CLAIM OF PRIORITY

[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of priority to U. S.

Application Serial No. 15/478,484, filed April 4, 2017, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

100021 Embodiments described herein pertain to clock signal generation in integrated circuits. Some embodiments relate to phase-locked loop (PLL) circuitry.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Many electronic devices and systems (e.g., computers, tablets, digital televisions, and cellular phones) control their internal operations based on timing of a clock signal or multiple clock signals. Such devices and systems usually have a PLL to generate the clock signal based on a reference clock signal. For timing accuracy, the PLL performs a phase alignment operation in order to align the phase ( e.g. , an edge) of the generated clock signal with the phase (e.g., an edge) of the reference clock signal. The phase alignment operation is part of an overall locking operation of the PLL. The PLL can be in a locked state after the generated clock signal is aligned with the reference clock signal. In some conventional PLLs, such as some digital PLLs and low bandwidth PLLs, the phase alignment operation can be a lengthy process and can become a bottleneck for the overall locking operation of such conventional PLLs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG 1 shows a block diagram of an apparatus including a PLL, according to some embodiments described herein. 100051 FIG. 2 shows an example timing diagram illustrating timing relationships among some of the signals of the PLL of FIG 1 , according to some embodiments described herein.

[0006] FIG. 3 shows an apparatus in the form of a system (e.g., electronic system), according to some embodiments described herein.

[0007] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a method of operating an apparatus, according to some embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

100081 The techniques described herein include an improved PLL.

Detailed circuit elements, operations, and improvements associated the techniques described herein are presented below with reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 4.

[0009] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an apparatus 100 including a

PLL 101 , which includes circuits 1 10, 1 20, and 130, according to some embodiments described herein. Apparatus 100 can include or be included in an electronic device or system, such as a computer (e.g., server, desktop, laptop, or notebook), a tablet, a cellular phone, an integrated circuit (IC) chip, or other electronic devices and systems. Circuits 1 10, 120, and 130 of PLL 101 can be part of the same device. For example, apparatus 100 can include a device that has a single IC chip where circuits 1 1 0, 120, and 130 of PLL 101 can be located on (e.g., formed in or formed on) a semiconductor (e.g., silicon) substrate of the IC chip. In this example, circuits 1 10, 120, and 130 of PLL 101 can

communicate with each other through conductive paths formed inside the IC chip. The IC chip can include a processor (e.g., a general-purpose processor, an application specific integrated circuit ( ASIC), or other types of processors), a memory device, or other types of IC devices.

[0010] PLL 1 01 can be an analog PLL or a digital PLL (e.g., all-digital

PLL). PLL 101 can be an inductor-capacitor (LC) based PLL, a ring oscillator ( RO) based PLL, or other types of PLL architectures.

[0011] As shown in FIG. 1 , PLL 101 can receive an input clock signal (e.g., a reference clock signal ) CLKREF and generate an output clock signal PLL OUT . The frequency of output clock signal PLL OUT can be higher than (or the same as) the frequency of input clock signal CLKREF. Output clock signal PLL OU T may be used as a timing signal (e.g., a clock signal) in other components (not shown) of an IC chip that includes PLL 101.

[0012] Circuit 110 of PLL 101 can include a detector 1 12, a filter 114, an oscillator 116, and a selector (e.g., multiplexor) 1 18. Circuit 110 can include nodes (e.g., input nodes) 110a and 1 10b to receive input clock signal CLKRFF and a feedback clock signal CKFB, respectively. Detector 1 12 can include input nodes coupled to nodes 1 10a and I 10b to receive input clock signal CLKRFF and feedback clock signal CKFB. Detector 1 12 can include a phase detector, time-to- digital convert (TDC) phase detector, or phase-frequency detector.

[0013] Filter 1 14 can include an input node coupled to an output node

113 of detector 112, and an output node coupled to an input node 116a of oscillator 1 16. Filter 1 14 can include an analog filter or a digital filter.

[0014] Oscillator 1 16 can generate a signal OSC OUT (e.g., an oscillating signal ) and provide it to an output node 1 16b of oscillator 1 16. The frequency of signal OSC OUT can be higher than (or the same as) the frequency of input clock signal CLKREF. Oscillator 1 16 can include a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) or a digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO).

[0015] Circ it 120 can be part of a feedback loop of PLL 101. Circuit

120 can include a frequency divider 121, which can include an input node 121 a coupled to a node 140 (e.g., an output node of PLL 101) to receive output clock signal PLL OU T. Frequency divider 121 can generate feedback clock signal CLKFB from output clock signal PLL OUT. Frequency divider 12 1 can provide feedback clock signal CLKFB to its output node 123. The frequency of feedback clock signal CLKFB can be lower than the frequency of output clock signal PLL OUT. The frequency of feedback clock signal CLKFB can be the same as the frequency of input clock signal CLKREF.

[0016] Selector 118 can include input nodes to receive feedback clock signal CLKFB and a feedback clock signal CLKFB EXT, and a node to receive a select signal SEL. Selector 118 can select either feedback clock signal CLKFB or feedback clock signal CL FB EXT and provide the selected clock signal (either CL FB or CLKFB EXT) to an output node (coupled to node 1 1 Ob) of selector 1 18 as feedback clock signal CKFB. Feedback clock signal CLKFB EXT can be a feedback clock signal generated by a circuit (not shown) coupled to node 140. Such a circuit can be similar to or the same as circuit 120. The inclusion of selector 1 18 allows flexibility in structuring circuit elements associated with PLL 101. For example, PLL 101 can include a long loop or a short loop (e.g., a feedback loop including frequency divider 121 as shown in FIG. 1). The location of circuit elements (e.g., a frequency div ider) of such a long loop can be at a longer distance from detector 1 12 relative to the distance of circuit 1 30 to detector 1 1 2 of FIG. 1. Selector 1 18 allows a feedback clock signal (e.g.,

CLKFB EXT) from that long loop to be provided to detector 1 12 without directly accessing circuit elements of that long loop.

[0017] As shown in FIG. 1, circuit 130 of PLL 101 can include logic circuitry, which includes a logic gate (e.g., AND gate) 1 3 I and a synchronizer (SYN) 1 32. Logic gate 13 I and synchronizer 132 can operate to receive signal OSC OUT from oscillator 1 16 and to generate output clock signal PLL OUT based on signal OSC OUT Circuit 130 can also include a flip-flop 133, a flip- flop 134, and an inverter 136.

[0018] FIG. 1 shows circuit 130 being separate from circuits 1 10 and 120 of PLL 101 as an example. Further, in FIG. 1, logic gate 13 1 , synchronizer 1 32, flip-flop 1 33, flip-flop 1 34, logic gate 1 35, and inverter 136 are grouped into circuit 130 as an example. However, a portion of circuit 1 30 or the entire circuit 130 can be a circuit separate from circuit 130, or can be part of other circuits (e.g., circuit 1 10, 120, or both) of PLL 101. Thus, in FIG. 1, one or more of logic gate 1 3 1 , synchronizer 1 32, flip-flop 1 33, flip-flop 1 34, logic gate 135, and inv erter 136 of circuit 130 can be a circuit separate from circuit 130, or can be part of circuit 1 10 or circuit 120. As an example, each of logic gate 1 3 1 and synchronizer 132 can be a circuit separate from circuit 1 30, or both of logic gate 13 1 and synchronizer 1 32 can be a circuit separate from circuit 130.

[0019] As shown in FIG 1 , a logic gate 13 1 can include an input node coupled to output node 1 16b of oscillator 1 16, and an output node coupled to node 140 to provide signal PLL OUT. The frequency of output clock signal PLL OUT can be equal to the frequency of signal OSC OUT.

100201 Synchronizer 132 can include a clock input node coupled to output node 1 16b to receive signal OSC OUT. Synchronizer 132 can include an output node (labeled "OUT") coupled to an input node (e.g., node 131a) of logic gate 131. Synchronizer 132 can include an input node (labeled "I ^" ) couple to node 137 to receive a control signal GATE CTL. from node 137.

[0021] Synchronizer 132 can operate to synchronize clock signals at input nodes of logic gate 131, such that when control signal GATE CTL has a signal level corresponding to logic one (binary 1), the signal at output node OUT of synchronizer 1 2 can follow (e.g., can be synchronized with) the signal OSC OUT. Thus, when control signal GATE CTL has a signal level corresponding to logic one, both input nodes of logic gate 131 can have synchronized signals (e.g., copies of signals OSC OU T ) Therefore, when control signal GATE CTL has a signal level corresponding to logic one, output clock signal PLL OUT can toggle (e.g., toggle at the same frequency) with signal OSC OUT .

[0022] Synchronizer 1 32 can operate such that, when control signal

GATE_CTL has a signal level corresponding to logic zero (binary 0), the signal at output node OUT of synchronizer 1 32 also has a signal level corresponding to logic zero. The signal at output node OUT of synchronizer 132 can remain at the logic zero level as long as control signal GATE CTL remains at the logic zero level. Thus, when control signal GATE CTL has a signal level corresponding to logic zero, PLL 101 can prevent output clock signal PL L OUT from toggling (can cause output clock signal PLL OUT to stop toggling) because input node 1 3 1 a of logic gate 13 1 (which is coupled to input node IN of synchronizer 1 32) has a signal level corresponding to logic zero. PLL 101 can prevent output clock signal PLL OUT from toggling for a time interval during which control signal GATE CTL has the same logic zero level.

100231 As shown in FIG. 1 , flip-flop 1 33 can include an input node

(labeled "D") coupled to a voltage V I (e.g., a supply voltage Vcc). The value of voltage V 1 can correspond to logic one. Thus, input node D of flip-flop 1 33 can be fixed (unchanged ) at a voltage corresponding to logic one. Flip-flop 133 can include an input node (e.g., a clock input node) coupled to node 1 10b to receive feedback clock signal CLKFB. Flip-flop 133 can include an input node (labeled "CLR" (clear)) to receive a signal RS 1 from the output node of inverter 136. Inverter 1 36 includes an input node to receive a signal ALIGN E Thus, signal RS 1 is an inverted version (e.g., a complementary) of signal

ALIGN EN Flip-flop 1 3 can include an output node (labeled "Q") and an output node (labeled "Q*" (not "Q")). Output nodes Q and Q* can provide signals with complementary values (e.g., signal levels of opposite values (e.g., logic zero and logic one)). Output node 0 can provide a signal RS 2. Output node Q can provide a signal SAMPL FB. Flip-flop 133 can operate to cause signal SAMPL FB to change from one signal level (e.g., a reset level corresponding to logic zero) to another signal level (e.g., a level corresponding to logic one) when an edge of feedback clock signal CLKFB is sampled (e.g. , received at clock input node of flip-flop 133 ).

[0024] Flip-flop 1 34 can include an input node (labeled "D") coupled to a voltage VI . Thus, like input node D of flip-flop 133, input node D of flip-flop 134 can be fixed (unchanged) at a voltage corresponding to logic one. Flip-flop 134 can include an input node (e.g. , a clock input node) coupled to node 1 10a to receive input clock signal CLKREF. Flip-flop 134 can include an input node

(labeled "CLR" (clear)) to receive signal RS 2 from output node Q* of flip-flop 133. Flip-flop 1 34 can include an output node (labeled "Q") and an output node ( labeled "Q*"). Output nodes Q and Q* can provide signals with complementary values. Output node Q can provide a signal SAMPL REF. Flip-flop 134 can operate to cause signal SA MPL REF to change from one signal level (e.g. , a reset level corresponding to logic zero) to another signal level (e.g., a level corresponding to logic one ) when an edge of input clock signal CLKREF is sampled (e.g., received at clock input node of flip-flop 134).

[0025] Logic gate 135 can include input nodes to receive signals SA PI . REF and SAMPL FB, and an output node (coupled to node 137) to provide control signal GATE CTL based on the values (e.g. , signal levels) of signals SAMPL REF and SA PL FB. PEL 101 can use control signal GATE_CTL to control synchronizer 132 in order to control the toggling of output clock signal PLL OUT. For example, based on the value (e.g., signal level ) of control signal GATE_CTL, PLL 1 01 can prevent output clock signal PLL OUT from toggling during a portion of a time interval when the PLL performs an operation of aligning phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB.

[0026] Signal AL IGN EN can be generated and controlled by circuitry

(not shown) of PLL 101 that controls timing at which PLL 101 enters or exits certain mode of operations of PLL 101. Signal AL IGN EN can be changed between different signal levels depending on which mode of operation that PLL 101 operates. For example, signal ALIGN EN can be changed between different levels in response to PLL 101 entering or exiting a closed-loop operation mode. PLL 101 may enter a closed-loop operation mode from another mode (e.g., an inactive mode, such as power-saving mode, idle mode, sleep mode, or other modes).

[0027] PLL 101 can include a locked state. PLL 101 can be in the locked state (e.g., PLL is locked ) when the phase (e.g., a rising edge) of feedback clock signal CLKFB is aligned with the phase (e.g., a rising edge) of input clock signal CLKREF. When the feedback clock signal CLKFB is aligned (or deemed to be aligned), the phases (e.g., rising edges) of feedback clock signal CLKFB and input clock signal CLKREF can be within a specific value (e.g., ithin predetermined acceptable phase offset value).

[0028] FIG. 2 shows an example timing diagram il lustrating timing relationships among some of the signals of PLL 101 of FIG. 1 , according to some embodiment s described herein. The following description of the operation of PLL 101 refers to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, TO through T5 represent different times (points in time), where time TO occurs before time T5.

[0029] Before time TO, PLL 101 may exit an inactive mode and enter a closed-loop operation mode. PLL 101 may be in an unlocked state after PLL 101 enters a closed-loop operation mode at some time before time TO. In the closed-loop operation mode, PLL 101 can perform a phase alignment operation (e.g., between times TO and T5) to align the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB. Then, PLL 101 enters the locked state after the phases of clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB are aligned . After PLL 101 enters the locked state in the closed-loop operation mode, PLL 101 can operate to keep the phases of clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB aligned in the closed-loop operation mode of PLL 101 .

100301 In FIG. 2, at time TO, PLL 101 may enter a phase alignment operation. Between times TO and T5, PLL 101 performs a phase alignment operation to align the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB. The phase alignment operation can include an initial stage (e.g., between times TO and T4) and a subsequent (e.g., final ) stage (e.g., between times T4 and T5).

100311 Between times TO and T4 (e.g., initial stage of the phase alignment operation), PLL 101 can operate to quickly (e.g., within one period of input clock signal CLKREF) reduce a phase error (e.g., an initial phase error) 21 1 between the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLK FB. Quickly reducing phase error 2 1 1 allows a phase error (e.g., final phase error ) 2 1 2 between the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB to be as small as possible at the end (e.g., at time T4) of the initial stage of the phase alignment operation. As an example, phase error 2 1 1 can be equal to multiple periods of signal OSC OUT. Phase error 2 1 1 can be approximately equal to one period of signal OSC OUT .

[0032] Between times T4 and T5, PLL 101 can continue to perform the phase alignment operation (e.g., a final stage of the phase alignment operation). PLL 101 can enter a locked state at time T5 (or after time T5), at which the phases of input clock signal CL RHF and feedback clock signal CLKFB are aligned. This means that at time T5, the phases (e.g., rising edges) of feedback clock signal CLKFB and input clock signal CLKREF can be within a specific value (e.g., within predetermined acceptable phase offset).

100331 Quickly reducing phase error 2 1 1 also allows PLL 101 to enter a locked state in a relatively small amount time from time T4 because phase error 2 12 at time T4 may be at the minimum phase error between input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB. Thus, PLL 101 can have a relatively reduced time ( smal ler amount of time) between the time PLL 101 enters a closed-loop operation mode and the time PLL 101 enters the locked state (the time PLL is locked). The reduction in the amount of time (e.g., the amount of time between times TO and T4) can improve (e.g., reduce) power consumption of PLL 101 and overall power consumption of the device (e.g., an IC chip) that has PLL 101 .

[0034] As shown in FIG. 2, before time TO (and after PLL 101 enters a closed-loop operation mode), signal OSC OL can toggle between signal levels 260 and 261 (changes between signal levels 260 and 261) at a frequency (e.g., a predetermined frequency). Output clock signal PLL OLJT can toggle between signal levels 270 and 27 1 (changes between signal levels 270 and 27 1 ) at a frequency equal to the frequency of signal OSC OUT. Both flip-flop 133 and 1 34 can be cleared (e.g., reset) such that signal SAMPL FB can have a signal level 230 (e.g., a level corresponding to logic zero), and signal SAMPL REF can have a signal level 240 (e.g., a level corresponding to logic zero).

[0035] At time TO, signal ALIGN EN changes from a signal level 220

(e.g., a level corresponding to logic zero) to signal level 22 1 (e.g., level corresponding to logic one). The change to signal level 22 1 of signal

ALIGN E causes signal RS_1 (FIG. 1) to change to a signal level

corresponding to logic zero. In response to the change to a logic zero level of signal RS 1 , flip-flop 1 33 is released from a clear state and is ready to sample a next rising edge (e.g., edge 295) of feedback clock signal CLKFB.

100361 At time ΊΊ , edge 295 of feedback clock signal CLKFB occurs. In response to the occurrence of edge 295, flip-flop 1 33 causes the signal level of signal SAMPL FB to change from a signal level 230 (e.g., a level corresponding to logic zero) to signal level 23 1 (e.g., a level corresponding to logic one). The change to signal lev el 23 1 of signal SAMPL FB causes the following activ ities.

[0037] Signal GATE_CTL (prov ided to input node IN of synchronizer

1 32 ) changes from a signal level 25 1 corresponding to logic one to a signal level 250 corresponding to logic zero (because signals SAMPL FB and SAMPL REF have different values (e.g., different signal levels)). The change to signal level 250 (logic zero) of control signal G ATE CTL causes the signal at the output node OUT of synchronizer 132 to also have a logic zero level. This causes signals OSC OUT to be blocked (e.g., gated) from passing to node 140. Since output clock signal PLL OUT is generated based on signal OSC_OUT, blocking (e.g., gating) signal OSC OUT from passing to node 140 prevents output clock signal PLL OUT from toggling (output clock signal PLL OUT stops toggling at time T 1 ). As described below, output clock signal PLL OUT can start toggling again when signal OSC OUT is unblocked (e.g., ungated) from passing to node 140. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, output clock signal PLL OU T can remain unchanged at signal level 270 for a time interval between times T l and T2 and can toggle again at time T2, Since output clock signal PLL OU T remains unchanged at signal level 270 for a time interval between times Tl and T2, and since feedback clock signal CLKFB is generated from output clock signal PLL OUT, feedback clock signal CLKFB also stops changing signal levels between times Tl and T2. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, feedback clock signal CLKFB remains at the same signal level 291 for an extended duration between times Tl and T3.

[0038] The change to logic one level of signal SAMPL FB at time Tl also causes the signal RS 2 at output node Q* of flip-flop 133 to change to a signal level corresponding to logic zero. In response to the change to logic zero level of signal RS 2, flip-flop 134 is released from a clear state and is ready to sample a next rising edge (e.g., edge 285) of input clock signal CLKREF. AS shown in FIG. 2, edge 285 can be the first rising edge of input clock signal CLKREF that occurs after time T l . Edge 285 can also be the first rising edge of input clock signal CLKREF that occurs after edge 295 of feedback clock signal CLKFB occurs.

[0039] At time T2, edge 285 of feedback clock signal CLKFB occurs. In response to the occurrence of edge 295, flip-flop 134 causes the signal level of signal SAMPL REF to change from a signal level 240 (e.g., a level

corresponding to logic zero) to signal level 241 (e.g., a level corresponding to logic one). The change in the signal level of signal S AM L REF causes the following activities. [0040] At time T2, signal GATE_CTL changes from signal level 250

(corresponding to logic zero) to back to signal level 25 1 (corresponding to logic one one) because signals SAMPL_FB and SAMPL REF at time T2 have the same value ( same signal level ). The change to logic one level of control signal G ATE CTL causes the signal at the output node OUT of synchronizer 1 32 to also have a logic one level ( change from logic zero level to logic one level). This causes signals OSC OUT to be unblocked (e.g., ungated) from passing to node 140. The unblocking (e.g., ungating) allows signal OSC OUT to pass to node 140. This allows output clock signal PLL OUT at node 140 to toggle again (e.g., changing between signal levels 270 and 27 1 ) at a frequency equal to the frequency of signal OSC OUT.

100411 As shown in FIG. 2, between time T2 and T4, signal ALIGNJEN can remain at the same signal level 22 1 . As long as signal ALIGN E remains at signal level 221 , the other signals, including signals SAMPL REF,

SAMPL FB, GATE CTL can also remain at their respective signal levels as shown in FIG. 2.

100421 Between time Ί 2 and T4, feedback clock signal CLKFB can resume (e.g., at time T3) changing between signal levels 290 and 291 at the frequency equal to the frequency of input clock signal CLKREF. Signal

OSC OUT and output clock signal PLL OUT can toggle between their respective signal levels at the same frequency.

[0043] At time T4, input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal

CLKFB can have phase error 2 1 2 (at edges 295 ^" and 285 '). Phase error 2 1 2 may be caused by the nature of the operation of synchronizer 132. For example, since output clock signal PLL OLJT is sampled through synchronizer 1 32 (using signal OSC OUT), a phase error of one clock period of signal OSC OUT may occur between input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB. Thus, in FIG. 2, phase error 2 12 can be approximately one clock period of signal OSC OUT.

100441 Between times T4 and T5, PLL 101 can continue the phase alignment operation (e.g., perform the subsequent (e.g., final) stage of the phase alignment operation). PLL 101 may continue to perform the phase alignment operation until the time (e.g., time T5) at which the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB are aligned. PLL 101 can enter a locked state (e.g., time T5 or after time T5) after the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB are aligned.

[0045] The operation of PLL 101 between tim es T4 and T5 can include the following activities (e.g., a phase alignment operation of a PLL, such as PLL 101). For example, at time T4, detector 1 12 (FIG. 1) can compare the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB. Based on the comparison, PLL 101 can generate control information, which can include information to adjust the timing (e.g., phase) of signal OSC OUT. Filter 1 14 can perform a filtering operation on the control information and provide the filtered control information to oscillator 1 16. Based on the filtered control information, oscillator 1 16 can adjust (e.g., speed up or slow down) the phase of signal OSC OUT. PLL 101 can provide the adjusted signal OSC OUT to detector I 12 in the form of feedback clock signal CLKFB through frequency divider 12 1 . Then (between times T4 and T5), PLL 101 repeats the operations of detector 1 1 2, filter 1 14, oscillator 1 16, and frequency divider 1 2 1 until the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB are aligned (e.g., aligned at time T5). PLL 101 can enter a locked state (e.g., at time T5 or after time T5) after the phases of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB are aligned.

[0046] PLL 101 includes improvements over some conventional PLLs.

For example, as mentioned above, some conventional PLLs may have a lengthy phase alignment operation that can become a bottleneck for the overall locking operation of such conventional PLLs In PLL 101 , since an initial phase error (e.g., phase error 2 12) can be quickly reduced, the phase alignment operation of PLL 101 can be relatively faster than that of some conventional PLLs The quick phase alignment operation allows PLL 101 to achieve a faster lock (e.g., enters a locked state faster) than the conventional PLLs. The quick phase alignment operation also improves the operations (e.g., increases the speed of the operations) of the device (e.g., IC chip) that has PLL 101. Moreover, since PLL 101 can have a relatively quick phase alignment operation, PLL 101 may use less power to enter a locked state than some conventional PLLs. This can also reduce overall power consumption the device (e.g., an IC chip) that has PLL 101.

[0047] As described abov e with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, PLL 101 can operate to prevent output clock signal PLL- OUT from toggling during a portion (e.g., an amount of time between times T 1 and T2) of the time interval between times TO and T5. PLL 101 can sample the rising edges (e.g., edges 295 and 285) of feedback clock signal CLKFB and input clock signal CLKREF in order to determine the amount of time (e.g., an amount of time between times T I and T2) to prevent output clock signal PLL OUT from toggling. Preventing output clock signal PLL OUT from toggling effectively prevents circuit 130 (e.g., frequency divider 121) from performing its normal operation (e.g., prevents feedback clock signal CLKFB from changing between signal levels) for the same amount of time (e.g., the amount of time between times Tl and T2). This means that PLL 101 prevents feedback clock signal CLKFB from changing from signal level 291 to signal level 290 during the same time interval (e.g., between times Tl and T2) that output clock signal PLL OUT is prevented from toggling. After output clock signal PLL OUT is allowed to toggle again, subsequent rising edges (e.g., 295' and 285') of input clock signal CLKREF and feedback clock signal CLKFB can hav e a relatively small error (e.g., phase error 2 1 2 ). This means that an initial phase error (e.g., phase error 21 1 in FIG. 2) of PLL 101 can be quickly reduced (e.g., reduced in a relativ ely small amount of time). This allows PLL 101 to reduce the overall time for the phase alignment operation, resulting in improvements in PLL 101 over conv entional PLLs, as discussed above.

[0048] FIG. 3 shows an apparatus in the form of a system (e.g., electronic system) 300, according to some embodiments described herein.

System 300 can include or be included in a computer, a tablet, or other electronic systems. As shown in FIG. 3, system 300 can include a processor 3 10, a memory dev ice 320, a memory controller 330, a graphics controller 340, an input/output (I/O) controller 350, a display 352, a keyboard 354, a pointing device 356, at least one antenna 358, a connector 315, and a bus 360 (e.g., conductive lines formed on a circuit board (not shown) of system 300).

100491 Each of processor 310, memory device 320, memory controller

330, graphics controller 340, and I/O controller 3 0 can include an IC chip. 100501 In some arrangements, system 300 does not have to include a display. Thus, display 352 can be omitted from system 300. In some

arrangements, system 300 does not have to include any antenna. Thus, antenna 358 can be omitted from system 300.

[0051] Processor 3 10 can include a general-purpose processor or an application speci ic integrated circuit (ASIC ). Processor 310 can include a central processing unit (CPU).

100521 Memory device 320 can include a dynamic random access memory (DRAM ) device, a static random J3.CCCSS memory ( SRAM) device, a flash memory dev ice, phase change memory, a combination of these memory devices, or other types of memory. FIG. 3 shows an example where memory device 320 is a stand-alone memory device separated from processor 310. In an alternative arrangement, memory device 320 and processor 310 can be located on the same die. In such an alternative arrangement, memory device 320 is an embedded memory in processor 310, such as embedded DRAM (eDRAM ), embedded SRAM (eSRAM), embedded flash memory, or another type of embedded memory.

[0053] Display 352 can include a liquid crystal display (LCD), a touchscreen (e.g., capacitive or resistive touchscreen), or another type of display. Pointing device 356 can include a mouse, a stylus, or another type of pointing device.

[0054] I/O controller 350 can include a communication module for wired or wireless communication (e.g., communication through one or more antennas 358 ). Such wireless communication may include communication in accordance with WiFi communication technique. Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) communication technique, or other communication techniques.

[0055] I/O controller 350 can also include a module to allow system 300 to communicate with other devices or systems in accordance with to one or more of the following standards or specifications (e.g., I/O standards or

specifications), including Universal Serial Bus (USB), DisplayPort (DP), High- Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMS ), Thunderbolt, Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe), Ethernet, and other specifications.

[0056] Connector 315 can be arranged (e.g., can include terminals, such as pins) to allow system 300 to be coupled to an external device (or system). This may allow system 300 to communicate (e.g., exchange information) with such a device (or system ) through connector 315. Connector 315 may be coupled to I/O controller 350 through a connection 3 16 (e.g., a bus).

[0057] Connector 315, connection 316, and at least a portion of bus 360 can include elements (e.g., conductive terminals, conductive lines, or other conductive el ements) that conform with at least one of USB, DP, I I DM I,

Thunderbolt, PCIe, Ethernet, and other specifications.

[0058] FIG. 3 shows the elements (e.g., devices and controllers) of system 300 arranged separately from each other as an example. For example, each of processor 3 10, memory device 320, memory controller 330, graphics controller 340, and I/O controller 350 can be located on a separate IC chip (e.g., separate semiconductor dies). In some arrangements, two or more elements (e.g., processor 310, memory device 320, graphics controller 340, and I/O controller 50) of system 300 can be located on the same die (e.g., same IC chip) that can form a system-on-chip (SoC) _.

[0059] As shown in FIG. 3, each of processor 3 10, memory device 320, memory controller 330, graphics controller 340, and I/O controller 350 can include a PLL 0 1 . PLL 30 1 can include PLL 101 described above with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

[0060] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a method 400 of operating an apparatus, according to some embodiments described herein. The apparatus used in method 400 can include any of the apparatuses (e.g., apparatus 100 and system 300 including PLLs 101 and 301) described above with reference to FIG. I through FIG. 3. Some of the activities in method 400 may be performed by hardware, software, firmware, or any combination of hardware, software, and firmware. For example, some of the activities in method 400 may be performed by hardware, software, firmware, or any combination of hardware, software, and firmware implemented in any of the apparatus (e.g., apparatus 100 and system 300 including PLLs 101 and 301) described above with reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 3.

[0061] As shown in FIG. 4, activity 410 of method 400 can include sampling an edge of a feedback clock signal of a PLL during a phase alignment of operation of the PLL. Activity 420 can include sampling an edge of an input clock signal of the PLL during the phase alignment of operation of the PLL. Activity 430 can include causing an output clock signal of the PLL to stop toggling during a time interval between an occurrence of the edge of the feedback clock signal and an occurrence of the edge of the input clock signal. Activity 440 can include allowing the output clock signal of the PLL to toggle after the time interval.

[0062] Method 400 can include fewer or more activities relative to activities 410, 420, 430, and 440 shown in FIG. 4. For example, method 400 can include activities and operations of apparatus 100 and system 300 including PLLs 101 and 301 described above with reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 3.

[0063] The illustrations of the apparatuses (e.g., apparatus 100 and system 300 including PLLs 101 and 301) and methods (e.g., method 400 and operations of apparatus 100 and system 300 including operations of PLLs 101 and 301 ) described above are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of different embodiments and are not intended to provide a complete description of all the elements and features of an apparatus that might make use of the structures described herein.

100641 The apparatuses and methods described above can include or be included in high-speed computers, communication and clock signal processing circuitry, single-processor modules or multi-processor modules, single embedded processors or multiple embedded processors, multi-core processors, message information switches, and application-specific modules including multilayer or multi-chip modules. Such apparatuses may further be included as sub-components within a variety of other apparatuses (e.g., electronic systems), such as televisions, cellular telephones, personal computers (e.g., laptop computers, desktop computers, handheld computers, etc.), tablets (e.g., tablet computers), workstations, radios, video players, audio players (e.g., MPS (Motion Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer 4) players), vehicles, medical devices (e.g., heart monitors, blood pressure monitors, etc.), set top boxes, and others.

[0065] The above description and the drawings illust ate some embodiment s to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Examples merely typify possible variations.

Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. Therefore, the scope of various embodiments is determined by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Additional Notes and Examples

100661 Example 1 includes subject matter (such as a device, an electronic apparatus (e.g., circuit, electronic system, or both), or a machine) including a first circuit included in a phase-locked loop (PEL ) to receive an input clock signal and a feedback clock signal, and to generate an output clock signal, a second circuit included in the PEL to generate the feedback clock signal from the output clock signal, and a third circuit to prevent the output clock signal from toggling during a portion of a time interval when the PEL performs an operation of aligning phases of the input clock signal and feedback clock signal.

100671 In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 may optionally include, wherein the third circuit is to sample an edge of the feedback clock signal and an edge of the input clock signal during the time interval, and prevent the feedback clock signal from changing from a first signal level to a second signal lev el during a time interval between an occurrence of the edge of the feedback clock signal and an occurrence of the edge of the input clock signal . [0068] In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 1 may optionally include, wherein the third circuit is to allow the output clock signal to toggle after the portion of the time interval .

[0069] In Example 4, the subject matter of any of Examples 1 -3 may optionally include, wherein the time interval occurs before the PLL enters a locked state.

100701 In Example 5, the subject matter of any of Examples 1 -3 may optional ly include, herein the time interval occurs after the PLL enters a closed-loop operation mode.

[0071] Example 6 includes subject matter (such as a device, an electronic apparatus (e.g., circuit, electronic system, or both), or a machine) including a first circuit included in a phase-locked loop (PLL) to receive an input clock signal and a feedback clock signal, and to generate an output clock signal, a second circuit included in the PLL to generate the feedback clock signal from the output clock signal, a third circuit to sample an edge of the feedback clock signal and an edge of the input clock signal when the PLL performs an operation of aligning phases of the input clock signal and feedback clock signal, and the third circuit to prevent the feedback clock signal from changing from a first signal level to a second signal level during a time interv al between an occurrence of the edge of the feedback clock signal and an occurrence of the edge of the input clock signal .

[0072] In Example 7, the subject matter of Example 6 may optionally include, wherein the third circuit is to prevent the output clock signal from toggling during the time interval between the occurrence of the edge of the feedback clock signal and the occurrence of the edge of the input clock signal.

[0073] In Example 8, the subject matter of Example 6 may optionally include, wherein the third circuit is to allow the feedback clock signal to change between the first and second signal levels after the time interval.

[0074] In Example 9, the subject matter of any of Examples 6-8 may optional ly include, wherein the time interval occurs after the PLL enters a closed-loop operation mode. [0075] In Example 10, the subject matter of any of Examples 6-8 may optionally include, wherein the time interval occurs before the PLL enters a locked state.

[0076] In Example 1 1, the subject matter of any of Examples 6-8 may optionally include, wherein the edge of each of the input clock signal and the feedback clock signal includes a rising edge.

100771 Example 12 includes subject matter (such as a device, an electronic apparatus (e.g., circuit, electronic system, or both), or a machine) including a first circuit included in a phase-locked loop (PLL), the circuit including a first input node to receive an input clock signal, a second input node to receive a feedback clock signal, and an oscillator including an oscillator output node to provide an oscillating clock signal having a first frequency, logic circuitry including a first input node coupled to the oscillator output node, a second input node to receive a control signal, and an output node to provide an output clock signal having a second frequency equal to the first frequency, a frequency divider including an output node to provide the feedback clock signal based on the output clock signal, and a second circuit to provide the control signal to the logic circuitry based on the input clock signal and the feedback clock signal.

[0078] In Example 13, the subject matter of Example 12 may optionally include, wherein the second circuit includes a first flip-flop including an input node coupled to the first input node of the first circuit, a second flip-flop including an input node coupled to the second input node of the first circuit, and a logic gate hav ing a first input node coupled to an output node of the first flip- flop, a second input node coupled to an output node of second flip-flop, and an output node to provide the control signal.

[0079] In Example 14, the subject matter of Example 13 may optionally include, wherein the logic circuitry includes a logic gate, the logic gate including an input node coupled to the oscillator output node and an output node to provide the output clock signal . 100801 In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 may optionally include, wherein the logic circuitry includes a synchronizer coupled to the oscillator and the logic gate.

100811 In Example 16, the subject matter of any of Examples 12- 1 5 may optionally include, further comprising a selector, the selector including an input node coupled to an output node of the frequency divider, and an output node coupled to the second input node of the first circuit.

100821 In Example 1 7, the subject matter of any of Examples 12- 1 5 may optionally include, wherein the oscillator includes one of a voltage-controlled oscillator and a digitally-controlled oscillator.

[0083] In Example 1 8, the subject matter of any of Examples 12- 1 5 may optional ly include, wherein the first circuit includes a phase detector including input nodes coupled to the first and second input nodes of the first circuit, and a filter coupled between the phase detector and the oscillator.

[0084] Example 19 includes subject matter (such as a dev ice, an electronic apparatus (e.g., circuit, electronic system, or both), or a machine) including conductive lines on a circuit board, an antenna coupled to the conductive lines, and a device coupled to the conductive lines, the device including a phase-locked loop ( PEL , the PEL including a first circuit to receive an input clock signal and a feedback clock signal, and to generate an output clock signal, a second circuit to generate the feedback clock signal from the output clock signal, and a third circuit to prevent the output clock signal from toggling during a portion of a time interval when the PEL performs an operation of aligning phases of the input clock signal and feedback clock signal.

100851 In Example 20, the subject matter of Examples 19 may optionally include, wherein the device includes a processor.

[0086] In Example 21 , the subject matter of Example 19 or 20 may optionally include, further comprising a connector coupled to at least one of the conductive lines and the device, the connector conforming with at least one of Universal Serial Bus (USB), DisplayPort ( DP), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Thunderbolt, Ethernet, and Peripheral Component

Interconnect Express (PCIe) specifications. [0087] Example 22 includes subject matter such as a device, an electronic apparatus (e.g., circuit, electronic system, or both), or a machine) including sampling an edge of a feedback clock signal of a phase-locked loop (PLL) during a phase alignment of operation of the PLL, sampling an edge of an input clock signal of the PLL during the phase alignment of operat ion of the PLL, causing an output clock signal of the PLL to stop toggling during a time interval between an occurrence of t he edge of the feedback clock signal and an occurrence of the edge of the input clock signal, and allowing the output clock signal of the PLL to toggle after the time interv al.

[0088] In Example 23, the subject matter of Example 22 may optionally include, further comprising continuing to perform phase alignment of operation of the PLL after the time interval until the PLL is locked.

[0089] In Example 24, the subject matter of Example 22 may optionally include, further comprising prev enting the feedback clock signal from changing from a first signal lev el to a second signal lev el during the time interval.

[0090] In Example 25, the subject matter of any of Examples 22-24 may optional ly include, wherein causing the output clock signal of the PLL to stop toggling includes blocking an oscillating signal generated by an oscillator of the PLL from passing from the oscillator to an output node of the PLL, and the output clock signal of the PLL is prov ided at the output node of the PLL.

[00911 In Example 26, the subject matter of any of Examples 22-24 may optionally include, wherein causing the output clock signal of the PLL to stop toggling includes blocking an oscillating signal generated by an oscillator of the PLL from passing from the oscillator to an output node of the PLL, wherein the feedback clock signal is generated by a frequency div ider of the PLL, the frequency div ider including an input node coupled to the output node of the PLL, and an output node to provide the feedback clock signal.

[0092] Example 27 includes subject matter (such as a dev ice, an electronic apparatus (e.g., circuit, electronic system, or both), or machine) including means for performing any of the subject matter of Examples 22-26.

[0093] The subject matter of Example 1 through Example 27 may be combined in any combination. [0094] In the detailed description and the claims, a list of items joined by the term "at least one of can mean any combination of the listed items. For example, if items A and B are listed, then the phrase "at least one of A and B" can mean A only; B only; or A and B. In another example, if items A, B, and C are listed, then the phrase "at least one of A, B and C" can mean A only; B only; C only; A and B ( excluding C); A and C (excluding B); B and C ( excluding A); or all of A, B, and C. Item A can include a single element or multiple elements. Item B can include a single element or multiple elements. Item C can include a single element or multiple elements.

[0095] In the detailed description and the claims, a list of items joined by the term "one of can mean only one of the list items. For example, if items A and B are listed, then the phrase "one of A and B" can mean A only (excluding B), or B only (excluding A). In another example, if items A, B, and C are listed, then the phrase "one of A, B and C" can mean A only; B only; or C only. Item A can include a single element or multiple elements. Item B can include a single element or multiple elements. Item C can include a single element or a multiple elements.

[0096] The Abstract is provided to allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit o interpret the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.