTCAATACCTGCGCATATACTACTGTCCAGCCCTGAAA

TCACTACCAGAAGCAATGCGGAACCTCACCTCCCTTCAGACACTT

GGGATATCGGATTGTCCAGACCTAGTTAAAAGATGCAGAAAACCC

AACGGCAAGGACTATCCCAAAATTCAACACATCCCCTATTGGAGT

ATAGAACATCAGGTTATAACTAGCTTGTAACTAACTTGTAACTACC

TAGTATAAATACAGTAGTTTGTACTATTTTACATTCAATTACACAA

TTAATAAAATGTAGACTCTCACTCTCTCTCTCTAAGCCACGAGCTC

CAAGCTCGTCAATGGCTTCCCTTCTCTGTTCTTGCTTTCTTCTTTCC

TCTTCAATTCACAAATTCAACATGGTATCAGAGCGGGACGATCCTT

GCTCTTCACTTCCGCACAAAATTTTCGTTCAATTCAACCCATCAAA

TTTTTTTTTTCCCCCAAATTTTCTCGAATTCGGTCAAAATTCGACGA

ATTAGGGATTCAATTTACCCTGATTTCTTCTGATTCCATTCAATGAT

TGTTCATTTCGAATCTTGAATCAAATAATTGTTGATTCTGGATTCC

CCAAATTCTAGGGTTCTTGAAGGATTTACAAGAATCTGGCATTGCT

GATAGATTCTTGAAGCAATTTGCGTCTCCGTGTTCCTCGGTGGTCT

TGAGTTTGTTTCCGTATTCGCTGCTCTCATCTTTACTGGGGATTGTG

GTCTGATTTCTTGGCTTCCTCTGTCGATGATGTGATTGGTAATACTT

AAAACCCCTCTCTCTCTTTCCGAAATTATTGATGCTGGTTCGTCATT

TTTTTTTTTGGAATCATCTCAGTTTATCGCCGCAATTTGAGTTGTTG

TTGGGTAATTGTTGTTGCTGCCGATGATGTTTTGTGAATTTGAGAA

TTGTTAGAATGATTCTTGTTCAATCAATTTGGTTCTCATACTCTAAT

GGAAGCCTGTTTTGGAGCGACGAATTATGCAATTCTGAGATTTCTT

TTGATCCTTATTTCTTTTCTTCACTTGAATTTCTGGTGTTTGTGAGT

AATTCTTGGTTAATGTTTGATCTGGGTAGTTCTTGGGTTTACTGAA

GACGTTTCTTGAAGGTTTTGACAGAAAAGCTGAGGTTTAATTCCAA

GAACTAGACTGAGTTTTTTTTATGAAATTGTTTCGACCTTCAGATG GATTCGAGAGATTTGAGTTCATTTTCTTTGATGAATGTGTTAGAAA AGGTTTTGGTGCAGTGACCATTTTAAACCAAATAGAGTTACATAA ATATTGGGATTCTTTTCTGGGAATGTAGTTAGGAGTTGAAATCTTT TGGAGCTGCTTTACCATAAAACCCAGCCTCAGAGTCTGTTAACCA

GTTAGGACCGTGTAAACATGATCCCAGGCTGCATTTGCGTTATCAG

ATTTGATTCAGTTTTGGAATTGTGGATTTTGAGGGTTTAAAAGCTT

ACAGTTGCTCCTGGAGAATGGTGTGAGCAATATAGGAATTCAGCA

CTAGTATTGCAGAAAATGAAGCTTGGTTGTTGATTGTTGGCATGTT

TTGTTGCCATTGTTTTGGGTTGATGTTTTCCTTTTCTTTTGAATGTT

GGCACGATTCAACATTTCTTTCCTGCAACAGATTTGGAGTTCAGTA

TGGAGAATCAGAACCTGTAAAANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNACCCA

AAGAGGTCAGTTTTCATTGATCCATTGTGATCATTCTTTTGATGAG

ACCCATTGAGGCTCATTTCTTCAAGGCAATATTGGAAGTTGTAGAT

TGATATGAGCAGTTGGTACAACAGCAACAAAAGTGGCCAGCATCT

ATGCTTGTTCATGAGGAGTTCTTGGTGCAGAGTTAATGAAGAGTCT

GTTTTGAAGCTTTCAAACTGAAGATGTTTATCACCATCTCCAGTTT

GAGGGGGGGTATTGGAGTATAGAACATCAGGTTATAACTAGCTTG

TAACTAACTTGTAACTACCTAGTATAAATACAGTAGTTTGTACNNN

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

NNNNCCACGAGCTCCAAGCTCGTCAATGGCTTCCCTTCTCTGTTCT

TGCTTTCTTCTTTCCTCTTCAATTCACAAATTCAACATCCCCAAAAT

TGTAAGTCATTGCAGAAAGTAATTTATTCATTTATATTTATTTTATG

CTTAGAATGATATACGCAGTCGTCCTTTGGTTTCAAATCTTGAATT

TGGTTTTTGTTTTCTTTCTTTGTTTCTTTATTCAACACCAGCCCATTT

ATGATTGATTCATTAAAAAAAGGATGGAGTTTTATGGATTTGAAG

AAGACAACGAATTGAGATTCCTGGGGTTTTCTTTTTGTTGGGGTTG

GATTTCATGTATATGTTGCTGATTAAATACGAGACTGATGATGATG

ATGTGTTTATGGGTTTTAAATCAGATTAAATATATGGGAAATGCAA

GTTAATTTGGGATGCACATAAGGTGTTTGCTGAAATGTCTATGAGA

AATGTTGTTTCTTGGACTTAGAATGATATACACTGTCGTCCTTTGG

TTTCCAATCTTACATTTGGTTTGTGTTTTCTTAGTTTGTTTCTTTAAT

GTTTACCCTGTATCTCAGGTACTAAATGAATATTGGTGATTTTCAG TTACTCAACACTAGCTTGATCCTGAACGCACCCAACCTTCAGGTTA GAATCCGGCTTACTCATCCTTTTGTCCAGTTTTCAAGTAATTGTTTT GGCAGGATCAATTCTCTAATTGTTGTACACCGTATATTGCAATTTA TAGTGACTACAGTTAATGAATGTTTACAAAAAATTAGTCATGTAA

TATCATGTTCATGTCTAAACAATTAAACATGCTCACATCAATGTTC

ATTTAAGCTAACTTACTTCTGTAAGAGAGCGAGCTAGTTAAAAAC

TCCTTTAACTTTCTGTTTTATACTCAGGACATGGATTGATGCAAGC

ATGAAGAACTTCGGGAATTTGCTAAAACTCTACCAAAGCGATGAG

AGTTTGGACTTTATTTCACTTGAAGTCAGGGACTGTCAACAAAGCC

ACAGTGTGCATGTTGGCTGTTTCACTTGGACGATAAAAAGGTTTAT

TTAATTGTTTTCCTAAGTGTATTTGGCTTACAAGCTTTTACTTTTCA

CTTGAAAGGGTTTTTCTTGTTTTAAGCTTTTCGAATTAGAGTTTTCG

GTTGAAGTAAGAGTAGTCGTATTAGTCTTTTACCTAAGGAAGACTC

TTTTTTGTAATTTTCAGACTATGCAATTCAAGTTTTCGAGTGTTTTC

TTGCTTGTGTGATTGTGAGTTGGTGAATTCGTCTTTCATACATTTTG

AGATTATCAGAAGCTTTATGCTCCACCGGTAGTCTAGTACCTTTTC

TGTTACTGTGCAGGGAAGTAATCTGGTACCTTCTATATATATGGAA

AAACATACATTATACATTATGCAAAATTCTTACAGGTTAGTTACTT

CCTGGAACTTCATTTACACTTAGTTTTTTTTGTTCCATTCCCTCGGA

ATCAAGTCATTCCCTCTGAGAAATATGTAATGAACTTCTGTATGTT

GCTGTTTGGTTCCTGTTTTAATCTTCAATTTTCTTGTATAGTTACAG CTGCATTTACAATGAAGTTTAAGCAGACACTCTCTTTATATAGTGC CTCTTTCTGGAGCACCGTAGAGCTGTCTGTGGTTGATCACCATCTG CTGCCGAGAGATTCAGCAATCGCGTGTTTGATCAGGTAAAAGTTTT

CAGATTCTTATCTTCTTACAGTAGCATAACACATTGTTTCTTTCATT

TATGTAAACTGTTTCAAGATTACAGAGATGTATGCTTCAGTCGACA

TTGATGATAACTTAAGATGGCATTCCTACAACAGTTGCAGGCGCA

TTCTAACTCCGGCAATTCTAGTTAGGCAAGAGGAGCATTGCCAAT

ACCTGCCACCTCTGGGATTTACTATACCAGGGTTGAAGTTTATGGA

AGACACCAGCTATGCACAAGCCTTCAAGGGGTCATCCTACATAAC

AAGTTGAACCAACCAATTGCTTGTTGGTTCAGTGGTAATTGAAGCT

GAATTTGGTAGGGATGGCCCGTGTTCGATCCCCACAACAACAATT

GGGAGGGGACTGGAACCTATCCACACAGAACTCGCCCTGAATCCG

GATTAGCCCTAAGGGTGAACGGGGTGCTAACACCAAAAAAAAAA

ACATAACAAGTTGAACCAAACATACTTTGTTTGAATTGAAGATTTA

GTGATTTCATTTGATCGATTGAGATGTCTTATTATAAGCGTATATG

CTCTTGGATTTGGCCACTTAGGTGTTGTTTGACAATTGGACATTAA

CTCGCTTTTATATTTTCTTTTCTCTTAGGAAAGGTGATCCTGAGAAT

GAAAAAGTGTTACCTGAAAAAGTGTTACCTGAAAATCAACTGACA

TAAGTTTTTGTTTGGATCCAATTAAGGACACTAGATAAATCGGAAT

AAATAATCAACCAATTAAGTACTTCATAATTAAATATGAAGTGTA

TTATTATCTTATGCTTGTGACATTGAAGGATGTTATGATATTTTAA

CTCAATACCTTGCAAAATATACTGG

SEQ ID No:2: ATGGCCGAAATCGGATACTCGGTTTGTGCGAAACTCATCGAAGTG

ATTGGCAGTGAGCTGATCAAAGAGATTTGTGACACATGGGGTTAC

cds alpha- WOLF

AAATCTCTTCTTGAGGACCTCAACAAAACTGTATTGACGGTCAGG

8 AACGTTCTCATTCAAGCCGGGGTGATGCGGGAGCTTACTAGTGAA

CAACAAGGTTTCATTGCAGACCTTAAAGATGTTGTTTATGATGCTG

ATGACTTGTTCGACAAGTTACTCACTCGTGCTGAGCGAAAACAGA

TTGATGGAAACGAAATCTCTGAAAAGGTACGTCGTTTCTTTTCCTC

TAGTAACAAGATCGGTCAAGCTTACTACATGTCTCGTAAGGTTAA

GGAAATTAAGAAGCAGTTGGATGAAATTGTTGATAGGCATACAAA

ATTTGGGTTTAGTGCCGAGTTTATACCTGTTTGTAGGGAAAGGGGG

AACGAGAGGGAAACACGTTCATATATAGATGTCAAGAATATTCTT

GGGAGGGATAAAGATAAGAATGATATCATAGATAGGTTGCTTAAT

CGTAATGGTAATGAAGCTTGTAGTTTCCTGACCATAGTGGGAGCG

GGAGGATTGGGAAAAACTGCTCTTGCACAACTTGTGTTCAATGAT

GAAAGGGTCAAAATTGAGTTCCATGATTTGAGGTATTGGGTTTGT

GTCTCTGATCAAGATGGGGGCCAATTTGATGTGAAAGAAATCCTT

TGTAAGATTTTAGAGGTGGTTACTAAGGAGAAAGTTGATAATAGT

TCCACATTGGAATTGGTACAAAGCCAATTTCAAGAGAAGTTAAGA

GGAAAGAAGTACTTCCTTGTTCTTGATGATGTATGGAACGAAGAT

CGTGAGAAGTGGCTTCCTTTGGAAGAGTTGTTAATGTTGGGTCAA

GGGGGAAGCAAGGTTGTAGTGACCGCACGTTCAGAGAAGACAGC

AAATGTCATAGGGAAAAGACATTTTTATACACTGGAATGTTTGTC

ACCAGATTATTCATGGAGCTTATTTGAAATGTCGGCTTTTCAGAAA

GGGCATGAGCAGGAAAACCATCACGAACTAGTTGATATTGGGAAA

AAGATTGTTGAAAAATGTTATAACAATCCACTTGCTATAACGGTG

GTAGGAAGTCTTCTTTATGGAGAGGAGATAAGTAAGTGGCGGTCA

TTTGAAATGAGTGAGTTGGCCAAAATTGGCAATGGGGATAATAAG

ATTTTGCCGATATTAAAGCTCAGTTACCATAATCTTATACCCTCGT

TGAAGAGTTGCTTCAGTTATTGTGCAGTGTTTCCCAAGGATCATGA AATAAAGAAGGAGATGTTGATTGATCTTTGGATAGCACAAGGATA

CGTTGTGGCACTTGATGGAGGTCAAAGTATAGAAGATGCTGCCGA

AGAACATTTTGTAATTTTGTTACGGAGATGTTTCTTTCAAGATGTA

AAGAAGGATGAATATGGTGATGTTGATTCTGTTAAAATCCACGAC

TTGATGCACGATGTCGCCCAAGAAGTGGGGAGGGAGGAAATATGT

GTAGTGAATGATAATACAAAGAACTTGGGTGATAAAATCCGTCAT

GTACATGGTGATGTCAATAGATATGCACAAAGAGTCTCTCTGTGT

AGCCATAGCCATAAGATTCGTTCGTATATTGGTGGTGATTGTGAAA

AACGTTGTGTGGATACACTAATAGACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGGA

TGTTGGACTTGTCATGGTCGGATGTTAAAAATTTGCCTAATTCAAT

AGGTAAATTGTTGCACTTGAGGTATCTTAACCTGTCAGATAATAGA

AATCTAAAGATACTTCCTGATGCAATTACAAGACTGCATAATTTGC

AGACACTGCTTTTAAAAGATTGCAGAAGTTTAAAGGAGTTGCCAA

GTTGTGATGATTTGATTGGTATGCCATTTGGAATGGATAAGCTAAC

TAGTCTTAGAATACTACCAAACATTGTGGTGGGTAGGAAGGAACA

AAGTGTTGATGATGAGCTGAAAGCCCTTAAAGGCCTCACCGAGAT

AAAAGGCGACATTGATATCAAAATCTGTGAAAATTATAGAATAGT

TGAAGGCATGAATGACACAGGAGGAGCTGGGTATTTGAAGAGCAT

GAAACATCTCAGGGAGATTGGTATTACATTTGATGGTGGATGTGTT

AACCCTGAAGCTGTGTTGGCAACCCTAGAGCCACCTTCAAATATC

AAGAGCTTATCTATACATCGTTTTGATGGTAAAACACTTCCAGTAT

GGGGAAGAGCAGAGATTAATTGGGCAATCTCCCTCTCACATCTTG

TCGACATCCAGCTTTGGCATTGTCGTAATTTGCAGGAGATGCCAGT

GCTGAGTAAACTGCCTCATTTGAAATCACTGGAACTTTATAATTTG

ATTAGTTTAGAGTACATGGAGAGCACAAGCAGAAGCAGTAGCAGT

GACACAGAAGCAGCAACACCAGAATTACCAACATTCTTCCCTTCC

CTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGGGTCTGGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTTTG

GGGAACAGGAGATCGAGTAGTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGAAA

ATCATGGAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTGGTTTCCTCCCTGTCCAAGCC

TTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGCGTCTGGACAAGTTGAAGGGTTTTGG

GAACCGGAGATCGAGTACTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGGAAATC

AAGAAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTCATTTCCTTCTTGTCCAAGCCTTG

AGAAGTTGGAATTGAAAGAAAGCAATGAAGCATTGCAAATAATA

GTAAAAATAACAACAAGAGGTAAAGAAAAAGAAGAGAACAATAA

TGCTGGTGTTAGAAATTCACAAGATGATGACAAAGTCAAATTACG

GAAGATGGTGATAGACAATCTGGGTTATCTCAAATCACTGCCCAC

AAATTGTCTTACTCACCTCGACCTTACAATAAGTGATTCCAAGGAG

GGGGAGGGTGAATGGGAAGTTGGGGATGCATTTCAGAAGTGTGTA

TCTTCTTTGAGAAGCCTCACCATAATCGGAAATCACGGAATAAAT

AAAGTGAAGAGACTGTCTGGAAGAACAGGGTTGGAGCATTTCACT

CTGTTGGAATCACTCAAACTTTCAGATATAGAAGACCAGGAAGAT

GAGGGCGAAGACAACATCATATTCTGGAAATCCTTTCCTCAAAAC

CTCCGCAGTTTGAGAATTAAAGACTCTGACAAAATGACAAGTTTG

CCCATGGGGATGCAGTACTTAACCTCCCTCCAAACCCTCTATCTAC

ACCATTGTTATGAATTGAATTCCCTTCCAGAATGGATAAGCAGCTT

ATCATCTCTTCAATACCTGCGCATATACTACTGTCCAGCCCTGAAA

TCACTACCAGAAGCAATGCGGAACCTCACCTCCCTTCAGACACTT

GGGATATCGGATTGTCCAGACCTAGTTAAAAGATGCAGAAAACCC

AACGGCAAGGACTATCCCAAAATTCAACACATCCCCTATTGGAGT

ATAGAACATCAGGTTATAACTAGCTTGTAA

SEQ ID No:3: ATGGCCGAAATCGGATACTCGGTTTGTGCGAAACTCATCGAAGTG

ATTGGCAGTGAGCTGATCAAAGAGATTTGTGACACATGGGGTTAC

cds of alpha- AAATCTCTTCTTGAGGACCTCAACAAAACTGTATTGACGGTCAGG WOLF 8 AACGTTCTCATTCAAGCCGGGGTGATGCGGGAGCTTACTAGTGAA

CAACAAGGTTTCATTGCAGACCTTAAAGATGTTGTTTATGATGCTG

(isoform 1)

ATGACTTGTTCGACAAGTTACTCACTCGTGCTGAGCGAAAACAGA

TTGATGGAAACGAAATCTCTGAAAAGGTACGTCGTTTCTTTTCCTC

TAGTAACAAGATCGGTCAAGCTTACTACATGTCTCGTAAGGTTAA

GGAAATTAAGAAGCAGTTGGATGAAATTGTTGATAGGCATACAAA

ATTTGGGTTTAGTGCCGAGTTTATACCTGTTTGTAGGGAAAGGGGG

AACGAGAGGGAAACACGTTCATATATAGATGTCAAGAATATTCTT

GGGAGGGATAAAGATAAGAATGATATCATAGATAGGTTGCTTAAT

CGTAATGGTAATGAAGCTTGTAGTTTCCTGACCATAGTGGGAGCG

GGAGGATTGGGAAAAACTGCTCTTGCACAACTTGTGTTCAATGAT

GAAAGGGTCAAAATTGAGTTCCATGATTTGAGGTATTGGGTTTGT

GTCTCTGATCAAGATGGGGGCCAATTTGATGTGAAAGAAATCCTT

TGTAAGATTTTAGAGGTGGTTACTAAGGAGAAAGTTGATAATAGT

TCCACATTGGAATTGGTACAAAGCCAATTTCAAGAGAAGTTAAGA

GGAAAGAAGTACTTCCTTGTTCTTGATGATGTATGGAACGAAGAT

CGTGAGAAGTGGCTTCCTTTGGAAGAGTTGTTAATGTTGGGTCAA

GGGGGAAGCAAGGTTGTAGTGACCGCACGTTCAGAGAAGACAGC

AAATGTCATAGGGAAAAGACATTTTTATACACTGGAATGTTTGTC

ACCAGATTATTCATGGAGCTTATTTGAAATGTCGGCTTTTCAGAAA

GGGCATGAGCAGGAAAACCATCACGAACTAGTTGATATTGGGAAA

AAGATTGTTGAAAAATGTTATAACAATCCACTTGCTATAACGGTG

GTAGGAAGTCTTCTTTATGGAGAGGAGATAAGTAAGTGGCGGTCA

TTTGAAATGAGTGAGTTGGCCAAAATTGGCAATGGGGATAATAAG

ATTTTGCCGATATTAAAGCTCAGTTACCATAATCTTATACCCTCGT

TGAAGAGTTGCTTCAGTTATTGTGCAGTGTTTCCCAAGGATCATGA

AATAAAGAAGGAGATGTTGATTGATCTTTGGATAGCACAAGGATA

CGTTGTGGCACTTGATGGAGGTCAAAGTATAGAAGATGCTGCCGA

AGAACATTTTGTAATTTTGTTACGGAGATGTTTCTTTCAAGATGTA

AAGAAGGATGAATATGGTGATGTTGATTCTGTTAAAATCCACGAC

TTGATGCACGATGTCGCCCAAGAAGTGGGGAGGGAGGAAATATGT

GTAGTGAATGATAATACAAAGAACTTGGGTGATAAAATCCGTCAT

GTACATGGTGATGTCAATAGATATGCACAAAGAGTCTCTCTGTGT

AGCCATAGCCATAAGATTCGTTCGTATATTGGTGGTGATTGTGAAA

AACGTTGTGTGGATACACTAATAGACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGGA

TGTTGGACTTGTCATGGTCGGATGTTAAAAATTTGCCTAATTCAAT

AGGTAAATTGTTGCACTTGAGGTATCTTAACCTGTCAGATAATAGA

AATCTAAAGATACTTCCTGATGCAATTACAAGACTGCATAATTTGC

AGACACTGCTTTTAAAAGATTGCAGAAGTTTAAAGGAGTTGCCAA

GTTGTGATGATTTGATTGGTATGCCATTTGGAATGGATAAGCTAAC

TAGTCTTAGAATACTACCAAACATTGTGGTGGGTAGGAAGGAACA

AAGTGTTGATGATGAGCTGAAAGCCCTTAAAGGCCTCACCGAGAT

AAAAGGCGACATTGATATCAAAATCTGTGAAAATTATAGAATAGT

TGAAGGCATGAATGACACAGGAGGAGCTGGGTATTTGAAGAGCAT

GAAACATCTCAGGGAGATTGGTATTACATTTGATGGTGGATGTGTT

AACCCTGAAGCTGTGTTGGCAACCCTAGAGCCACCTTCAAATATC

AAGAGCTTATCTATACATCGTTTTGATGGTAAAACACTTCCAGTAT

GGGGAAGAGCAGAGATTAATTGGGCAATCTCCCTCTCACATCTTG

TCGACATCCAGCTTTGGCATTGTCGTAATTTGCAGGAGATGCCAGT

GCTGAGTAAACTGCCTCATTTGAAATCACTGGAACTTTATAATTTG

ATTAGTTTAGAGTACATGGAGAGCACAAGCAGAAGCAGTAGCAGT

GACACAGAAGCAGCAACACCAGAATTACCAACATTCTTCCCTTCC

CTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGGGTCTGGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTTTG GGGAACAGGAGATCGAGTAGTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGAAA

ATCATGGAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTGGTTTCCTCCCTGTCCAAGCC

TTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGCGTCTGGACAAGTTGAAGGGTTTTGG

GAACCGGAGATCGAGTACTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGGAAATC

AAGAAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTCATTTCCTTCTTGTCCAAGCCTTG

AGAAGTTGGAATTGAAAGAAAGCAATGAAGCATTGCAAATAATA

GTAAAAATAACAACAAGAGGTAAAGAAAAAGAAGAGAACAATAA

TGCTGGTGTTAGAAATTCACAAGATGATGACAAAGTCAAATTACG

GAAGATGGTGATAGACAATCTGGGTTATCTCAAATCACTGCCCAC

AAATTGTCTTACTCACCTCGACCTTACAATAAGTGATTCCAAGGAG

GGGGAGGGTGAATGGGAAGTTGGGGATGCATTTCAGAAGTGTGTA

TCTTCTTTGAGAAGCCTCACCATAATCGGAAATCACGGAATAAAT

AAAGTGAAGAGACTGTCTGGAAGAACAGGGTTGGAGCATTTCACT

CTGTTGGAATCACTCAAACTTTCAGATATAGAAGACCAGGAAGAT

GAGGGCGAAGACAACATCATATTCTGGAAATCCTTTCCTCAAAAC

CTCCGCAGTTTGAGAATTAAAGACTCTGACAAAATGACAAGTTTG

CCCATGGGGATGCAGTACTTAACCTCCCTCCAAACCCTCTATCTAC

ACCATTGTTATGAATTGAATTCCCTTCCAGAATGGATAAGCAGCTT

ATCATCTCTTCAATACCTGCGCATATACTACTGTCCAGCCCTGAAA

TCACTACCAGAAGCAATGCGGAACCTCACCTCCCTTCAGACACTT

GGGATATCGGATTGTCCAGACCTAGTTAAAAGATGCAGAAAACCC

AACGGCAAGGACTATCCCAAAATTCAACACATCCCCTATTGGAGT

ATAGAACATCAGGTACTAAATGAATATTGGTGA

SEQ ID No:4: ATGGCCGAAATCGGATACTCGGTTTGTGCGAAACTCATCGAAGTG

ATTGGCAGTGAGCTGATCAAAGAGATTTGTGACACATGGGGTTAC

cds of alpha-

AAATCTCTTCTTGAGGACCTCAACAAAACTGTATTGACGGTCAGG WOLF 8 AACGTTCTCATTCAAGCCGGGGTGATGCGGGAGCTTACTAGTGAA

CAACAAGGTTTCATTGCAGACCTTAAAGATGTTGTTTATGATGCTG

(isoform 2)

ATGACTTGTTCGACAAGTTACTCACTCGTGCTGAGCGAAAACAGA

TTGATGGAAACGAAATCTCTGAAAAGGTACGTCGTTTCTTTTCCTC

TAGTAACAAGATCGGTCAAGCTTACTACATGTCTCGTAAGGTTAA

GGAAATTAAGAAGCAGTTGGATGAAATTGTTGATAGGCATACAAA

ATTTGGGTTTAGTGCCGAGTTTATACCTGTTTGTAGGGAAAGGGGG

AACGAGAGGGAAACACGTTCATATATAGATGTCAAGAATATTCTT

GGGAGGGATAAAGATAAGAATGATATCATAGATAGGTTGCTTAAT

CGTAATGGTAATGAAGCTTGTAGTTTCCTGACCATAGTGGGAGCG

GGAGGATTGGGAAAAACTGCTCTTGCACAACTTGTGTTCAATGAT

GAAAGGGTCAAAATTGAGTTCCATGATTTGAGGTATTGGGTTTGT

GTCTCTGATCAAGATGGGGGCCAATTTGATGTGAAAGAAATCCTT

TGTAAGATTTTAGAGGTGGTTACTAAGGAGAAAGTTGATAATAGT

TCCACATTGGAATTGGTACAAAGCCAATTTCAAGAGAAGTTAAGA

GGAAAGAAGTACTTCCTTGTTCTTGATGATGTATGGAACGAAGAT

CGTGAGAAGTGGCTTCCTTTGGAAGAGTTGTTAATGTTGGGTCAA

GGGGGAAGCAAGGTTGTAGTGACCGCACGTTCAGAGAAGACAGC

AAATGTCATAGGGAAAAGACATTTTTATACACTGGAATGTTTGTC

ACCAGATTATTCATGGAGCTTATTTGAAATGTCGGCTTTTCAGAAA

GGGCATGAGCAGGAAAACCATCACGAACTAGTTGATATTGGGAAA

AAGATTGTTGAAAAATGTTATAACAATCCACTTGCTATAACGGTG

GTAGGAAGTCTTCTTTATGGAGAGGAGATAAGTAAGTGGCGGTCA

TTTGAAATGAGTGAGTTGGCCAAAATTGGCAATGGGGATAATAAG

ATTTTGCCGATATTAAAGCTCAGTTACCATAATCTTATACCCTCGT

TGAAGAGTTGCTTCAGTTATTGTGCAGTGTTTCCCAAGGATCATGA

AATAAAGAAGGAGATGTTGATTGATCTTTGGATAGCACAAGGATA

CGTTGTGGCACTTGATGGAGGTCAAAGTATAGAAGATGCTGCCGA

AGAACATTTTGTAATTTTGTTACGGAGATGTTTCTTTCAAGATGTA

AAGAAGGATGAATATGGTGATGTTGATTCTGTTAAAATCCACGAC

TTGATGCACGATGTCGCCCAAGAAGTGGGGAGGGAGGAAATATGT

GTAGTGAATGATAATACAAAGAACTTGGGTGATAAAATCCGTCAT

GTACATGGTGATGTCAATAGATATGCACAAAGAGTCTCTCTGTGT

AGCCATAGCCATAAGATTCGTTCGTATATTGGTGGTGATTGTGAAA

AACGTTGTGTGGATACACTAATAGACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGGA

TGTTGGACTTGTCATGGTCGGATGTTAAAAATTTGCCTAATTCAAT

AGGTAAATTGTTGCACTTGAGGTATCTTAACCTGTCAGATAATAGA

AATCTAAAGATACTTCCTGATGCAATTACAAGACTGCATAATTTGC

AGACACTGCTTTTAAAAGATTGCAGAAGTTTAAAGGAGTTGCCAA

GTTGTGATGATTTGATTGGTATGCCATTTGGAATGGATAAGCTAAC

TAGTCTTAGAATACTACCAAACATTGTGGTGGGTAGGAAGGAACA

AAGTGTTGATGATGAGCTGAAAGCCCTTAAAGGCCTCACCGAGAT

AAAAGGCGACATTGATATCAAAATCTGTGAAAATTATAGAATAGT

TGAAGGCATGAATGACACAGGAGGAGCTGGGTATTTGAAGAGCAT

GAAACATCTCAGGGAGATTGGTATTACATTTGATGGTGGATGTGTT

AACCCTGAAGCTGTGTTGGCAACCCTAGAGCCACCTTCAAATATC

AAGAGCTTATCTATACATCGTTTTGATGGTAAAACACTTCCAGTAT

GGGGAAGAGCAGAGATTAATTGGGCAATCTCCCTCTCACATCTTG

TCGACATCCAGCTTTGGCATTGTCGTAATTTGCAGGAGATGCCAGT

GCTGAGTAAACTGCCTCATTTGAAATCACTGGAACTTTATAATTTG

ATTAGTTTAGAGTACATGGAGAGCACAAGCAGAAGCAGTAGCAGT

GACACAGAAGCAGCAACACCAGAATTACCAACATTCTTCCCTTCC

CTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGGGTCTGGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTTTG

GGGAACAGGAGATCGAGTAGTTTTCCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGAAA SEQ ID No:5: MAEIGYSVCAKLIEVIGSELIKEICDTWGYKSLLEDLNKTVLTVRNVLI

QAGVMRELTSEQQGFIADLKDVVYDADDLFDKLLTRAERKQIDGNEI

protein sequence

SEKVRRFFSSSNKIGQAYYMSRKVKEIKKQLDEIVDRHTKFGFSAEFIP

of alpha-WOLF 8 VCRERGNERETRSYIDVKNILGRDKDKNDIIDRLLNRNGNEACSFLTI

VGAGGLGKTALAQLVFNDERVKIEFHDLRYWVCVSDQDGGQFDVK

EILCKILEVVTKEKVDNSSTLELVQSQFQEKLRGKKYFLVLDDVWNE

DREKWLPLEELLMLGQGGSKVVVTARSEKTANVIGKRHFYTLECLSP

DYSWSLFEMSAFQKGHEQENHHELVDIGKKIVEKCYNNPLAITVVGS

LLYGEEISKWRSFEMSELAKIGNGDNKILPILKLSYHNLIPSLKSCFSYC

AVFPKDHEIKKEMLIDLWIAQGYVVALDGGQSIEDAAEEHFVILLRRC

FFQDVKKDEYGDVDSVKIHDLMHDVAQEVGREEICVVNDNTKNLGD

KIRHVHGDVNRYAQRVSLCSHSHKIRSYIGGDCEKRCVDTLIDKWMC

LRMLDLSWSDVKNLPNSIGKLLHLRYLNLSDNRNLKILPDAITRLHNL

QTLLLKDCRSLKELPKDFCKLVKLRHLDLWGCDDLIGMPFGMDKLT

SLRILPNIVVGRKEQSVDDELKALKGLTEIKGDIDIKICENYRIVEGMN

DTGGAGYLKSMKHLREIGITFDGGCVNPEAVLATLEPPSNIKSLSIHRF

DGKTLPVWGRAEINWAISLSHLVDIQLWHCRNLQEMPVLSKLPHLKS

LELYNLISLEYMESTSRSSSSDTEAATPELPTFFPSLEKLTLWGLEKLK

GLGNRRSSSFPRLSELKIMECPDLTWFPPCPSLEKLTLWRLDKLKGFG

NRRSSTFPRLSELEIKKCPDLTSFPSCPSLEKLELKESNEALQIIVKITTR

GKEKEENNNAGVRNSQDDDKVKLRKMVIDNLGYLKSLPTNCLTHLD

LTISDSKEGEGEWEVGDAFQKCVSSLRSLTIIGNHGINKVKRLSGRTG

LEHFTLLESLKLSDIEDQEDEGEDNIIFWKSFPQNLRSLRIKDSDKMTS

LPMGMQYLTSLQTLYLHHCYELNSLPEWISSLSSLQYLRIYYCPALKS

LPEAMRNLTSLQTLGISDCPDLVKRCRKPNGKDYPKIQHIPYWSIEHQ

VITSL

SEQ ID No:6: MAEIGYSVCAKLIEVIGSELIKEICDTWGYKSLLEDLNKTVLTVRNVLI

QAGVMRELTSEQQGFIADLKDVVYDADDLFDKLLTRAERKQIDGNEI

protein sequence

SEKVRRFFSSSNKIGQAYYMSRKVKEIKKQLDEIVDRHTKFGFSAEFIP

of alpha-WOLF 8 VCRERGNERETRSYIDVKNILGRDKDKNDIIDRLLNRNGNEACSFLTI

VGAGGLGKTALAQLVFNDERVKIEFHDLRYWVCVSDQDGGQFDVK

(isoform 1)

EILCKILEVVTKEKVDNSSTLELVQSQFQEKLRGKKYFLVLDDVWNE

DREKWLPLEELLMLGQGGSKVVVTARSEKTANVIGKRHFYTLECLSP

DYSWSLFEMSAFQKGHEQENHHELVDIGKKIVEKCYNNPLAITVVGS

LLYGEEISKWRSFEMSELAKIGNGDNKILPILKLSYHNLIPSLKSCFSYC

AVFPKDHEIKKEMLIDLWIAQGYVVALDGGQSIEDAAEEHFVILLRRC

FFQDVKKDEYGDVDSVKIHDLMHDVAQEVGREEICVVNDNTKNLGD

KIRHVHGDVNRYAQRVSLCSHSHKIRSYIGGDCEKRCVDTLIDKWMC

LRMLDLSWSDVKNLPNSIGKLLHLRYLNLSDNRNLKILPDAITRLHNL

QTLLLKDCRSLKELPKDFCKLVKLRHLDLWGCDDLIGMPFGMDKLT

SLRILPNIVVGRKEQSVDDELKALKGLTEIKGDIDIKICENYRIVEGMN

DTGGAGYLKSMKHLREIGITFDGGCVNPEAVLATLEPPSNIKSLSIHRF

DGKTLPVWGRAEINWAISLSHLVDIQLWHCRNLQEMPVLSKLPHLKS

LELYNLISLEYMESTSRSSSSDTEAATPELPTFFPSLEKLTLWGLEKLK

GLGNRRSSSFPRLSELKIMECPDLTWFPPCPSLEKLTLWRLDKLKGFG

NRRSSTFPRLSELEIKKCPDLTSFPSCPSLEKLELKESNEALQIIVKITTR

GKEKEENNNAGVRNSQDDDKVKLRKMVIDNLGYLKSLPTNCLTHLD

LTISDSKEGEGEWEVGDAFQKCVSSLRSLTIIGNHGINKVKRLSGRTG

LEHFTLLESLKLSDIEDQEDEGEDNIIFWKSFPQNLRSLRIKDSDKMTS

LPMGMQYLTSLQTLYLHHCYELNSLPEWISSLSSLQYLRIYYCPALKS

LPEAMRNLTSLQTLGISDCPDLVKRCRKPNGKDYPKIQHIPYWSIEHQ

VLNEYW

SEQ ID No:7: MAEIGYSVCAKLIEVIGSELIKEICDTWGYKSLLEDLNKTVLTVRNVLI protein sequence QAGVMRELTSEQQGFIADLKDVVYDADDLFDKLLTRAERKQIDGNEI

SEKVRRFFSSSNKIGQAYYMSRKVKEIKKQLDEIVDRHTKFGFSAEFIP

of alpha- WOLF

VCRERGNERETRSYIDVKNILGRDKDKNDIIDRLLNRNGNEACSFLTI

8 (isoform 2) VGAGGLGKTALAQLVFNDERVKIEFHDLRYWVCVSDQDGGQFDVK

EILCKILEVVTKEKVDNSSTLELVQSQFQEKLRGKKYFLVLDDVWNE

DREKWLPLEELLMLGQGGSKVVVTARSEKTANVIGKRHFYTLECLSP

DYSWSLFEMSAFQKGHEQENHHELVDIGKKIVEKCYNNPLAITVVGS

LLYGEEISKWRSFEMSELAKIGNGDNKILPILKLSYHNLIPSLKSCFSYC

AVFPKDHEIKKEMLIDLWIAQGYVVALDGGQSIEDAAEEHFVILLRRC

FFQDVKKDEYGDVDSVKIHDLMHDVAQEVGREEICVVNDNTKNLGD

KIRHVHGDVNRYAQRVSLCSHSHKIRSYIGGDCEKRCVDTLIDKWMC

LRMLDLSWSDVKNLPNSIGKLLHLRYLNLSDNRNLKILPDAITRLHNL

QTLLLKDCRSLKELPKDFCKLVKLRHLDLWGCDDLIGMPFGMDKLT

SLRILPNIVVGRKEQSVDDELKALKGLTEIKGDIDIKICENYRIVEGMN

DTGGAGYLKSMKHLREIGITFDGGCVNPEAVLATLEPPSNIKSLSIHRF

DGKTLPVWGRAEINWAISLSHLVDIQLWHCRNLQEMPVLSKLPHLKS

LELYNLISLEYMESTSRSSSSDTEAATPELPTFFPSLEKLTLWGLEKLK

GLGNRRSSSFPRLSELKIMECPDLTWFPPCPSLEKLTLWRLDKLKGFG

NRRSSTFPRLSELEIKKCPDLTSFPSCPSLEKLELKESNEALQIIVKITTR

GKEKEENNNAGVRNSQDDDKVKLRKMVIDNLGYLKSLPTNCLTHLD

LTISDSKEGEGEWEVGDAFQKCVSSLRSLTIIGNHGINKVKRLSGRTG

LEHFTLLESLKLSDIEDQEDEGEDNIIFWKSFPQNLRSLRIKDSDKMTS

LPMGMQYLTSLQTLYLHHCYELNSLPEWISSLSSLQYLRIYYCPALKS

LPEAMRNLTSLQTLGISDCPDLVKRCRKPNGKDYPKIQHIPYWSIEHQ

LLNTSLILNAPNLQDMD

SEQ ID No: 8: ACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGG

Forward primer

LRR domain

(Alpha)

SEQ ID No:9: TTCGCCCTCATCTTCCTGG

Reverse primer

LRR domain

SEQ ID No: 10: TCACGTGGGTTGTGTTGT

Forward primer

LRR domain

(Beta)

SEQ ID No: l l : ACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGGATGTTGGACTTGTCATGGTCGGATGT

TAAAAATTTGCCTAATTCAATAGGTAAATTGTTGCACTTGAGGTAT

Amplicon of

CTTAACCTGTCAGATAATAGAAATCTAAAGATACTTCCTGATGCA LRR domain of ATTACAAGACTGCATAATTTGCAGACACTGCTTTTAAAAGATTGCA

GAAGTTTAAAGGAGTTGCCAAAAGATTTTTGCAAATTGGTCAAAC

the alpha- WOLF

TGAGACACTTGGATTTATGGGGTTGTGATGATTTGATTGGTATGCC

8 allele ATTTGGAATGGATAAGCTAACTAGTCTTAGAATACTACCAAACAT

TGTGGTGGGTAGGAAGGAACAAAGTGTTGATGATGAGCTGAAAGC

CCTTAAAGGCCTCACCGAGATAAAAGGCGACATTGATATCAAAAT

CTGTGAAAATTATAGAATAGTTGAAGGCATGAATGACACAGGAGG

AGCTGGGTATTTGAAGAGCATGAAACATCTCAGGGAGATTGGTAT

TACATTTGATGGTGGATGTGTTAACCCTGAAGCTGTGTTGGCAACC CTAGAGCCACCTTCAAATATCAAGAGCTTATCTATACATCGTTTTG

ATGGTAAAACACTTCCAGTATGGGGAAGAGCAGAGATTAATTGGG

CAATCTCCCTCTCACATCTTGTCGACATCCAGCTTTGGCATTGTCG

TAATTTGCAGGAGATGCCAGTGCTGAGTAAACTGCCTCATTTGAA

ATCACTGGAACTTTATAATTTGATTAGTTTAGAGTACATGGAGAGC

ACAAGCAGAAGCAGTAGCAGTGACACAGAAGCAGCAACACCAGA

ATTACCAACATTCTTCCCTTCCCTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGGGT

CTGGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTTTGGGGAACAGGAGATCGAGTAGTTTT

CCCCGCCTCTCTGAATTGAAAATCATGGAATGCCCAGATCTAACGT

GGTTTCCTCCCTGTCCAAGCCTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGCGTCT

GGACAAGTTGAAGGGTTTTGGGAACCGGAGATCGAGTACTTTTCC

CCGCCTCTCTGAATTGGAAATCAAGAAATGCCCAGATCTAACGTC

ATTTCCTTCTTGTCCAAGCCTTGAGAAGTTGGAATTGAAAGAAAGC

AATGAAGCATTGCAAATAATAGTAAAAATAACAACAAGAGGTAA

AGAAAAAGAAGAGAACAATAATGCTGGTGTTAGAAATTCACAAG

ATGATGACAAAGTCAAATTACGGAAGATGGTGATAGACAATCTGG

GTTATCTCAAATCACTGCCCACAAATTGTCTTACTCACCTCGACCT

TACAATAAGTGATTCCAAGGAGGGGGAGGGTGAATGGGAAGTTG

GGGATGCATTTCAGAAGTGTGTATCTTCTTTGAGAAGCCTCACCAT

AATCGGAAATCACGGAATAAATAAAGTGAAGAGACTGTCTGGAA

GAACAGGGTTGGAGCATTTCACTCTGTTGGAATCACTCAAACTTTC

AGATATAGAAGACCAGGAAGATGAGGGCGAA

SEQ ID No: 12: KWMCLRMLDLSWSDVKNLPNSIGKLLHLRYLNLSDNRNLKILPDAIT

RLHNLQTLLLKDCRSLKELPKDFCKLVKLRHLDLWGCDDLIGMPFG

amino acid

MDKLTSLRILPNIVVGRKEQSVDDELKALKGLTEIKGDIDIKICENYRI

sequence VEGMNDTGGAGYLKSMKHLREIGITFDGGCVNPEAVLATLEPPSNIK

SLSIHRFDGKTLPVWGRAEINWAISLSHLVDIQLWHCRNLQEMPVLS

encoded by

KLPHLKSLELYNLISLEYMESTSRSSSSDTEAATPELPTFFPSLEKLTLW

amplicon of LRR GLEKLKGLGNRRSSSFPRLSELKIMECPDLTWFPPCPSLEKLTLWRLD

KLKGFGNRRSSTFPRLSELEIKKCPDLTSFPSCPSLEKLELKESNEALQI

domain of alpha

IVKITTRGKEKEENNNAGVRNSQDDDKVKLRKMVIDNLGYLKSLPTN

Wolf 8 CLTHLDLTISDSKEGEGEWEVGDAFQKCVSSLRSLTIIGNHGINKVKR

LSGRTGLEHFTLLESLKLSDIEDQEDEGE

SEQ ID No: 13: TCACGTGGGTTGTGTTGTCGATAGAGATCCAGAAATAGTCTTTTTA

TGTAGCAATAAGATTCGTTCGTATATTAGCGGTCGCTGCATAAAG

Amplicon of

AATCCGGTGGATTCACAAATAGACAACTGGATGTGCCTTAGGGTG LRR domain of TTGGACTTGTCAGATTCATGTGTTAAAGATTTGTCTGATTCAATAG

GTAAGCTGCTGCACTTAAGGTATCTTAACCTCTCTTCTAATATAAA

the beta-WOLF 0

GTTGGAGATAATCCCTGATGCAATTACAAGACTGCATAACTTGCA

allele GACACTACTTTTAGAAGATTGCAGAAGTTTAAAGGAGTTGCCAAA

AGATTTTTGCAAATTGGTCAAACTGAGGCACTTGGAATTACAGGG

TTGTCATGATTTGATTGGTATGTCATTTGGAATGGATAAGCTAACT

AGTCTTAGAATACTACCAAACATTGTGGTGGGTAGGAAGGAACAA

AGTGTTGATGATGAGCTGAAAGCCCTAAAAGGCCTCACCGAGATA

AAAGGCTCCATTGATATCACAATCTATTCAAAATATAGAAGAGTT

GAAGGCATGAATGGCACAGGAGGAGGAGCTGGGTATTTGAAGAG

CATGAAACATCTCACGGGGGTTAATATTACATTTGATGAAGGTGG

ATGTGTTAACCCTGAAGCTGTGTATTTGAAGAGCATGAAACATCTC

ACGAGGGTTATTATTATATTTGATTATAAAGGTGGATGTGTTAACC

CTGAAGCTGTGTTGGCAACCCTAGAGCCACCTTCAAATATCAAGA

GGTTAGAGATGTGGCATTACAGTGGTACAACAATTCCAGTATGGG

GAAGAGCAGAGATTAATTGGGCAATCTCCCTCTCACATCTTGTCG

ACATCACGCTTGAAGATTGTTACAATTTGCAGGAGATGCCAGTGC TGAGTAAACTGCCTCATTTGAAATCACTGGAACTTACAGAGTTGG ATAACTTAGAGTACATGGAGAGTAGAAGCAGCAGCAGTAGCAGT GACACAGAAGCAGCAACACCAGAATTACCAACATTCTTCCCTTCC CTTGAAAAACTTACACTTTGGCGTCTGGACAAGTTGAAGGGTTTTG

TCTGGAAATGTCCAGATCTAACGTCATTTCCTTCTTGTCCAAGCCT

TGAAGAGTTGGAATTGAAAGAAAACAATGAAGCGTTGCAAATAAT

AGTAAAAATAACAACAACAAGAGGTAAAGAAGAAAAAGAAGAA

GACAAGAATGCTGGTGTTGGAAATTCACAAGATGATGACAATGTC

AAATTATGGAAGGTGGAAATAGACAATCTGGGTTATCTCAAATCA

CTGCCCACAAATTGTCTGACTCACCTCGACCTTACAATAAGTGATT

CCAAGGAGGGGGAGGGTGAATGGGAAGTTGGGGATGCATTTCAG

AAGTGTGTATCTTCTTTGAGAAGCCTCACCATAATCGGAAATCACG

GAATAAATAAAGTGAAGAGACTGTCTGGAAGAACAGGGTTGGAG

CATTTCACTCTGTTGGAATCACTCAAACTTTCAGATATAGAAGACC

AGGAAGATGAGGGCGAA

SEQ ID No: 14: HVGCVVDRDPEIVFLCSNKIRSYISGRCIKNPVDSQIDNWMCLRVLDL

SDSCVKDLSDSIGKLLHLRYLNLSSNIKLEIIPDAITRLHNLQTLLLEDC

amino acid

RSLKELPKDFCKLVKLRHLELQGCHDLIGMSFGMDKLTSLRILPNIVV

sequence GRKEQSVDDELKALKGLTEIKGSIDITIYSKYRRVEGMNGTGGGAGY

LKSMKHLTGVNITFDEGGCVNPEAVYLKSMKHLTRVIIIFDYKGGCV

encoded by

NPEAVLATLEPPSNIKRLEMWHYSGTTIPVWGRAEINWAISLSHLVDI

amplicon of LRR TLEDCYNLQEMPVLSKLPHLKSLELTELDNLEYMESRSSSSSSDTEAA

TPELPTFFPSLEKLTLWRLDKLKGFGNRRSSSFPRLSKLEIWKCPDLTS

domain Beta

FPSCPSLEELELKENNEALQIIVKITTTRGKEEKEEDKNAGVGNSQDD

Wolf O (Viroflay) DNVKLWKVEIDNLGYLKSLPTNCLTHLDLTISDSKEGEGEWEVGDAF

QKCVSSLRSLTIIGNHGINKVKRLSGRTGLEHFTLLESLKLSDIEDQED

EGE

The present invention will be further clarified in the Examples that follow and that are given for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1

Testing for resistance to Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae in spinach plants

The resistance to downy mildew infection was assayed as described by Irish et al. (2008; Phytopathol. 98: 894-900), using a differential set. Spinach plants of the invention were sown along with spinach plants from different other genotypes (see Table 3) in trays containing Scotts Redi-Earth medium, and fertilized twice a week after seedling emergence with Osmocote Peter's (13-13-13) fertilizer (Scotts). Plants were inoculated with a sporangial suspension (2.5 x 10 ⁵ /ml) of a patho genie race of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae at the first true leaf stage. In this manner, 16 officially recognized pathogenic races were tested.

The inoculated plants were placed in a dew chamber at 18°C with 100% relative humidity for a 24 h period, and then moved to a growth chamber at 18°C with a 12 h photoperiod for 6 days. After 6 days, the plants were returned to the dew chamber for 24 h to induce sporulation, and they were scored for disease reaction.

Plants for this specific test were scored as resistant, intermediately resistant, or susceptible based on symptoms of chlorosis and signs of pathogen sporulation on the cotyledons and true leaves, as described by Irish et al. (2007; Plant Dis. 91 : 1392-1396). Plants exhibiting no evidence of chlorosis and sporulation were in this specific test considered as resistant. Resistant plants were re -inoculated to assess whether plants initially scored as resistant had escaped infection, or whether they were truly resistant. Plants that showed only symptoms of chlorosis, or sporulation occurring only on the tips of the cotyledons were scored as intermediately resistant. Plants showing more than these symptoms of downy mildew infection were scored as being susceptible.

Table 1 shows the resistance of a plant carrying the alpha-WOLF 8 allele to each one of these pathogenic races. Table 3 shows the differential set of spinach downy mildew races and the resistance of various spinach varieties (hybrids) to each one of these pathogenic races. A susceptible reaction is scored as "+" (indicating a successful infection by the fungus, with sporulation occurring on the entire cotyledon), and resistance is depicted as "-" (absence of sporulation on the cotyledons). A weak resistance response is indicated as "(-)", which in practice means a slightly reduced level of infection (with only symptoms of chlorosis, or sporulation only occurring on the tips of the cotyledons in the differential seedling test).

Table 3

EXAMPLE 2

Amplification of the LRR domain-encoding region

The isolated genomic DNA of a spinach plant comprising the alpha- WOLF 8 allele, of which a representative sample of seed was deposited with the NCIMB under NCIMB

accession number 42646 was used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR), using

forward primer ACAAGTGGATGTGTCTTAGG (SEQ ID No: 8) and reverse primer

TTCGCCCTCATCTTCCTGG (SEQ ID No:9). The primer pair amplifies the LRR domain- encoding region of an alpha- WOLF gene, and has been designed for selectively amplifying part of a WOLF gene, and not of other CC-NBS-LRR protein-encoding genes.

PCR conditions for amplifying the LRR domain-encoding region of an alpha- WOLF gene using primers having SEQ ID No: 8 and SEQ ID No: 9 were as follows, using Platinum Taq enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific):

- 3 minutes at 95 °C (initial denaturing step)

- 40 amplification cycles, each cycle consisting of: 30 seconds denaturation at 95°C, 30 seconds annealing at 60°C, and 30 seconds extension at 72°C

- 2 minutes at 72°C (final extension step)

The isolated genomic DNA of a spinach plant of variety Viroflay comprising the beta- WOLF 0 allele was used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR), using forward primer

TCACGTGGGTTGTGTTGT (SEQ ID No: 10) and reverse primer TTCGCCCTCATCTTCCTGG (SEQ ID No:9). The primer pair amplifies the LRR domain-encoding region of a beta-WOLF gene, and has been designed for selectively amplifying part of a WOLF gene, and not of other CC-NBS- LRR protein-encoding genes.

PCR conditions for amplifying the LRR domain-encoding region of a beta- WOLF gene using primers having SEQ ID No:9 and SEQ ID No: 10 were as follows, using Platinum Taq enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific):

- 3 minutes at 95 °C (initial denaturing step) - 40 amplification cycles, each cycle consisting of: 30 seconds denaturation at 95°C, 50 seconds annealing at 58°C and 50 seconds extension at 72°C

- 2 minutes at 72°C (final extension step)

The PCR products were visualized on agarose gel (not shown), and DNA was purified from the PCR reaction. Subsequently the sequence of the PCR products was determined using methods well known in the art.

The sequence of the LRR domain of the alpha WOLF 8 allele amplified by primers having SEQ ID No: 8 and SEQ ID No:9 is provided in Table 2 under SEQ ID No: 11.

The sequence of the LRR domain of the beta- WOLF 0 allele amplified by primers having SEQ ID No:9 and SEQ ID No: 10 is provided in Table 2 under SEQ ID No: 13.

Finally, the obtained sequences were translated into the corresponding amino acid sequence of the LRR domain having SEQ ID No: 12 and SEQ ID No: 14 for the alpha-WOLF 8 allele and the beta-WOLF 0, respectively (See also Table 2).

If PCR products were to be sequenced using SMRT sequencing (Pacific Biosciences), PCR primers and PCR conditions were different.

To the above-mentioned forward primers the following standard amplification sequence was added: GCAGTCGAACATGTAGCTGACTCAGGTCAC.

To the reverse primer, the following standard amplification sequence was added: TGGATCACTTGTGCAAGCATCACATCGTAG.

EXAMPLE 3

Introducing alpha-WOLF 8 allele in a plant not carrying the allele

A spinach plant comprising the alpha-WOLF 8 allele, of which a representative sample of seed was deposited with the NCIMB under NCIMB accession number 42646 was crossed with a plant of variety Viroflay carrying the beta-WOLF 0 allele to obtain a Fl generation.

Subsequently, a Fl plant was selfed to obtain a F2 population.

Plants of the F2 population were assayed as described in Example 1 for resistance to

Peronosporafarinosa f. sp. spinaciae pfs: 15. Approximately 75% of the plants scored completely resistant in the assay.

Genomic DNA of each plant of the same F2 population was isolated and used in two different polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The first PCR reaction was done using primers for amplifying the LRR domain of an alpha-WOLF allele and the second PCR reaction was done using primers for amplifying the LRR domain of a beta-WOLF allele, both as described in Example 2.

The PCR products were visualized on agarose gel (not shown), this demonstrated that approximately 25% of the plant only contained an alpha-WOLF fragment, approximately 50% contained both an alpha- and a beta-WOLF fragment, and that the remaining approximately 25% of the plants only contained a beta- WOLF fragment. The plants containing the alpha-WOLF fragment completely correlated with the plants that scored resistant for pfs: 15. The plants only comprising the beta- WOLF fragment completely correlated with the plants that scored susceptible for pfs: 15.

DNA from the PCR reaction was purified, and subsequently the sequence of the

PCR products was determined. The alpha-WOLF PCR products gave a sequence that corresponded to the sequence of SEQ ID No: 11, the genomic sequence of the LRR domain of the alpha-WOLF 8 allele. The beta-WOLF PCR products gave a sequence that corresponded to the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13 the genomic sequence of the LRR domain of the beta-WOLF 0 allele.