PHASE MORPHING MECHANISM - ZARAPHONITIS PANAGIOTIS

Title:

PHASE MORPHING MECHANISM

Document Type and Number:

WIPO Patent Application WO/2018/020279

Kind Code:

Abstract:

Crankshaft-and-Pusher combination is the simplest and most efficient Mechanism for conversion of linear reciprocating motion into endless rotary, and vice versa, but Design inflexibility is its weak point. However, the Idea of Differentiation, in some way, of flow of Time, in transition of Energy from one element of Mechanism to next, resolves this problem. This Invention implements this Idea, referring to purely mechanical Mechanism, interposed between Work Production site and Machine Output, so that to smooth kinematic and dynamic features of Output or to improve geometric characteristics of Machine per se. Mechanism uses Odonto-Knodaces or Knodaces, so that, via innovative Phase Morphing Methodology, desired result is composed, point-by-point. Unlimited Applications include Bicycle Mechanism with reduced pedaling angle, minimizing fatigue, strain, muscles and bones damage, Symmetric Deltic Three-Cylinder Two-Stroke Engine, Two-Cylinder Four- Stroke Engine with Overlapped Power-Periods, Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal Engine with unlimited compression ratio and high ratio of working to total volume.

More Like This:

JP6019310	A manufacturing method including a membrane formation process by evaporation apparatus and an evaporation apparatus
JP2010196578	START CONTROL DEVICE FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
JPH06504347	Description: Piston Suspension Device for Reciprocating Piston Machines

Inventors:

ZARAPHONITIS PANAGIOTIS (GR)

Application Number:

PCT/GR2017/000046

Publication Date:

February 01, 2018

Filing Date:

July 26, 2017

Export Citation:

Click for automatic bibliography generation Help

Assignee:

ZARAPHONITIS PANAGIOTIS (GR)

International Classes:

F16H21/34; B62M3/06; F02B75/32; F16H35/00; F16H35/02; F02B53/00

Domestic Patent References:

WO2008028252A1	2008-03-13
WO2007125373A1	2007-11-08
WO2009040588A2	2009-04-02

Foreign References:

DE3404562A1	1985-08-22
ES2119606A1	1998-10-01
US6021683A	2000-02-08
DE2443290A1	1975-03-13
US1946136A	1934-02-06

Download PDF:

View/Download PDF PDF Help

Claims:

CLAIMS:

1. Phase Morphing Mechanism, which has a body, named "Clock" ("Metronome") (002), which is supported, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis which also constitutes the central axis of the Mechanism, on a Frame (001) which is conventionally either stationary or movable in space, which Mechanism further characterized by:

- it has one Cam-Shaft (010) which is supported on the Frame (001 ), is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and its axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while the angular position about its own axis is determined by the position of the Clock (Metronome) (002) via a pair of coupled toothings of either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio and such that the average of this ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one,

- it has one Oscillator (011 ), which is preferably coaxial with the Clock (Metronome) (002), and is supported either on the Clock (Metronome) (002) or on the Frame (001), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position about its own axis is absolutely determined with respect to both directions of rotation via either the cooperation of the followers which it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft (010), or any other similar mechanism,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (004, 006, 008) which are either embedded on the Frame (001) or rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (002), while, when there are more than one, either they are at different axial positions but at the same angular position so that the axes of the Planets (005, 007, 009) are coincided, or are preferably all coplanar and preferably angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism,

- it has a plurality of Planets (005, 007, 009), the number of which is equal to the number of the Carriers (004, 006, 008), each of which is supported on the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively) and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, which axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, while at its periphery has a toothing which is the conjugate of the corresponding toothing of the Sun (003), so that its angular position about its own axis is determined by the combination of the angular position of the Sun (003) and the angular position of the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively),

- the toothings which carries the Sun (003) and each Planet (005 or 007 or 009) are a pair of coupled toothings of either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio, so that the average of this ratio in one complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one,

- the just aforementioned toothings and the toothings between the Clock (Metronome) (002) and the Cam-Shaft (010) when these are of variable transmission ratio, in terms of their deployment in space, either are planar or in the case in which the average of the transmission ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is not equal to one, and furthermore, after a complete rotation of the faster moving of these two cooperating elements, the segments of the toothings which are found opposite each other are not conjugate for the cooperation between them, then these segments are deployed at different axial positions either spirally in a continuous deployment in the space or partially in a stepwise form,

- the Sun (003) carries either one toothing, common for the toothings of all Planets (005, 007, 009), or the number of these toothings is equal to the number of Planets (005, 007, 009), either as a Design option to avoid further structural complexity due to the just mentioned either spiral or stepwise deployment, or necessarily when the positional phase difference, that is the phase difference due to the angular position of each Planet (005 or 007 or 009), differs from the one required for the operation of this Mechanism,

- each of the Planets (005 or 007 or 009) possibly carries a Crank that can drive or be driven from further elements that do not belong to the current Mechanism, and

- as a result of all the aforementioned, this Mechanism performs simultaneously, continuously and perpetually a given complete and repeated kinematic Cycle, in turn at all Planets (005, 007, 009).

2. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 , that features a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- the Sun (103) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (103), it consists of either one or two independent bodies and it carries three or four toothings at different axial positions, two of variable transmission ratio having a mean value preferably equal to one, and one or two of either constant or variable transmission ratio having a mean value preferably equal to one,

- the Carriers (101 , 101) are embedded on the Frame (101), they are two in number and the angular position between them is such that the axes of rotation of the also two corresponding Planets (104, 105) are coincided and therefore each Planet (104 or 105) is at a different axial position and cooperates with a different toothing of the Sun (103), with either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio having a mean value preferably equal to one,

- from the Sun (103) the motion is transmitted:

- either directly to a body, named "Output", which is either the driven wheel, of a vehicle for example, or an input shaft of a planetary system that drives this wheel, via a direct transmission mechanism, for example via a combination of bevel gears,

- or to a body, named "Reverser" (102) which is supported on the Frame (101), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, in such position so that to cooperate always with the Sun (103), while:

- either its own axis coincides with the axes of the Planets (104, 105) and in this case the Planets (104, 105) are supported, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to this common axis, on this Reverser (102), while in any other case the Planets (104, 105) are supported, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, on the Frame (101),

- or it has another position and spatial orientation in general,

while in these two last cases the motion is transmitted to the Output via a transmission mechanism, for example via a single or multiple chain sprockets and chain,

- or its own axis coincides with the axis of the Output, and this Reverser (102) is rigidly attached on the Output, while in this case the Sun (103) consists of two independent bodies which lie at either sides of the Output,

and which Reverser (102) has one or two toothings of either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio having a mean value preferably equal to one, that cooperate with the corresponding toothings located on the Sun (103), and, if it is necessary, carries a transmission mechanism, as described above, so as to drive or be driven from further elements that do not belong to the current Mechanism,

- at least at the bottom of this Mechanism, preferably there are guards embedded on the Frame (101 ) for the protection of this Mechanism from external shock,

- the variable transmission ratio of the toothings of the Sun (103) and the Planets (104, 105) and possibly of other bodies, is such that for rotation of the Sun (103) by half of the circumference, the one Planet (104 or 105) travels significantly less angular travel about its own axis, during the conventionally active Period for this Planet (104 or 105 ), while the other Planet (105 or 104, respectively) travels the complementary of the just described one, with respect to the circumference, angular travel, in the conventionally passive Period for this Planet (105 or 104, respectively), while this procedure is alternated between the Planets (104, 105), and this complete kinematic Cycle is repeated identically ad infinitum,

- on the Crank of the one Planet (104 or 105), an external force is exerted, either by hand or by foot or by any Machine, either reciprocal or oscillating, conventionally of two strokes, either internal combustion or electric or of any other nature, in the conventionally active Period for this Planet (104 or 105), which external force produces a Work that is transmitted to the Sun (103) and from this point is dispensed on the one hand to move the other Planet (105 or 104, respectively) faster, on the other hand, through the aforementioned transmission mechanism, either to move the Frame (101) in space or to produce any other Work, while this process is alternated between the Planets (104, 105), and this complete operational Cycle of Work production is repeated identically ad infinitum.

3. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1 and 2, that features a Hybrid Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- the Rotor of an Electric Device is, preferably coaxially, rigidly attached either on the Sun (203) or on the Reverser (202) especially when its own axis does not coincide with the axes of the Planets (204, 205), while the Stator of this Electric Device is embedded, coaxially also with respect to this Rotor, on the Frame (201 ), and, therefore, part of the produced Work as described in Claim 2 by applying an external force alternately to either the Crank of the one Planet (204) or the Crank of the other Planet (205), is saved as Electric Energy in an accumulator that is connected with this Electric Device, which is either the conventional Electric Generator which only converts a mechanical Work into Electric Energy or an advanced such Device which can operate also vice versa, so that this inverse operation assists the motion of the one or both Planets (204, 205), or of the Frame (201 ) in space.

4. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1 , 2 and 3, that features a Detachable Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- preferably it refers to the case that there is a Reverser (303) and its own axis coincides with the axes of the Planets (305, 306) during the operation of the Mechanism,

- the Reverser (303) only is always supported on the Frame (301), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis,

Claim 2 or with an Electric Device as in Claim 3 and in the latter case the Sub-Frame (302) possibly carries also the accumulator of the electric circuit, while in both cases it has handles preferably on its top as well as the guards of the Claim 2,

- this Sub-Frame (302) is structurally independent and detachable from the main Frame (301) and is mounted with movements relative to the Frame (301) from top to bottom and up to the point in which the axes of the Planets (305, 306), which are, during this mounting procedure, at either sides of the Reverser (303), are aligned with the axis of this Reverser (303), and first a central Pin (307) is fitted, so as to restore the engagement of the toothings between the Sun (304) and the Reverser (303), and then two secondary Pins (308, 309) are fitted, and these three Pins (307, 308, 309) are secured to their final position either by spring receding balls or in any other way, so as to completely and safely immobilize the Sub-Frame (302) with respect to the Frame (301), while in the case of the existence of an Electric Device, the electric part of the Sub-Frame (302) is also connected with the electric elements of the Frame (301), such as control units and indicating instruments, and the accumulator of the electric circuit in case that it is not on the Sub-Frame (302).

5. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Tangential Arrangement, Toroidal, which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has one Sun (402) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (402), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (401 , 401, 401 ) which are embedded on the Frame (401),

- it has a plurality of Planets (403, 406, 409) which are supported on the Frame (401 ) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (403 and 406 or 406 and 409 or 409 and 403), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while their toothings are of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, are external and have been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Toroidal Chambers (401 , 401 , 401 ) which are embedded on the Frame (401), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets (403, 406, 409), in which a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism and at such distance from this axis and in such orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with corresponding Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 4 1 ), while they have either an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has a plurality of Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 411), the number of which is equal to the number of the Toroidal Chambers (401 , 401 , 401 ), which are supported either on the Frame (401 ) or on the Clock (Metronome) (402), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, each Toroidal Piston (405 or 408 or 411) has two fronts so as to cooperate simultaneously with two consecutive Toroidal Chambers (401 , 401 , 401), while the space, in which the processes of any Cycle via the change of pressure or volume of the working medium are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Toroidal Chamber (401 , 401 , 401) and the fronts of two consecutive Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 411), the angular distance of which is variably formed,

Toroidal Piston (405 or 408 or 411 , respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (403, 406, 409) about their own axis, is transformed into a rotation with variable angular velocity of the Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 4 1 ) about the central axis of the Mechanism, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

6. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1 , 2, 3, 4 and 5, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Tangential Arrangement, Polygonal, which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has one Sun (502) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (502), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (501 , 501 , 501) which are embedded on the Frame (501 ),

- it has a plurality of Planets (503, 508, 513) which are supported on the Frame (501) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (503 and 508 or 508 and 513 or 513 and 503), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while their toothings are of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, are external and have been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Chambers (501 , 501 , 501 ) which are embedded on the Frame (501 ), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets (503, 508, 513), in which a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism and at such distance from this axis and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 515, 517), while they have either an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 515, 517), the number of which is equal to double the number of the Cylindrical Chambers (501 , 501 , 501), which are supported on the Frame (501), with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston (505 or 507 or 510 or 512 or 515 or 517) has one front so as to cooperate with the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (501 , 501 , 501 ), while the space, in which the processes of any Cycle via the change of pressure or volume of the working medium are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Cylindrical Chamber (501 , 501 , 501) and the fronts of two consecutive Cylindrical Pistons (507 and 510 or 512 and 515 or 517 and 505), the linear distance of which is variably formed,

- the Crank of each Planet (503 or 508 or 513), on the one hand, is connected with the one end of a Pusher (504 or 509 or 514, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (505 or 510 or 515, respectively), on the other hand, is connected with the one end of another Pusher (506 or 511 or 516, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (507 or 512 or 517, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (503, 508, 513) about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 515, 517) along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (501 , 501 , 501), and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum. 7. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, that features a Work- producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Radial Arrangement, with High Overlapping Ratio and Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has one Sun (602) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (602), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one to two, is external and has been deployed in two levels,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (601 , 601 ) which are embedded on the Frame (601 ),

- it has a plurality of Planets (603, 604) which are supported on the Frame (601 ), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, and are preferably angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (603 and 604 or 604 and 603), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet (603 or 604) is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one to two, is external and has been deployed in two levels,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Chambers (601 , 601 ) which are embedded on the Frame (601 ), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets (603, 604), in which a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Planets (603, 604) and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (607, 608), while they have either an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Pistons (607, 608), the number of which is equal to the number of the Cylindrical Chambers (601 , 601), which are supported on the Frame (601 ), with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston (607 or 608) has one front so as to cooperate with the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (601 , 601), while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell and the base of the Cylindrical Chamber (601 , 601 ) and the front of the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (607 or 608), - the Crank of each Planet (603 or 604) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (605 or 606, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (607 or 608, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (603, 604) about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons (607, 608) along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (601 , 601 ), and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

8. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, that features a Work- producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Radial Arrangement, with High Overlapping Ratio and Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has one Sun (702) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (702), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (701 , 701) which are embedded on the Frame (701 ),

- it has a plurality of Planets (703, 704) which are supported on the Frame (701 ), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, and are preferably angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (703 and 704 or 704 and 703), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while each Planet (703 or 704) has a toothing of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, which is external and has been deployed in only one level, while at a different axial position has another toothing of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one to two,

- it has a plurality of Gear-Cranks (705, 706), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets (703, 704), which are supported on the Frame (701) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, and at such distance from this axis so that to cooperate always with the Planets (703, 704) via toothings of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one to two,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Chambers (701 , 701 ) which are embedded on the Frame (701), the number of which is equal to the number of the Gear-Cranks (705, 706), in which a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Gear-Cranks (705, 706) and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710), while they have either an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710), the number of which is equal to the number of the Cylindrical Chambers (701 , 701), which are supported on the Frame (701), with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710) has one front so as to cooperate with the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (701 , 701 ), while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell and the base of the Cylindrical Chamber (701 , 701 ) and the front of the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710),

- the Crank of each Gear-Crank (705 or 706) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (707 or 708, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (703, 704) about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710) along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (701 , 701), and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

9. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claims 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, that features a Work- producing Machine via Volume Variation, Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal, with High Compression Ratio and Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has only one Chamber (801) which is embedded on the Frame (801 ), the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve resulting from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier (802) and the Planet (803) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet (803), and in which Chamber (801 ) a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which Chamber (801 ) has either, an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has one Sun (801) which is embedded on the Frame (801), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, it is external and has been deployed in two levels, preferably on either base sides of the Machine in which its covers are located,

- it has only one Carrier (802) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (802),

- it has only one Planet (803) which is supported on the Carrier (802) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, its Profile is constant in axial height and has roughly the form of an equilateral triangle with its center of gravity lying on the axis of this Planet (803) and with its sides curved outwards, this Profile resulting from the requirement that one side must always be in contact with the point of the Combustion Chamber (801) locally closest to the central axis of the Mechanism in the area just opposite to the region where the highest compression value of the restrained volume of the working medium occurs, during a period of one to three of the complete operational Cycle, while its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, it is internal and has been deployed in two levels and at such axial positions as to cooperate with the corresponding toothing of the Sun (801),

- the toothings of variable transmission ratio are so designed that the Planet (803), moving within the Chamber (801), with its three curved sides separates the chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

10. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to all preceding Claims, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal, with High Compression Ratio and Planar Knodaces (Cams), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has only one Chamber (901) which is embedded on the Frame (901), the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve resulting from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier (902) and the Planet (905) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet (905), and in which Chamber (901 ) a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which Chamber (901) has either, an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has a Cam-Shaft (903) which is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and its axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism and is supported on the Frame (901) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position with respect to its own axis is determined by the angular position of the Clock (Metronome) (902) through a pair of coupled toothings with a preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one,

- it has an Oscillator (904) which is preferably coaxial with the Clock (Metronome) (902) and is supported either on the Frame (901 ) or on the Clock (Metronome) (902), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism is absolutely determined in both directions of rotation through either the cooperation of the followers that it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft, or any similar mechanism,

- it has one Sun (904) which is rigidly attached on the Oscillator (904) and its toothing is of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to two to three, it is external and has been deployed in only one level,

- it has only one Carrier (902) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (902),

- it has only one Planet (905) which is supported on the Carrier (902) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, its Profile is constant in axial height and has roughly the form of an equilateral triangle with its center of gravity lying on the axis of this Planet (905) and with its sides curved outwards, this Profile resulting from the requirement that one side must always be in contact with the point of the Combustion Chamber (901 ) locally closest to the central axis of the Mechanism in the area just opposite to the region where the highest compression value of the restrained volume of the working medium occurs, during a period of one to three of the complete operational Cycle, while its toothing is of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to two to three, it is internal and has been deployed in only one level and at such axial position as to cooperate with the corresponding toothing of the Sun (904),

- the Profiles of the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft (903) are so designed that the Planet (905), moving within the Chamber (901), with its three curved sides separates the chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

AMENDED CLAIMS

received by the International Bureau on 17 January 2017 (17.01.2017)

CLAIMS:

1. Phase Morphing Mechanism, which has a body, named "Clock" ("Metronome") (002), which is supported, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis which also constitutes the central axis of the Mechanism, on a Frame (001 ) which is stationary in space, which Mechanism further characterized by:

- it has a plurality of Carriers (004, 006, 008) which are either embedded on the Frame (001 ) or rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (002), while are all coplanar and angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism,

- it has one Sun (003), which either is embedded on the Frame (001 ) or is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (002), so that it has always relative motion with respect to the Carriers (004, 006, 008), while its axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism and at its periphery has one toothing of either constant or variable transmission ratio,

- it has a plurality of Planets (005, 007, 009), the number of which is equal to the number of the Carriers (004, 006, 008), each of which is supported on the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively) and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, which axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, while at its periphery has a toothing which is the conjugate of the corresponding toothing of the Sun (003), so that its angular position about its own axis is determined by the combination of the angular position of the Sun (003) and the angular position of the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively), - the toothings which carries the Sun (003) and each Planet (005 or 007 or 009) are a pair of coupled toothings of either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio, so that the average of this ratio in one complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number,

- the Sun (003) carries either one toothing, common for the toothings of all Planets (005, 007, 009), or the number of these toothings is equal to the number of Planets (005, 007, 009), when the positional phase difference, that is the phase difference due to the angular position of each Planet (005 or 007 or 009), differs from the one required for the operation of this Mechanism, and

- as a result of all the aforementioned, this Mechanism performs simultaneously, continuously and perpetually a given complete and repeated kinematic Cycle, in turn at all Planets (005, 007, 009).

2. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 , that features a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has possibly one Cam-Shaft (010) which is supported on the Frame (001 ), is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and its axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while the angular position about its own axis is determined by the position of the Clock (Metronome) (002) via a pair of coupled toothings of either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio and such that the average of this ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one,

- it has possibly one Oscillator (01 1 ), which is preferably coaxial with the Clock (Metronome) (002), and is supported either on the Clock (Metronome) (002) or on the Frame (001 ), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position about its own axis is absolutely determined with respect to both directions of rotation via either the cooperation of the followers which it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft (010), or any other similar mechanism,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (004, 006, 008) which are either embedded on the Frame (001 ) or rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (002), while, when there are more than one, either they are at different axial positions but at the same angular position so that the axes of the Planets (005, 007, 009) are coincided, or are preferably all coplanar and preferably angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism,

- it has one Sun (003), which consists of either one or two independent bodies, and either is embedded on the Frame (001 ) or is rigidly attached either on the Clock (Metronome) (002) or on the Oscillator (01 1 ), while its axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism and at its periphery has either one or more toothings of either constant or variable transmission ratio, - it has a plurality of Planets (005, 007, 009), the number of which is equal to the number of the Carriers (004, 006, 008), each of which is supported on the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively) and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, which axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, while at its periphery has a toothing which is the conjugate of the corresponding toothing of the Sun (003), so that its angular position about its own axis is determined by the combination of the angular position of the Sun (003) and the angular position of the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively),

- the just aforementioned toothings with respect to their geometry in the plane either are all external or only one element has an internal toothing while the cooperating with it element has an external one, - the just aforementioned toothings and the toothings between the Clock (Metronome) (002) and the Cam-Shaft (010) when these are of variable transmission ratio, in terms of their deployment in space, either are planar or in the case in which the average of the transmission ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is not equal to one, and furthermore, after a complete rotation of the faster moving of these two cooperating elements, the segments of the toothings which are found opposite each other are not conjugate for the cooperation between them, then these segments are deployed at different axial positions either spirally in a continuous deployment in the space or partially in a stepwise form,

- each of the Planets (005 or 007 or 009) possibly carries a Crank that can drive or be driven from further elements that do not belong to the current Mechanism, and

- as a result of all the aforementioned, this Mechanism performs simultaneously, continuously and perpetually a given complete and repeated kinematic Cycle, in turn at all Planets (005, 007, 009).

3. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, that features a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- the Carriers (101 , 101 ) are embedded on the Frame (101 ), they are two in number and the angular position between them is such that the axes of rotation of the also two corresponding Planets (1 04, 105) are coincided and therefore each Planet (104 or 105) is at a different axial position and cooperates with a different toothing of the Sun (103), with either constant transmission ratio or variable transmission ratio having a mean value preferably equal to one,

- from the Sun (103) the motion is transmitted:

- either directly to a body, named "Output", which is either the driven wheel, of a vehicle for example, or an input shaft of a planetary system that drives this wheel , via a direct transmission mechanism, for example via a combination of bevel gears,

- or to a body, named "Reverser" (102) which is supported on the Frame (101 ), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, in such position so that to cooperate always with the Sun (103), while:

- or it has another position and spatial orientation in general,

while in these two last cases the motion is transmitted to the Output via a transmission mechanism, for example via a single or multiple chain sprockets and chain,

- at least at the bottom of this Mechanism, preferably there are guards embedded on the Frame (101 ) for the protection of this Mechanism from external shock,

- the variable transmission ratio of the toothings of the Sun (1 03) and the Planets (104, 105) and possibly of other bodies, is such that for rotation of the Sun (103) by half of the circumference, the one Planet (104 or 105) travels significantly less angular travel about its own axis, during the conventionally active Period for this Planet (104 or 105 ), while the other Planet (1 05 or 104, respectively) travels the complementary of the just described one, with respect to the circumference, angular travel, in the conventionally passive Period for this Planet (1 05 or 104, respectively), while this procedure is alternated between the Planets (104, 1 05), and this complete kinematic Cycle is repeated identically ad infinitum,

- on the Crank of the one Planet (104 or 105), an external force is exerted, either by hand or by foot or by any Machine, either reciprocal or oscillating, conventionally of two strokes, either internal combustion or electric or of any other nature, in the conventionally active Period for this Planet (104 or 105), which external force produces a Work that is transmitted to the Sun (1 03) and from this point is dispensed on the one hand to move the other Planet (105 or 1 04, respectively) faster, on the other hand, through the aforementioned transmission mechanism, either to move the Frame (101 ) in space or to produce any other Work, while this process is alternated between the Planets (104, 105), and this complete operational Cycle of Work production is repeated identically ad infinitum.

4. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 3, that features a Hybrid Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- the Rotor of an Electric Device is, preferably coaxially, rigidly attached either on the Sun (203) or on the Reverser (202) especially when its own axis does not coincide with the axes of the Planets (204, 205) , while the Stator of this Electric Device is embedded, coaxially also with respect to this Rotor, on the Frame (201 ), and, therefore, part of the produced Work as described in Claim 2 by applying an external force alternately to either the Crank of the one Planet (204) or the Crank of the other Planet (205), is saved as Electric Energy in an accumulator that is connected with this Electric Device, which is either the conventional Electric Generator which only converts a mechanical Work into Electric Energy or an advanced such Device which can operate also vice versa, so that this inverse operation assists the motion of the one or both Planets (204, 205), or of the Frame (201 ) in space.

5. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 3 or Claim 4, that features a Detachable Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- preferably it refers to the case that there is a Reverser (303) and its own axis coincides with the axes of the Planets (305, 306) during the operation of the Mechanism,

- the Reverser (303) only is always supported on the Frame (301 ), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis,

- the remaining of the Mechanism is located in a Sub-Frame (302), on which are supported on their corresponding bases, the Planets (305, 306) and the Sun (304), either without an Electric Device as in Claim 2 or with an Electric Device as in Claim 3 and in the latter case the Sub-Frame (302) possibly carries also the accumulator of the electric circuit, while in both cases it has handles preferably on its top as well as the guards of the Claim 2,

- this Sub-Frame (302) is structurally independent and detachable from the main Frame (301 ) and is mounted with movements relative to the Frame (301 ) from top to bottom and up to the point in which the axes of the Planets (305, 306), which are, during this mounting procedure, at either sides of the Reverser (303), are aligned with the axis of this Reverser (303), and first a central Pin (307) is fitted, so as to restore the engagement of the toothings between the Sun (304) and the Reverser (303), and then two secondary Pins (308, 309) are fitted, and these three Pins (307, 308, 309) are secured to their final position either by spring receding balls or in any other way, so as to completely and safely immobilize the Sub-Frame (302) with respect to the Frame (301 ), while in the case of the existence of an Electric Device, the electric part of the Sub-Frame (302) is also connected with the electric elements of the Frame (301 ), such as control units and indicating instruments, and the accumulator of the electric circuit in case that it is not on the Sub-Frame (302).

6. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Tangential Arrangement, Toroidal, which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by: - it has one Sun (402) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (402), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Carriers (401 , 401 , 401 ) which are embedded on the Frame (401 ),

- it has a plurality of Planets (403, 406, 409) which are supported on the Frame (401 ) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (403 and 406 or 406 and 409 or 409 and 403) , and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while their toothings are of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, are external and have been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Toroidal Chambers (401 , 401 , 401 ) which are embedded on the Frame (401 ), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets (403, 406, 409), in which a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism and at such distance from this axis and in such orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with corresponding Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 41 1 ), while they have either an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

(Metronome) (402), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, each Toroidal Piston (405 or 408 or 41 1 ) has two fronts so as to cooperate simultaneously with two consecutive Toroidal Chambers (401 , 401 , 401 ), while the space, in which the processes of any Cycle via the change of pressure or volume of the working medium are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Toroidal Chamber (401 , 401 , 401 ) and the fronts of two consecutive Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 41 1 ), the angular distance of which is variably formed,

- the Crank of each Planet (403 or 406 or 409) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (404 or 407 or 410, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Toroidal Piston (405 or 408 or 41 1 , respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (403, 406, 409) about their own axis, is transformed into a rotation with variable angular velocity of the Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 41 1 ) about the central axis of the Mechanism, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

7. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Tangential Arrangement, Polygonal, which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has a plurality of Carriers (501 , 501 , 501 ) which are embedded on the Frame (501 ),

- it has a plurality of Planets (503, 508, 513) which are supported on the Frame (501 ) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (503 and 508 or 508 and 513 or 513 and 503), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while their toothings are of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, are external and have been deployed in only one level,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 51 5, 517), the number of which is equal to double the number of the Cylindrical Chambers (501 , 501 , 501 ), which are supported on the Frame (501 ), with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston (505 or 507 or 510 or 512 or 515 or 517) has one front so as to cooperate with the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (501 , 501 , 501 ), while the space, in which the processes of any Cycle via the change of pressure or volume of the working medium are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Cylindrical Chamber (501 , 501 , 501 ) and the fronts of two consecutive Cylindrical Pistons (507 and 510 or 512 and 515 or 517 and 505), the linear distance of which is variably formed,

- the Crank of each Planet (503 or 508 or 513), on the one hand, is connected with the one end of a Pusher (504 or 509 or 514, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (505 or 510 or 515, respectively), on the other hand, is connected with the one end of another Pusher (506 or 51 1 or 516, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (507 or 512 or 517, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (503, 508, 513) about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 51 5, 517) along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (501 , 501 , 501 ), and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

8. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Radial Arrangement, with High Overlapping Ratio and Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has a plurality of Carriers (601 , 601 ) which are embedded on the Frame (601 ),

- the Crank of each Planet (603 or 604) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (605 or 606, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (607 or 608, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (603, 604) about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons (607, 608) along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (601 , 601 ), and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

9. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, of Circular Radial Arrangement, with High Overlapping Ratio and Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has a plurality of Carriers (701 , 701 ) which are embedded on the Frame (701 ),

- it has a plurality of Gear-Cranks (705, 706), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets (703, 704), which are supported on the Frame (701 ) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is preferably parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, and at such distance from this axis so that to cooperate always with the Planets (703, 704) via toothings of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one to two,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Chambers (701 , 701 ) which are embedded on the Frame (701 ), the number of which is equal to the number of the Gear-Cranks (705, 706), in which a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Gear-Cranks (705, 706) and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710), while they have either an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has a plurality of Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710), the number of which is equal to the number of the Cylindrical Chambers (701 , 701 ), which are supported on the Frame (701 ), with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710) has one front so as to cooperate with the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (701 , 701 ), while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell and the base of the Cylindrical Chamber (701 , 701 ) and the front of the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710),

Piston (709 or 71 0, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets (703, 704) about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710) along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Chamber (701 , 701 ), and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

10. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal, with High Compression Ratio and Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has only one Chamber (801 ) which is embedded on the Frame (801 ), the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve being resulted from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier (802) and the Planet (803) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet (803), and in which Chamber (801 ) a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which Chamber (801 ) has either, an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

- it has one Sun (801 ) which is embedded on the Frame (801 ), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, it is external and has been deployed in two levels, preferably on either base sides of the Machine in which its covers are located,

- it has only one Carrier (802) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (802),

- it has only one Planet (803) which is supported on the Carrier (802) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism , its Profile is constant in axial height and has roughly the form of an equilateral triangle with its center of gravity lying on the axis of this Planet (803) and with its sides curved outwards, this Profile being resulted from the requirement that one side must always be in contact with the point of the Combustion Chamber (801 ) locally closest to the central axis of the Mechanism in the area just opposite to the region where the highest compression value of the restrained volume of the working medium occurs, during a period of one to three of the complete operational Cycle, while its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, it is internal and has been deployed in two levels and at such axial positions as to cooperate with the corresponding toothing of the Sun (801 ),

- the toothings of variable transmission ratio are so designed that the Planet (803), moving within the Chamber (801 ), with its three curved sides separates the chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

11. Phase Morphing Mechanism, according to Claim 2, that features a Work-producing Machine via Volume Variation, Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal, with High Compression Ratio and Planar Knodaces (Cams), which is structurally based on a Transmission Mechanism, further characterized by:

- it has only one Chamber (901 ) which is embedded on the Frame (901 ), the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve being resulted from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier (902) and the Planet (905) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet (905), and in which Chamber (901 ) a change in the pressure and volume of a certain working medium, either gas or liquid, is effected, either by combustion or by any other procedure, and which Chamber (901 ) has either, an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition, or other features or devices necessary for the aforementioned procedure,

(901 ) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position with respect to its own axis is determined by the angular position of the Clock (Metronome) (902) through a pair of coupled toothings with a preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one,

- it has only one Carrier (902) which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (902),

- it has only one Planet (905) which is supported on the Carrier (902) with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, its Profile is constant in axial height and has roughly the form of an equilateral triangle with its center of gravity lying on the axis of this Planet (905) and with its sides curved outwards, this Profile being resulted from the requirement that one side must always be in contact with the point of the Combustion Chamber (901 ) locally closest to the central axis of the Mechanism in the area just opposite to the region where the highest compression value of the restrained volume of the working medium occurs, during a period of one to three of the complete operational Cycle, while its toothing is of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to two to three, it is internal and has been deployed in only one level and at such axial position as to cooperate with the corresponding toothing of the Sun (904),

- the Profiles of the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft (903) are so designed that the Planet (905), moving within the Chamber (901 ), with its three curved sides separates the chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

Description:

TITLE: PHASE MORPHING MECHANISM

DESCRIPTION:

Technical Terms:

Time, Flow of Time, Phase, Phase Morphing, Positional Phase Difference, Operational Phase Difference, Cycle, Period, Periods Overlapping, Stroke, Progressiveness, Pressure Angle, Efficiency, Work, Energy, Mechanism, Machine, Engine, Electric Generator, Bicycle, Frame, Shaft, Sun, Planet, Carrier, Clock (Metronome), Reverser, Output, Stator, Rotor, Knodax (Cam), Desmo-Dromic, Tooth, Toothing, Gear, Odonto-Knodax (Cam-Gear), Spiral Deployment, Stepwise Deployment, Crank, Gear-Crank, Pusher, Toroidal, Polygonal, Deltic, Trochoidal, Epi-Trochoidal, Apex, Epi-Trochoidal Profile, Planet (Rotor) Profile.

Technical Field:

The Invention refers to a mechanical Mechanism which can be positioned within a Work-producing Machine, in order to smooth out the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of angular velocity and torque, respectively, of the Output Shaft of this Machine, or to improve the geometric characteristics of this Machine per se. Relevant Prior Art:

In the history of Technology, for some indeterminate reason, which is probably related to the lack of confidence in the Mechanisms with elements which carry low quality toothings of variable transmission ratio, which are proposed to date, considerable efforts have not been made, or it has not been widely reported that such efforts have been made, to improve the kinematic characteristics or geometric characteristics of known Work-producing Machines, mainly by manipulating the kinematic chain from the production site of a certain Work to the place where this Work is being received by the final consumption. Some attempts have been made only with the use of Knodaces (Cams), but at the construction stage they have reached even less with the predominant case of the Engine REVETEC, for which the most recent international patent application has the publication number: WO/2008/028252.

The Knodaces (Cams), when operate within narrow limits of operation, have a satisfactory degree of efficiency in both directions, but beyond these limits they have a satisfactory degree of efficiency in the one direction of motion and prohibitively low in the opposite.

Extensive references to the use of a certain specialized element, named "Odonto-Knodax" (Cam-Gear; in plural: Odonto-Knodaces), that is a machine element with a toothing of variable transmission ratio, have been made only in two international patent applications, with publication number: WO/2007/125373 and publication number: WO/2009/040588, in which a sufficiently detailed reference has been, also, made for a point-by-point Design of a Transmission Ratio, and an embodiment of the corresponding toothing with optimization such that the pressure angle differs from that of the standard toothing by less than six degrees, in most cases, the relative sliding of the sides of the teeth of this toothing is also minimized and the overall efficiency of this toothing is slightly less than that of the standard toothing.

Finally, only a small subset of Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) has been proposed in the past, usually under the name "Elliptical Gears", only theoretically, and always incompletely as a Toothing Theory, with particularly low, and hence unacceptable, efficiency of the toothing.

A representative example of such a proposal is a Machine for which there is a patent application having the publication number: US1946136.

Technical Problem to be solved:

The combination of Crank and Pusher is always holding a position of dominance through the centuries of history, and its structure is obviously the simplest and most effective in any case in which it is intended to convert the rectilinear reciprocal motion into an endless rotary one, and vice versa.

Against these incomparable features only a drawback is contrasted, which is the presence of minimal Design parameters, resulting in very limited Design maneuverability or in low ability to satisfy simultaneously many, and usually conflicting to each other, Design conditions and requirements. Observing some of the mechanisms that are used in everyday life, we are in a position to easily discern problems such as:

- in Cycling, when the pedal is at the uppermost position of its stroke, the application of almost vertical force but with a lever-arm with a literally zero-value length, on the one hand is subject to a long delay until it begins to generate torque and on the other hand exposes to large and pointless strain and even damage the muscles and bones at the joints of both the hip and knee,

- for a four-stroke Engine it is required to use at least four cylinders, but even then the smoothness of the generated torque is far from assured, as long as there is not even the least overlapping of the Power Periods, that means the Periods of production of a certain Work.

However, a more specific observation will bring to light other problems such as:

- in a circular tangential Machine arrangement such as the Napier Deltic Engine, in which the predominant Design principle should be an exemplary symmetry, however, a marginally acceptable asymmetry has been introduced, precisely the direction of rotation of the one crankshaft is opposite to that of the other two,

- it is impossible to achieve a sufficient compression ratio on the Epi-Trochoidal Wankel Engine, when this Engine has a satisfactory ratio of the working volume to the total volume of the Engine.

Disclosure of the Invention:

A new vision of the things is intended to resolve the aforementioned problems, and this new vision brings the Idea of Differentiation, in some way, of the flow of Time, during the operation of a Mechanism, when the flow of Energy runs from one structural element to the next.

With the appropriate choice of structural elements in which redesigning can be pursued considering another combination of higher level requirements, as opposed to the original requirement of a simple transmission of torque and motion, it is ultimately feasible to achieve originally regarded as heretical and Utopian requirements.

It is sufficient to consider whether these are feasible or not:

- a Cyclist has to apply almost vertical force on a pedal for one hundred and twenty degrees only with the one foot, then has to perform the same with the other foot, and, paradoxically, in this way, the Cyclist accomplishes a complete pedaling revolution as if he had three feet,

- to achieve the required phase difference of one hundred and eighty degrees, in order to be two consecutive pistons simultaneously at the distal point of their path while these pistons have at the same time the shortest distance between them at the moment of maximum compression in a thermodynamic Cycle, having an Engine with a number of pistons equal to or greater than three, as in the case of the Deltic Engine, but, also, completely avoiding its asymmetry,

- to achieve an overlapping of more than twelve degrees of the Power Periods in a two-cylinder Engine although performing a thermodynamic Cycle of four strokes,

- to achieve a literally zero-value volume at the end of the Compression Period in an Epi-Trochoidal Engine which, however, has a very high ratio of working volume to the total volume.

As already stated, the current Mechanism is mainly based on the use of the Odonto-Knodaces (Cam- Gears), and secondly on the use of the Knodaces (Cams) in special cases only, and through which the angular or linear velocity of certain elements that either exist or are just now inserted between the production site of the Work and the Output Shaft, at each point in time (moment) or, more precisely, point- by-point in space, is redefined so that, within a certain period, expansion or contraction of the kinematic sizes or geometric sizes is achieved and, within another period, the inverse change takes place, -thus, although the final result is that the average value of these sizes is constant, the fluctuation of these sizes, however, dramatically achieves either the improvement of the smoothness of the motion or of the torque of the Output Shaft, or the improvement of the geometric characteristics of the Machine per se.

Just this kind of kinematics, with progressiveness significantly superior to that of existing mechanisms and even more this improvement, point-by-point, of the angular or linear velocity of the elements of this Mechanism, mainly managing the time periods or the phases of their motion, justifies to be called:

"PHASE MORPHING MECHANISM".

Looking at this issue from a wider perspective, it should be noted that the Phase Morphing Mechanism, while radically differs from the mentioned cases WO/2007/125373 and WO/2009/040588, falls within the broadly defined category under the name:

"DISTRIBUTIVE OSCILLATING TRANSMISSION" ("DOT")

The description of the Phase Morphing Mechanism, in its general form, will result in a rather difficult understanding of this, but specialized applications of this Generalized Mechanism will be also presented, so that its structure and operation will be fully understood. Remarks:

- in Figures, in the Views the toothings of constant or of variable transmission ratio are denoted by two equidistant curves, which in the case of the constant transmission ratio are concentric circles, the internal curve representing the rolling curve while the outer curve representing the envelope of the heads of the teeth, and in the Sections the teeth are intersected at their heads, but at the points where there is a cooperation of these teeth, they are, absolutely schematically and arbitrarily, presented as two diagonal lines from the base of a tooth of the one toothing to the base of a tooth of the other toothing,

- wherever the term "circumference" is stated, the circumference of the circle is referred, that is the angle of three hundred and sixty degrees,

- the terms "complete kinematic Cycle" or "complete operational Cycle" is defined as a sequence of kinematic or functional processes, respectively, which, when completed, brings all involved moving parts precisely to their original position so as to repeat this sequence without any change ad infinitum,

- the term "Positional phase difference" is defined as the phase difference due to the angular position, with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, of each Planet of this Mechanism, while "Operational phase difference" is defined as the one required for the operation of the Mechanism, also for each Planet,

- it should be noted that, being entirely conventional and arbitrary, however of great importance in designing and understanding the operation of the Mechanism, one element with central role in the operation is assumed to have a constant angular velocity, thus named "Clock" ("Metronome"), and consequently any element which is rigidly attached on it or it is in a cooperation with it via standard gears is assumed to have a constant angular velocity, as well.

FIGURE 01 shows a Generalized Mechanism of Phase Morphing.

This Mechanism has a Clock (Metronome) (002), which is supported on a Frame (001 ), allowing only rotation about its own axis, which axis constitutes the central axis of the Mechanism.

On the same Frame, allowing only rotation about its own axis, there is also supported a Cam-Shaft (010) which is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and is parallel to the Clock (Metronome), while its angular position about its own axis is determined by the angular Position of the Clock (Metronome) through a pair of coupled toothings of either of constant transmission ratio or of variable transmission ratio and such that the mean of this ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one.

Coaxially with the Clock (Metronome), there is an Oscillator (011) which is supported, allowing only rotation with respect to its own axis, either on the Clock (Metronome) or on the Frame, while its angular position about this axis is determined in both directions of rotation through any relative mechanism, for example a Crank-and-Pusher mechanism, or through the cooperation of the followers that it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft, a cooperation that is either Desmo-Dromic or of any other type. There is also a plurality of Carriers (004, 006, 008) which are either embedded on the Frame or rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome), the angular arrangement of which is determined according to the Design requirements but where it is not required and it is not otherwise stated, it is considered that the Carriers are distributed angularly equidistantly with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, so in the case in which they are embedded on the Frame, what are determined by this arrangement are the positions of the rotation axes of the Planets.

There is also a Sun (003), which consists of either one or two independent bodies and is rigidly attached either on the Clock (Metronome) or on the Frame or on the Oscillator, while at its periphery there is either only one or more toothings.

Finally, there is a plurality of Planets (005, 007, 009), equal to the number of Carriers, each of which is supported on the corresponding Carrier (004 or 006 or 008, respectively), allowing only rotation with respect to its own axis and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, the axis of which Planet is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, while at its periphery has a toothing that is the conjugate of the corresponding toothing of the Sun, so that the angular position of this Planet about its own axis is determined by the combination of the angular position of the Sun and the angular position of the corresponding Carrier.

The Sun and each Planet carry toothings which are a pair of conjugate toothings of either a constant transmission ratio or a variable transmission ratio so that the average of this ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one.

These toothings, with respect to their geometry in the plane, either are all external or of one element only is internal and of the cooperating with it element is external.

Moreover, the aforementioned toothings and the toothings between the Clock (Metronome) and the Cam- Shaft, when they are of variable transmission ratio, with respect to their deployment in space, either are all planar or in the case in which the average of the transmission ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is not equal to one, and further after a complete rotation of the faster moving from these two cooperative elements, the segments of the toothings that are found opposite to each other are not conjugate for the cooperation between them, then these segments are deployed at different axial positions, either spirally in a continuous deployment in space or partially in a stepwise form.

The Sun can carry either a toothing common to the toothings of all Planets, or the plurality of these toothings can be equal to the plurality of Planets, either as a Design option to avoid further structural complexity due to just described spiral or stepwise deployment, or necessarily when the Positional phase difference differs from the Operational one.

Each of the Planets, finally, possibly carries a Crank which can drive or be driven from further elements that do not belong to the current Mechanism.

This Generalized Mechanism, therefore, possessing all the aforementioned structural elements with their specific properties and functions, performs a given complete repeated Kinematic Cycle in turn at all Planets simultaneously, continuously and perpetually. Application Examples:

1. Transmission Mechanism for light vehicle driven by Hands or Feet (Bicycle).

FIGURE 02 shows a portion of the Frame (101) of a light vehicle, a Bicycle for example, which is moved by feet, more commonly, or even by hands, of the person which uses this vehicle.

In this case, the Sun (103) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (103), having three toothings, two of variable transmission ratio and one of constant transmission ratio.

The Carriers (101 , 101) are two in number and, starting the arrangement with equally angularly spaced Carriers, one of them, arbitrarily any one, is rotated with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism by half of the circumference so that the axis of the corresponding Planet (104) coincides with the axis of the other Planet (105) and being in these positions these Carriers are embedded on the Frame.

Due to the fact that the axes of the Planets coincide, they are necessarily at different axial positions and their toothings are engaged with different toothings of the Sun, of variable transmission ratio.

Coaxially with the Planets is a body, named "Reverser" (102) which is supported on the Frame allowing only rotation with respect to its own axis, which happens to be the axis of rotation of the classic pair of the pedals of the Bicycle, which pair is now replaced by the current Mechanism, and on which Reverser the two Planets are supported, allowing only rotation with respect to their common axis.

This Reverser has a toothing that cooperates with a toothing located on the Sun with a constant transmission ratio and has also a number of chain sprockets or even any other transmission mechanism, so that to be able to drive or to be driven by further elements beyond of the current Mechanism, for example through the classic chain to move the rear wheel of the vehicle and in this way the vehicle itself, while at least at the bottom of this Reverser there are guards embedded on the Frame for protection of the Mechanism from external shock.

The variable transmission ratio is such that for the rotation of the Sun by half of the circumference, one Planet travels a significantly less angular stroke about its own axis, during the active Period for this Planet, while the other Planet travels a complementary to the one just described, with respect to the circumference, angular stroke, during the conventionally passive Period for this Planet, while this process is alternated between the Planets and this complete kinematic Cycle is repeated identically ad infinitum. On the Crank of the one Planet, which coincides with the classic pedal arm in the case of the Example of the Bicycle, an external force is exerted either by hand or by foot or by any Machine, either reciprocal or oscillating, conventionally of two stroke, either internal combustion Engine or Electric Device or of any other type, during the active Period for this Planet, and this external force is producing a certain Work that is transferred to the Sun and from this point this Work is distributed on the one hand to move the other Planet faster, that means the other pedal for this Example, on the other hand, either through one of the chain sprockets or through any other transmission mechanism that the Reverser carries, either to move the Bicycle in space, for this Example, or to produce any other Work, while this process is alternated between the Planets, and this complete Work-producing Cycle is repeated identically ad infinitum.

It is obvious that there can be a significant overlapping of Power Periods when the Cyclist applies force downwards on the Crank of the Planet which is in its conventionally passive Period, but this force produces torque of the same direction as the one of the Crank of the other Planet.

The angular stroke which is travelled by the one Planet during the conventionally active Period for this Planet can be of any value; however, in the case in which that angular stroke is equal to one to three of the circumference, the user of this Mechanism appears as if he had three limbs, either hands or feet, thus this specific Transmission Mechanism could be named:

"THREE-MEMBER MECHANISM" ("TRIS ELION MECHANISM") 2. Hybrid Transmission Mechanism for light vehicle driven by Hands or Feet (Bicycle).

FIGURE 03 shows a portion of the Frame (201 ) of a light vehicle and the Transmission Mechanism as in the previous Example, but now the Rotor of an Electric Device is coaxially rigidly attached on the Sun (203), while the Stator of this Electric Device is, coaxially also with respect to this Rotor, embedded on the Frame, so that part of the mechanical Work of the aforementioned Example, through the application of external force alternately to either the Crank of the one Planet (204) or the Crank of the other Planet (205), is saved as Electric Energy in a battery connected with this Electric Device, which is either the classic Electric Generator which only converts a mechanical Work into Electric Energy, or an advanced such Device that can operate also vice versa, so that this inverse function assists the movement of the one or both Planets or the movement of the Frame in space, through the Reverser (202).

3. Detachable Mechanical or Hybrid Transmission Mechanism for light vehicle driven by Hands or Feet (Bicycle).

FIGURE 04 shows a portion of the Frame (301 ) of a light vehicle and the Mechanism, as in the two immediately preceding Examples, except that in this Example the Mechanism is disassembled, where only the Reverser (303) is always supported on the Frame, allowing only rotation about its own axis, while the rest of the Mechanism is located within a Sub-Frame (302), on which both the Planets (305, 306) and the Sun (304) are supported on appropriate bases, allowing only rotation about their own axes, either without an Electric Device as in the first Example or with an Electric Device as in the second Example, and in the latter case this Sub-Frame can also carry the battery of the electric circuit, while in both cases this Sub-Frame has handles in its upper part as well as the necessary guards.

This Sub-Frame is structurally independent and detachable from the Frame and is mounted relative to the Frame from top to bottom and to the point where the axes of the Planets, which, all along this process, are on either sides of the Reverser, are aligned with the axis of this Reverser, while at selected areas there are sliding ramps that guide the Sub-Frame in order to make it easier to fit.

At this point, and thanks to certain conical surfaces that guide the corresponding Pins, a central Pin (307) is first adapted to restore the engagement of teeth between the Sun and the Reverser, then two secondary Pins (308, 309) are adapted, while all these three Pins are locked in their final position in some manner, with spring receding balls for example, so that the Sub-Frame with respect to the Frame is completely and securely constrained, and in the case of an Electric Device, the electric part of the Sub- Frame is connected with electric elements of the Frame, such as control units and indicators, as well as the battery of the electric circuit in the case in which it is not on the Sub-Frame.

FIGURE 05 shows a perspective oblique view of the same Mechanism, dismantled as well, but where the assembly process is more illustrative.

This removable Mechanism, in the case in which the Bicycle, for example, is exposed to an area with low level protection against theft, can be moved to the office, home or hotel, but in addition to avoiding theft, there are other reasons for which this feature is useful: can be adapted to a simple support frame for use as a hand or foot gym in the aforementioned places, but also as an electric charger for either the battery itself of the Bicycle or other devices such as a mobile phone or a laptop computer.

From another perspective, the main role of the Reverser is exactly to reverse the direction of the rotation one more time, in order to adapt to the other transmission mechanisms that already exist on a Bicycle.

Considering the case of the Bicycle in total, it is useful to introduce here another body, named "Output", that is either the rear wheel itself of the Bicycle or the input shaft of a planetary gear box, coaxially with the rear wheel or not.

It is obvious that it is not necessary for the third axis, which is the axis of the Reverser as has described in the first Example, to return to the first axis of the Planets, which is also the axis of the pedals, so there is another arrangement as of FIGURE 06 Case A.

In the case of the first Example and this Case A, a single or multiple chain sprockets drive the Output, via chain, in the classic way.

It is obvious, also, that it is not necessary even the existence of the Reverser, when the last reversing of the direction of the rotation is also not necessary, as in the arrangement of FICURE 06 Case B, where the transmission to the Output takes place with the use of bevel gears.

Of specific importance are the arrangements of FICURE 06 Case C and Case D, where the transmission of motion arrives to the Output exclusively via the Bodies of this Mechanism:

- the Sun is splitted in two pieces at either sides of the rear wheel and the kinematic connection of these pieces takes place via standard gears rigidly attached on the Output at either sides of it, in Case C, while these standard gears have a transmission ratio either equal to one or such that the Output has an angular velocity greater than the mean angular velocity of the pedals,

- the pedals carry standard gears only, shifting in this way the common axis of the Planets to the next two bodies which lie at either sides of the rear wheel and these bodies, being the Planets in this case, carry standard gears to cooperate with the pedals and Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) to cooperate with the Sun which is the Output itself, in Case D.

In the last two cases all the corresponding bodies can carry only Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) and no standard gears at all, and thus there is a two-stage variation of velocity offering a significant reduction of the fluctuation of velocity comparing to a single-stage variation of velocity, that means that the construction and operation of these Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) is even closer to the ones of the standard gears.

Facilitating the understanding, the dimensions of all the aforementioned elements of the Mechanisms are enlarged, while, in the application of the respective Drawings in the construction, they can almost all be reduced both in axial thickness and in radius even to half of the values of the Drawings, while in the case of the purely mechanical Mechanism may be even smaller.

Construction of much less weight can be made, especially that of the detachable Mechanism, by making openings and using ribs, mainly on the two parallel plates which form the body of the Sub-Frame, details which if were presented in the Drawings would make them more obscure.

With the appropriate techniques and materials, the Mechanisms that are designed to adapt to existing structures (retrofitting) are elegant and lightweight.

Things are greatly improved in the case in which the frame of any light vehicle, on which the Mechanism is to be fitted, is designed from scratch.

Finally, considering the mechanical system "Mechanism and User" as an integrated unit, either in the exterior or in the interior, and taking into account the anatomic features of muscles and bones, either for hand or foot, particularities even between the right hand and the left hand of the same person or the right foot and the left foot of the same person, particularities between men and women, particularities between minors and adults, particularities between amateurs and professionals, through the application of Phase Morphing procedures, point-by-point, we can take the optimal result in terms of health and medicine, even in terms of ergonomic outcome, far from the current situation in everyday life or sports.

Remarks:

- Examples of Machines which will be referred to as Internal Combustion Engines will be presented; however, these roughly configurations of the same or similar structural elements, with relative modifications in relation to either the working medium, liquid or gas, of stable chemical composition or not, or with structural elements such as ports, ignition units, areas of intentionally reduced thermal insulation, and the like, may be used to perform workably any repeated Cycle, thermodynamic or not, such as Otto Cycle, Diesel Cycle, Refrigeration Cycle, Stirling Cycle, Pump or Engine Operation Cycle of either Hydraulic or Pneumatic type,

- more specifically, three pairs of Machines will be presented, while comparative and more general comments will be reported after the end of the presentation of the second Machine,

- in this presentation of the Machines, where a Chamber is referred, it is always considered that it is embedded on the corresponding Frame, thus it takes the characterizing number of this Frame, without further clarification or even differentiation of this number in order to avoid a further complexity of the Drawings, because it is always obvious for which Chamber exactly any reference is made, as the corresponding, to this Chamber, Piston is fully characterized by a specific number.

4. Transmission Mechanism for Circular Tangential Arrangement Toroidal Engine with Three Combustion Chambers.

FIGURE 07 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Two-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.

In this case, also, the Sun (402) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (402), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Carriers (401 , 401 , 401) are three in number and are embedded on the Frame (401). The Planets (403, 406, 409) are also three in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (403 and 406 or 406 and 409 or 409 and 403), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level.

Three Toroidal Combustion Chambers (401 , 401 , 401 ) also are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, and at such distance from this axis and in such orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 411), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.

The aforementioned, three also, Toroidal Pistons are supported on the Clock (Metronome), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis which coincides with the central axis of the Mechanism, while each Toroidal Piston has two fronts so as to cooperate simultaneously with two consecutive Toroidal Combustion Chambers, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Toroidal Combustion Chamber and the fronts of two consecutive Toroidal Pistons, the angular distance of which is variably formed.

The Crank of each Planet (403 or 406 or 409) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (404 or 407 or 410, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Toroidal Piston (405 or 408 or 411 , respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a rotation with variable angular velocity of the Toroidal Pistons about the central axis of the Mechanism, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

5. Transmission Mechanism for Circular Tangential Arrangement Polygonal Engine with Three Combustion Chambers.

FIGURE 08 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Two-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.

Generally, the structure of this Engine is very similar to that of the previous Example.

In this case, also, the Sun (502) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (502), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Carriers (501 , 501 , 501 ) are three in number and are embedded on the Frame (501 ). The Planets (503, 508, 513) are also three in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (503 and 508 or 508 and 513 or 513 and 503), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level.

Three Cylindrical Combustion Chambers (501 , 501 , 501) also are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism and at such distance from this axis and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 515, 517), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.

At this point differentiations become more pronounced, as the aforementioned Cylindrical Pistons are six in number and are supported on the Frame, with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston has one front so as to cooperate with one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Cylindrical Combustion Chamber and the fronts of two consecutive Cylindrical Pistons, the linear distance of which is variably formed.

The Crank of each Planet (503 or 508 or 513), on the one hand, is connected with the one end of a Pusher (504 or 509 or 514, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (505 or 510 or 515, respectively), on the other hand, is connected with the one end of another Pusher (506 or 511 or 516, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (507 or 512 or 517, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

In an Engine with opposed moving Pistons, a phase difference of half of the circumference between them is required, so that, immediately after their maximum approach point, the reverse motion is started at the same time for both Pistons, resulting in optimal Work production at the same time from both branches of this Machine, a matter that, until now, was feasible for two-cylinder Engines only.

The Phase Morphing process, however, expands the Positional phase difference between the two consecutive of the three Pistons, from one to three of the circumference, to half of the circumference, and achieves exactly what is required.

In addition to the point of maximum approach, the way of opening the ports is also of interest, as there is no simultaneous opening of all ports, such as in the case of the Napier Deltic Engine, but first opens the exhaust outlet port, then open both, then the exhaust outlet port closes and finally the fuel inlet port closes, a fact that favors the complete scavenging of the exhaust gases outwards of the combustion chamber and the filling of it with a new, clean fuel mixture or oxidant.

The Toroidal Engine greatly outperforms as regards the number of moving parts, the mounting quality of its Pistons, the timing of ports opening and also the exploitation of space with a particularly high ratio of the working volume to the total volume; besides these, however, its construction is more complicated, compared to that of the Polygonal Engine.

Nevertheless, compared to the Napier Deltic Engine, both are better, both in function and in the number of moving parts, since even the Polygonal version has one less moving part: the gear that reverses the direction of rotation for the one of the three crankshafts of the Deltic Engine.

It is obvious that the number of cylinders can be equal to any integer greater than two, but when this number is equal either to THREE or FIVE the resulting Machines are of higher importance.

Finally, because of the fact that in these Examples the combustion chambers are three, in circular tangential arrangement, these Machines are similar to the Napier Deltic Engine, the Polygonal version of which is exceptionally similar, and in its Toroidal version, the straight Cylindrical Pistons of the Deltic Engine are curved to become Toroidal Pistons and they are connected together two by two, since their new structural form allows their unobstructed motion into the corresponding Toroidal Combustion Chambers and as long as Phase Morphing has been applied on these Machines they are characterized by parts of the words: MOrphed DELtic, while a more precise name bears either the initial letter T for the Toroidal version or the initial letter P for the Polygonal version, therefore their names in total could be: "T MODEL" and "P MODEL".

6. Transmission Mechanism for Circular Radial Arrangement Engine with Two Cylindrical Combustion Chambers and Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears).

FIGURE 09 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.

In this case, also, the Sun (602) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (602), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one to two, is external and has been deployed in two levels, while the Carriers (601 , 601) are two in number and are embedded on the Frame (601 ).

The Planets (603, 604) are also two in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, while the Planets are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (603 and 604 or 604 and 603), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one to two, is external and has been deployed in two levels.

Two, also, Cylindrical Combustion Chambers (601 , 601) are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Planets and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (607, 608), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.

The Crank of each Planet (603 or 604) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (605 or 606, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (607 or 608, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

FIGURE 10 shows the same Work-producing Machine at different moments or, more precisely, at different angular positions of the Clock (Metronome), so that in one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, the Four Strokes of a classic thermodynamic Cycle are presented:

- A: the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally at its original position, the Exhaust Period of the exhaust gases in the right Chamber starts, while for the left Chamber an angular stroke of the Clock (Metronome) of one to sixty of the circumference has already been travelled since the beginning of the Power Period for this Chamber, - B: the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated in the mathematically positive direction by eight to sixty of the circumference, in the right Chamber the Intake Period of the fuel mixture or oxidant starts, while in the left Chamber the Power Period continues,

- C: the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated in the mathematically positive direction by an additional eight to sixty of the circumference, in the right Chamber the Compression Period of the fuel mixture or oxidant starts, while in the left Chamber the Power Period continues,

- D: the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated in the mathematically positive direction by an additional twelve to sixty of the circumference, in the right Chamber begins the Power Period, while in the Left Chamber continues the Power Period, which ends when the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated by an additional angular stroke of one to sixty of the circumference.

From these locations, the Clock (Metronome) has to be rotated by an additional thirty two to sixty of the circumference, in which the Power Period of the right Chamber continues, in order to accomplish a complete thermodynamic Cycle in both Chambers, and that means that the Overlapping of the Power Periods is one to thirty of the circumference.

FIGURE 11 shows a perspective oblique view of this Work-producing Machine, which is viewed from the opposite side of that of the FIGURE 09, at two different angular positions of the Clock (Metronome), so as to show the succession of the cooperation of the Sun and the Planets from the one level to the other:

- A: the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally located at its original position and the Sun, which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome), cooperates with the Planets at both sides of it, at the same time, at the lowest level, in which the segments of the Planets move slower but accepting the highest values of torque, therefore the required strength of these, is, correctly, corresponding to the size of these toothings,

- B: the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated in the mathematically positive direction by one to four of the circumference, on the right Planet the cooperation with the Sun continues at the lowest level, but on the left Planet has been disengaged the Planet segment at the lowest level and another segment is engaged at the highest level for cooperation with the Sun, in which level the size of the toothing of the Planet is significantly smaller, but also the values of torque that it receives are respectively small.

7. Transmission Mechanism for Circular Radial Arrangement Engine with Two Cylindrical Combustion Chambers and Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears).

FIGURE 12 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.

Generally, the structure of this Engine is very similar to that of the previous Example.

In this case, also, the Sun (702) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (702), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Carriers (701 , 701) are two in number and are embedded on the Frame (701).

The Planets (703, 704) are also two in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (703 and 704 or 704 and 703), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Planets carry also, at a different axial position, another toothing of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one to two.

At this point differentiations become more pronounced, as other bodies have been inserted, which are mainly standard gears carrying cranks, thus named "Gear-Cranks" (705, 706), the number of which is equal to the number of the Planets, which are supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, and at positions where they cooperate always with the Planets via the toothings of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one to two.

Two, also, Cylindrical Combustion Chambers (701 , 701 ) are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Gear-Cranks and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.

The aforementioned, also two, Cylindrical Pistons are supported on the Frame, with the possibility of translation only with respect to their own longitudinal axis, each Cylindrical Piston has one front so as to cooperate with one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell and the base of the Cylindrical Combustion Chamber and the front of the corresponding Cylindrical Piston. The Crank of each Gear-Crank (705 or 706) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (707 or 708, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

The operation of this Machine is almost identical to the operation of the Engine with Two-level Odonto- Knodaces (Cam-Gears), as already shown in FIGURE 10, therefore does not require further analysis.

For the Machines of this group, the Positional phase difference by default is identical to the Operational one, so it is easy to create a circular radial arrangement of this form of any number of cylinders, even of odd number, while the number TWO for the cylinders has been selected in order to be spectacularly overturned, in the more extreme way, the heretical sense of the statement: "is it possible to have Overlapping of Power Periods in a Two-Cylinder Engine which performs a Four-Stroke Cycle?".

Generally, rather extreme values have been given during the time management of the thermodynamic Cycle, considering that it is feasible to perform the Exhaust Stroke and the Intake Stroke at very short, and equal to each other, time intervals, the Compression Stroke at a time interval three to two times longer and the Power Stroke at a time interval four times longer than this of both Exhaust Stroke and Intake Stroke, and this is rather marginal but practically feasible, on the condition that the values of the aerodynamic drug because of the exhaust gases and fuel mixture flow, in addition to the values of the reaction force of the moving parts in such high acceleration values, are not forbiddingly large.

However, with a number of cylinders equal to THREE and the appropriate application of the Phase Morphing, the Overlapping of the Power Periods, even then, is so drastic that no flywheel is required.

FIGURE 13 presents a variety of different arrangements of the same concept which characterizes the just aforementioned Machines, both with Two-level and Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears):

- arrangement of form Z, in Case A, where the Positional phase difference is still identical with the Operational one, so there is a need for only one Sun, common for all the Planets.

- arrangements of form W and form V, in Case B and Case C, respectively, where the Positional phase difference is not the same with the Operational one, so there is a need for one Sun per Planet, and in this case the body of the Clock (Metronome) carries multiple copies of the same Sun in different axial height and with different orientation each of them, as it is shown in Drawing E of FIGURE 13, while for all the arrangements, from the Examples of FIGURE 09 and FIGURE 12 up to these of FIGURE 13, there is the option to turn the axes of the Cylindrical Combustion Chambers to any spatial orientation, as in Case D. In the case in which the Gear-Cranks carry Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) to cooperate with the Planets, there is a two-stage variation of velocity offering a significant reduction of the fluctuation of velocity comparing to a single-stage variation of velocity, that means that the construction and operation of these Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) is even closer to the ones of the standard gears.

There is, also, always the option to make an arrangement without symmetry for any functional axis of these configurations, if this is necessary.

Finally, an allowed generalization of all the aforementioned cases includes the tilting of any rotational axis at any angle, even up to the point that some axes could be perpendicular to other axes, not necessarily at all branches of the Mechanism, and therefore includes the use of bevel gears or of any other spatial transmission mechanism, even the use of more specialized Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) with non- parallel axes.

In general, the Machine with Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) is more compact in volume and of less moving parts, but it is, also, more complicated in its construction and operation than the Machine with Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears).

Although the Machines of this group perform thermodynamic Cycles of four strokes, they are characterized by a high degree of Overlapping, even with configurations of only two cylinders, for which reason their name consists of parts of the words: High Power Period Overlapping, while a more precise name bears either the initial letter T for the Two-level version or the initial letter P for the Planar version, therefore their names in total could be:

"T HIPPO" and "P HIPPO"

8. Transmission Mechanism for Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal Engine with High Compression Ratio and Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears).

FIGURE 14 shows a Work-producing Machine, which can be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine, with both of its covers, to indicate the consolidation, and the manner in which it is implemented, of the Sun (801 ) on the Frame (801 ).

In this case, the sole Carrier (802) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (802). Only one Combustion Chamber (801 ) is embedded on the Frame, the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve resulting from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier and the Planet (803) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet, and in which Combustion Chamber a change in the gas pressure and volume takes place by combustion, and which Combustion Chamber has an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port and a unit to achieve, in any way, ignition.

The Sun, as already mentioned above, is embedded on the Frame, and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, is external and has been deployed in two levels, preferably on either base sides of the Machine in which its covers are located.

There is only one Planet, that is the Rotor itself of a Wankel Engine, which is supported on the Carrier with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, its Profile is constant in axial height and has roughly the form of an equilateral triangle with its center of gravity lying on the axis of this Planet and with its sides curved outwards, this Profile resulting from the requirement that one side must always be in contact with the point of the Combustion Chamber locally closest to the central axis of the Mechanism in the area just opposite to the region where the highest compression value of the restrained volume of the working medium occurs, during a period of one to three of the complete operational Cycle, while its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, is internal and has been deployed in two levels and at such axial positions as to cooperate with the corresponding toothing of the Sun.

The toothings of variable transmission ratio are so designed that the Planet, moving within the Combustion Chamber, with its three curved sides separates the combustion chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

In FIGURE 15, the same Work-producing Machine is presented, without both of its covers, at two different moments, or, more precisely, at two opposed angular positions of the Clock (Metronome), with both side views of it at either sides of a central section, showing one such set for each moment, so as, on the one hand to present the Profiles of the specialized structural elements, on the other hand to present the succession of the cooperation between the Sun and Planet from the one toothing segment to the other: A: the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally located at its initial position and the toothing segment of the Sun, in this front view, does not cooperate with the toothing segment of the Planet at this side,

B: the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally located at its initial position and the toothing segment of the Sun, in this back view, cooperates with the toothing segment of the Planet at this side,

C: the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated by the half of the circumference, and the toothing segment of the Sun, in this front view, cooperates with the toothing segment of the Planet at this side,

D: the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated by the half of the circumference, and the toothing segment of the Sun, in this back view, does not cooperate with the toothing segment of the Planet at this side.

It is also shown that in the Case A and Case B the Planet separates the Combustion Chamber space into only two departments, due to the requirement that the volume remaining after the Compression Period is literally of zero-value, and in Case C and Case D into four departments, one for each Stroke, namely, Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust.

9. Transmission Mechanism for Asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal Engine with High Compression Ratio and Planar Knodaces (Cams).

FIGURE 16 shows a Work-producing Machine, which can be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine, without its front cover, in order to present the Profiles of the specialized structural elements.

In this case, also, the sole Carrier (902) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (902).

Only one, also, Combustion Chamber (901) is embedded on the Frame (901 ), the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve resulting from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier and the Planet (905) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet, and in which Combustion Chamber a change in the gas pressure and volume takes place by combustion, and which Combustion Chamber has an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port and a unit to achieve, in any way, ignition.

There is a Cam-Shaft (903) which is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and its axis is parallel to the Clock (Metronome) and is supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position about its own axis is determined by the angular position of the Clock (Metronome) through a pair of coupled toothings with a preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one.

There is an Oscillator (904) which is coaxial with the Clock (Metronome) and is supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position about the central axis of the Mechanism is absolutely determined in both directions of rotation through .the cooperation of the followers that it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft, or any similar mechanism, even a Crank-and-Pusher mechanism.

In this case the Sun (904) is rigidly attached on the Oscillator, and its toothing is of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to two to three, is external and has been deployed in only one level.

There is only one Planet, that is the Rotor itself of a Wankel Engine, that is supported on the Carrier with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, its Profile is constant in axial height and has roughly the form of an equilateral triangle with its center of gravity lying on the axis of this Planet and with its sides curved outwards, this Profile resulting from the requirement that one side must always be in contact with the point of the Combustion Chamber locally closest to the central axis of the Mechanism in the area just opposite to the region where the highest compression value of the restrained volume of the working medium occurs, during a period of one to three of the complete operational Cycle, while its toothing is of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to two to three, is internal and has been deployed in only one level and at such axial position as to cooperate with the corresponding toothing of the Sun.

The Profiles of the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft are so designed that the Planet, moving within the Combustion Chamber, with its three curved sides separates the combustion chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.

FIGURE 17 shows the same Work-producing Machine in two different perspective oblique views, in order to present mainly the Cam-Shaft and the Oscillator and make clearer the cooperation between them, which in this Example is of Desmo-Dromic type.

As already stated, the Phase Morphing Mechanism may also be based on the use of the Knodaces (Cams).

This specific Machine has been designed by the replacing of one structural element that is stationary with respect to the Frame and which is the Sun in the case of the Wankel Engine, with another one that oscillates about a stationary axis and which is the Sun on its own and with exactly the same structural properties, with the sole difference that it oscillates about its own axis.

Because, during the cooperation of the Knodaces (Cams) and their followers of this Machine, the pressure angle is mostly forbidden for the reverse flow of Energy, the Design is not based at all on the returning of Energy through this lever system, which amount of Energy, moreover, is small.

Nevertheless, the improvement of the geometric shape of the Machine per se, which brings in so many advantages, is unquestionably more important.

As opposed to the just mentioned statement on the efficiency of the Knodax (Cam), it should be noted that by using Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) the efficiency becomes maximal or nearly maximal for both directions of Energy flow.

The Machine with Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) is more compact in its volume and with less moving parts, but it is also more complicated in its construction and operation compared to the corresponding Machine with Knodax (Cam), which is Planar of course.

There is an asymmetry of the combustion chamber Profile of these Machines with respect to the conventional horizontal axis, as opposed to the corresponding Profile of the Wankel Engine, while this asymmetry can be appeared at any direction, by the appropriate designing of the Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) or the Knodaces (Cams), and the Profiles that can be produced, keeping the eccentricity of the axis of the Planet and the distance of the apex of the generating triangle of the Planet from the center of gravity of this triangle, always constant, are unlimited in number and of several levels of importance considering the requirements of the Internal Combustion Engines and, finally, of the respective Market.

Finally, due to this apparent asymmetry of the combustion chamber Profile of these Machines and with a little misuse, namely that the term "Trochoidal" refers to the general category of Trochoidal and Epi- Trochoidal curves, the names of these Machines are parts of the words: ASymmetric TROchoidal, while a more precise name bears either the initial letter T for the Two-level version or the initial letter P for the Planar version, therefore their names in total could be:

"T ASTRO" and "P ASTRO" Advantages:

The main advantage of the Phase Morphing Mechanism, in its general sense, is that it can be interposed, transforming properly its structural form, within an existing Machine, which can be any drive unit, and fundamentally improve either the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the Output Shaft of this Machine or the geometric characteristics of the Machine per se.

Applying the Phase Morphing procedures, certain time periods have to be reorganized, so that:

- either the motion of certain structural elements to be greatly improved, that is to move with the smoothest possible acceleration, with a short period with constant velocity, as long as this convenience is allowed, and with the smoothest possible deceleration,

- or the fluctuation, possibly very violent as during the explosion upon ignition, of the magnitude of force or torque applied on certain structural elements of the Machine and especially on its Output Shaft, to be smoothed as much as possible,

- or geometric Profiles, which have a significant role in the operation of the Machine, of certain structural elements, to be accurately designed according specific requirements.

Even more efficient and elegant is the Design when the moving parts, on which Phase Morphing interventions have to be executed, already exist, as in the cases mainly of the Napier Deltic Engine and secondly of the Wankel Engine.

The advantages of the specific Applications, which have already been mentioned in general, are summarized below:

- the avoidance of the top dead center and the bottom dead center during the operation of the pedals, points, or, more appropriately, wide areas, at which disproportionate values of force must be applied on the part of the Cyclist, so as to obtain the elementary torque required to maintain or, even worse, to increase the speed of the Bicycle, thanks to the fact that the Cyclist now has to apply force on the pedal for an angular travel much shorter than the half of the circumference, and thus the avoidance, also, of fatigue as well as stress, wear and even damage of muscles and bones,

- the achievement of significant Power Periods overlapping, when the Cyclist applies force on the Crank of the Planet which is conventionally in its passive Period, but the such produced torque is also positive,

- the possibility, in addition, with the appropriate application of the Phase Morphing, point-by-point, to produce a Mechanism that meets, by far more economically, all the requirements of a particular Cyclist, taking in account age and gender particularities, particularities between amateur and professional, but also differentiations even between the hands of the same person or the feet of the same person,

- the achievement, in the most obvious way, and without inserting additional moving parts, of the required phase difference of the half of the circumference, in order to be two consecutive pistons simultaneously at the distal point of their path and, at the same time, at the shortest distance between them, at the moment of maximum compression in a thermodynamic Cycle, even with a number of cylinders greater than two, as in the case of the Napier Deltic Engine,

- the possibility of the overlapping of the Power Periods even in an Engine with two cylinders that performs a thermodynamic Cycle of four strokes, while with the appropriate application of the Phase Morphing, point-by-point, an Engine with three or more cylinders can produce torque with low degree of fluctuation within a large range of speed without the presence of a flywheel, which makes this Engine significantly lightweight and versatile, and by far the most suitable for interrupted operation when the vehicle stops (start and stop operation),

- the achievement of literally zero-value remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period in an asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal Engine, that has, however, a very high ratio of working volume to total volume, - the achievement, in the most self-evident way from the perspective of Engineering, of the separation of the four different departments of a Cycle of four strokes, in an asymmetric Epi-trochoidal Engine, resulting in the avoidance of mixing of fuel mixture and exhaust gas, which results in better and more efficient combustion and cleaner exhaust gases.

From a different perspective, for the asymmetric Epi-Trochoidal Engine it should be stressed that a feature, which seems to insert a problem, namely the fact that the stationary Sun of the Wankel Engine is now oscillating, practically it does not insert any problem, since the frequency of this oscillation is identical to the operational frequency of the Machine per se, therefore no further oscillations or vibrations occur, especially during the period of ignition and explosion.

On the contrary, it is possible to take into account during the Phase Morphing procedures, precisely the extremely short period of ignition and explosion in order to sufficiently improve both this process and its effect on the involved structural elements.

Finally, as a rule, there are two versions of these Machines, either complicated but compact when the small volume is prerequisite, or more voluminous but simpler in their construction and operation when the Design conditions and requirements allow this or, on the contrary, make this necessary.

Previous Patent: METHOD OF MAKING AND SYNTHESIZING DIELECTRIC NANOFLUIDS

Next Patent: THE INNOVATIVE SLIPPER-SOCK AND ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS