The invention relates to a pharmaceutical or veterinary medical preparation obtained from plants for controlling worms in humans or animals , in particular to an agent obtained from coconut ( Cocos nucifera.) and onion (Allium cepa) for controlling ( in particular simultaneously) flatworms and/or threadworms .

Threadworms and flatworms are present in almost all animals and humans and spread considerably in animals that are continuously grazing because , in the case of nematodes (= threadworms ) , the eggs or larvae excreted in the faeces lead to an immediate subsequent infection when they are ingested orally with the feed . Infections also occur very simply in the case of flatworms , even though intermediate hosts are in most cases involved, which are likewise infected, by the egg- or larvae-containing piles of faeces of affected grazing animals . The worm population thus increases dramatically during the grazing phase , in particular when the animals are close together .

Infestation with flatworms and threadworms is therefore a. major problem in the rearing of productive livestock, for example ruminants , in particular, because of the worm- related reduction in weight (Mehlhorn 2008; Eckert et al . 2008) . However, that problem was already known in the old

cultures of the Chinese , Egyptians , etc . , because few or no worms were found when healthy animals were slaughtered, but a large number of worms was always found in emaciated animals (Leyung 1985 ) . In earlier times , worms were controlled using specific plants which - more out of belief than knowledge - were credited with having specific actions . Specific plants do actually have an anthelmintic action - as has been shown by today's tests. For example, the consumption of male- fern parts , chilli pods or papaya kernels drives away worms . However, many lant

constituents are found to be extremely toxic . In the case of the male- fern {Dryopteris filix-mas) , for example - in particular in the case of an overdose - there can be poisoning with vomiting, dizziness with visual

disturbances to blindness , or even cases of death

(Schonfelder and Schonfelder 2001; Baumler 2007).

Moreover, many of the plant products used in natural medicine have not been sufficiently tested in terms of either their action or their tolerability in accordance with the safety standards that are necessary today, so that they are nowadays no longer used in practice and have been replaced by chemical products (Eckert et al . 2008; Mehlhorn et al . 1993 ; Rommel et al. 2003 , Mehlhorn 2008) .

However, aside from the preference for a clearly

demonstrated action, chemical substances have several disadvantages :

1. They are in most cases active against only one worm group - that is to say either only against

threadworms or only against flatworms . 2. They lead to tissue depositions, and there are therefore relatively long waiting times before meat , milk or eggs can be released for human consumption following control .

3. They are relative

beeSUS6 tin© s69.leh. for new chemical components is extremely expensive.

4. Most of them become unusable after about 20 years of use because resistance occurs, in particular in the case of mass use . Thus , even today, a plurality of different anthelmintics must be used in succession during the grazing season .

5. Chemical products cannot be used by ecofarmers .

For those reasons it is necessary to seek alternatives from the plant sector, especially since plants have successfully fought worms and insects for millions of years and the consumption of useful plants is daily practice for animals.

There are some reports from natural medicine that parts of the garden onion {Allium cepa) and of garlic (Allium sativum) have anthelmintic activity (Glove 1996; Faij imi and Taiwo 2005) . However, a distinction is not made in the natural medical reports between threadworms and flatworms , which occur together but behave completely differently. For example, feeding green leaves of the garden onion to hens in Nigeria is said to help against "helminthiasis = worm diseases " ( Faij imi and Taiwo 2005) . Abu El Ezz (2005 ) reports more specifically that onion oil helps against trichinia infestation in rats . However, it is not clear whether this action is not due to the expelling action that such oils have because of their considerable fat content . There is therefore no definitive proof that onion extracts act on both worm strains .

Although studies of the action of garlic (Allium sativum) , which is closely related to the garden onion, have shown that extracts exhibited in vitro effects against

threadworms , it was often not possible to confirm this in in vivo tests with affected animals (Burke et al . 2009; Iqbal et al . 2001; Bastidas 1969) , or the degree of action was very low unless very large amounts were used (Ayaz et al . 2008) . These differences between in vi tro and in vivo tests suggest that the reported positive in vitro results are presumably attributable to possible killing effects of the extracting agents (chloroform, acetonitrile , alcohol , etc . ) .

There are likewise cursory reports from natural medicine of an "anthelmintic action" for coconut ( Cocos nucifera)

(Duke and Wain 1981; Blini and Lira 2009; Amorim and

Borba, 199 , 1995) . The action of coconut milk was

directed against threadworms {Syphacia) and tapeworms

(Vampiroiepis) of naturally infected rodents . In

experimental in vivo tests by Oliveira et al. (2009) , however, coconut exhibited no effects on gastrointestinal threadworms in sheep . Studies by Costa et al . (2008) had already previously brought a similar result - positive effects in vitro but in vivo: no effects . On balance , this overview of the literature shows that coconut has certain, not precisely defined effects against flatworms . Abu El Ezz N (2005) Effects of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oils on Trichinella spiralis in experimentally

Amorim A., Borba HR (1994) Acav Antihelmintica de pi.antas X Testes in-vivo com extratos brutos de Cocos nucifera Rev Bras Farm 75: 91-92

Amorim A, Borba HR (1995) Acav Antihelmintica XI.

Inf lucencia de extractos brutos nucifera . Rev Bras Farm

76: 98-99.

Athanasiadou S . , Eithiori J, Kyriazakis I (2007) Medicinal plants for helminth parasite control : facts and fictions . Animal 19 : 1392-1400.

Ayaz E, Tiirel, Gul A., Silmaz 0 (2008) Evaluation of the anthelminthic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetra era . Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Disc 3 : 149-152

Baumler S (2007) Heilpflanzen, Praxis heute. Urban und Fischer, Munich

Bastidas G (1969) Effects of ingested garlic on Necator americanus and Necator caninum. Am J Trop Met Hyg 18: 920- 923

Burke IM, Wells 17 , Wsey P, Miller IE (2009) Garlic and papaya lack control over gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and lambs . Vet Parasitol . Cosha CTC, Oliveira LMB, Camurga Vasconalos ALF et al . (2009) Atividade antihelminthica de Cocos nucifera.. Vet.

P (2008)

Lehrbuch der Tiermedizin, 2nd ed . Enke, Stuttgart

Faj imi AK, Taiwo AA (2005) Herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria : A review . African J .

Biotechnol. 4: 303-307

Giove N (1996) Traditional medicine in the treatment of enteroparasitosis . Rev. Gastroenterol. Peru 16: 197-202.

Iqbal Z, Khahid-Nadeem Q , Khan MN, Akthar MSS, araich FN (2001)

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and Ficus religios, Inl . I . Agricult . Biol . 3 : 454-457

Leung AY (1985) Chinese medical plants . Diederichs Publ . , Munich .

Mehlhorn H (2008 ) Encyclopedia of Parasitology. 3rd ed. , Springer, New York.

Mehlhorn et al . (1993) Diagnose and Therapie der

Parasitosen Haus- , Heim- und Nutztiere. Fischer,

Stuttgart

Oliveira LMB et al . (2009) Anthelmintic activity of Cocos nucifera against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet. Rommel et al. (2001 ) Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie. Parey, Berlin

Schonfelder Schonfelder P (2001) Heilpflanzenfiihrer .

Disclosure of the invention

Based on the outlined facts, there was a continued great need for an effective plant preparation against flatworms and ( in particular simu11aneously) against threadworms .

The obj ect underlying the invention was , therefore , to provide a plant preparation for controlling worm

infestation in humans or animals .

The inventors have accordingly carried out studies in order to provide such a preparation and have found that , surprisingly, a preparation obtained from coconut and onion exhibits an outstanding action against flatworms and threadworms as well as against intestinal flukes that parasitise the intestine . In particular, it has been found that this preparation is effective simultaneously against flatworms (e.g. tapeworms , intestinal flukes and liver flukes ) and threadworms (e.g. intestinal worms,

roundworms , trichinia, etc . ) .

The garden onion {Allium cepa) and the coconut ( Cocos nucifera) have not hitherto been used in combination for controlling worm infestation .

Surprisingly, it has been found that preparations obtained from onion {Allium cepa) and coconut ( Cocos nucifera) in combination exhibit an outstanding synergistic action both against flatworm infestation and against threadworm infestation in various animals .

The obj ect is therefore achieved by a pharmaceutical or veterinary medical preparation according to claim 1 for controlling worms in humans or animals, characterised in that it is obtained from onions (Allium cepa) and coconut ( Cocos nucifera) .

Preferred embodiments of the preparation are defined in claims 2 to 8.

The invention also comprises a kit-of-parts , in which onion preparation and coconut preparation are present separately for simultaneous , successive or alternate administration .

The invention relates further to the use of the mentioned preparation in the control of worm infestation in humans or animals , and to the use of onion {Allium cepa) and coconut ( Cocos nucifera) in the treatment of worm

infestation in humans or animals .

Finally, two processes are provided with which the

preparation according to the invention can be obtained.

According to the invention, the garden onion (Allium cepa) can be used in all varieties , for example the common garden onion, the red onion, the white onion, the green onion and the Spanish onion .

Also suitable according to the invention are the pearl onion/leek (Allium ampeloprasum) , the shallot (Allium ascalonium) and the spring onion (Allium fistulosum) . However, because these onion species are more expensive , sensitive species, which are used for "haute cuisine" rather than for other purposes , they are not preferred according to the invention, although they are entirely suitable .

Other species of the genus Allium ( the genus Allium includes more than 500-700 species) are not suitable according to the invention, for example wild garlic

{Allium ursinum) and chives (Allium schoenoprasum) , garlic {Allium sativum) , star of Persia (Allium cristophii) and further species mentioned, for example , in Wikipedia under the keyword "Allium" , because they do not yield

preparations that exhibit the action according to the invention against worms . For wild garlic and chives , this has been demonstrated by the inventors in the exam les below.

According to the invention, whole onions and coconut fruit flesh are used . The coconut is freed in the conventional manner of the coconut milk contained therein, and the hairy brown outer shell and the hard shell (exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp) are removed to leave the white fruit flesh (also known as copra) , which is used as the starting material . The onion can likewise be peeled so that the thin papery outer skin is removed .

The onion can then preferably be comminuted in the conventional manner, for exam le chopped or cut . The coconut flesh can also be chopped or grated . Comminution can also be carried out , for example , by pureeing or mashing . The plant parts (puree is also referred to as a plant part hereinbelow) so obtained can then be administered

directly .

Because there is a problem with perishability here and the fresh preparation in each case is expensive, the resulting plant parts are preferably used in the form of dry

preparations , which are obtained, for example, by drying to constant weight in a heating oven at about 40°C, for example , o by lyophilisation .

The resulting dried or lyophilised plant parts can then be administered directly or they can be processed to powders , for example by grinding, micronisation or crushing . The dried or lyophilised plant parts , both in powder form and in the form of pieces , can be administered in the dry state or alternatively can be taken up in water or a suitable solvent (e.g. polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polyethylene carbonate (PC) ) as explained hereinbelow, processed to a paste or suspension and then administered . Further auxiliary substances , in particular taste

improvers , can be added to the resulting plant parts , as described hereinbelow.

The inventors have also used various extracting agents (ethanol , chloroform, acetonitrile , etc . ) to extract onion and coconut and then tested the extracts in vitro for their activity against both flatworms and threadworms .

According to the invention there can be used as extracting agents organic solvents , for example ethers , e.g. diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane ; alcohols , such as ethanol , methanol , isopropanol , n-propanol , butanols , such as tert- butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol , n-butanol , pentanol , hexanol and other alcohols ; halogenated hydrocarbons, for exam le methylene chloride , chloroform, carbon

tetrachloride , tetrachloroethane ; glycols , such as

t.etraethy1ene. glycol , ethylene glycol , propylene glycol ; hydrocarbons (alicyclic and cyclic as well as aromatic) , for example cyclohexane , pentane , hexane , benzine , petroleum, benzene , chlorobenzene and other substituted benzenes ; dipolar aprotic solvents , such as acetonitrile , dimethylformamide , dimethyl sulfoxide and other organic solvents . The solvents can also be used, in the form of a mixture of one or more . Water can likewise be added to the solvent or solvent mixture or can be used as the only solvent. A mixture of ethanol and water in a ratio by volume of from 1:10 to 10:1, preferably from 1 : 5 to 5:1, particularly preferably 1:1, is preferably used for the extraction, because those two solvents are well tolerated and are generally permitted in medicaments .

The extraction is carried out in the conventional manner, the plants being comminuted (e.g. chopped, grated, cut, pureed) as described above and extracted in an extractor (e.g. Soxhlet extractor) or being heated in comminuted form with the solvent in a suitable vessel and. then filtered off or extracted, for example by vapour

extraction .

The resulting extract can be administered as such. In order to achieve an exact reproducible dose , the extract can preferably be concentrated by evaporation, optionally under reduced pressure , so that concentrates and finally dry powders are obtained . The two plant species can be extracted together, or the extraction takes place separately and the resulting extracts or concentrates are then op ionally mixed in the desired ratio .

Further auxiliary substances , in particular taste

improvers, can optionally be added to the resulting extracts or concentrates , as described hereinbelow .

There is a risk, however, that , in the. case of the

extracts so obtained, solvent residues may remain in the extract . This is normally undesirable because the solvents can be unhealthy or even toxic for the treated animals or humans , and residues may under some circumstances remain in the flesh of the treated animals , rendering it

unsuitable for consumption .

According to the invention, therefore , materials obtained from the two plants are preferably prepared as described above by comminution and drying, further treatment steps optionally being carried out .

Comminution is first carried out as described

hereinbefore. Immediately thereafter or after drying, further fine comminution can be carried out, if required, for example by grinding, crushing or micronisation .

Grinding and/or micronisation are preferably carried out after previously coarsely comminuted (e.g. cut or chopped) plant parts have been dried.

After comminution, the resulting powder can optionally be moistened with water. The amount of water is preferably from 5 to 15 wt.%, particularly preferably about 10 wt.%, so that a paste or, where more water is used, a suspension forms .

According to the invention, the paste or suspension is then preferably subj ected to ultrasound treatment ,

preferably for approximately from 1 to 20 minutes ,

particularly preferably for from 5 to 10 minutes, in a conventional ultrasound bath or by introducing a

transducer into the vessel containing the

paste/suspension . Homogenisation thereby takes place . In addition, it has been found that the ultrasound treatment yields particularly effective preparations because the plant parts are broken up by the ultrasound and active ingredients contained therein are released so that they can subsequently better be taken up by the treated animals or humans .

The resulting material can then be used directly . However, it can also be dried, for example at 40°C for several hours or days . It can also be lyophilised. Spray-drying is also possible according to the invention. The dried material can be stored in the heating oven until used or

alternatively, after reaching the desired degree of drying, it can be cooled and packaged, for example in cans or plastic bags .

The plant parts ( fresh, dried, lyophilised, in pieces or in powder form or in the form of a paste or suspension or extract) can be administered individually, i.e. onion and coconut separately, administration taking place either in succession, e.g. at an interval of a few (e.g. from 3 to 10 , preferably about 5 ) minutes , the order being

unimportant , or they can be administered together, a mixture in the desired mixing ratio, which is , for example, from 1:10 to 10:1, preferably from about 3 : 1 to about 1:3, particularly preferably about 1 : 1 (by weight), being prepared prior to administration . They can also be administered alternately, for example onion in the

mornings and coconut in the evenings , or vice versa .

The preparations according to the invention can contain only the onion and coconut materials obtained as described hereinbefore as such, but they can also contain further conventional constituents , for example pharmaceutically acceptable carriers , flow improvers, binders , etc .

The preparations according to the invention can be used in the form of a powder mixture or mixture of suspension . However, they can also be processed to pellets, dragees, tablets or other forms of administration by conventional techniques with the addition of conventional auxiliary substances . Where they are present in the form of dry powders , they are preferably taken up in solvents such as water or PEG/PC and given to the animals or added to the feed .

In order to improve acceptance , one or more taste

improvers , for example milk powder or sugared cocoa, can be added to the mixture or to the individual plant

preparations (i.e. coconut and onion separately) .

According to the invention, the amounts of milk, powder or cocoa are , for example , from 1 to 10 wt . % , preferably from 2 to 3 wt . % , of the total preparation . Other taste

improvers can also be added, for example odorous

substances from the usual fodder plants .

It is also possible to add to the preparation according to the invention further agents that are active against worms or intestinal parasites , for example mebendazole ,

praziquantel , emodepside , and further active ingredients mentioned in Mehlhorn (2008) and Eckert et al . (2008) under the keyword "anthelmintics" .

The dose of the preparations according to the invention is calculated according to the weight and condition of the treated individual and is, for example in the case of powdered plant parts, approximately from 100 to 2000 mg, preferably from 400 to 1200 mg, per kg of body weight .

Depending on the severity of the worm infestation, treatment is usually carried out for from 6 to 10 , preferably for about 8, consecutive days , usually once daily .

Administration is preferably oral .

The preparation according to the invention can be used to treat humans and animals , preferably mammals , for example productive livestock, domestic animals and pets , such as sheep, cattle , horses , goats , pigs , mice , rats , dogs , cats , hamsters , guinea pigs , etc . , zoo animals , such as elephants , big cats , giraffes , antelopes , zebras , lamas , etc . , as well as fish, such as ornamental fish or farmed fish, such as trout , salmon or the like in fish rearing ponds or fish farms , birds or reptiles .

The invention comprises also a pharmaceutical or

veterinary medical preparation as described before which may be used in admixture with animal fodder, in particular concentrate fodder or add-on fodder . The preparation is , in this case, preferably presented in form of pellets comprising the preparation according to the invention and the fodder .

Further, the invention comprises a pharmaceutical or veterinary medical preparation according which may be a.dministered. in form of dainties to dogs, cats and other animals .

The invention is explained further hereinbelow by means of examples .

Example 1

Onion and coconut preparations were prepared by the following process . a) Grinding and optional micronisation of dried onions (without skin) or of coconut fruit flesh . b) Moistening of the powdered material with water . c) Ultrasound treatment for 5 to 10 minutes . d) Drying' of the material in a heating oven at 40°C for storage until use . e) For administration, the dried mass was taken up in water or in a 1:1 mixture of PEG (polyethylene glycol ) and PC (polyethylene carbonate) , in a ratio of 1:10 (m/m) plant preparation/water .

The suspensions were then administered daily for in each case eight days to experimentally infected mice and naturally infected sheep. Surprisingly, that mixture of coconut and onion was found to kill 100% of both flatworms and threadworms .

The recovery of adult T. muris was studied in

experimentally infected female laboratory mice (C 57/BL 10 or NMRI) after eight days' oral administration of onion preparation or coconut preparation on its own or in combination, the mice being dissected on day 9 after the start of the test and the worm infestation being studied and. compared with untreated controls .

Onion preparation: 2 g of onion powder made up to a total volume of 20 ml with polyethylene glycol (= PEG) /propylene carbonate ( = PC) (1:1, v/v) .

Coconut preparation: 2 g of dried coconut flesh made up to a total volume of 20 ml with PEG/propylene carbonate (1:1, v/v) .

This gives :

1 ml: 100 mg of onion/ or 100 mg of coconut

i.e. 0.2 ml/20 g mouse , corresponds to 1000 mg/ onion or coconut per 1 kg mouse BW (body weight)

chosen dose : 500 mg/kg mouse BW

i.e. 0.1 ml/20 g mouse.

Treatment was carried out 1 x daily, orally, for 8 days . The results are shown in Table 1. Mouse No. Infected Administration of/ Target Weight of Findings with dose mouse (g)/

Volume to be

administered

1 T. muris Infection control - 74 worms, normal

2 T. muris Infection control - 77 worms, normal

3 T. muris Onion/500 mg per kg BW 19.3 g/ 0.096 13 worms,

ml no noticeable change under light microscope

4 T. muris Onion/500 mg per kg BW 20.5 g/ 0.103 18 worms,

ml no noticeable change under light microscope

5 T. muris Coconut/500 mg per kg 21 .0 g/ 0.105 7 worms,

BW ml no noticeable change under light microscope

6 T. muris Coconut/500 mg per kg 20.2 g/ 0.101 1 1 worms,

BW ml no noticeable change under light microscope

7 T. muris Onion and coconut/ 21 .8 g/ 0.109 1 worm, male, with each 500 mg per kg BW ml disrupted

+ 0.109 ml spermiogenesis;

damaged

8 T. muris Onion and coconut/ each 20.9 g/ 0.104 0

500 mg per kg BW ml

+ 0.104 ml

It is clear from the table that , although onion and coconut on their own have a certain action on the

threadworms , the combination of onion and coconut exhibits a markedly better, synergistic action .

The recovery of adult H. microstoma in experimentally infected female laboratory mice (C 57/BL 10 or NMRI) after eight days ' oral administration of onion or coconut preparation on its own or in combination (obtained as described hereinbefore ) was studied as described

hereinbefore .

Treatment : 1 x daily, orally, 8 days Table 1 f f :

It is clear from the table that , although onion and coconut on their own have a certain action on tapeworms , the combination exhibits a markedly increased synergistic effect .

Example 2

The effectiveness of the combinations coconut preparation with onion preparation and milk powder or coconut

preparation with onion preparation, milk powder and cocoa powder against intestinal stages of adult Trichuris muris or adult Hymenolepis microstoma in the mouse model was studied. The onion and coconut preparations were prepared as described hereinbefore . Administration was effected orally, 1 x daily, for 8 days . On day 9 after the start of the test , the mice were dissected and the worm infestation was studied .

Table 2 :

Mouse No. Parasite Weight of Treatment Findings on

mouse (g)/ dissection

Amount to Number of worms be admin.

(μΙ)

1 T. muris 20.2 g/ - Untreated infection 64 living worms, control normal

2 T. muris 18.9 g/ 189 1000 mg coconut + 0

μΙ 1000 mg onion +

100 mg milk powder/

kg mouse BW

3 T. muris 19.4 g/ 194 1000 mg coconut + 1 female loose in μΙ 1000 mg onion + the intestine,

100 mg milk powder/ moribund kg mouse BW

4 T. muris 19.8 g/ 198 1000 mg coconut + 0

μΙ 1000 mg onion +

100 mg milk powder/

kg mouse BW

5 T. muris 20.4 g/ 204 1000 mg coconut + 2 female loose in μΙ 1000 mg onion + the intestine,

100 mg milk powder/ moribund kg mouse BW

6 T. muris 21 .5 g/ 215 1000 mg coconut + 0

μΙ 1000 mg onion +

100 mg milk powder +

100 mg cocoa/

kg mouse BW

7 H. microstoma 40.3 g/ - Untreated infection 10 living worms, control normal

8 H. microstoma 41 .5 g/ 415 1000 mg coconut + 0

μΙ 1000 mg onion +

100 mg milk powder/

kg mouse BW

9 H. microstoma 37.8 g/ 378 1000 mg coconut + 0 μΙ 1000 mg onion +

100 mg milk powder/

kg mouse BW

10 H. microstoma 42.8 g/ 428 1000 mg coconut + 0

μΙ 1000 mg onion +

100 mg cocoa/ kg

mouse BW

It is clear from the table that the combination of onion and coconut preparation has an outstanding action on tapeworms and threadworms . Milk powder and cocoa were added in order to improve the taste and do not impair the anthelmintic action of the preparation according to the invention .

Example 3

The recovery of adult T. muris from experimentally infected C57BL10 mice after seven days ' administration of wild garlic powder, onion powder or chive powder was studied. Wild garlic and chive powder were obtained analogously to the procedure described hereinbefore for the preparation of onion powder . Administration was carried out 1 x daily, orally. The dose for each powder was : 2 g + 8 ml PEG/PC (1:1) . The doses are based on the powder content (content of dry matter) of the plant in question.

Table 3 :

Mouse No. Dose: mg/kg BW Findings on dissection day 8

1 Untreated infection control 89 worms, vital

2 Untreated infection control 83 worms, vital

3 500 mg wild garlic powder/kg BW 81 worms, without noticeable damage

4 500 mg wild garlic powder/kg BW 72 worms, without noticeable damage

5 1000 mg wild garlic powder/kg BW 79 worms, without noticeable damage

6 1000 mg wild garlic powder/kg BW 84 worms, without noticeable damage

7 500 mg onion powder/kg BW 48 worms, sit loosely in the mucosa 8 500 mg onion powder/kg BW 12 worms, sit loosely in the mucosa

9 1000 mg onion powder/kg BW 0

10 1000 mg onion powder/kg BW 0

11 500 mg chive powder 68 worms, without noticeable damage

12 500 mg chive powder 77 worms, without noticeable damage

13 1000 mg chive powder 58 worms, without noticeable damage

14 1000 mg chive powder 66 worms, without noticeable damage

This test shows, in comparison with Example 1, that onion preparation on its own requires twice the dose in order to kill the worms . In addition, the test shows that closely- related plant species such as wild garlic and chive do not have an anthelmintic effect .

Example 4

The in vivo treatment of 6 sheep (about 40 kg) in

Schandala (Nile delta, Egypt ) was studied. On the day of the start of treatment , the sheep had the following worm eggs in their faeces : Toxocara, Nematodirus,

Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Trichuris and Monezia .

Treatment :

4 animals were treated daily for 8 days , orally, with in each case 60 g of dried onion powder and 60 g of coconut powder (obtained as described hereinbefore ) (+ a small amount of milk powder to mask the taste) .

2 animals remained untreated as control .

Results :

On the 9th day after treatment , the faeces of the treated animals was free of worm eggs , while the control animals continued to excrete eggs . They had received dry feed doped with PEG ( in order to see whether PEG has an

influence) . Accordingly, i is demonstrated that : a) the treatment was successful,

b) PEG itself does not have an effect .

The in vivo treatment of 12 sheep was carried out in

Ratingen (Germany) . When the faeces were checked

beforehand, the following worm eggs were present in the faeces : Toxocara, Nematodirus, Trichostrongylus,

Haemonchus, Trichuris and Monezia .

Treatment as Example 4, checks : day 9 and 20 after the start of treatment .

Result :

None of the treated animals exhibited further worm eggs in the faeces . The untreated animals , on the other hand, exhibited the previous infestation.

Example 6

8 sheep were treated in Riyadh. Before the treatment (6 animals , 2 untreated as control) , all the animals exhibited the following worms : Trichuris, Nematodirus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagstomum and Monezi .

SUt11£3

The treated animals (8 x 60 g of coconut + 8 x 60 g of onion) no longer exhibited worm eggs in the faeces on the 9th day and on the 20th day after treatment. The untreated animals, on the other hand , exhibited the same amounts of worm eggs as previously . This also shows that excretion of eggs still did not occur a relatively long time after the end of treatment . This means that the treatment had also included preadult stages of the worms .

Example 7

Mice infected with adult Echinostoma intestinal flukes ( Pla.thelminth.es) were treated as follows : in each case daily with

The synergism in the action is marked, as is clearly shown by the table .